TEACHER ONLY

UNIT 7 - ARTILLERY
TEACHER'S GUIDE

OVERVIEW OF THE UNIT

In this unit, we introduce the new theme of artillery and look at the characteristics, role and
employment of both Field and Air Defence Artillery. There is also some work on the main
weapons and equipment currently in use. At the end of this unit, students should have a
fairly good grasp of the basic military terminology associated with the subject and be able to
use it to describe and discuss the artillery systems of their own army and those of other
countries. It is suggested that 7 X 45 minute periods of instruction will be needed in order to
deal with the subject properly.
COMPONENTS
Teacher's Guide
Warm-up
information

- Four Worksheets with pictures of Artillery Weapons (small group

exchange.)

Exercise 1

- Listening Briefing on Artillery -Pre-recorded Tape

- Student's Worksheet
- Tapescript (for Teacher) -Completed Worksheet (for Teacher)

Exercise 2

- Reading -Field Artillery -Text and Exercises

- Completed Exercises (for Teacher)

Exercise 3

- Speaking -Pairwork -Air Defence Artillery

- Student 'A' Notes and Worksheet
- Student 'B' Notes and Worksheet -Completed Worksheet (for Teacher)

Exercise 4

- Writing -Dictation -Artillery in an Offensive Operation

- Pre-recorded Tape
- Tapescript (for Teacher)

Annex A.

- List of Military Vocabulary & Abbreviations

Annex B.

- Simplified Diagram of Parts of a Towed Gun

WARM-UP (Time: Open-ended)

The stimulus for the Warm-up consists of four worksheets each with a picture of a different
artillery weapon on one side and notes on the weapon on the other. Divide the class into
small groups (maximum of 4 per group). Issue each group with a set of different
worksheets. Students have about 10 minutes to study their own worksheet before
proceeding with the activity.
In turn, each student holds up the picture of the artillery weapon to show it to the rest of
their group. The student then goes on to describe the weapon in English by using the notes
on the back of the picture. It should be explained to students that they should construct full
sentences when doing this. (For example: 'This gun has a calibre of 10Smm.' is acceptable
- 'Calibre 10Smm. ' is not.) The other students can make short notes. At the end of the
description, the student should ask each of the other members of the group a question
about what has been said. These questions together with their answers are given in full on
the worksheet.
Possible problem areas:
Practically all of the terminology should be known. There are one or two points which
students might get stuck on and these are listed below:
Elevation = The vertical movement of the gun barrel up and down.
Traverse = The horizontal movement of the gun barrel from side to side.
Degrees = 360 degrees in a full circle
Mils = 6,400 mils in a full circle.
Pod = A long narrow container (in this case for rockets). Also used in such
expressions as
'fuel pod' .The teacher might like to compare this with the everyday 'pea
pod' .
Howitzer = An artillery gun with a high trajectory (Many other languages have a
similar
sounding word.)
Gun laying = To lay an artillery gun is to set it to aim at its target.
Airportability = The capacity for a piece of equipment to be transported by air.
Warhead = The destructive part of a missile.
Counter battery fire = Fire by one side's artillery to destroy the other side's artillery

EXERCISE 1 (Time: 2 X 45 mins)

This is a listening exercise in the form of a general briefing on artillery. The activities atre
mostly gap-filling and some picture labelling. The briefing tapescript can be used as followup reading work. The text is fairly straightforward and should not pose too many difficulties
for the average student.
Here are a few notes of some of the new military terminology:
Shell = a round of artillery ammunition
a fluid situation = a constantly changing situation
command post = in combat conditions, the position from which a commander
operates
to bring guns to bear (on) = to aim guns and fire them at a target
to burst = to explode
to take cover = to hide oneself for protection against fire
slit trench = a narrow trench often without overhead cover
to knock out = to put out of action
to replenish = provide with fresh supplies of ammunition, fuel, etc
to disband = to break up an organisation
amphibious = able to operate on land or in water
to harass, harassment = to lower enemy morale by preventing troops from
resting, disrupting movement and the
constant threat of casualties
lines of communication = the main routes by which the troops at the front
receive supplies and reinforcements from
the rear bases
opportunity targets = those targets which appear unexpectedly in combat and
which must be engaged quickly while the
chance is there
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXERCISE 2 (Time: 2 X 45 mins)
This reading text on Field Artillery provides exercises on comprehension, military
abbreviations, and military vocabulary generated by the subject. Much of the terminology
will have aleady been met in the warm-up and listening phases of the unit and the new
terms are well practised, so there should be few problems for the student and the teacher.
One marginal point of interest here is that the abbreviation 'BK' stands for Battery Captain
(the senior Captain in an artillery battery.) This may seem a bit odd, but it is used to prevent

confusion with 'BC' which stands for Battery Commander (the Major commanding the
artillery battery.)
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXERCISE 3 (Time: 1 X 45 mins)
The speaking activity is a standard pairwork information gap exercise on Air Defence
Artillery. It also provides pictures and some basic technical data of some current air defence
weapons. A number of military abbreviations which should be known from previous units
are included in the text.
Notes:
attrition = the reduction of the effectiveness of a fighting force due to loss of personnel,
weapons,
supplies, etc
foe = enemy, rarely used now except in the expression 'friend or foe'
velocity = speed in a certain direction
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXERCISE 4 (Time: 1 X 45 mins)
This is a traditional dictation exercise which describes the use of artillery in an offensive
operation. It is based on authentic accounts. A tae is supplied for the dictation, or the
teacher may prefer to give the dictation viva voce from the text. After the third reading,
rather than issuing the text for correction immediately, it is useful to go round the class and
get students to read out short sequences of what they have written. The teacher can then
write the text on the board as given and pick up any missed words, spelling and
pronunciation errors. Having done this, the teacher should issue the text for further study.
Notes:
probing attacks = from 'to probe' = to search, examine
dispositions = the way in which a force has arranged itself on the battlefield
bombardment = shelling by a number of artillery guns
a raid = a quick attack followed by a swift planned withdrawal
'shoot and scoot' fire then move quickly in order to avoid enemy counter fire
at first light = at dawn, at sunrise -cf. at last light = at dusk, at sunset
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------EXTENSION
Listening ./ Speaking. Divide class into teams. Get each team to devise questions and
answers in English on different sections of the artillery theme (e.g. Field Artillery -Air
Defence Artillery) and hold a quiz.

Discussion. Hold a discussion in English on how technology has changed artillery weapons
and tactics since World War 1.
Vocabulary Students study Annex B. and are then provided with the diagram without the
labels to complete from memory.
Writing. In small groups, research the details of different artillery weapons or pieces of
artillery equipment of the students' own army and give an illustrated briefing in English to
the rest of the class.

ARTILLERY:

WARM-UP

-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

MULTIPLE LAUNCH ROCKET SYSTEM

Show the picture of the gun to the rest of your group and use these key words to describe
it. Tell them that you will ask them some questions about it at the end.
MLRS

AMERICAN DESIGN

SPEED 64 kms/hr

SELF-PROPELLED

TRACKED

RANGE: MAXIMUM - 38 kms

MINIMUM - 11.5 kms

AMMUNITION:
M26 WARHEAD = 644 BOMBLETS - COVERS AREA 250m X 250m - PENETRATES
6.5cms OF ARMR
AT2 MINE WARHEAD = 7 MINE DISPOSAL UNITS EACH OF 4 MINES
TiME OF FLIGHT:

114 secs AT 32kms

ROCKET PODS:

EACH POD CONTAINS 6 ROCKETS OF M26 OR AT2

------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Questions to other members of your group:

1. What is the top speed of the MLRS? Answer:64 km/hr.

2. what armour can the M26 bomblet penetrate Answer: 6.35cms.

3. What are the rocket containers called? Answer: Pods.

SEE ATTACHED COPIES:

Copied page 1 (Unit 7)

ARTILLERY
EXERCISE 1 - LISTENING - BRIEFING ON ARTILLERY
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Listen to the tape through once without stopping. When you have done this, rewind and
listen again stopping as necessary to complete the exercises.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. Why is an artillery shell the most reliable method of killing that the army has?

2. The effect of an artillery shell does not depend on .. or

.

3. What characteristics of artillery are essential in close support of a battle group?

.
4. What enables guns to be brought to bear rapidly?
..
5. What is the result of OPs having communications to direct the fire all other guns within
range?
..
6. What else is fired other than HE, smoke and illuminating shells?
..
7. In what two ways can the HE round be set to explode?
..
8. Which one of these is most effective against troops in slit
trenches?

9. Give three effects of the sudden and unexpected arrival of shells?

.

10. What is the effect of a heavy shell on a tank?

Direct hit? .

Near miss?

11. Light shells can knock out soft-skinned vehicles, but what might be their effect on
armoured vehicles?

12. What is the object of a "quick smoke shoot" ?

13. What is the effect on the enemy of a smoke screen?

14. What kind of nuclear artillery is used by the British Army?

15. What caused the SP gun to be developed?

16. What were the limitations of the early versions of the SP gun? ,
, ,
17. What replaced the Abbot 105mm SP gun and which artillery regiments are equipped
with it?
.
18. Name three other artillery weapons in service:
.

19. What method other than prediction does artillery use to engage targets?

20. What is used to photograph targets other than aircraft?

21. What is Cymbeline?

.
22. What are typical targets for harassment by predicted fire?

SEE ATTACHED COPIES:

Copied page 2 (Unit 7)

ARTILLERY: WARM-UP
Show the picture of the gun to the rest of your group and use these key words to describe
it. Tell them you will ask them some quest!orts about it at the end.
ARMOURED

SELF-PROPELLED TRACKED HOWITZER

CALIBRE 155mm

RANGE 2 Skn\s

ANGLE OF ELEVATION 10 DEGREES

TRAVERSE 360 DEGREES

RATE OF FIRE - 3 ROUNDS IN 10 SECONDS

AUTOMATIC GUN LAYING SYSTEM
ON BOARD NAVIGATiON SYSTEM (AGLS)
RAPID DEPLOYMENT & MOVEMENT HELP AVOID COUNTER BATTERY FIRE
Questions to other members of your group:
1. What does Ad~S mean? Answer: Automatic Gun Laying System.

2. What is the traverse of the AS90 gun? Answer: 360 degrees.

3. What helps the gun avoid being hit by enemy artillery? Answer: Rapid deployment and
rapid, movement.

SEE ATTACHED COPIES:

Copied page 3 (Unit 7)

ARTILLERY
WARM-UP
FH70
Show the picture of the gun to the rest of your group and use these key words to describe
it. Tell them you will ask them some questions about it at the end.
TOWED

FIELD HOWITZER

CALIBRE

155mm

ELEVATION: MINUS 470 mils

TO 1250 mils

TRAVERSE: 470 mils RIGHT AND LEFT

DETACHMENT: 8

TIME INTO ACTION: 2 mins

MAXIMUM RANGE : 24.7 kms

RATES OF FIRE: BURST OF 15 secs -3 ROUNDS i SUSTAINED FOR 1 HOUR- 2
ROUNDS PER min
AMMUNITION: HE SMOKE ILLUMINATING
BOMBLET

ROCKET ASSISTED MINELET OR

AIRPORTABILITY: HERCULES OR SIMILAR CARGO AIRCRAFT

Questions to other members of your group:
1. What is the limit of traverse? Answer: 470 mils
2. How many are in the gun detachment? Answer: 8
3. What ammunition can the FH70 fire other than the conventional HE, smoke and
illuminating? Answer: Minelet or bomblet and rocket assisted.

SEE ATTACHED COPIES:

Copied page 4 (Unit 7)

ARTILLERY

WARM UP
LIGHT GUN
Show the picture of the gun to the rest of your group and use these key words to describe
it. Tell them that you will ask them some questions about it at the end. ,
TOWED

CALIBRE: 105mm

DEETACHMENT: 6

TRAVERSE: 100 mils RIGHT AND LEFT, 6400 mils ON PLATFORM

ELEVATION: MINUS 100 mils TO 1244 mils

TIME INTO ACTION: FOLDED- 2 mins

UNFOLDED- 1 min

AMMUNITION: HE (16 kgs AND 14.97 kgs) HESH SMOKE

ILLUMINATING
MAXIMUM RANGE: 17.2 kms (16 kgs ROUND)
AI RPORTAB ILl TY: INSIDE CARGO AIRCRAFT OR SLUNG FROM HELICOPTER
Questions to other members of your group:
1. What is the unfolded time into action? Answer: 1 min
2. What is the calibre of the light gun? Answer: 105mrn
3. How can the light gun by carried by helicopter? Answer: As a slung load.

SEE ATTACHED COPIES:

Copied page 5 (Unit 7)
Copied page 6 (Unit 7)

I TEACHER ONLY I
ARTILLERY
EXERCISE 1 - LISTENING -BRIEFING ON ARTILLERY
Listen to the tape through once without stopping. When you have done this, rewind and
listen again, stopping as necessary to complete the exercises.

1. Why is an artillery shell the most reliable method of killing that the army has ?
BECAUSE IT PROVIDES A CONSTANT, PREDICTABLE, ROUND-THE-CLOCK
SERVICE

2. The effect of an artillery shell does not depend on MOVEMENT, WEATHER or LIGHT.
3. What characteristics of artillery are essential in close support of a battle group?
VERSATILITY

MOBILITY

4. What enables guns to be brought to bear rapidly?

MODERN SURVEY EQUIPMENT AND COMPUTERS IN THE

5. What is the result of OPs having communications to direct the fire all other guns within
range?

CONTINUOUS SUPPORT IS PROVIDED

6. What else is fired other than HE, smoke and illuminating shells? ROCKETS (FROM
LAUNCHERS)

7. In what two ways can the HE round be set to explode? ON IMPACT

IN

THE AIR

8. Which one of these is most effective against troops in slit trenches? AIR-BURST
9. Give three effects of the sudden and unexpected arrival of shells?
DISRUPTS CONTROL

FRIGHTENS TROOPS

DESTROYS MORALE

10. What is the effect of a heavy shell on a tank?

Direct hit? DESTROYED

Near miss? PUT OUT OF ACTION

11. Light shells can knock out soft-skinned vehicles, but what might be their effect on
armoured vehicles?
DAMAGE EXTERNAL FITTINGS
FORCE CREWS TO CLOSE DOWN
12. What is the object of a "quick smoke shoot"?
TO SCREEN OFF PARTS OF THE BATTLE AREA AND BY OBSCURING ENEMYS
VIEW, RESTRICT THE
ACCURACY OF THEIR AIM
13. What is the effect on the enemy of a smoke screen?
MAKES ENEMY SUPPORTING FIRE DIFFICULT BY PREVENTING ACCURATE
OBSERVATION
14. What kind of nuclear artillery is used by the British Army?
NONE IT HAS BEEN DISBANDED.
15. What caused the SP gun to be developed?
THE INABILITY OF TOWED ARTILLERY TO KEEP PACE WITH TANKS CROSSCOUNTRY
16. What were the limitations of the early versions of the SP gun?
SPEED, GENERAL MOBILITY, GUN TRAVERSE AND ELEVATION, NO OVERHEAD
PROTECTION
17. What replaced the Abbot 105mm SP gun and which artillery regiments are equipped
with it?
THE AS 90 155 mm SP GUN CLOSE SUPPORT FIELD ARTILLERY REGIMENTS
18. Name three other artillery weapons in service:
105 mm LIGHT GUN
FH 70 155mm FIELD HOWITZER MULTIPLE LAUNCH
ROCKET SYSTEM
(MLRS)

19. What method other than prediction does artillery use to engage targets?
OBSERVATION
20. What is used to photograph targets other than aircraft
REMOTELY CONTROLLED DRONES (LIKE PHOENIX)
21. What is Cymbeline? MORTAR LOCATING RADAR
22. What are typical targets for harassment by predicted fire?
HQS
SUPPLY SYSTEMS
LINES OF COMMUNICATION
I TEACHER ONLY I
ARTILLERY
EXERCISE 1. -LISTENING -BRIEFING ON ARTILLERY
TAPESCRIPT
Listen to the tape through once without stopping. When you have done this, rewind and
listen again stopping as necessary to complete the exercises.
ARTILLERY
An artillery shell remains the most flexible, the most certain and the quickest method of
killing that the army has. It is the most reliable because it provides a constant,
predictable,round- the-clock service. It is not dependant on movement to provide its effect.
It is not dependant on weather or light. Other systems of longer range killing may, on
occasions, be more effective, more decisive, they will, however, never be so reliable.
The requirement for the artillery to provide reliable firepower wherever and whenever it is
needed, means that it must be versatile and mobile -characteristics which are essential in
close support of a battle group. In a fluid situation, guns can move quickly over rough
terrain. with the help of modern survey equipment and computers in the command post,
guns can be brought to bear in the minimum possible time. When guns are on the move,
OPs have the communications to direct the fire of all other guns within range, thus providing
continuous support. There are three main types of shell -HE, smoke and illuminating and
there are also rockets fired from launchers.
The high explosive shell is the main weapon of the field artillery. It can be set to burst on
impact or in the air. It will kill men in the open and force them to take cover, preventing them
from observing and firing their weapons effectively. Air-bursts will kill men in slit trenches.
The sudden and unexpected arrival of shells disrupts control, frightens troops and destroys
their morale. with heavier shells, tanks and other heavy equipment can be destroyed by
direct hits or put out of action by near misses. Light shells can knock out soft-skinned
vehicles. They can also damage external fittings on armoured vehicles and force the crews
to close down. Remember, tanks have to be replenished and crews are highly vulnerable if
caught in the open.
Smoke can be used to prevent the enemy from seeing our troops. By obscuring their view,
it restricts the accuracy of their aim. This can be done by deliberately screening off parts of
the battle area by a quick smoke shoot when an immediate effect is required. The rapid
build-up of smoke makes enemy supporting fire difficult by preventing accurate observation.
The third main type of shell is the illuminating round, used for lighting up the battlefield at
night.

Artillery can also have a nuclear role, although in the British Army the nuclear artillery has
been disbanded. Nuclear weapons can be delivered by gun or by missile. The weapon is
delivered in complete surprise over long distances. The effect is total devastation over the
target area.
In the First World War, the tank was the new weapon which brought mobility to the
battlefield and which could provide essential supporting fire. By the Second World War, the
tank had developed high speed cross-country manoeuvrability. Artillery guns towed behind
vehicles could no longer keep pace, so the self-propelled gun (the SF gun) was developed.
The early versions had limitations in speed, general mobility, gun traverse and elevation
and almost all of of them had no overhead protection. The close support role demands a
highly mobile, amphibious SF gun of great range and flexibility -a gun providing protection
for the crew to fight under all conditions including NBC attack. One successful type in the
British Army was the Abbot 10Smm SF gun. This has now been replaced by the AS90
lSSmm SF gun used by close support field artillery regiments. Other artillery weapons in
service are the 10Smm Light Gun, the FH70 lSSmm field howitzer and the Multiple Launch
Rocket System (MLRS) .
Artillery engages some targets by observed fire, but many targets are engaged by
prediction. All kinds of artillery use accurate prediction to achieve maximum surprise and
effect exploiting to the full their ability to engage targets out of sight of the immediate
battlefield. The targets to be predicted can be selected from maps or located by
photography from aircraft and remotely controlled drones like Phoenix. Light tactical radar,
such as Cymbeline, can be used to locate enemy mortars. Another prediction technique
uses sound ranging. Predicted fire plays a vital part in any offensive or defensive battle, the
harassment of headquarters, supply systems and lines of communication. The engagement
of enemy artillery and reserve formations will prevent the enemy from supporting his frontline troops effectively.
The flexibility of artillery is such that an artillery Forward Observation Officer (FOO) can
switch the concentrated fire of a large number of guns from one target to another with the
minimum of delay. He can adjust the fire as necessary and engage opportunity targets
rapidly and effectively. In the attack, accurate and heavy supporting fire assists the armour
and the infantry to achieve their objectives. In defence, it can harass and disrupt the
enemy's attacks by day and by night in all kinds of weather. Once the location of the enemy
is known, artillery can deliver predicted fire quickly and accurately with complete surprise
and lethal effect. Artillery can engage targets in the immediate battle area or beyond it. It
can engage seen and unseen, and opportunity targets in any weather at all times. Fired
from widely dispersed positions, singly or. in large concentrations, the support of artillery is
a powerful weapon available to every level of command.

EXERCISE C.
Replace the words underlined in the sentences with the words from the text given below:
depth fire
weight of fire
secure communications

counter battery fire

rough terrain

concentration of effort
disrupt the advance

forward elements

fall of shot

howitzer

1. The Gen Sp Arty is equipped with a high trajectory gun.

2. Enemy supply lines were disrupted by fire on targets well to the rear of the forward area.
3. CS Arty was used to break uR the forward movement of the enemy.
4. The number of guns firing at the same time on the target was considerable.
5. The OF party and the gun positions had the ability to pass information without revealing it
to the enemy.
6. FOOs are located with the leading fighting units.
7. SP guns can move quickly over broken ground.
8. The commander planned to rely on bringing all the fireEower of his weaEons together.
9. The enemy's heavy mortar positions were destroyed by fire from the Gen 5E Arty.
10. The FOO was able to adjust the the fire of the guns on the target by observing the
Blaces where the shells landed.

EXERCISE A.

1. What is the significance of the figure of 80 per cent?

2. Put a tick next to the Principles of War demonstrated by Field Artillery:

Selection and Maintenance of the Aim
Maintenance of Morale
Offensive Action
Surprise
Concentration of Force
Economy of Effort
Security
Flexibility
Co-operation
Administration
3. What has been the effect of modern survey methods and computers on Field Artillery?

4. What will be the effect of advances in ammunition technology?

.
6. Give three methods used by artillery locating batteries to predict targets:

.
7. What is the object of counter battery fire and which type of Field Artillery has this task?

.
10. Give examples of the kind of locations occupied by an FOO.

.
11. What is the difference between command and control of artillery?

12. What is the task of an FPC?

ARTILLERY
EXERCISE 2 -READING- FIELD ARTILLERY -BRITISH ARMY
First, you should read the text on Field Artillery right through without attempting the
exercises or looking up words in your dictionary -just try to understand as much as you can.
(You should find that you are familiar with a lot of the military terminology from the listening
exercise.) When you have done this, you should read the text again in detail and complete
the exercises.
FIELD ARTILLERY
INTRODUCTION

1. Artillery makes up a massive 80% of the army's offensive firepower and it is used to
neutralize, destroy and demoralize the enemy. It provides reliable firepower whenever and
wherever it is needed and it is mobile and versatile. Field Artillery supplies supporting fire to
meet the different needs of infantry and armour under varying conditions and in doing this it
demonstrates four of the ten principles of war -surprise, concentration of force, flexibility,
and economy of effort:

a. Surprise, because artillery can fire without warning over the whole of the
immediate
battlefield.

b. Concentration of force, because artillery can be widely dispersed but the fire of its
guns
highly concentrated.

c. Flexibility, because the weight of fire can be varied from that of a single gun to fire
from all
guns within range.
d. Economy of effort, because a great weight of fire can be switched quickly and
almost
effortlessly from one target to another.
CHARACTERISTICS
2. The main characteristics of Field Artillery are as follows:
a. The ability to locate the enemy
b. The ability to demoralize the enemy by shock action
c. The ability to reduce the enemy's battlefield mobility.
d. The ability to deploy rapidly and bring its guns into action. SP guns can move quickly
over rough
terrain and modern survey methods and computers have increased speed into action.

e. The ability to fight over a considerable area, both within the immediate battle area and
beyond. Field
Artillery weapons can produce effective fire at ranges from 17 to 32 kms and this is being
extended by
ammunition technology.
ROLES
3. Field Artillery fights in both the contact and deep battles and can be divided into Close
Support (CS) Artillery and General Support (Gen Sp) Artillery.
4. Close Support Artillery is made up of the Field Artillery regiments found in divisions. In
the attack, it destroys the enemy's morale and restricts his mobility. In defence and delaying

operations, artillery fire disrupts the enemy's advance and leaves him vulnerable to the
direct fire weapons of infantry, tanks, helicopters and aircraft.
5. General Support Artillery consists of regiments equipped with Multiple Launch Rocket
Systems (MLRS) and the FH70 field howitzer. The main roles of General Support Artillery
are:

a. Depth fire to attack targets in support of operations deep behind the enemy's front
line. Such targets
have to be acquired by intelligence, by observation post parties and by artillery locating
batteries using
sound-ranging equipment, remotely piloted vehicles (RPVs) and radar.
b. Counter battery fire (CB) to destroy and neutralize the enemy's artillery and heavy
mortars
COMMAND. CONTROL AND COf.fi.ruNICATIONS ( C3 )
6. Command and control of artillery is based on the principle of command at the highest
level and control at the lowest level. Command involves matching the artillery available to
the operational plan. Control involves the application of fire.
7. It is essential to have reliable and secure communications between observers and guns
in order to provide commanders with accurate and up-to-date information. Here is an
example of Field Artillery CJ in a Battle Group. The Battery Commander (BC) of the artillery
battery affiliated to the Battle Group forms a Fire Planning Cell (FPC) to co-ordinate all
indirect fire support (artillery, aviation and mortars) in support of the Battle Group
Commander's plan. A Forward Observation Team under command of a Forward
Observation Officer (FOO) -a Captain from the Battery will be located with the forward elements of armour and infantry in a dug-in position, in an
armoured vehicle or helicopter. Laser ranging instruments are used to find the exact
location of the target which is passed to the gun positions by radio. The FOO then adjusts
the fire of the guns on the target by observing the fall of shot. If necessary, he can ask for
the fire of all other guns within range to be brought to bear on the target.
EXERCISE C.
Replace the words underlined in the sentences with the words from the text given below:
depth fire
weight of fire

counter battery fire

rough terrain

secure communications

concentration of effort

disrupt the advance

forward elements

fall of shot

howitzer

1. The Gen Sp Arty is equipped with a high trajectory gun (HOWITZER)

2. Enemy supply lines were disrupted by fire on targets well to the rear of the forward area.
(DEPTH FIRE)

3. CS Arty was used to break up the forward movement (DISRUPT THE ADVANCE) of the
enemy.
4. The number of guns firing at the same time (WEIGHT OF FIRE) on the target was
considerable.
5. The OP party and the gun positions had the abilit! to Rass information without revealing it
to the enemy (SECURE COMMUNICATIONS).
6. FOOs are located with the leading fighting units (FORWARD ELEMENTS).
7. SP guns can move quickly over broken ground (ROUGH TERRAIN).
8. The commander planned to rely on brinGing all the firepower of his weapons together
(CONCENTRATION OF FORCE).
9. The enemy's heavy mortar positions were destroyed by fire from the Gen Sp Arty
(COUNTER BATTERY FIRE).
10. The FOO was able to adjust the the fire of the guns on the target by observing the
places where the shells landed (FALL OF SHOT).

TEACHER ONLY
EXERCISE A.

1. What is the significance of the figure of 80 per cent?

PERCENTAGE OF THE ARMYS FIREPOWER MADE UP BY ARTILLERY
2. Put a tick next to the Principles of War demonstrated by Field Artillery:
Selection and Maintenance of the Aim
Maintenance of Morale
Offensive Action
Surprise *
Concentration of Force *
Economy of Effort *
Security
Flexibility *
Co-operation
Administration
3. What has been the effect of modern survey methods and computers on Field Artillery?
TO INCREASE SPEED INTO ACTION
4. What will be the effect of advances in ammunition technology?
TO EXTEND THE RANGE OF GUNS
6. Give three methods used by artillery locating batteries to predict targets:

SOUND-RANGING /RPVs /RADAR

7. What is the object of counter battery fire and which type of Field Artillery has this task?
TO DESTROY AND NEUTRALIZE THE ENEMYS ARTILLERY AND HEAVY MORTARS
- GENERAL
SUPPORT ARTILLERY
10. Give examples of the kind of locations occupied by an FOO.
DUG-IN / IN ARMOURED VEHICLE / IN HELICOPTER
11. What is the difference between command and control of artillery?
COMMAND - MATCH ARTILLERY AVAILABLE TO THE OPERATIONAL PLAN
CONTROL APPLICATION OF FIRE
12. What is the task of an FPC?
TO CO-ORDINATE ALL INDIRECT FIRE SUPPORT (IN SUPPORT OF THE
COMMANDERS PLAN

EXERCISE B.
1. What do the following abbreviations stand for?
SP
SELF-PROPELLED
CB
COUNTER BATTERY
Gen Sp
GENERAL SUPPORT
OP
OBSERVATION POST
C3
COMMAND, CONTROL AND COMMUNICATIONS
FOO
FORWARD OBSERVATION OFFICER
BC
BATTERY COMMANDER
RPV
REMOTELY PILOTED VEHICLE
FPC
FIRE PLANNING CELL
CS
CLOSE SUPPORT
MLRS
MULTIPLE LAUNCH ROCKET SYSTEM
2. Which is indirect fire and which is direct fire?
a. Fire at a target which can be seen by the firer. (DIRECT)
b. Fire at a target which cannot be seen by thr firer. (INDIRECT)
3. Match the following words and phrases from the text with their meanings:
(1) bring to bear

A. most forward position of opposing forces

(2) demoralize

B. in a protected position in the ground

(3) neutralize

C. to direct fire at

(4) switch

D. find the position of

(5) widely dispersed

E. joined or connected

(6) delaying operation

F. to prevent movement and/or fire of weapons

(7) affiliated

G. change over from one to another

(8) dug-in

H. spread over a large area

(9) front line

I. tactics designed to give us more time

(10) locate

J. destroy the will to fight

ARTILLERY
EXERCISE 3 -SPEAKING -PAIRWORK
STUDENT B .WORKSHEET
For this exercise you will work with a partner. Below are some notes on Air Defence
Artillery. Your partner will ask you some questions and you should supply the answers.
Similarly, you should ask your partner questions in order to fill in the blanks on your own
worksheet. Speak in English and do not compare your worksheets until you have
completed them.
(Abbreviations not met before are supplied.)
AIR DEFENCE (AD) ARTILLERY
Introduction
1. Air Defence Artillery is sometimes called Anti-aircraft Artillery - ? . It is the counter to the
air threat.
2. The aim of AD Arty is:
a. to ensure
?.
b. to deny the use of airspace to the en.
Roles
3. AD Arty is divided into Area AD and ?
4. The role of Area An is to achieve the maximum attrition of en ac. The current weapon of
the An Arty is Rapier. For details of Rapier, see over the page.
5. The role of CAD is to ? and to destroy en ac. Its current weapons are the High Velocity
Missile (HVM) and Javelin. For details of these weapons see over the page.
Command and Control (C2)
6. Strict control in the use of AD Arty is necessary in order to avoid destroying friendly ac. A
radar system known as ? is used to distinguish between our own and en ac. AD Arty
weapons are controlled by orders which are known as Weapon Control Status. These are:
WEAPONS UNLIMITED: (NATO only) No restrictions.

Engage if not visually identified as friendly

WEAPONS TIGHT:

Engage only if visually identified as hostile

WEAPONS HOLD:

SEE ATTACHED COPIES:

Copied page 7 (Unit 7)

ARTILLERY
EXERCISE 3 -SPEAKING -PAIRWORK
STUDENT A .WORKSHEET
For this exercise you will work with a partner. Below are some notes on Air Defence
Artillery. Your partner will ask you some questions and you should supply the answers.
Similarly, you should ask your partner questions in order to fill in the blanks on your own
worksheet. Speak in English and do not compare your worksheets until you have
completed them.
(Abbreviations not met before are supplied.) ~
AIR DEFENCE (AD) ARTILLERY
Introduction
1. Air Defence Artillery Artillery is sometimes called
is the counter to the air threat.

Artillery - AAA or Triple A. |Itg

2. The aim of AD Arty is:

a. To ensure freedom of movement for our own ac.
b. To ?
Roles
3. AD Arty is divided into ? and Close AD (CAD.
4. The role of Area AD is to achieve the maximum
is Rapier. For details 0 Rapier, see over the page.

?. The current weapon 0 the AD Arty

5. The role of CAD is to defend specified point targets and to destroy en ac. Its current
weapons are the High Velocity Missile (HVM) and Javelin. For details of these weapons see
over the page.
Command and Control (C2)

6. Strict control in the use of AD Arty is necessary in order to

?
. A radar system
known as
Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) is used to distinguish between our own and en ac. AD Arty
weapons are controlled by orders which are known as Weapon Control Status. These are:
WEAPONS UNLIMITED:

WEAPONS FREE:

Engage if not visually identified as friendly.

Engage only if visually identified as hostile

WEAPONS HOLD:

Engage only if attacked.

SEE ATTACHED COPIES:

Copied page 8 (Unit 7)

ITEACHERONLYI
ARTILLERY
EXERCISE 4 -LISTEN AND WRITE -DICTATION
TAPESCRIPT
This is a dictation on the use of artillery in an offensive operation. I shall read the piece
through once at normal speed. Just listen, do not write. Next, you will hear the text read in
short groups of words. Each group of words will be repeated and punctuation given. The
piece will be read a third time for you to make any corrections you wish.
ARTILLERY IN AN OFFENSIVE OPERATION
On the first day of the offensive, II artillery and attack helicopters II carried out probing
attacks to establishll the enemy's strength and dispositions. II A number of artillery raids
were made lion the enemy's forward positions on the border II and an FGA aircraft pilot
reported II that three batteries had been destroyed II and a squadron of tanks put out of
action. II
These artillery raids II threw the enemy into confusion II as they were carried out over a
wide front II and they had no idea II where and when the bombardments would occur. II Our
commanders had been concerned II about the effectiveness II of enemy counter battery fire
lion our own artillery positions. II In order~to minimise II the chances of getting hit, II no
battery remained in position II for more than 15 minutes II and the Multiple Launch Rocket
Systems II were used in "shoot and scoot" tactics. II
Then the main advance began. II It was rapid and highly successful. II In such a highly
mobile and swift offensive, II one of the worries II is for armour and infantry II to get
separated from the artillery. 1/ This was overcome by the use II of an armoured

reconnaissance screen II whose mission was to find suitable enemy targets. II At first light
they were able II to call down depth fire lion these targets from MLRS II while the main body
of armour II came forward for the attack.

I TEACHER ONLY I

ARTILLERY
EXERCISE 3 -SPEAKING -PAIRWORK

STUDENT A/B COMPLETED WORKSHEET

For this exercise you will work with a partner. Beloware some notes on Air Defence Artillery.
Your partner will ask you some questions and you should supply the answers. Similarly, you
should ask your partner questions in order to fill in the blanks on your own worksheet.
Speak in English and do not compare your worksheets until you have completed them.
(Abbreviations not met before are supplied. )
AIR DEFENCE (AD) ARTILLERY
Introduction
1. Air Defence Artillery Artillery is sometimes called Anti-aircraft Artillery - AAA or Triple 'A'
.It is the counter to the air threat.
2. The aim of AD Arty is:
a. To ensure freedom of movement for our own ac.
b. To deny the use of airspace to the en.
Roles
3. AD Arty is divided into Area AD and Close AD (CAD)
4. The role of Area AD is to achieve the maximum attrition of en ac. The current weapon of
the AD Arty is Rapier. For details of Rapier, see over the page.
5. The role of CAD is to defend specified point targets and to destroy en ac. Its current
weapons are the High Velocity Missile (HVM) and Javelin. For details of these weapons see
over the page.
Command and Control (C2)
6. Strict control in the use of AD Arty is necessary in order to avoid destroying friendly ac. A
radar system known as Identification Friend or Foe (IFF) is used to distinguish between our
own and en ac. AD Arty weapons are controlled by orders which are known as Weapon
Control Status. These are:

WEAPONS UNLIMITED: (NATO only) No restrictions

WEAPONS FREE: Engage if not visually identified as friendly.
WEAPONS TIGHT: Engage only if visually identified as hostile
WEAPONS HOLD: Engage only if attacked.

SEE ATTACHED COPIES:

Copied page 9 (Unit 7)
Copied page 10 (Unit 7)

ARTILLERY
ANNEX A .
LIST OF MILITARY VOCABULARY AND ABBREVIATIONS
adjust (the fire of guns)
Air Defence Artillery -AD Arty
air-burst
airportable- airptbl
airportability
airspace
angle of elevation
Anti-aircraft Artillery -AAA (Triple 'A')
Area Air Defence -Area AD
armoured reconnaissance screen -armd recce screen
at first light attrition
Automatic Gun Laying System -AGLS
Battery Commander -BC
bombardment
bomblet
breech block
bring guns to bear (on a target)
call down fire
cargo
carriage
close support -CS
Close Air Defence -CAD
co-operation
command, control and communications -C3
command post -CP
computer
concentrated fire
concentration of effort
contact battle

conventional
counter battery -CB
counter to the threat
cradle
deep battle
degree (360 degrees in a circle)
delay
delaying operation
demoralize
deny (denial)
depth fire
detecting range
devastation
direct hit
direct fire
disbanded
dispersed (dispersion)
disposition
disrupt (disruption)
drone
dug-in (to dig in)
economy of effort

elevation
engagement range
external fittings
fall of shot
Field Artillery -Fd Arty
Fire Planning Cell -FPC
folded unfolded
forward elements
Forward Observation Officer -FOO
front line
General Support Artillery -Gen Sp Arty
harass (harassment)
High Velocity Missile -HVM
hostile
howitzer- how
Identification Friend or Foe -IFF
indirect fire
knock out
laser ranging instruments
launcher
lethal
light tactical radar
lines of communication -L of C
locate- loc
locating battery -loc bty

maintenance of morale
man-portable
manoeuvrability
mils (6400 mils in a circle)
minelet
Multiple Launch Rocket System -MLRS
navigation- nav
near miss
neutralize
nuclear- nuc
observed fire
observer
offensive action
on impact
on board
opportunity target
out of sight
overhead
penetrate (penetration) -pen
pivot
platform
pod
point target -pt tgt
predicted
prediction
Principles of War
probing attack
put out of action
quick smoke shoot
raid
recoil mechanism
Remotely piloted Vehicle -RPV
replenish (replenishment) -replen