SMK (P) SULTAN ABU BAKAR, MUAR

CHAPTER 5 :
CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMER

DISEDIAKAN OLEH :
LEONA TAY JOU SIU
QUEK JIA YEE
SIM YIK CHYIN
KELAS : 5S1 (2016)

NAMA GURU KIMIA :

CIK TAN LAY GUAT

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What is Soap?

Soap
Preparation Process

By hydrolysing fats or oils under alkaline conditions.

Saponification process:

Boiling fats or oils with concentrated sodium hydroxide

solution or concentrated potassium hydroxide solution
to produce glycerol + salts of fatty acids (soap).

Saponification steps:
1. Hydrolysis of fats or oils glycerol + fatty acids.
2. Neutralisation of fatty acids + concentrated alkali
soap + water

General equation:
Fats / oils + alkali glycerol + soap

What

is

Liquid soap

Solid soap

Sodium hydroxide +
saturated oils (coconut
oil)

Potassium hydroxide +
unsaturated oil (sunflower
oil / olive oil)

Uses: bathing purposes

Uses: shaving cream

Detergent?

textbook

Examples:

- Sodium alkyl

A sodium or

Alkalis
internetreact
with sulphonic

potassium salt of
acid to produce

Made from
alkyl sulphonic acid
detergent.
- Sodium
synthetic
alkylbenzenesulp or
resources.
alkylbenzenesulphoni
honate
sulphate

workbook

Friends

Preparation of Detergent

Sulphonation

Neutralization

Types of detergents:
1. Anionic detergent (dishwashing liquid detergent).
2. Cationic detergent (hair conditioner).
3. Non-ionic detergent (car washing detergent).

Cleansing Action of Soap and

Detergent

Soap and detergent are

surfactants. Surfactants are
organic compounds
that lower the surface tension of a liquid.

Surfactants act as emulsifiers and foaming agents.

Anion soap consists of carboxylate ion (hydrophilic =

soluble in water) and long hydrocarbon tail
(hydrophobic = soluble in grease or oils).

Anion detergent consists of sulphate ion

orsulphonate ion (hydrophilic = soluble in water) and
long hydrocarbon tail (hydrophobic = soluble in grease
or oils).

The Action Process

The Effectiveness of the

Cleansing Action of Soap and
Detergent
Condition
Hard water
(contain
calcium &
magnesium
ion)

Soap
Form an insoluble
precipitate = soap
scum (formation of
soap scum causes
wastage of soap)

Detergent
Detergent is
effective cleaner.
Form soluble
substances =
calcium or
magnesium salts
(do not form
scum)

Soft water (do

not contain
calcium &
magnesium
ion)
Acidic water
(contain
hydrogen ion)

Soap is effective
cleaner.

Detergent is
effective cleaner.

Form insoluble
long-chain fatty
acids (reduces the
amount of soap
used for cleaning)

Detergent is
effective cleaner.
Form soluble
substances (Do
not form scum)

Environment

Soap is
biodegradable

Soap is nonbiodegradable

The Additives in Detergent

Additives
Biological
enzyme
Foam
control
agent
Builder
Filler

Fragrance
Optical
brightener
Stabilising
agent
Suspension
agent
Whitening
agent

Function
Remove protein stains
Control foaming in
detergent
Enhance the surfactant
efficiency
Make the solid
detergent dry and
enable the liquid
detergent to be poured
easily
Add fragrance
Add brightness by
convert UV radiation to
blue light and
whiteness
Lower the production of
foam
Prevent the dirt
particles removed from
redepositing onto
cleaned fabrics
Bleach stains

Examples
Amylase, lipase &
protease
Silicones
Sodium phosphate
Sodium silicate

Fluorescent dye

Silicones
Sodium
carboxymethylcellulose
Sodium hypochlorite

Summar
y