PHHS - Algebra 2

resources for students and
C f a s s Z o n e r e s o u r c e s are linked t o g e t h e r a n d pro v id e

instruction, p r a c t ic e , a n d learning s u p p o r t.
@ M
) m
e 7 u f o r
This interactive tutoria!

reinforces key skiiis
and hetps stu d en ts
p rep are fo r te sts.
S tate te s t practice, quizzes,

vocabuiary sup port,
activities, and exam pies
heip stu d en ts succeed.
ALGEBRA 2
Atbuquerque Pub!ic Schoots
35305000030461
3 5 3 0 5 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 6 1
About A/gebro 2
T h e c o n te n t o f A/gehm 2 is o rg anized a ro u n d fa m ilies o f fu n ctio n s,
in clu d in g linear, qu ad ratic, ex p o n e n tia l, lo g a rith m ic, rad ical, and
ratio n al fu n ctio n s. As y ou stud y e a c h fam ily o f fu n ctio n s, you w ill le a rn
to re p rese n t th e m in m u ltip le w ays as v erb a l d escrip tio n s, eq u a tio n s,
tab les, an d graphs. You will also le a rn to m o d el real-w orld situ a tio n s
u sin g fu n ctio n s in ord er to solve p ro b le m s arisin g fro m th o se situ atio n s.
In ad d itio n to its a lg eb ra co n te n t, Algehm 2 in clu d es le sso n s on
p ro b ab ility and d ata an alysis as w ell as n u m ero u s ex a m p les an d
ex ercises involving g eo m etry an d trig on om etry . T h e se m a th to p ics
o ften ap p e ar o n stan d ard ized tests, so m a in ta in in g y ou r fam iliarity
w ith th e m is im p o rta n t. To h elp y ou p rep a re for stan d ard ized tests,
A/gehra 2 provides in stru ctio n an d p ra c tice o n stan d ard ized te st
q u estio n s in a variety o f fo rm a ts m u ltip le ch o ice , sh o rt resp o n se,
ex ten d ed resp o n se, an d so on. T ech n o lo g y su p p o rt for b o th lea rn in g
alg ebra an d p rep arin g for stan d ard ized te sts is availab le at cla ssz o n e.co m .
ALGEBRA 2
R o n
L a rso n
L a n r /e B o s w e //
1 /m
o ^ y
D . K a n o /d
Lee Sf#
^ M cDougal Littell
A D !V !S !O N O F H O U G H T O N M )F F L !N C O M P A N Y
Evanst on, Ht i no i s
Boston
DaXas
Copyright @ 2007 McDougal Littell, a division of Houghton Miffiin Company.

Ali rights reserved.
Warning: No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or
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federal copyright law. Address inquiries to Supervisor, Rights and Permissions,
McDougal Littell, EO. Box 1667, Evanston, IL 60204.
ISBN-13: 978-0-618-59541-9
ISBN-10: 0-618-59541-4
10 11 12 13 14 15 DWO 10 09 08
Internet Web Site: http://www.mcdougallittell.com
About the Authors

ROF! tO fSO f! is a professor of m athem atics at Penn State
University at Erie, where he has taught since receiving his Ph.D. in
m athem atics from the University of Colorado. Dr. Larson is well
known as the author of a comprehensive program for m athematics
that spans middle school, high school, and college courses.
Dr. Larson's numerous professional activities keep him in constant
touch with the needs of teachers and supervisors. He closely
follows developments in m athem atics standards and assessment.
tOMFVC B o s w e R is a m athem atics teacher at The Riverside School

in Lyndonville, Vermont, and has taught m athem atics at all levels,
elementary through college. A recipient of the Presidential Award
for Excellence in Mathematics Teaching, she was also a Tandy
Technology Scholar. She served on the NCTM Board of Directors
(2002-2005), and she speaks frequently at regional and national
conferences on topics related to instructional strategies and course
content.
7 7fn o fb y D
is the superintendent of Adlai E. Stevenson
High School District 125 in Lincolnshire, Illinois. Dr. Kanold served
as a teacher and director of m athem atics for 17 years prior to
becom ing superintendent. He is the recipient of the Presidential
Award for Excellence in M athematics and Science Teaching,
and a past president of the Council for Presidential Awardees in
Mathematics. Dr. Kanold is a frequent speaker at national and
international m athem atics meetings.
te c
is a professor of m athem atics education in the College
of Education and Psychology of North Carolina State University
at Raleigh and has taught m athem atics at the high school and
middle school levels. He served on the NCTM Board of Directors
and was elected President of NCTM for the years 2000-2002. He is a
recipient of the W. W. Rankin Award for Excellence in Mathematics
Education presented by the North Carolina Council of Teachers of
Mathematics.
Advisers and Reviewers

Curricuium Advisers and Reviewers
C indy L. B iair
N an cy L. F ish e r
Curriculum Instructional Coordinator
Mathematics Teacher
Thomas Jefferson High School
Hilliard Davidson High School
San Antonio, TX
Hilliard, OH
M ichaei Boiiing
L ois M. M cC arty
Instructional Specialist for Mathematics
Mathematics Chair and Teacher
Chesterfield County Public Schools
Midland Independent School District
Chesterfield, VA
Midland, TX
B ria n C ro sto n
A n n e P a p a k o n sta n tin o u
Mathematics Teacher
Director, School Mathematics Project
Frisco Centennial High School
Rice University
Frisco, TX
Houston, TX
R an d y D anieis
R ich a rd P a rr
Mathematics Teacher
Director of Educational Technology,
Ankeny High School

Ankeny, IA
School Mathematics Project

Rice University
Houston, TX
B o n n ie Davis
Mathematics Consultant (retired)
Peggy S. W in free W h ite
Gilmer Independent School District
Mathematics Teacher
Gilmer, TX
Caprock High School

Amarillo, TX
B re tt D uffney
Mathematics Teacher
Prebie High School
Green Bay, WI
Michigan Pane!
C raig Edw ard A uten
K risten K arb on
W ayne R u m p le
Mathematics Teacher
M athematics Teacher
Walled Lake Central High School
Troy High School
Monroe Senior High School
Walled Lake, MI
Troy, MI
Monroe, MI
B a rb a ra J. B ro o k s
D avid K ay n o r
M ich ael S ch u lte
Mathematics Teacher
Mathematics Teacher
Mathematics Consultant
Mumford High School
Macomb Christian School
Warren Mott High School
Detroit, MI
Warren, MI
Warren, MI
R on n ee Sue C a rp e n te r
Jo sep h F. P aw loski
Mathematics Teacher
Mathematics Teacher
Flint Southwestern Academy High School
Brighton High School
Flint, Ml
Brighton, MI
D ian a F ao ro
D on ald J. P ra tt
Mathematics Teacher
Mathematics Teacher
Romeo Engineering and Technology Center
Huron High School
Washington, MI
Ann Arbor, MI
Texas Pane!
R o b ert W. Ew ing
Jam ie K. L ipsey
S h irley K. W ard
Mathematics Teacher
Mathematics Teacher
Mathematics Teacher
Austin High Schooi
Skyline High Schooi
Westside High School
Ei Paso, TX
Dallas, TX
Houston, TX
K ath ry n L a ste r
M o h a m m a d M osh fegh ian
D en ise W eath erfo rd
Mathematics Teacher
Mathematics Department Chair
Lake Highlands High School
Homer Hanna High School
Central High School
Dallas, TX
Brownsville, TX
Beaumont, TX
Kelly Leal
S u san B . N elson
D ian n e Young
Mathematics Teacher
Team Leader
Mathematics Department Chair
The Colony High Schooi
Spring High School
Robert E. Lee Freshman High School
The Coiony, TX
Spring, TX
Midland, TX
CHAPTER
Work Rates
Linear Equations,
Inequaiities, Functions
and Systems
20
Equations and
inequaiities
Prerequisite Skiiis
xxiv
1.1
Appiy P ro p e rtie s o f R eai N u m b ers
1.2
E v aiu ate an d Sim piify A igeb raic E x p re ssio n s

[] Graphing Caicuiator Activity
1.3
2
io
Evaiuate Expressions
17
S oive L in ear Eq u ation s

[] Graphing Caicuiator Activity
1 .4
18
Use Tabies to Soive Equations
R ew rite F o rm u ias a n d E q u ation s
25
26
Mixed Review of Probiem Soiving
33
1.5
Use P ro b ie m Soiving S tra te g ie s a n d M odeis
34
1 .6
S oive Lin ear ineq u aiities
41
Probiem Soiving Workshop

1 .7
48
S oive A b soiu te V aiue E q u ation s an d ineq u aiities
51
investigating Aigebra: Absoiute Vaiue Equations and inequaiities
50
Mixed Review of Probiem Soiving.............................................................................. 59

ASSESSMENT
Quizzes
1 6 ,4 0 , 58
Chapter Summary and Review
60
Chapter T est.................................................................................................................................65
* Standardized Test Preparation and Practice
66
# ! idassione.com
m s S 3 A ig e b r a
A c t iv it ie s
1 ,5 ,1 1 ,2 0 , 2 4 ,2 7 ,3 4 ,4 2 , 53
C h a p te r 1 H ighiigh ts
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
M ixed Review o f P ro b lem Soiving,
3 3 .5 9
* ASSESSMENT
* S tan d ard ized Test P r a c tic e E xam p les,
3 ,1 9 ,3 6
' M ultipie R ep resen tatio n s, 1 5 ,2 4 , 35, 39,

4 8 ,5 7
* M ultiple C h oice, 6, 14, 21, 2 4 ,3 0 ,3 7 , 38,

45, 4 6, 56
' M ulti-Step P rob lem s, 8, 2 3 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,3 9 ,

4 7 .5 7 .5 9
* S h o rt R esp o n se /E x te n d e d R esp on se,

8 ,9 ,1 5 , 2 3 ,3 1 , 32, 3 3 ,3 7 ,3 8 ,4 7 , 55, 5 9 ,6 6
U sin g A ltern ativ e M ethods, 48

Real-W orld P ro b lem Solving E xam p les,
3, 5 ,1 1 ,1 3 ,1 9 , 20, 2 9 ,3 5 ,3 6 ,4 2 ,4 4 , 54
v iii
Contents
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 6 ,1 3 ,1 4 , 21, 30,

3 2 ,3 3 ,3 7 , 44, 4 5 ,5 5 , 59
TECHNOLOGY
Af cfaszonacoa!;
* A n im ated A lgebra, 1, 5 ,1 1 , 2 0 ,2 4 , 27, 34,
4 2 ,5 3
* @ H o m e Tutor, x x iv , 8 ,1 5 ,1 7 , 2 3 ,2 5 ,3 1 ,
38, 46, 57, 61
* O nlin e Q uiz, 9 ,1 6 , 2 4 ,3 2 , 4 0 ,4 7 , 58
* S tate Test P ra c tic e , 33, 59, 69
CHAPTER
Linear Functions, p. 76
P(d) = 1 + 0.03d
Linear Equations and Functions

P r e r e q u i s i t e SkiM s
70
2.1
R e p re s e n t R eiatio n s an d Fu n ctio n s
72
2 .2
Find Siope an d R a te o f C h a n g e
82
2 .3
G raph Eq u ation s o f Lines
89
)*] Graphing Caicuiator Activity

2 .4
Graph Equations
97
W rite E q u ation s o f Lines
98
Probiem Soiving W orkshop....................................................................................... 105

106
2 .5
M o d e iD ire c tV a ria tio n
107
2 .6
D raw S c a tte r P io ts a n d B est-F ittin g Lines
113
^ 3 investigating Aigebra: Fitting a Line to Data
112
Lise A b soiu te V aiue F u n ctio n s an d T ra n s fo rm a tio n s
123
investigating Aigebra: Expioring Transformations
121
2 .7
2 .8
G raph L in ear ineq u aiities in T w o V ariab ies
132
139
Quizzes
Chapter Test
A c tiv itie s
9 6 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 8
140
145
146
7 1 , 7 3 , 8 6 , 9 0 , 9 8 , 102, 10 7 , 111, 115 , 133
C h a p te r 2 H igh iigh ts
PROBLEM SOLViNG
* M ixed Review o f P ro b iem Solving,
1 0 6 .1 3 9
* ASSESSMENT
* S ta n d a rd iz e d Test P r a c tic e E x am p ies,
8 2 ,1 3 2
* M ultipte R ep resen tatio n s, 95, 1 0 4 ,1 0 5 ,

1 1 9 ,1 2 9
- M ultiple C h oice, 77, 8 6 ,8 7 ,9 3 ,1 0 2 ,1 0 9 ,

1 1 0 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 7 ,1 2 8 ,1 3 6
* Muiti Step P ro b lem s, 78, 88, 9 5 ,1 0 3 ,

1 0 6 .1 3 7 .1 3 9
* S h o rt R e sp o n se /E x te n d e d R esp on se,
77, 78, 7 9 ,8 7 , 8 8, 94, 95, 1 0 3 ,1 0 6 , 111,
1 1 9 ,1 2 8 ,1 2 9 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 7 ,1 3 9 ,1 4 6
* Using A itern ativ e M ethods, 105

* Reai-W ortd P rob iem Soiving E xam p ies,
7 4 ,7 6 ,8 5 ,9 1 ,1 0 0 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 5 ,1 2 5 ,1 3 4
\ _______________________ .___________________ 7
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 76, 86, 87, 93, 94,

101, 103, 1 0 6 ,1 0 9 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 7 ,1 1 8 ,1 2 7 ,1 2 8 ,
^ 1 3 5 ,1 3 6 , 139
TECHNOLOGY
At cRmzonefom.
* A n im a te d A lgebra, 71, 73, 86, 9 0 ,9 5 ,9 8 ,
10 2 ,1 0 7 , 111, 1 1 5 ,1 3 3
- @ H o m e Tutor, 70, 78, 8 7 ,9 4 , 9 7 ,1 0 3 ,1 1 0 ,
1 1 9 ,1 2 1 ,1 2 8 ,1 3 7 ,1 4 1
* O nlin e Q uiz, 79, 8 8 ,9 6 ,1 0 4 , 111, 120,
1 2 9 ,1 3 8
* E le c tro n ic F u n ctio n L ib rary, 140
* S tate Test P ra c tic e , 106, 1 3 9 ,1 4 9
Contents
)X
Linear Systems and Matrices

3.1
Prerequisite Skiiis
150
Solve L in ear S y stem s b y G rap hin g
153
^ 0 investigating Aigebra: Soiving Linear Systems Using Tabies

)*] Graphing Caicuiator Activity Graph Systems of Equations
152
159
3 .2
Soive Lin ear S y stem s A igeb raicaiiy
160
3 .3
G raph S y stem s o f L in ear ineq u aiities
168
3 .4
Soive S y stem s o f L in ear E q u ation s in T h re e V ariab ies
178
^ 0 investigating Aigebra: Graphing Linear Equations in Three Variabies
177

3 .5
186
P e rfo rm B asic M atrix O p eratio n s

[*) Graphing Caicuiator Activity
187
Use Matrix Operations
194
3 .6
Muitipiy M atrices
195
3 .7
E v aiu ate D eterm in a n ts a n d Appiy C ra m e L s Ruie
203
3 .8
U se in v erse M atrices to S oive L in ear S y ste m s
210
218
220
ASSESSMENT
Quizzes
1 6 7 ,1 9 3 ,2 1 7
221
Chapter T est.............................................................................................................................. 2 2 7
228
Cumuiative Review, Chapters 1 - 3
232
(^ ^ ^ A ^ g e b ra
A c tiv itie s
151, 153, 155, 161, 168, 196,211
* ASSESSMENT
PROBLEM SOLViNG
* M ixed Review of P ro b lem Soiving,
1 8 6 ,2 2 0
* S tan d ard ized Test P r a c tic e E xam p ies,

1 5 5 ,1 6 2
* M uitiple R ep resen tatio n s, 157,173,

21 6 ,2 1 8
* M ultipie C h oice, 15 6 ,1 5 7 , 1 6 5 ,1 6 6 ,1 7 1 ,
1 7 2 ,1 8 3 ,1 9 1 ,1 9 9 ,2 0 7 ,2 0 8 ,2 1 4 ,2 1 5 ,2 2 8
* M uiti-Step Pro b lem s, 184, 1 8 6 ,2 0 0 , 201,

2 0 9 ,2 1 6 ,2 2 0
* S h o rt R esp o n se/E xten d ed R esponse,

157, 158, 1 6 6 ,1 7 2 ,1 7 3 ,1 8 4 , 1 8 5 ,1 8 6 ,1 9 2 ,
2 0 1 ,2 0 2 ,2 0 8 ,2 0 9 ,2 1 6 ,2 2 0
* U sin g A ltern ativ e M ethods, 218

^
* Real-W orid P rob iem Soiving E xam p ies,

155, 162 ,1 7 0 , 181, 1 8 9 ,1 9 8 ,2 0 4 ,2 0 6 ,2 1 3
Contents
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 1 5 6 ,1 6 4 ,1 7 1 ,1 8 2 ,
186, 1 9 0 ,1 9 9 , 200, 2 0 7 ,2 0 8 , 214, 220, 2 2 2 ^ ,
TECHNOLOGY
At cinMzone.fom.
* A n im ated A igebra, 1 5 1 ,1 5 3 ,1 5 5 , 161,
1 6 8 ,1 9 6 ,2 1 1
* @ H o m e Tutor, 1 5 0 ,1 5 2 ,1 5 7 ,1 5 9 , 165,
1 7 2 ,1 8 4 , 192, 1 9 4 ,2 0 0 , 208, 215, 222
- O n iin eQ u iz, 1 5 8 ,1 6 7 ,1 7 3 ,1 8 5 ,1 9 3 , 2 0 2 ,
2 0 9 ,2 1 7
* S tate Test P ra c tic e , 1 8 6 ,2 2 0 ,2 3 1
CHAPTER
Comptex Numbers, p. 281

/(z) = z^ + c
Quadratic Functions and Factoring
Quadratic, Polynomial
and Radical Functions
4 .1
Prerequisite SkiHs
234
G raph Q u ad ratic Fu n ctio n s in S tan d ard F o rm
236
]*] Graphing Caicuiator Activity
Find Maximum and Minimum Vaiues
244
4 .2
G raph Q u ad ratic Fu n ctio n s in V e rte x o r in te rc e p t F o rm
245
4 .3
Soive x ^ + b x + c - 0 by F a cto rin g
252
4 .4
Soive a x ^ + b x + c = 0 by F a cto rin g
259
4 .5
S oive Q u ad ratic E q u ation s by Finding S q u a re R o o ts
266
4 .6
4 .7
272
274
P e rfo rm O p eratio n s w ith C o m p ie x N u m b ers
275
C o m p iete th e S q u are
284
^ 3 investigating Aigebra: Using Aigebra Tiies to Compiete the Square
283
4 .8
U se th e Q u ad ratic F o rm u ia a n d th e D iscrim in an t
292
4 .9
G raph an d S oive Q u ad ratic ineq u aiities
300
4 .1 0 W rite Q u ad ratic Fu n ctio n s an d M odeis
309
^ 3 investigating Aigebra: Modeiing Data with a Quadratic Function

308
316
ASSESSMENT
Quizzes
Chapter Test
A lg e b r a
c!asszone.com
A c u itie s
2 6 5 ,2 9 1 ,3 1 5
317
323
324
2 3 5 ,2 3 8 ,2 4 7 ,2 6 9 ,2 7 9 ,2 8 7 ,3 0 0
PROBLEM SOLViNG
+ ASSESSMENT
* M ixed Review o f P ro b iem Soiving,

2 7 4 ,3 1 6
S tan d ard ized Test P r a c tic e E xam p les,

2 5 4 ,2 6 8 ,2 8 6
* M uitiple R ep resen tatio n s, 242, 258,

2 7 2 ,2 9 0 ,3 0 6 ,3 1 4
M ultiple C h oice, 241, 249, 2 5 6 ,2 6 3 , 270,

280, 2 8 8 , 2 9 6 ,2 9 8 ,3 0 5 , 3 1 2 ,3 1 5 ,3 2 4
- M ulti-Step P ro b lem s, 250, 257, 274, 298,

307, 3 1 4 ,3 1 6
* U sing A ltern ativ e M ethods, 272
S hort R e sp o n se /E x te n d e d R esp on se,

241, 2 4 2 , 251, 2 5 6 ,2 5 8 ,2 6 4 , 2 7 1 ,2 7 4 , 281,
2 8 2 , 289, 290, 297, 299, 3 0 6 , 313, 316
* Real-W orld P ro b lem Solving E xam p les,

2 3 9 ,2 4 6 ,2 5 4 ,2 6 2 ,2 7 7 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 5 ,3 0 3 ,3 1 1
W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 2 4 0 ,2 5 0 ,2 5 5 ,
2 5 7 ,2 6 3 ,2 6 9 ,2 7 9 ,2 8 9 ,2 9 6 , 3 0 4 , 3 1 2 ,3 1 6
TECHNOLOGY
At rhtMzone com.
* A n im ated A lgebra, 235, 238, 2 4 7 ,2 6 9 ,
2 7 9 ,2 8 7 ,3 0 0
* @ H o m e Tutor, 2 3 4 , 2 4 2 ,2 4 4 ,2 5 0 , 257,
2 6 4 ,2 7 0 , 281, 290, 2 9 8 ,3 0 6 , 30 8 , 314, 318
* O nlin e Q uiz, 243, 2 5 1 ,2 5 8 , 265, 271,
2 8 2 ,2 9 1 ,2 9 9 ,3 0 7 ,3 1 5
* S tate Test P r a c tic e , 2 7 4 ,3 1 6 ,3 2 7
Contents
xi
Polynomial Functions, p. 340

E = 0.0029^
Quadratic, Polynomial
and Radical Functions
Po!ynomia!s and
Potynomia) Functions
5.1
5 .2
Prerequisite SkiHs
328
U se P ro p e rtie s o f E x p o n e n ts
330
E v aiu ate an d G raph P o iy n o m iai F u n ctio n s
337
^ 3 investigating Aigebra: End Behavior of Poiynomiai Functions

* Graphing Caicuiator Activity Set a Good Viewing Window
336
345
5 .3
Add, S u b tract, an d M u itip iy P o iy n o m iais
346
5 .4
F a c to r a n d Soive P oiyn o m iai E q u ation s
353

5 .5
360
Appiy th e R e m a in d e r an d F a c to r T h e o r e m s
362

5 .6
369
Find R ationai Z ero s
370
Spreadsheet Activity Use the Location Principie
378
5 .7
Appiy th e F u n d am e n ta i T h e o re m o f A igeb ra
379
5 .8
A n aiyze G raphs o f P o iy n o m iai Fu n ctio n s
387
5 .9
W rite P o iy n o m iai Fu n ctio n s an d iViodeis
393
400
ASSESSMENT
Quizzes
ChapterTest
# !i B !R t s g A ! g e b r a
C h a p te r 5 H igh iights
PROBLEM SOLViNG
dasszone.com
A c tiv itie s
M C U V tU C S
* ASSESSMENT
' M ixed Review o f P ro b iem Solving,

369, 4 00
' S tan d ard ized Test P r a c tic e E xam p ies,

3 3 2 ,3 3 9 ,3 5 5 , 365
' M ultiple R ep resen tatio n s, 3 4 3 ,3 6 7 ,3 9 2
' M uitipie C hoice, 3 3 3 ,3 4 2 , 349, 350, 356,

3 5 7 ,3 6 7 ,3 7 5 ,3 8 3 ,3 8 4 , 3 9 1 ,3 9 7
' M uiti-Step Pro b lem s, 33 5 , 3 4 4 ,3 5 1 ,3 5 8 ,

3 6 9 ,3 7 6 ,3 9 8 , 4 00
' U sing A itern ativ e M ethods, 36 0
' R eai-W orid Pro b iem Soiving E xam p les,
3 3 1 ,3 3 2 ,3 4 0 ,3 4 8 , 3 5 6 ,3 6 5 ,3 7 3 , 383,
3 8 9 ,3 9 6
xii
Contents
' S hort R esp o n se/E xten d ed R esponse,

3 3 5 ,3 4 4 ,3 5 0 , 3 5 9 ,3 6 8 ,3 6 9 ,3 7 5 ,3 7 6 ,
3 8 4 ,3 8 6 ,3 9 1 ,3 9 2 ,
398, 4 0 0 ,4 0 8
' W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 3 3 3 ,3 3 4 , 341,
3 4 2 ,3 4 9 , 356, 366, 374, 3 8 3 ,3 9 0 , 397
3 5 2 ,3 7 7 ,3 9 9
401
407
408
329, 3 31, 340, 3 5 1 ,3 7 1 , 388, 3 9 6

#
TECHNOLOGY
At f/osszone.com.
* A n im ated A lgeb ra, 329, 3 3 1 ,3 4 0 ,3 5 1 ,
3 7 1 ,3 8 8 ,3 9 6
* @ H o m e Tutor, 328, 3 3 4 ,3 4 3 ,3 4 5 ,3 5 1 ,
3 5 8 ,3 6 7 ,3 7 6 ,3 7 8 ,3 8 5 ,3 9 1 ,3 9 8 ,4 0 2
* O ntln e Q uiz, 335, 3 4 4 ,3 5 2 ,3 5 9 ,3 6 8 ,
3 7 7 ,3 8 6 ,3 9 2 , 399
* E ie c tro n ic F u n ctio n Lib rary, 401
* S tate Test P r a c tic e , 3 6 9 ,4 0 0 , 411
---4 *
Square Root Functions, p. 451

" . - 33.7J ?
i, _____ _________
Rationa! Exponents
and Radica! Functions
Prerequisite Skiiis
412
6.1
E v alu ate n th R o o ts a n d U se R ation al E x p o n e n ts
414
6 .2
Appiy P ro p e rtie s of R a tio n a ! E x p o n e n ts
420
6 .3
P e rfo rm F u n ctio n O p eratio n s a n d C om p osition
428
l*j Graphing Caicuiator Activity
435
Use Operations with Functions

6 .4
436
Use in v erse Fu n ctio n s

^ 3 investigating Aigebra: Expioring inverse Functions
438
437
6 .5
G raph S q u are R o o t a n d Cube R o o t Fu n ctio n s
446
6 .6
Soive R adicai E q u ation s
452
460
464
Quizzes.................................................................................................................. 4 2 7 ,4 4 5 ,4 5 9
465
Chapter Test
469
470
Cumuiative Review, Chapters 1-6
474
^m
aicgA igebra Activities
dasszone.com
413 , 431 , 444 , 448,458
PROBLEM SOLViNG
* ASSESSMENT

43 6 , 4 64

430, 453
* M uitipie R ep resen tatio n s, 4 3 4 ,4 5 1 , 460
* M uitipie C h oice, 4 1 7 ,4 2 4 , 425, 432, 433,

4 4 3 , 449, 4 5 0 ,4 5 6 ,4 5 7
* M ulti-Step P ro b lem s, 4 1 8 ,4 3 3 ,4 3 6 ,4 4 4 ,
4 5 8 ,4 6 4
* U sing A itern ativ e M ethods, 46 0
* Reai-W orid Pro b iem Soiving E xam p ies.
4 1 6 ,4 2 1 ,4 2 9 ,4 4 1 ,4 4 7 ,4 5 3
\ ___________________________________________ y
4 1 9 ,4 2 6 ,4 2 7 ,4 3 3 ,4 3 6 ,4 4 4 ,4 4 9 ,4 5 0 , 457,
4 5 8 ,4 6 4 , 470
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 417, 424, 425,
^ 4 3 2 ,4 3 3 ,4 3 6 ,4 4 2 ,4 4 3 ,4 4 9 ,4 5 6 ,4 6 4
TECHNOLOGY
At ffosszone.com.
* A n im ated A igebra, 413, 431, 44 4 ,
4 4 8 ,4 5 8
* @ H o m e Tutor, 4 1 2 ,4 1 8 ,4 2 6 ,4 3 3 , 435,
4 4 4 , 4 5 0 ,4 5 7 ,4 5 8 ,4 6 6
* O niin e Q uiz, 419, 4 2 7 ,4 3 4 ,4 4 5 ,4 5 1 ,4 5 9
* E le c tro n ic F u n ctio n Library, 465
Contents
X )ii
CHAPTER
Power Functions, p. 532

y = 0.0784*2 s
Unit 3
Other Nonlinear
Functions and Relations
Exponentia) and
Logarithmic Functions
Prerequisite Skiiis
476
7.1
G raph E xp o n en tia ! G row th F u n ctio n s
478
7 .2
G raph E x p o n en tia ! D ecay F u n ctio n s
486
7 .3
Use Fu n ction s invoiving e
492
7 .4
E v aiu ate L o g arith m s an d G raph L o g a rith m ic Fu n ctio n s
499

7 .5
7 .6
506
Appiy P ro p e rtie s o f L o g a rith m s
507
]*] Graphing Caicuiator Activity
514
Graph Logarithmic Functions
S oive E xp o n en tia) an d L o g a rith m ic E q u ation s
515

7 .7
523
W rite an d Appiy E x p o n e n tia ! an d P o w e r Fu n ctio n s
529
^ 0 investigating Aigebra: Modei Data with an Exponentia) Function

Quizzes
Chapter Test
Activities
528
537
4 9 8 ,5 1 3 ,5 3 6
538
543
544
4 7 7 , 4 8 0 ,4 8 7 ,5 0 2 ,5 19
PROBLEM SOLVING
* ASSESSMENT
* M ixed Review o f P ro b lem Soiving,

50 6 , 537

5 0 8 ,5 1 8
* M uitipie R ep resen tatio n s, 4 8 5 ,5 2 1 , 523
* M ultiple C h oice, 482, 489, 490, 495, 504,

5 1 0 ,5 1 1 , 520, 521, 5 3 4 ,5 4 4
* M ulti-Step P rob lem s, 4 8 4 ,4 9 1 ,4 9 7 , 505,

5 0 6 ,5 3 5 ,5 3 7
* U sin g A ltern ativ e M ethods, 523
* R eal-W orld P ro b lem Solving E xam p les,
4 8 0 ,4 8 8 , 4 9 4 ,5 0 0 , 5 0 9 ,5 1 6 , 530
V___________________________________ 7
xiv
Contents
* S h o rt R e sp o n se /E x te n d e d R esponse,
4 8 4 , 485, 4 9 1 ,4 9 6 , 497, 505, 5 0 6 , 512,
5 2 2 ,5 3 5 , 537
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 4 8 2 ,4 8 3 ,4 8 9 ,
4 9 0 ,4 9 5 , 496, 503, 5 0 6 , 510, 511, 519,
^ 5 2 0 ,5 3 3 ,5 3 7
TECHNOLOGY
At c/oMzonecom.
* A n im ated A lgebra, 4 7 7 ,4 8 0 ,4 8 7 ,
5 0 2 ,5 1 9
* @ H o m e Tutor, 4 7 6 ,4 8 4 ,4 9 0 ,4 9 7 , 504,
512, 514, 521, 528, 534, 535, 539
- O nline Q uiz, 485, 4 9 1 ,4 9 8 , 505, 513,
522, 53 6
* S tate Test P r a c tic e , 506, 537, 547
CHAPTER
"
. *"^'
; t? ' ^ '
'
^ - 4J
*n
' Sf .A)j
^ '
__________Rationai Equations, p. 562
L <t*^ ^
1000
0 .6 T + 3 3 1
Rationa! Functions
Prerequisite Skiiis
8.1
5 48
M ode) in v erse an d Jo in t V ariation
551
investigating Aigebra: investigating inverse Variation

8 .2
8 .3
550
G raph Sim pie R ation ai F u n ctio n s
558
l*l Graphing Caicuiator Activity
564
Graph Rationai Functions
G raph G en era) R a tio n a ! Fu n ctio n s
565

8 .4
572
Muitipiy an d Divide R ation ai E x p re ssio n s

* Graphing Caicuiator Activity
573
Verify Operations
581
8 .5
Add an d S u b tract R ation ai E x p re ssio n s
582
8 .6
S oive R ation ai Eq u ation s
589
596
601
Quizzes............................................................................................................................ 5 7 1 ,5 9 5
602
Chapter Test
607
608
îtmmsgAigebra
Activities
c!asszone.com
549 , 554 , 559 , 568,587
Chapter 8 Highiights
PROBLEM SOLViNG
* ASSESSMENT
* M ixed Review of P ro b iem Soiving,

5 7 2 .6 0 1

5 7 5 ,5 9 0
* M ultiple R ep resen tatio n s, 562, 570
* M ultipie C h oice, 555, 561, 5 6 8 , 569, 578,

5 8 6 ,5 9 3 , 6 0 8
* M uiti-Step P ro b lem s, 556, 570, 572,

5 8 0 .6 0 1
* U sing A itern ativ e M ethods, 596
* Reai-W orid P ro b iem Soiving E xam p ies,
5 5 2 ,5 6 0 , 567, 574, 58 5, 592
\ ___________________________________ y
557, 563, 5 7 0 ,5 7 2 , 578, 579, 580, 588,
5 9 4 ,6 0 1
56 2 , 568, 569, 572, 577, 5 8 6 , 587, 592,
^ 5 9 3 ,6 0 1
TECHNOLOGY
At dgsszon&cpm
* A n im ated A igebra, 549, 554, 559,
568, 587
* @ H o m e Tutor, 5 4 8 , 556, 562, 56 4 , 569,
570, 5 7 9 ,5 8 1 , 5 8 7 ,5 9 4 , 603
- O nlin e Q uiz, 557, 563, 571, 5 8 0 ,5 8 8 ,5 9 5
* E le c tro n ic F u n ctio n Lib rary, 602
Contents
XV
CHAPTER
Classify Conic Sections

21y
Other Nonlinear
Functions and Reiations
656
441
Quadratic Reiations
and Conic Sections
Prerequisite SkiHs
612
9.1
Appiy th e D istan ce a n d M idpoint F o rm u ia s
614
9 .2
G raph an d W rite E q u ation s o f P a ra b o ia s
620
9 .3
G raph an d W rite E q u ation s o f Circies

[*j Graphing Caicuiator Activity
9 .4
626
Graph Equations of Circies
G raph an d W rite E q u ation s o f Eiiipses
633
634
640
641
9 .5
G raph an d W rite E q u ation s o f H yp erb o ias
642
9 .6
T ra n sia te an d Ciassify Conic S ectio n s
650
investigating Aigebra: Expioring intersections of Pianes and Cones

9 .7
Soive Q u ad ratic S y ste m s
649
658
667
Quizzes
6 32, 6 4 8 ,6 6 4
668
Chapter T est.............................................................................................................................. 6 7 3
674
Cumuiative Review, Chapters 1 - 9
678
Activities 6 1 3 ,6 1 5 ,6 2 1 , 6 2 5 , 626,6 3 5 ,6 4 3 ,6 4 9 ,6 5 1
Chapter 9 Highiights
* ASSESSMENT
PROBLEM SOLVING
641, 6 67

614, 627
* M uitipie R ep resen tatio n s, 631, 640, 647
* M uitipie C h oice, 617, 623, 624, 629, 630,

631, 638, 6 4 5 , 6 4 6 , 655, 656, 661, 662
- M ulti-Step P ro b iem s, 619, 625, 631, 641,

6 4 7 ,6 6 3 , 667
* Reai-W orid Pro b iem Soiving E xam p ies,
616, 622, 6 2 8 ,6 3 6 , 6 4 4 , 65 4 , 66 0
XV!
Contents
* A n im ated A igebra, 613, 615, 621, 625 ,

626, 635, 643, 6 4 9 ,6 5 1
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 6 1 7 ,6 2 3 , 624, 629,

630, 637, 638, 641, 645, 6 4 6 , 655, 661, 667
TECHNOLOGY
At fhmzone.fom.
619, 6 2 4 ,6 2 5 , 6 3 1 ,6 3 8 , 639, 641, 6 4 6 , 647,
656, 657, 663, 6 6 7 ,6 7 4
* U sing A ltern ativ e M ethods, 64 0
\ ______________________________________7
<
* @ H o m e Tutor, 612, 618, 624, 630, 633 ,

638, 6 4 6 , 656, 6 6 2 , 6 6 3 , 669
* O nlin e Q uiz, 619, 625, 6 3 2 ,6 3 9 , 6 4 8 ,
657, 6 6 4
CHAPTER
10
P(A and B and C) = jL * ^
Unit 4
^ j
Counting Methods
and Probabiiity
Probability,
Data Analysis,
and Discrete Math
Prerequisite Skiiis
680
1 0.1 Appiy th e C ou n tin g Princip ie a n d P e rm u ta tio n s
682
1 0 .2 U se C om b in atio n s a n d th e B inom iai T h e o re m
690
1 0 .3 D efine an d Use P rob ab iiity
698
705
1 0 .4 Find P rob ab iiities o f Disjoint an d O veriap p in g E v en ts
707
y ) investigating Aigebra: Find Probabiiities Using Venn Diagrams
706
714
1 0 .5 Find P rob ab iiities o f in d e p e n d e n t a n d D ep e n d e n t E v en ts
717
1 0 .6 C o n stru ct an d in te rp re t B inom iai D istributions

]*) Graphing Caicuiator Activity
724
Create a Binomiai Distribution
731
732
ASSESSMENT,
Quizzes
6 9 7 ,7 1 3 ,7 3 0
733
Chapter T est.............................................................................................................................. 7 3 7
738
681, 6 8 9 ,7 0 1 , 7 1 1,7 1 6 ,7 2 2 ,7 2 6
A c tiv itie s
uasszone.com
C h a p te r 1 0 H igh iigh ts
PROBLEM SOLVING
705, 732

708, 717
* M ultiple C h oice, 687, 695, 702, 710, 711,

7 1 2 ,7 2 1 ,7 2 2 ,7 2 8
* M uiti-Step P ro b lem s, 688, 696, 705,

7 1 2 ,7 3 2
* U sing A ltern ativ e M ethods, 714
* R eal-W orld P rob lem Solving E xam p les,
683, 685, 691, 69 9 , 700, 708, 709, 719,
720, 726
* ASSESSMENT
TECHNOLOGY
At f/oMzonefom.
* A n im ated A lgebra, 6 8 1 ,6 8 9 , 701, 711,
716, 7 2 2 , 726
* @ H o m e Tutor, 6 8 0 , 6 8 8 , 696, 703, 711,
722, 729, 731, 734
* S h o rt R esp o n se/E xten d ed R esponse,

6 8 7 ,6 8 8 , 695, 696, 702, 704, 705, 711,
712, 7 2 3 , 730, 732, 738
* O nline Q uiz, 6 8 9 , 697, 704, 713, 7 2 3 ,7 3 0

* S tate Test P r a c tic e , 705, 732, 741
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 6 8 6 , 6 9 4 , 701,
702, 705, 710, 711, 721, 722, 727, 728, 732
\ _________________
7
Contents
XVii
Data Ana!ysis
and Statistics
Prerequisite Skiiis
742
11.1 Find M easu res o f C en tra! T e n d e n cy an d D ispersion

]*) Graphing Caicuiator Activity
744
Caicuiate One-Variabte Statistics
750
751
1 1 .2 Appiy T ra n s fo rm a tio n s to D ata

756
1 1 .3 Use N orm ai D istributions
757
1 1 .4 S eiect an d D raw C onciusions fro m S a m p ie s
766
1 1 .5 C h oo se th e B est M ode! fo r T w o -V a ria b ie D ata
775
investigating Aigebra: Fitting a Mode! to Data
774
781
782
ASSESSMENT
Quizzes
Chapter Test
#Mdasszone.com
m sts!A!gebra rActivities
n -n v m c a
7 5 5 ,7 8 0
783
787
788
743 7 4 4 ,7 4 8 ,7 5 4 , 7 5 7 ,7 7 6
PROBLEM SOLViNG
* ASSESSMENT
M ixed Review of Pro b iem Soiving,

756, 782

7 4 5 ,7 6 9
M uitipie R ep resen tatio n s, 7 5 4 ,7 7 9 , 781
* M uitipie C h oice, 747, 753, 754, 760, 770,

7 7 8 ,7 8 8
M uiti-Step Problem s, 748, 756, 761,

771, 782
U sin g A itern ativ e M ethods, 781
' S hort R esp o n se/E xten d ed R esp on se,

748, 749, 754, 756, 761, 7 6 2 ,7 7 1 , 7 7 9 ,7 8 2
R eai-W orid Probiem Soiving E xam p ies,

7 4 6 ,7 5 2 , 759, 767, 776
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 747, 748, 753, 756,

760, 769, 778, 782, 784
X V iii
Contents
TECHNOLOGY
At dosszonecom.
* A n im ated A lgebra, 743, 7 4 4 ,7 4 8 ,7 5 4 ,
757, 776
* @ H o m e Tutor, 742, 748, 750, 753, 761,
770, 774, 779, 784
* O niin e Q uiz, 749, 755, 762, 771, 780
CHAPTER
12
Sequences
and Series
Prerequisite SkiMs
792
12.1 D efine an d U se S e q u e n ce s a n d S eries

* Graphing Caicuiator Activity
794
Work with Sequences
801
1 2 .2 A n aiyze A rith m etic S e q u e n ce s an d S eries
802
1 2 .3 A n aiyze G e o m e tric S e q u e n ce s a n d S eries
810
818
1 2 .4 Find S u m s o f infinite G e o m e tric S eries
820
investigating Aigebra: investigating an infinite Geometric Series
819
1 2 .5 U se R ecu rsiv e Ruies w ith S e q u e n ce s an d F u n ctio n s
827
investigating Aigebra: Expioring Recursive Ruies
826
834
838
ASSESSMENT.
Quizzes
Chapter Test
Cumuiative Review, Chapters 1 - 1 2
ctasszone.com
Activities
8 1 7 ,8 3 3
839
843
844
848
7 9 3 ,8 0 5 , 811, 820,8 3 2
PROBLEM SOLViNG
* ASSESSMENT
M ixed Review o f P ro b iem Soiving,

8 1 8 ,8 3 8
S tan d ard ized Test P r a c tic e E xam p ies,

8 0 5 ,8 2 1
M uitipie R ep resen tatio n s, 8 0 8 , 816
M uitipie C h oice, 798, 799, 8 0 6 , 807, 814,

815, 823, 824, 830, 831, 84 4
M uiti-Step Pro b iem s, 800, 818, 838

U sin g A itern ativ e M ethod s, 8 3 4
R eai-W orid P ro b iem Soiving E xam p ies,
795, 805, 813, 82 2 , 829
S h o rt R e sp o n se /E x te n d e d R esp on se,
799, 800, 8 0 9 ,8 1 6 , 818, 824, 825, 832
W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 798, 8 0 6 , 807,
814, 815, 818, 823, 824, 830, 831, 838
TECHNOLOGY
At fkmzone.com
* A n im ated A igebra, 793, 805, 811,
8 2 0 ,8 3 2
* @ H o m e Tutor, 792, 799, 801, 8 0 8 ,8 1 5 ,
824, 8 2 6 ,8 3 2 , 84 0
* O nlin e Q uiz, 800, 809, 817, 825 , 833
Contents
XIX
aw of Cosines, p. 893
= &^ + y - 2 &c cos A
Trigonometric Ratios
and Functions
Prerequisite Skiiis
850
13.1 U se T rig o n o m e try w ith Right T ria n g ie s
852
1 3 .2 Define G enerai A ngies an d Use R ad ian M e a su re
859
1 3 .3 E v aiu ate T rig o n o m e tric F u n ctio n s o f A ny A n gie

866
873
1 3 .4 E v aiu ate in v erse T rig o n o m e tric Fu n ction s
875
investigating Aigebra: investigating inverse Trigonometric Functions

1 3 .5 Appiy th e Law o f Sines
]@j Geometry Software Activity
874
882
Expiore the Law of Sines
881
1 3 .6 Appiy th e Law of C o s in e s ...............................................................................
889
895
896
Quizzes
Chapter Test
^ ^ Activities
8 6 5 ,8 8 0 ,8 9 4
897
901
902
8 5 1 ,8 5 4 ,8 6 4 ,8 6 7 ,8 8 4
C h a p te r 1 3 H igh iights
PROBLEM SOLVfNG
sir ASSESSMENT

8 7 3 ,8 9 6

853, 877
* M uitipte R ep resen tatio n s, 8 5 7 ,8 8 7 , 895
* M ultiple C h oice, 8 5 6 , 863, 870, 878, 886,

8 8 7 ,8 9 2
- M ulti-Step Pro b iem s, 8 6 4 , 872, 873, 888,

8 93, 8 96
* U sing A iteru ativ e M ethods, 895
* R eat-W orid Pro b iem Soiving E xam p ies,
8 5 5 ,8 6 2 , 869, 877, 88 5 , 890
\ _______________ _
XX
Contents
________________y
857, 858, 8 6 4 , 871, 872, 873, 879, 888,
892, 893, 894, 896, 902
^ 8 7 3 ,8 7 8 ,8 8 6 ,8 9 2 ,8 9 6
TECHNOLOGY
At f/oMzone.com.
* A n im ated A igebra, 851, 854, 8 6 4 , 867,
884
* @ H o m e Tutor, 850, 8 5 7 ,8 6 4 ,8 7 1 ,8 7 9 ,
881, 887, 893, 898
* O niine Q uiz, 858, 8 6 5 , 872, 880, 8 8 8 , 8 9 4
* E ie c tro n ic F u n ctio n L ib rary, 897
CHAPTER
14
(a -b )=
Unit 5
t ;m a - t a n &
1 + tan a ta n & i
Trigonometric Graphs,
identities, and Equations
Trigonometry
Prerequisite Skiiis
906
14.1 G rap h S in e, C osine, an d T a n g e n t F u n ctio n s
908
1 4 .2 T ra n s ia te an d R efiect T rig o n o m e tric G rap hs
915
1 4 .3 V erify T rig o n o m e tric iden tities

investigating Aigebra: Investigating Trigonometric identities
924
923
1 4 .4 Soive T rig o n o m e tric E q u ation s
931
938
940
1 4 .5 W rite T rig o n o m e tric F u n ctio n s an d M odeis
941
^ * CBL Activity
Coiiect and Mode) Trigonometric Data
948
1 4 .6 Appiy Sum an d D ifferen ce F o rm u ia s
949
1 4 .7 Appiy D ou b ie-A n gie an d H aif-A ngie F o rm u ia s
955
963
Quizzes
Chapter Test
1k Standardized Test Preparation and Practice
c!asszone.com
9 2 2 ,9 4 7 ,9 6 2
964
969
970
Activities
9 0 7 ,9 1 2,9 1 7 ,9 6 1
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
* ASSESSMENT
TECHNOLOGY

9 4 0 .9 6 3

9 3 3 ,9 5 6
At cfnsszone.com.
* M uitipie C h oice, 913, 920, 928, 9 3 5 ,9 3 6 ,

9 4 4 , 945, 952, 959, 9 6 0
* @ H o m e Tutor, 9 0 6 , 9 1 3 ,9 2 1 ,9 2 3 , 929,
9 3 6 ,9 4 5 ,9 4 8 ,9 5 3 ,9 6 1 ,9 6 5
9 1 4 ,9 2 1 ,9 2 2 ,9 2 9 , 930, 936, 937, 940, 946,
952, 9 5 4 , 9 6 1 ,9 6 2 , 9 6 3 , 970
* O nlin e Q uiz, 914, 922, 930, 93 7 ,9 4 7 ,

954, 962
* W ritin g /O p en -E n d ed , 912, 913, 9 1 9 ,9 2 7 ,

935, 940, 9 4 4 , 945, 952, 959, 96 3 _________ _
* S tate T est P r a c tic e , 9 4 0 ,9 6 3 ,9 7 3
* M uiti-Step P ro b iem s, 921, 940, 946, 954,

9 6 1 .9 6 3
* U sing A ltern ativ e M ethod s, 938
* R eai-W orid P ro b iem Soiving E xam p ies,
910, 9 1 6 ,9 2 7 ,9 3 2 ,9 4 2 ,9 5 1 ,9 5 7
\ ____________________ .________________ 7
* A n im ated A lgebra, 9 0 7 ,9 1 2 ,9 1 7 , 961
* E ie c tro n ic F u n ctio n L ib rary, 9 6 4
Contents
XX!
Contents
of Student Resources
1Skills Review Handbook
popes 9 7 5 - - 7 0 0 9
O perations with Positive and

N egative Numbers
975
Fractions, Decimals, and Percents
976
C aten atin g with Percents
977
Factors and Multiples
978
Ratios and Proportions
980
Converting Units of M easurem ents
987
Scientific N otation
982
Significant Digits
985
Writing Algebraic Expressions
P erim eter and A rea
997
C ircum ference and Area of a Circle
992
Surface A rea and Volume
998
Angle Relationships
994
Triangle Relationships
995
C on gru ent and Similar Figures
996
M ore Problem Solving Strategies
998
Logical A rgum ent
7000
984
Conditional S tatem en ts and

C ou n terexam p les
70 0 2
Binomial Products
985
Venn D iagram s
7004
LCDs of Rational Expressions
986
M ean, M edian, M ode, and Range
7005
The C oordinate Plane
987
G raphing Statistical D ata
7006
Transform ations
988
O rganizing Statistical D ata
7008
Line Sym m etry
990
Extra Practice for Chapters 1 - 1 4
popes 7 0 7 0 - -7 0 2 5
Tables
popes 7 0 2 4 - 7 0 5 4
Symbols
7024
Measures
7025
Formulas
7020
Properties
7055
English-Spanish Glossary
pages 7 0 5 5 -7 0 8 4
L_j Index
popes 7 0 8 5 - 7 7 0 4
HE Credits
popes 7 7 0 5 -7 7 0 6
Worked-Out Solutions
__ )Selected Answers
XXii
Contents
p o p e 1/1/57
p o p e SA 7
Using Your Textbook

Your te x tb o o k c o n ta in s m a n y re so u rc e s th a t y ou c a n u se fo r re fe re n c e w h en
you a re stu d y in g or d o in g y o u r h o m ew o rk .
)N EVERY CHAPTER
BIG !DEAS T h e se c o n d p ag e o f ev e ry c h a p te r in c lu d e s a iis t o f
im p o rta n t id e a s d ev elo p ed in th e ch a p ter. M o re in fo rm a tio n a b o u t
th e s e id e a s a p p e a rs in th e C h a p te r S u m m a ry p ag e a t th e en d o f th e
ch ap ter.
KEY CONCEPTS T h e Key C o n c e p t n o te b o o k d isp lay s in ev ery le ss o n
p re se n t th e m a in id e as o f th e le sso n . You m a y w a n t to co p y th e s e
id e as in to y o u r n o te s.
VOCABULARY N ew w ord s an d rev iew w o rd s a re liste d in a c o lu m n on
th e firs t page o f ev ery le sso n . V o c a b u la ry te rm s a p p e a r h ig h lig h te d
an d in b o ld p rin t w ith in th e le ss o n . A lis t o f v o c a b u la ry a p p e a rs in
th e C h a p te r R ev iew at th e en d o f e a c h ch a p ter.
MIXED REVIEW E v ery le s s o n e n d s w ith M ix ed R ev iew e x e rcise s.
T h e s e e x e rc ise s h elp y ou re v ie w e a rlie r le s s o n s a n d in c lu d e e x e rc ise s
th a t w ill p re p a re you for th e n e x t le sso n . P age re fe re n c e s w ith th e
e x e rcise s p o in t y ou to th e le ss o n s b e in g review ed .
STUDENT RESOURCES AT THE BACK OF THE BOOK

ggj
jK
SKILLS REVIEW HANDBOOK U se th e S k ills R ev iew H a n d b o o k to p ics

o n p ag es 9 7 5 -1 0 0 9 to rev iew m a te ria l le a rn e d in p rev io u s co u rs e s .
EXTRA PRACTICE U se th e E x tra P r a c tic e o n p a g es 1 0 1 0 -1 0 2 3 for
m o re e x e rc ise s or to rev iew a c h a p te r b e fo re a te st.
Ag
-***'
TABLES R efer to th e ta b le s o n p a g es 1 0 2 4 -1 0 3 4 fo r in fo rm a tio n

a b o u t m a th e m a tic a l sy m b o ls, m e a s u re s , fo rm u la s, a n d p ro p e rtie s.
GLOSSARY U se th e E n g lis h -S p a n is h G lo ssa ry o n p ag es 1 0 3 5 -1 0 8 4
to se e d e fin itio n s in E n g lish a n d S p a n ish , as w ell as ex a m p le s
illu s tr a tin g v o ca b u la ry .
INDEX L o ok up item s in th e a lp h a b e tic a l In d e x o n p a g es 1 0 8 5 -1 1 0 4
to fin d w h ere a p a r tic u la r m a th to p ic is co v e red in th e b o o k.
WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS In e a c h le sso n , e x e rc ise s id e n tifie d by a
red c irc le h a v e c o m p le te w o rk e d -o u t s o lu tio n s s ta rtin g on p ag e W S1.
T h e s e p ro v id e a m o d el fo r w h a t a fu ll so lu tio n sh o u ld in clu d e.
SELECTED ANSWERS U se th e S e le c te d A n sw ers s ta rtin g on p ag e SA1

to c h e c k y o u r w ork.
Using Your Textbook
XX !!!
Equations and
inequaiities
1.1
A p p ly P r o p e r t i e s o f R e a l N u m b e r s
1.2 E v a iu a te a n d S im p iify A lg e b ra ic E x p r e s s io n s
1.3 S o iv e L in e a r E q u a tio n s
1.4
R e w r ite F o r m u ia s a n d E q u a tio n s
1.5
U se P ro b ie m S o iv in g S tr a te g ie s a n d M o d e is
1.6 S o iv e L in e a r in e q u a iitie s
1.7 S o iv e A b s o iu te V a iu e E q u a tio n s a n d In e q u a lity
In previous cou rses, you learn ed th e follow ing skiiis, w h ich you'll u se in
C hapter 1: sim plifying nu m erical expressions, using form ulas, and w riting
algebraic expressions.
Prerequisite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
Copy and com p lete the statem en t.
1. The a re a o f the rectangle is
? .
2. The p erim eter o f the rectangle is

3. The opposite o f any num ber a i s .
SKILLS CHECK
Perform the indicated operation. (Reviewp. 9 7 ? /o r 7 .7 ,7.2J
4.
5 - (-3 )
5. 3 + ( - 4 )
6. - 2 8 - ( - 7 )
Find the area o f the figure. (Review pp. 9 9 7 - 9 9 2 /o r 7.4J
8.
A square with side length 7 ft
9. A circle w ith radius 3 m
W rite an expression to answ er the question. (Reviewp. 9 8 4 /o r 7.5J

10. How m uch is a 15% tip on a restaurant bill o f x dollars?
11. You have $15 and buy r raffle tickets for $.50 each. How m u ch m oney do you
have left?
@M)7He7MfOf Prerequisite skiiis practice at classzone.com
xxtv
In C hapter 1, you w ill apply th e big id eas listed below an d review ed in th e

C hapter Su m m ary on page 60. You w ill also use th e k ey v o ca b u la ry listed below.
Big ideas
^
Using properties to evaiuate and simpiify expressions
Using probiem soiving strategies and verbai modeis
Soiving iinear and absoiute vaiue equations and inequaiities
KEY VOCABULARY
- reciprocal;?. 4
coefficient, p. 72
solve foravariable,p. 26
- power, p. 70
like terms, p. 72
iinear inequaiity,p. 47
* exponent, p. 70
equivalent expressions, p. 72
compound inequa!ity,p. 47
*base,p. 70
iinear equation, p. 78
absolute vaiue, p. 57
- variable, p. 77
equivaient equations, p. 78
extraneous solution, p. 52
You ca n use eq u atio n s to solve problem s abou t work rates. For exam ple, if two
peop le co m p lete a jo b at d ifferen t rates, you c a n fin d how long it w ill ta k e th em if
th ey work together.
A!gebra
T h e an im atio n illu strated below for E xercise 76 on page 24 helps you an sw er th is
qu estio n : If two people p ain t a co m m u n ity m u ral at d ifferent rates, how long w ill
it take th em to com p lete th e m u ral if th ey work together?
You want to paint a mural covering a given

area. You can w o rk w ith a friend.
Ente r your w o rk ra tes, then find how long

it takes w orking alone or w ith yo ur friend.
[imptcg A lg eb ra at classzone.com
O ther a n im ation s for C hapter 1: pages 5, 11, 20, 27, 3 4, 4 2 , and 53
Appty Properties of
Rea! Numbers
You performed operations with rea! numbers.
You wit! study properties of real numbers.
So you can order elevations, as in Ex. 58.
Key V o cab u lary

* opposite
* recip ro cal
KEY CONCEPT
Subsets of the Rea! Numbers
T he rea? num bers co n sist o f th e rationa? nMfn&ers an d th e irrafiona? numbers.
Two su bsets o f th e ratio n al n u m bers are th e who/e num bers (0 ,1 , 2 , 3 , . . . ) and
th e integers ( . . . , - 3 , - 2 , - 1 , 0, 1, 2, 3 , . . . ) .
REAL NUMBERS
Rational
Numbers
7 = 0 .7 5
-4
Irrational Numbers
= - 0 . 3 3 3 ..
V 2 = 1.414213...
4
(p
Integers
-2 7
5 Whole Numbers
16 ^
- V 1 4 = - 3 .7 4 1 6 5 ...
77 = 3 .14159...
Rational Numbers
Irrational Numbers
* can be w ritten as qu otien ts o f

integers
* ca n n o t b e w ritten as qu otien ts o f
integers
* ca n be w ritten as d ecim ais th a t

term in ate or repeat
* ca n n o t b e w ritten as d ecim a is th at
te rm in a te or repeat
NUMBER L!NE R eal nu m bers ca n b e graphed as p o in ts on a iin e ca lled a

rea? num ber ??ne, on w hich n u m bers in crea se from ieft to right.
G raph r e a ! n u m b ers o u t n u m b e r hne
EXA M PLE 1
G raph th e reai n u m b ers - ^ an d V3 on a n u m b er iine.
Sotution
Note th at ^ = - 1 .2 5 . Use a ca icu ia to r to approxim ate V3 to th e n ea rest ten th :
V3 1.7. (The sym bol = m e a n s is approx?m<2fe?y equn? to.)
So, graph
betw een - 2 and - 1 , and graph V3 b etw een 1 and 2, as show n on
th e nu m ber lin e beiow.

-4
I
-6
Chapter 1
1
-5
Equations and Inequalities
I
-4
I
-3
I
-2
V3
^ --------1--------1-----^ --------1--------1--------1--------1------*
-1
EXAMPLE 2
Standardized Test Practice
The table show s th e low est elevations o f six co n tin e n ts. W h ich list
shows th e elevation s from low est to h igh est?
ELiMiNATE CHOKES
The problem asks for
the elevations from
lowest to highest, not
from highest to lowest.
So, you can eliminate
choice C.
Continent
Africa
Asia
Australia
Europe
North
America
South
America
Lowest
eievation
-1 5 6 m
-4 0 8 m
-1 6 m
-2 8 m
-8 6 m
-4 0 m
(A )
- 4 0 8 , - 1 5 6 , - 86 , - 2 8 , - 4 0 , - 1 6
(B )
- 4 0 8 , - 1 5 6 , - 2 8 , - 86 , - 4 0 , - 1 6
(C )
-1 6 , - 2 8 , - 4 0 , - 86 , - 1 5 6 , - 4 0 8
(D )
- 4 0 8 , - 1 5 6 , - 86 , - 4 0 , - 2 8 , - 1 6
S olu tion
From low est to highest, th e elev ation s are - 4 0 8 , - 1 5 6 , - 86 , - 4 0 , - 2 8 , and -1 6 .
^ T h e co rrect answ er is D. (A) (B) (S ) (B)
GUIDED PRACTICE
for E xam p les 1 and 2
1. G raph th e n u m bers - 0 .2 ,
- 1 , V2, and - 4 on a n u m b er line.
2. W h ich list show s th e n u m b ers in in creasin g order?

(A )
- 0 .5 , 1.5, - 2 , - 0 .7 5 , V 7
(B )
- 0 .5 , - 2 , - 0 .7 5 , 1.5, V7
(C )
- 2 , - 0 .7 5 , - 0 .5 , 1.5, V7
(D )
V7, 1.5, - 0 .5 , - 0 .7 5 , - 2
PROPERTIES OF REAL NUMBERS You learn ed in previous co u rses th a t w hen you

add or m ultiply real n um bers, th ere are several p ro p erties you ca n use.
KEY CONCEPT
Properties of Addition and Multiplication
Let a, h, and c b e real num bers.
Property
Addition
Muitiplication
Closure
a + h is a real num ber.
ah is a real num ber.
Commutative
a + h= h + a
ah = ha
Associative
(a + h) + c = a + (h + c)
(a h )c = a (he)
Identity
a + 0 = a, 0 + a = a
a * l = a, l * a = a
inverse
a + (-a ) = 0
a - ^ = 1, a # 0
The follow ing property involves b o th addition and m u ltip licatio n .

Distributive
a(h + c) = ah + ac
1.1
Apply Properties of Real Numbers
!dentify properties of rea! numbers
, EXAMPLE 3
Identify th e p ro p erty th a t th e sta te m e n t illu strates.

a. 7 + 4 = 4 + 7
b. 1 3 . ^ L = 1
Soiution
a.
C om m utative property
o f addition
b. Inverse p ro p erty o f
m u itip iicatio n
KEY CONCEPT
^ Defining Subtraction and Division

- S u btractio n is defined as adding rdg opposife. T h e opposite, or ndddme
r dwer.se, o f any n u m b er d is - d . If d is positive, th e n - d is negative. If d is
^ negative, th en - d is positive.
^
a - d = a + (-d )
Definition of subtraction
D ivision is defined as rmddp/ydtg dy tde reciprocal. T h e re cip ro ca l, or

^
m airipiicafir'e inverse, o f any n o n zero n u m b er d is .

d
'
a ^ d= a *
d^ 0
Definition of division
Use properties and definitions of operations
EXAMPLE 4
U se p ro p erties and definitions of o p eratio n s to show th a t a + (2 - a ) = 2.

Justify each step.
S oiution
a + (2 ** a) = a + [2 + ( * a )]
Definition of subtraction
= a + [ (* a ) + 2 ]
Commutative property of addition
= [a + (a)] + 2
Associative property of addition
= 0 + 2
inverse property of addition
= 2
identity property of addition
CutDED PRACTtCE
for E xam p ies 3 and 4
Identify th e p ro p erty th a t th e sta te m e n t illu strates.

3.
(2 - 3) . 9 = 2 - (3 - 9)
4. 15 + 0 = 15
5.
4(5 + 25) = 4(5) + 4(25)
6. 1 - 500 = 500
Use p ro p erties an d d efinitions of o p eratio n s to show th a t th e statem en t is tru e.

/Msfl/y each step.
7.
Chapter 1
d * (4 = d) = 4 w hen d
8 . 3 x + (6 + 4.x) = 7x + 6
UNiT ANALYSIS W h en you u se op eration s in rea l-life problem s, you should

u se MMh analysis to ch eck th a t th e u n its in your ca lcu la tio n s m ake sen se.
EXAMPLE
Use unit anaiysis with operations
a. You work 4 hours and ea rn $36. W h at is your ea rn in g rate?

b. You travel for 2.5 hours at 50 m iles per hour. How fa r do you go?
c. You drive 45 m iles per hour. W h at is your speed in feet per second ?
Solution
36 dollars _= 9 dollars per hour
4 hours
(2.5 fiotifs)
(50 miles 1
= 125 m iles
' 1k o u C /
(45 jmleS'W lh e trC V 1jn m u te ' ^(5280 feet i = 66 feet per secon d
\ 1 houf* A 60rrLiRUtes A 60 seconds 1( l jn i h r /
^ S S 3 A !g e b r a
EXAMPLE 6
at dasszone.com
Use unit anaiysis with conversions
DRiViNG DiSTANCE T h e d ista n ce from

M ontpelier, V erm ont, to M o n treal, C anada, is
abou t 132 m iles. T h e d ista n ce from M on treal to
Q u ebec City is about 253 kilom eters.
Quebec
City o
CANADA
a. C onvert th e d ista n ce from M on tpelier to

M ontreal to kilom eters.
b. C onvert th e d ista n ce from M on treal to
Q u ebec City to m iles.
Sotution
a.
1 3 2 jn d e y . 1 61 kilometers ^ ^13 kilom eters

ljniie^
b. 253_kilometers
CutDED PRACTICE
1 mile
,
1.61k ilo m eters'
157 m iles
fo r E xam p les 5 and 6
Solve th e problem . U se u n it an alysis to ch eck y o u r w ork.

9.
You work 6 hours and ea rn $69. W h at is your ea rn in g rate?
10. How long does it tak e to travel 180 m iles at 40 m iles per hour?
REViEW MEASURES
For heip with converting
units, see the Table of
Measures on p. 1025.
11. You drive 60 kilo m eters per hour. W h at is your speed in m iles per hour?
P erfo rm th e in d icated con version .
12. 150 yards to feet
13. 4 g allon s to p in ts
1.1
14. 16 y ears to second s
Appiy Properties o f Rea! Numbers
i i EXERCtSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Q = WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1 for Exs. 21,31, and 59
^ = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2 ,9 ,1 0 ,2 3 ,2 4 ,6 0 , and 61
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: T h e
o f anv n on zero n u m b er b is
2. * WRITING E xpress th e asso ciativ e prop erty o f ad d ition in words.

EXAMPLE 1
o n p .2
for Exs. 3 -8
GRAPHING NUMBERS G raph th e n u m b ers on a n u m b er line.

3.
6.
EXAMPLE 2
o n p .3
for Exs. 9 -1 0
5, , 2, 1
6 , - V 5 , 2.7, - 2 , ^
4 ja, A ?
4.
^ , 44
5. 1 , V 3 , - ^ , - ^ , 2
7. - 0 .4 , A o, VlO, - 1
8 . -1 .7 , 5,
-V 8, -3
ORDERING NUMBERS In E xercises 9 an d 10, u se th e table of elevations below.

Alabama
California
Kentucky
Louisiana
Tennessee
Highest eievation
2407 ft
14,494 ft
4145 ft
535 ft
6643 ft
Lowest eievation
Oft
- 2 8 2 ft
257 ft
- 8 ft
178 ft
State
9. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h ich list show s th e h ig h est elev ation s in order from
least to greatest?
10.
(A) 2407; 14,494; 4145; 535; 6643
(B )
535; 2407; 4145; 6 6 4 3 ; 14,494
(g )
(g )
14,494; 6 643; 4145; 2407; 535
14,494; 2407; 4145; 535; 6643
MULTIPLE CHOICE W h ich list show s th e low est elev ation s in order from
greatest to least?
(A ) 0, - 8 , 178, 257, - 2 8 2
( g ) - 2 8 2 , - 8 , 0, 178, 257
( g ) - 2 8 2 , 257, 178, - 8 , 0
( g ) 257, 178, 0, - 8 , - 2 8 2
EXAMPLE 3
IDENTIFYING PROPERTIES Identify th e p ro p e rty th a t th e statem en t illu strates.
o n p .4
for Exs. 11-16
11.
(4 + 9) + 3 = 4 + (9 + 3)
13.6-4 = 4*6
15.
EXAMPLE 4
o n p .4
for Exs. 17-22
7(2 + 8 )= 7(2) + 7(8)
12. 15 . 1 = 15
14. 5 + ( - 5 ) = 0
16. (6 - 5) - 7 = 6 - (5 - 7)
USING PROPERTIES Use p ro p erties an d definitions of o p eratio n s to show th at

th e statem en t is tru e. /Msfr/y each step.
17. 6 - (a
3) = 2 a
18. 15 - (3 - b) = 45 - b
19. ( c - 3 ) + 3 = c
20. (a + b) - c = a + (b - c)
21.) 7a + (4 + 5a) = 12a + 4
22. (12b + 15) - 3b = 15 + 9b
23. * OPEN-ENDED MATH Find values o f a and b su ch th a t a is a w hole num ber,

b is a ration al n u m ber but n ot an integer, an d a
b = - 8.
24. lAr OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite th ree eq u atio n s using in tegers to illu stra te th e
distribu tive property.
Chapter 1
F
Louisiana
bayou
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 5
for Exs. 2 5 -3 0
OPERATIONS AND UNIT ANALYStS Solve th e problem . Use u n it an alysis to ch eck

y o u r w ork.
25. You w ork 10 hours and ea rn $85. W hat is your ea rn in g rate?
26. You travel 60 k ilom eters in 1.5 hours. W h at is your average speed?
27. You work for 5 hours at $7.25 per hour. How m uch do you earn ?
28. You buy 6 g allon s o f ju ic e at $1.25 per gallon. W h at is your to ta l cost?
29. You drive for 3 hours at 65 m iles per hour. How far do you go?
30. You ride in a tra in for 175 m iles at an average speed o f 50 m iles per hour. How
m any hours d oes th e trip take?
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 5
for Exs. 31 -4 0
CONVERSION OF MEASUREMENTS P e rfo rm th e in d icated con version .

(31^ 350 feet to yards
32. 15 m eters to m illim eters
33.
2.2 kilog ram s to gram s
34. 5 hours to m in u tes
35.
7 qu arts to gallons
36. 3.5 ton s to pounds
37.
56 o u n ces to tons
38. 6 8 0 0 seco n d s to hours
ta
at classzone.com
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rr e c t th e e rro r in th e con version .

39.
40.
25 dollars *
^ dollar ^ g p g euros
0.52 euro
^^
5 pints * -
= 2.5 cups
^
2 pints
^
CONVERSION OF RATES C onvert th e ra te into th e given u n its.

41.
20 m i/h to feet per seco n d
42. 6 ft/s e c to m iles per hour
43.
50 k m /h to m iles per hou r
44. 40 m i/h to kilo m eters per hour
45.
1 g a l/h to o u n ces per seco n d
46. 6 o z /se c to gallons per hour
47. ROCKET SLED O n a track at an Air Force b a se in New M exico, a ro ck et sled

travels 3 m iles in 6 seco n d s. W h at is th e average speed in m iles per hour?
48. ELEVATOR SPEED T he elevator in th e W ash in g to n M on um en t tak es
60 secon d s to rise 500 feet. W hat is th e average speed in m iles per hour?
REASONING Teii w h eth er th e sta te m e n t is alw ays, som etim es, o r neaer tru e for
reai n u m b ers a , b, an d c. E xp lain y o u r answ er.
49. (a + b) + c = a + (b + c)
50. (a - b) * c = a - (b - c)
51. (a - b) - c = a - (b - c)
52. (a
53. a (b - c) = ab - oc
54. a (b
3-
b)
c = a -W b
c)
c) = ab
ac
55. REASONING Show th at Lf ^ -L = E ^ A for n on zero real n u m b ers a, b, c,

b
a
c
a
and d. /a sfi/y ea ch step in your reason in g.
56. CHALLENGE Let f an d ^ b e two d istin ct ra tio n a l n um bers. Find th e
b
a
ratio n al n u m b er th a t lies exactly halfw ay b etw een ^ and ^ n a n u m b er line.
1.1
Apply Properties of Real Numbers
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 3
for Exs. 57 -5 9
57. MtNiATURE GOLF T he tabie shows th e scores o f peop le piaying

9 holes o f m in iatu re golf.
Lance
+2
+1
-1
+1
+3
Darcy
-1
+3
-1
+1
+1
-1
Javier
+1
+1
-1
+1
+1
Sandra
-1
-1
+1
-1
a. Find th e sum o f th e scores for ea ch player.

b. List th e players from b e st (lowest) to w orst (highest) to ta l score.
@ M M !)e !u fo r
for problem solving help at classzone.com
58. VOLCANOES T he follow ing list show s th e elev ation s (in feet) o f several
volcan o su m m its above or below sea level.
641, 3976, 610, - 5 9 , 1718, 1733, - 1 3 7
Order th e elevations from low est to h ighest.
@M M He7M tor
5fb) MULTI-STEP PROBLEM T h e ch a rt shows th e average d aytim e su rface

tem p eratu res on th e p lan ets in our so lar system .
a. Sort by Tem perature List the
p lan ets in order from least
to greatest d aytim e su rface
tem peratu re.
b. Sort by Distance List th e plan ets
in order from least to greatest
d istan ce from th e sun.
c. Find Patterns W hat p attern do
you n o tice betw een su rface
tem p eratu re and d istan ce from
th e sun?
d. Anaiyze W hich p lan et does not
follow th e general p attern you
found in p art (c)?
EXAMPLES
5 and 6
on p. 5
for Exs. 60-61
60. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T he average w eight o f th e blue w hale (the largest

m am m al) is 120 tons, and th e average w eight o f th e b u m b leb ee b at (the
sm allest m am m al) is 0.07 ounce.
a. Convert Convert th e w eight o f th e blue w hale from ton s to pounds.
Convert th e w eight o f th e b u m b leb ee b at from o u n ces to pounds.
b. Compare About how m any tim es as heavy as th e b at is th e blue w hale?
c. Find a Method B esides convertin g th e w eights to pounds, w hat is
an o th er m eth o d for co m p arin g th e w eights o f th e m am m als?
O = WORKED-OUTSOLUTtONS
on p. WS1
* =STANOARD!ZED
TEST PRACTtCE
61.
* SHORT RESPONSE T h e tab le shows th e m a x im u m sp eed s o f variou s

an im als in m iles per h o u r or feet per second .
...........
Animai
Speed (mi/h)
Speed (ft/s)
Cheetah
70
0.22
12
44
Three-toed sloth
Squirrel
Grizzly bear
i
)
'
a. Copy and co m p lete th e table.

b. Compare th e speed s o f th e fa stest an d slow est a n im a ls in th e table.
62.
CHALLENGE A new spaper gives th e exch an ge rates o f som e cu rre n cies w ith
th e U.S. dollar, as show n below. Copy an d co m p lete th e statem en ts.
1 USD
in USD
Australian dollar
1.31234
0.761998
Canadian dollar
1.1981
0.834655
Hong Kong dollar
7.7718
0.12867
New Zealand dollar
1.43926
0.694801
Singapore dollar
1.6534
0.604814
a. 1 Singapore dollar ?
b. 1 Hong Kong dollar --
This row indicates that

$1 U.S. = $1.31 Austraiian and
$1 Australian - $.76 U.S.
C an ad ian dollar(s)
?
New Z ealan d dollar(s)
M !XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 1.2
in Exs. 63-74
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n , (p. 975)

63.
3 - 11
66 . - 6 + 13
64. - 4 ( - 8 )
65. 45
(-9 )
67. - 3 ( 7 )
68 . 5 - ( - 2 )
W rite th e p h rase as an algeb raic exp ression , (p. 984)

69.
9 m ore th a n a n u m b er
70. 5 less th a n a n u m b er
71.
75% o f a n u m b er
72.
7 tim es a n u m ber
73. H alf o f a nu m ber
74. T h e squ are o f a nu m ber
Find th e p e rim eter o f th e figu re, (p. 991)

76. n
77.
2 yd
'7m
14 cm
12 m
2 yd
Find th e a re a o f th e figu re, (p. 99!)

78.
79.
80.
3 in .
- 6 ft
E X T R A P R A C T t C E f o r L e s s o n l . 1 , p. 1 0 1 0
O N L ! N E Q U ! Z a t c la s s z o n e .c o m
1 ^ Eva!uate and Simptify

* * A!gebraic Expressions
You studied properties of rea! numbers.
You wit! evaluate and simpiify expressions invoiving reai numbers.
So you can estim ate caiorie use, as in Ex. 6 0 .
K ey V o cab u iary
* pow er
A n u m ericai exp ression co n sists o f num bers, op eration s, and grouping sym bols.
An expression form ed by repeated m u ltip licatio n o f th e sam e factor is a power.
* variab le
* te rm
* coefficient
A pow er has two p arts: an exponent and a hose. T h e e xp on en t rep resen ts th e

nu m ber o f tim es th e b ase is used as a factor. In th e pow er show n below, the
base 7 is used as a factor 3 tim es.
* identity
exponent
base - ^ 7 3 = 7
7 -7
power
You do not u sually w rite th e exp on ent w hen it is 1. For in sta n ce , you c a n w rite 8 *
sim ply as 8 .
(^ 0 ^ 0 0 ^ ] ^
Evatuate powers
a. ( -5 )4 = ( - 5 ) - ( - 5 ) . ( - 5 ) . ( - 5 ) = 625
b. - 5 4 = - ( 5 - 5 . 5 . 5) = - 6 2 5
In Exam ple 1, n o tice how p a ren th eses are used in p art (a) to in d icate th a t th e
b ase is - 5 . In p art (b), th e b ase o f th e pow er is 5, n ot - 5 . An orrfer o/opernfions
helps avoid co n fu sio n w hen ev alu atin g expression s.
K E Y C O N C EPT
A ? /* % ?% /*
- Order of Operations
Steps
- F7ff 7 First, do op eration s th a t o ccu r
Example
1 +
72 - (5 - 3)
w ithin grouping sym bols.
Mff.? Next, evaluate powers.
= 1
F72P.? Then, do m u ltip licatio n s and
72 . 2
1 + 49-2
divisions from left to right.
F7KP4 Finaily, do add itions and

su b tractio n s from left to right.
10
Chapter 1
Equations and inequaiities
= 1 + 98
= 99
VARtABLES A variab le is a le tter th at is u sed to rep resen t one or m ore num bers.
An expression involving v ariables is ca lled an alg eb raic exp ression . W h en you
su bstitu te a n u m b er for each v ariab le in a n alg eb raic exp ression and sim plify,
you are eMrlMahngthe alg eb raic expression.
EXAMPLE 2
Evatuate an atgebraic expression
E valu ate - 4 x ^ 6.v + 11 w hen % = - 3 .

- 4 F - 6x + 11 = - 4 ( - 3 f - 6 ( - 3 ) + 11
Substitute - 3 forx.
= - 4 ( 9 ) - 6 ( - 3 ) + 11
Evaiuate power.
= - 3 6 + 18 + 11
Muttipiy.
= -7
Add.
at dasszone.com
EXAMPLE 3
Use a verba! mode! to so!ve a prob!em
CRAFT FAtR You are sellin g hom em ad e ca n d les at a cra ft fair for $3 each.
You spend $120 to rent th e b o o th and buy m aterials for th e can d les.
* W rite an exp ression th a t show s your profit from sellin g c can d les.
* Find your profit if you sell 75 can d les.
S otu tion
-PTiff 7
W rite a verbal m odel. T h en w rite an alg eb raic expression. Use th e fact

th a t profit is th e d ifferen ce b etw een in co m e and expen ses.
Price per candle
(dollars/candle)
Number of candles sold

(candles)
"
Expenses
(dollars)
#
120
An expression th a t shows your profit is 3 c - 120.

Evaluate th e exp ression in Step 1 w hen c = 75.
3c -
120
3(7 5 ) - 120
= 225 - 120
Multiply.
= 105
Subtract.
Substitute 75 for c.
F Your profit is $105.
CUtDED PRACTtCE
fo r E xam p les 1 ,2 , an d 3
Evalu ate th e exp ression .
1. 63
2. - 2^
3. ( -2 )3
4. 5x(x - 2) w hen x = 6
5. 3+^ - 4y w h e n y = - 2
6 . (z + 3)3 w hen z = 1
7. WHAT !F? In Exam ple 3, find your profit if you sell 135 can d les.
1.2
Evaluate and Simplify Algebraic Expressions
KEY CONCEPT
Terms and Coefficients
variable constant
terms
term
/
\
r
Y
3 x + 5.x + ( - 7 )
In an expression th at ca n b e w ritten as a
sum , th e p arts added to g eth er are called
term s
-*
A term th a t h as a variable p art is called

a variab le term . A term th a t has no variable
p art is called a co n sta n t term .
coefhcrents
W hen a term is a product o f a n u m b er and

a pow er o f a variable, th e n u m b er is called
th e coefficien t o f th e power.
SIMPLIFYING An expression is sim p lified if it co n ta in s n o grouping sym bols and

all h'ke term.s are co m bin ed . Like te rm s are term s th a t have th e sam e variable
parts. (C on stan t term s are also con sid ered like term s.) T h e d istribu tiv e property
allow s you to com bine b'ke ferms by adding co efficien ts.
SimpHfy by combining !ike teems

a. 8x + 3x = (8 + 3)x
Distributive property
= llx
Add coefficients.
b. 5p^ + /r - 2p^ = (5p^ - 2p^) + p

AVOID ERRORS
The terms 3p^ and p
are not iike terms. They
use the same variable
but different exponents,
so the terms cannot be
combined.
= 3p^ + p
Group like terms.

Combine like terms.
c. 3(y + 2 ) - 4 ( y - 7) = 3y + 6 - 4y + 28
= (3y - 4y) + (6 + 28)
Group like terms.
= - y + 34
Combine like terms.
d. 2x - 3y - 9x + y = (2x 9x) + ( - 3 y + y)
Group like terms.
!
II
Combine like terms.
IDENTITIES Two algebraic expression s are eq u ivalen t exp ression s if th ey have

th e sam e value for all values o f th e ir v ariab le (s). For in sta n ce , in p art (a) o f
Exam ple 4, th e expressions 8 x + 3x and 1 l x are equivalen t. A sta tem en t su ch as
8 x + 3x = l l x th a t eq u ates two eq u ivalen t exp ression s is ca lled an identity.
GutOED PRACTICE
fo r E xam p le 4
8 . Identify th e term s, co efficien ts, like term s, an d co n sta n t term s in th e

expression 2 + 5x - 6 x^ + 7x - 3. T h en sim p lify th e expression.
Sim plify the expression .
9. 15m - 9m
12. 2q^ + q - 7q - 5q^
12
Chapter 1
10. 2n
- 1 + 6n + 5
13. 8 (x - 3) - 2(x + 6 )
11. 3p^ + 5p^ - p^

14. - 4 y - x + lOx + y
Simptify a mathematicat mode!

DIGITAL PHOTO PRINTING You send 15 d igital im ages
to a p rin tin g serv ice th a t ch arges $ .8 0 per print in large
form at and $ .2 0 per p rin t in sm all form at. W rite and
sim plify an expression th a t rep resen ts th e to tal co st if n
o f th e 15 p rin ts are in large form at. T h en find th e to ta l
co st if 5 o f th e 15 prin ts are in large form at.
Soiu tion
W rite a verbal m odel. T h en w rite a n alg eb raic expression.
ertce OT
large print
(dollars/print)
INTERPRET
EXPRESSIONS
small print
(dollars/print)
large prints
(prints)
^
0 .8
The total number of

prints is 15, so if n are
in large format, then
15 - n are in smail
format.
small prints
(prints)
0 .2
(15 - n)
An exp ression for th e to ta l co st is 0.8/! + 0.2(15 - n).

0.8/! + 0.2(15 - /!) = 0.8/! + 3 - 0.2/!
= (0.8n - 0.2n) + 3
Group tike terms.
= 0.6/! + 3
Combine iike terms.
F W hen z: = 5, th e to tal co st is 0.6(5) + 3 = 3 + 3 = $ 6 .
GUIDED PRACTKE
for E xam p le 5
15. WHAT IF? In E xam ple 5, w rite an d sim plify a n exp ression for th e to ta l co st if
th e p rice o f a large p rin t is $.75 and th e p rice o f a sm a ll p rin t is $.25.
HOMEWORK
KEY
12 EXERCtSES
Q = WORKED-OUT SOLUTtONS
* = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,2 4 ,3 3 ,5 1 , and 59
= MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 61
SKtLL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy 12^ and la b el th e b a se and th e expon ent.
2. * WRITING Expfmr: w hat it m e a n s for term s to b e like term s.
3.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 10
for Exs. 4-15
ERROR ANALYSIS Dascr:'&e an d co rre ct th e error in

evaluatin g th e pow er show n at th e right.
-3 " = a,
EVALUATtNG POWERS E v alu ate th e power.

4. 2 '
5. 34
8. - 5 '
9. -2 ^
12. ( - 3 ) '
13. ( - 4 ) 3
6. 43
1.2
7. 73
10. - 8 3
11. - 1 0 "
14. ( - 2 ) 3
15. (-8 ) 3
13
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 11
for Exs. 16-24
ORDER OF OPERATIONS Evalu ate th e exp ression for th e given vaiu e of

th e variable.
16.
5d 6 w hen d = 7
17.
- 1 0 / + 15 w h e n / = 2
18.
6h
19.
5 j - 3 j - 5 w hen j = 10
2 + h w hen h = 4
20 . (A: + 2)^ 6A; w hen A; = 5
2 h ) 8 m + (2 m - 9)^ w hen m = 6
22 .
23.
- 4n + 10 w hen n = - 3
2 F - 4 F w hen % = - 1
âimategAigebra at classzone.com
24. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is th e value o f 2x^ - 6 x + 15 w hen x = - 2 ?
(A )
11
(B )
19
(C ) 35
(D ) 43
EXAMPLE 4
SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS Sim plify th e exp ression .
on p. 12
for Exs. 25 -3 3
25. 9x - 4x + 5
26.
y^ + 2y + 3y2
27. 5z^ - 2z + 8z2 + 10
28.
10m^ 4m + 3m^ + 18m
2 9 ^ 7 (m 3) + 4(m + 5)
30.
10
31.
4p^ - 12p - 9p^ + 3(4p + 7)
32.
6 (p - 2) - 2 (< / + 6 p)
33.
* MULTIPLE CHOICE W h ich term s are like term s?

(A ) 2 x ,2 y
( B ) 3 x ^ ,4 x
(g )
+ n) - 6 (n^ - 2)
x^,y^
(D )
10x^,2x^
(g g GEOMETRY W rite a sim plified exp ression for th e p e rim e te r of th e figure.

Then evalu ate the exp ression for th e given value (s) of th e v ariab le (s).
34. a = 3, & = 10
35. n = 2
36. g = 5, h = 4
------- -------
---- '----
5a
5 a
--g + 2 A
- 4 a
----
-------
1-----------
n + 12
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS Evaluate th e exp ression for th e given valu es of

x an d y.
37. 5x + 6y w hen x = 16 and y = - 9
38. 1 6 x + l l y w h e n x = 2 a n d y = 3
39. x^ + 5y w hen x = 4 and y = - 3
40. (3x)^ - y^ w hen x = 4 and y = 5
x - y .
w hen x = 10 and y = 8
x + y
42
x + 2y
w hen x = - 3 and y = 4
4 x -y
HINT
41.
Fraction bars
are grouping
symbols.
SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS Sim plify th e exp ression .

43. 16c - lOd + 3d - 5c
44. 9 j + 4A: - 2 j - 7A
45. 2m^ - 5n^ + 6n^ 8m
46.
47. 10m^ + 3n - 8 + 3m^ - 3n + 3
48. 3y^ + 5x - 12x + 9y^ - 5
49. 8 (s - f) + 1 6 ( f - s)
50. 3 (x^ - y) + 9 (x^ + 2y)
+ 3^ -
51. ÔPEN-ENDED MATH W rite an alg eb raic exp ression th at includ es th ree
co efficien ts, two like term s, and one co n sta n t term . T h en sim p lify th e
expression.
14
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
GROUPING SYMBOLS Add p aren th eses to m ak e a tru e sta te m e n t.

52.
9 + 12 ^ 3 - 1 ,= 15
53. 4 + 3 - 5 - 2 = 21
54.
8+
55.
56.
5^
- 6 - 3 = 9
3 . 42 - 23 + 32 = 23
CHALLENGE U nder w hat co n d itio n s are th e exp ression s (x + y f and

x^ + y^ equal? Are th e expression s equivalent? Explain.
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 11
for Exs. 57 -5 9
57. MOVIE COSTS In th e U nited States, th e average m ovie tick et p rice (in dollars)
sin ce 1974 c a n b e m odeled by 0.131x + 1.89 w here x is th e n u m b er o f years
sin ce 1974. W hat values o f x should you use to fin d th e tick et p rices in 1974,
1984, 1994, an d 2004? Find th e tick et prices for th o se years.
@ M )m e 7 u f o r
for problem solving help at dasszone.com
58. MILEAGE You sta rt driving a u sed c a r w hen th e od om eter reads 9 6 ,882. After
a ty p ical m o n th o f driving, th e reading is 97,057. W rite a n exp ression for th e
reading on th e od om eter after n? m on th s, a ssu m in g th e am o u n t you drive
each m on th is th e sam e. P red ict th e read in g a fter 12 m on th s.
@ H <M n e7M w
* SHORT RESPONSE A stud ent h as a debit card w ith a prepaid am o u n t o f

$270 to u se for sch o o l lu n ch es. T h e ca feteria ch arges $ 4 .5 0 per lu n ch . W rite
a n exp ression for th e b a la n c e on th e card a fter bu ying x lu n ch es. D oes your
expression m ak e sen se for a ll positive in teger values o f x? E xplain.
EXAMPLE S
on p. 13
for Exs. 6 0 -6 2
60. CROSS TRAINING You exercise for 60 m inu tes, spen din g a/ m in u tes w alking
and th e rest o f th e tim e ru n n in g . U se th e in fo rm atio n in th e d iagram below
to w rite an d sim p lify a n exp ression for th e n u m b er o f ca lo ries b u rn ed . Find
th e calo ries bu rn ed if you spend 20 m in u tes w alking.
Walking bums
4 calories per minute
Running bums
10 calories per minute.
61. ^ MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS A th ea ter h as 30 rows o f seats w ith 20 seats

in each row. Tickets for th e seats in th e n rows clo sest to th e stage co st $45
and tick ets for th e o th er rows co st $35.
a. Visual Thinking M ake a sketch o f th e th ea ter seating.
b. Modeiing W rite a verbal m odel for th e in co m e if all seats are sold.
c. Simplifying W rite and sim plify a n exp ression for th e in com e.
d. Making a Table M ake a tab le for th e in co m e w hen a = 5, 10, and 15.
62. COMPUTERS A co m p any offers ea ch o f its 80 w orkers eith er a desktop
com p uter th a t co sts $ 9 0 0 or a laptop th a t co sts $1550. W rite and sim plify an
expression for th e co st o f a ll th e com p uters w hen a w orkers ch o o se desktop
com p uters. Find th e co st if 65 w orkers ch o o se desktop com p uters.
1.2
63. CHALLENGE You w ant to buy 25 fish for an aqu ariu m . You d ecid e to buy
d anios, tetras, and rainbow fish .
tetras
$2.00 each
Write and sim plify a n expression for th e to ta l co st o f x d an ios, y tetras, and

the rest rain bow fish . You buy 8 d an ios, 10 tetras, an d th e rest rain bow fish .
W hat is th e to tai cost?
MtXED REV!EW
PREViEW
Find th e least co m m o n d en o m in ato r (LCD) o f th e fra ctio n s, (p. 979)
Prepare for
Lesson 1.3
in Exs. 64-67.
RA 1 4 3
S'*' 2 ' 5 ' 1 0
1 2 3
- , y, ^
-R
3 1 7
-- 2 1 5
67. - , - , -
66 . - , - , -
Identify th e p ro p erty th a t th e statem en t iilu strates. (p. 2)
68 . (7 - 8 ) . 25 = 7 - ( 8 - 25)
69. y ' y = I
P erfo rm th e ind icated con version , (p. 2)

70.
15 m eters to ce n tim eters
71. 5 0 0 0 p ou nd s to tons
72.
100 yards to in ch es
73. 20 days to m inu tes
Q U !Z /o r Lessons T.T-7.2
G raph th e n u m b ers on a n u m b er iine. (p. 2)
7
1.
- 5 , 4 , 1,
z
,
o
3 ^
2. - 6 . 2 , 5.4, V5, - 2 .5
3. 0, - 7 .3 , - 4 , 2V3
5
Identify th e p ro p erty th a t th e state m e n t illu strates, (p. 2)

4.
6(4 + 9) = 6 ( 4 ) + 6(9)
5. - 5 - 8 = 8 - ( - 5 )
& 17 + (-1 7 ) = 0
E valu ate th e exp ression for th e given valu e o f th e v ariab le, (p. 10)
7.
10m + 32 w hen m = 5
8. 12 + (8 n)^ w hen n = 5
9. p^ 3p^ w hen p = 2
Sim piify the exp ression , (p. 10)

10.
8 x + 6 x^ - 9x^ - 4x
11. 5(x + 9) - 2(4 - x)
12. 2 4 x - 6y + 15y - 18x
13. CD COSTS CDs are on saie for $8 ea ch and you have a gift card w orth $100.
W rite an expression for th e am o u n t o f m oney ieft on th e gift card after
p u rchasing n CDs. Evaluate th e exp ression to find th e am o u n t o f m on ey ieft
a fter p u rchasin g 6 CDs. (p. 10)
16
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 1.2, p. 1010
ONLINE QUIZ at classzone.com
c%3%R?ACT!V!TY
@Nome7ufor
ciasszone.com
Keystrokes
1.2 Eva!uate Expressions

How can you use a caicu iator to evaiu ate exp ression s?
You can use a scien tific caicu iato r or a graph in g ca icu ia to r to evaiuate
expressions. K eystrokes for evalu atin g several exp ression s are show n below.
Note th a t to enter a negative num ber, you u se th e Q g ) key on a scien tific
calcu lato r or th e f B ^ key (not th e
key) on a graph in g calcu lator.
Evaiuate exp ression s
d.
RESULT
EXPRESSiON
CALCULATOR
KEYSTROKES
-4 2 + 6
S cien tific
4 j^ ) n g g a ) 6 ^ {
-4 2 + 6
G raphing
( -4 ) 2 + 6
S cie n tific
(-4 ) 2 + 6
G raphing
HH
(39 - 3)2
S cie n tific
H H 3 9 K H 3 M p a 3 B )
(39 - 3)2
G raphing
M ! 39
HEN 3 [ ENTER aSnH S
64-5-8
4
S cie n tific
64
8 mx Z g 4 B )
64-5-8
4
G raphing
H a 64
8 z n
-1 0
-1 0
22
z g
22
g a e n n a a
2197
2197
6
!
Use a ca lcu la to r to evalu ate th e exp ression .

1.
50.2 - 15 - 3
4.
(-4 ) 4
2. -1 1 (2 0 ) - 66
5. 7(44.5 - 8 ^)
3. 2 1 ( -8 ) + 51
+ ^4
6.
Use a ca lc u la to r to evalu ate th e exp ression w hen x = 3 , y = 5, an d

7.
7z + y
10.
22^ 3
13.
8. x^
11. (x + y )2 + 3z
= 6 .
9. 6y 12. ( - 4 x + 9 ) - ( y + 2)
ERROR ANALYSIS A stud ent evaluated th e exp ression 7 + ( - 4 ) 2 on

a graphing calcu lato r by pressing 7 j Q ) Z Z
4 Z Z Z Z 3
RgTTgjM. T h e calcu lato r displayed a n error m essage. D escribe and
co rrect th e error.
1 .2
Evaluate and Simplify Aigebraic Expressions
D Sotve Linear Equations

You simpiified algebraic expressions.
You wii! soive iinear equations.
So you can soive probiems about earnings, as in Exampte 2.
An equation is a statem en t th a t two exp ression s are equai. A iin e a r eq u ation in

one v ariabie is an eq u atio n th a t ca n b e w ritten in th e form a x + b = 0 w here a
and & are co n sta n ts and a Z 0.
Key V o cab u iary

* equation
<iin e a r equation
* soiution
A nu m ber is a soiution o f an eq u atio n in one v ariab ie if su b stitu tin g th e nu m ber

for th e variabie resu its in a tru e statem en t. Two eq u atio n s are equivalent
eq u ation s if they have th e sam e solu tion (s).
- equivalent
equations
}
KEY CONCEPT
T ransform ations T hat Produce Equivalent Equations
ArM th e sam e n u m b er
to ea ch side.
If a = b,
th en a + c = b + c.
Subtraction
Property of Equaiity
Su b tract th e sam e n u m b er
from ea ch side.
th e n a c = b c.
Muitipiication
M aM p/y ea ch side by th e
sam e n on zero num ber.
I f a = h a n d c # 0,
th e n a - c = b * c.
Division
DinM e e a ch side by th e
sam e n on zero num ber.
If a = b an d c / 0,
th e n a r- c = h -r c.
1!
c
Addition
Soive an equation with a variabie on one side

ANOTHER WAY
You can also solve the
equation in Example 1
by multiplying each side
by 5 first.
Soive x + 8 20.
5
^ x + 8 = 20
Write origina! equation.
4 x = 12
Subtract 8 from each side.
5 (^ x + 8 ) = 5(20)
4x + 40 = 100
4x = 60
x = 15
x = ^ (1 2 )
Muitipiy each side by
x = 15
Simpiify.
the reciprocai of ^
5'
^ T he solution is 15.
CMfVAf
C heck x = 15 in th e orig in al equation.

^ x + 8 = ^ (1 5 ) + 8 = 1 2 + 8 = 2 0 /
5
18
C h ap te r!
EXAMPLE 2
Write and use a iinear equation
RESTAURANT D uring one sh ift, a w aiter ea rn s w ages o f $30 and gets an

ad d itionai 15% in tips on cu sto m ers' food biils. T h e w aiter ea rn s $105.
W hat is th e to tal o f th e cu sto m ers' food biils?
Solution
W rite a verbal m odel. T h en w rite a n eq u ation . W rite 15% as a d ecim al.
Wages
(doiiars)
income
(doiiars)
Percent
for tips
Foodbilis
(doiiars)
0.15
4;
#30
105
105 = 30 + 0.15x
Write equation.
75 = 0.15.x
Divide each side by 0.15.
500 = x
^ T h e to tal o f th e cu sto m ers' food bills is $500.
GUIDED PRACTICE
Soive the equ ation . C heck y o u r soiution.
4.
tt
]
1. 4x + 9 = 21
REAL ESTATE A real estate agent's b a se salary is $ 2 2 ,0 0 0 per year. T he agent

ea rn s a 4% co m m issio n on to tal sales. How m u ch m u st th e agent sell to earn
$60,0 0 0 in one year?
EXAMPLE 3
W hat is th e solution o f 7p + 13 = 9p - 5?
(g )
-9
(B )
-4
(g )
(D )
Soiution
7p + 13 = 9p - 5
Write original equation.
13 = 2p - 5
Subtract 7p from each side.
18 = 2p
Add 5 to each side.
9 = p
Divide each side by 2.
^ T h e co rrect an sw er is D. (A) (E) ( ) (B)

7p + 13 = 9p - 5
7 ( 9 ) + 13 = 9 ( 9 ) - 5
63 + 1 3 ^ 8 1 - 5
76 = 7 6 /
Write originai equation.

Substitute9forp.
Muitipiy.
Soiutionchecks.
1.3
Soive Linear Equations
3 ^ Sotve an equation using the distributive property

Solve 3(5% - 8) = - 2 ( % + 7) - 12%.
3(5% - 8) = - 2 ( - x + 7) - 12%
15%-24 = 2 % - 1 4 - 1 2 x
15% - 24 = -10% - 14
Combine iike terms.
25% - 24 = - 1 4
Add 10% to each side.
25% = 10
Add 24 to each side.
calcn
II
H
^ T he solution is
Divide each side by 25 and simpiify.
3(5 . ^ - 8) ^ - 2 ( - ^ + 7 ) - 12 .
aM M f
3 ( - 6 ) ^ i - 14 - ^
5
Simpiify.
Soiution checks.
-1 8 = -1 8 /
EXAMPLE 5
Substitute ^ f o r x.
So!ve a work proMem
CAR WASH It tak es you 8 m in u tes to w ash a ca r an d it tak es a friend

6 m inu tes to w ash a car. How long does it tak e th e tw o o f you to w ash
7 cars if you work together?
So)ution
7
Write a verbal m odel. T h en w rite an eq u ation .
Your rate
(cars/minute)
Time
(minutes)
Friend's rate
(cars/minute)
Time
(minutes)
"
Cars washed
(cars)
1 car
6 min
fm in
7 ca rs
1 car
8 min
f m in
Soive th e eq u atio n for f.
AVOiD ERRORS
Be sure to muttiply both
sides of the equation
by the LCD, not just one
side.
Write equation.
24(7)
Muitipiy each side by the LCD, 24.
168
168
Combine iike terms.
24
^ It w ill take 24 m in u tes to w ash 7 ca rs if you work together.

You w ash -^ * 24 = 3 cars and your friend w ash es JL * 24 = 4 cars
O
D
in 24 m inu tes. Together, you w ash 7 cars. ^
(^ B im a ts a A ig e b r a
20
Chapter 1
Equations and inequalities
at classzone.com
CuiOED PRACTiCE
for Exam p ies 3 ,4 , and 5
Soive th e eq u ation . C heck you r soiution.

5.
- 2 x + 9 = 2x - 7
6. 10 - x = - 6 x + 15
7.
3(x + 2) = 5(x + 4)
8. - 4 ( 2 x + 5) = 2 ( - x - 9) - 4x
9. ^ x + $ x = 39
4
5
11.
10. ^ x + ^ = x - I
3
6
2
WHAT !F? In E xam ple 5, suppose it tak es you 9 m in u tes to w ash a ca r and it
tak es your friend 12 m in u tes to w ash a car. How long does it tak e th e two of
vou to w ash 7 cars if you work together?
HOMEWORK
KEY
13 EXERCSES
Q = WORKEO-OUT SOLUTIONS
onp.W SlforExs. 2 3 ,43,and71
* = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTiCE
Exs. 2 ,1 9 ,3 2 ,7 2 , and 77
<& = MULTiPLE REPRESENTATiONS
Ex. 74
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p iete: If a n u m b er is su b stitu ted for a v ariable in
an eq u atio n and th e resu lting statem en t is true, th e n u m b er is ca lled a(n) ?
o f th e equation.
2. * WRiTiNG Give an exam ple o f tw o equivalen t eq u atio n s. How do you know
th ey are equivalent?
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 18
for Exs. 3-19
VARiABLE ON ONE SiDE Soive th e eq u ation . C heck y o u r soiution.

3. x + 8 = l l
4. y - 4 = 7
5. z - 1 3 = - l
7. 5d = 30
8. 4 = ^ g
9. ^ b = - 1
11. 6m - 3 = 21
15. 1
1.
-<2
6. 3 = w + 5
10. - 1 6 b = - 8
12. 4n - 10 = 12
13. 3 = 2p + 5
14. -3 t? + 4 = 13
16. ^ - b + 5 = 5
17. 7 - yC = 22
18. 3 + y d = - 1
19. fE MULTiPLE CHOiCE W hat is th e solu tion o f 4 x - 7 = - 1 5 ?

(g )
-1 2
(g )
-2
(g )
(B ) ^
EXAMPLE 3
VARiABLE ON BOTH S!DES Soive th e eq u ation . C heck y o u r soiution.
on p. 19
for Exs. 2 0 -3 2
20.
3<r + 4 = 2t! + 15
21. 5tc + 2 = 2tc + 5
22. 6x + 7 = 2 x + 59
( 23)
5b - 4 = 2b + 8
24. 3y + 7 = y - 3
25. 2z - 3 = 6z + 25
26.
4n - 7 = 5 - 2n
27. 2c + 14 = 6 4 c
28. 5m - 2 = m 2
29.
p + 5 = 25 - 4p
30. 6 - 5(7 = ty + 9
31.
32.
* MULTiPLE CHOiCE W hat is th e soiu tion o f 7f - 5 = 3 f + 11?

(S )
(E )
17 - 6 r = 25 - 3r
(E )
(B )
1.3
EXAMPLE 4
THE DISTRIBUTIVE PROPERTY Solve th e eq u ation . C heck y ou r solution.
on p. 20
for Exs. 3 3 -4 0
33.
2(b + 3) = 4b - 2
34. 5d + 17 = 4(d + 3)
35.
3(m - 5) = 6(m + 1)
36. - 4 ( n + 2) = 3 (n - 4)
37.
12(r + 3) = 2 (r + 5) - 3r
38. 7(f - 3) = 2 (t - 9) + 2f
39.
10(m - 4) = 4(m + 4) + 4m
40. 3 (2 x - 5) - x = - 7 ( x + 3)
ERROR ANALYStS D escribe and c o r re c t th e e rro r in solving th e eq u ation .

41.
42.
- x + 2 = 17
7
4x + 4 = 1
$ x = 15
io< 4 x + 4 = 1
5
2)
x = 15 - ^
2x + 5 = 1
x = -2
x = 14-4
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 20
for Exs. 4 3 -5 0
EQUATIONS WITH FRACTIONS Solve th e eq u ation . C heck y o u r solution.

(43.)
+ ^
44. d
= 10
45. 4 m 4 m = 4
46.
48
^ z + ^ z = 13
T v + 4 = T y + T
2
3
2
10
^ a iiH S tS g A tg e b r a
at classzone.com
( 3 GEOMETRY Solve for x. Then find th e iength o f ea ch side of th e figure.

51. P erim eter = 46
14- 2 x
--x + 2
2x+ 1
3 x - 1
2x + 3
53.
P erim eter = 15
3 x -3
' 10- x
*-*
2x+2
2x- 2
EQUATIONS WITH DECIMALS Soive the eq u ation . C heck y o u r solution.
22
55.
0.6g + 0.5 = 2.9
56.
1.1b + 1.3 = 6.8
57.
0.4k - 0.6 = 1.3k + 1.2
58.
6.5m + 1.5 = 4.3m - 0.7
59.
3.8m + 3.2 = 2.3(m + 4)
60.
1.7(x + 5) = 2.1x + 9.7
61.
2.25b + 3.81 = 1.75b + 5.26
62.
1 8 . 1 3 - 5. 18c = 6 . 3 2 c - 8 . 3 2
on p. WS1
=STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTICE
SPECIAL EQUATIONS Solve th e eq u ation . If th e re is no solution, w rite no

solution. If th e eq u ation is alw ays tru e, w rite nil re a l nnnt&ers.
63.
5(x - 4) = 5x + 12
65.
5(2 - x) = 3 - 2x + 7 - 3x
67.
64. 3(x + 5) = 3 x + 15
66. - 2 ( 4 - 3x) + 7 = 6 (x + 1)
CHALLENGE Solve th e eq u atio n nx + h = cx + d for x in term s o f n, &, c, and

d. Under w hat co n d itio n s is th ere no soiution? Under w hat co n d itio n s are ali
rea) num bers solutions?
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 2
on p "t 9
for Exs. 68-71
68. CATALOG PURCHASE You are ordering T -sh irts from a catalog . E ach T-sh irt
co sts $15. T h e co st o f shipping is $ 6 no m a tter how m an y you order. T h e to tal
co st is $111. How m an y T -sh irts did you order?
@ M M ne7M for
69. BICYCLE REPAIR T h e b iii for th e rep air o fy o u r b icy cle w as $180.
T h e co st o f p arts w as $105. T h e co st o f lab or w as $25 per hour.
How m any hours did th e repair work take?
@ H o m c7 M fo r
70. CAR SALES A salesp erso n at a c a r d ealership h as a b a se salary o f

$25,000 per y ear and ea rn s a 5% co m m issio n on to tal sales. How
m u ch m ust th e salesp erso n sell to ea rn $5 0 ,0 0 0 in one year?
714 SUMMER JOBS You have tw o su m m er jo b s. In th e first jo b , you work
25 hours per w eek and earn $7.75 per hour. In th e seco n d jo b , you ea rn $ 6.25
per hour and ca n work as m an y hours as you w ant. You w ant to ea rn $ 2 5 0 per
week. How m an y hou rs m u st you work at th e seco n d jo b ?
72. i t SHORT RESPONSE Your friend bough t a to ta l o f 10 CDs an d DVDs as gifts
for $199. T h e p rice per CD w as $15 and th e p rice per DVD w as $22. W rite and
solve an eq u atio n to find how m an y CDs and how m any DVDs your friend
bought. How w ould your answ er ch an g e if th e to ta l co st o f th e CDs and DVDs
w as $185? Explain.
73. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You are w orking on th e layout o f a
9 in.
yearbook. T he page is 9 in ch es wide, h as ^ in ch m argin s,

and h as th ree co lu m n s o f eq u al w idth.
a. W rite and sim plify an eq u atio n th a t relates th e co lu m n
w idth c and th e gap g b etw een co lu m n s to th e to tal w idth
o f th e page.
b. Copy and com p lete th e tab le by su b stitu tin g th e given
value into your eq u atio n from p a rt (a) an d solving to find
th e u nknow n value.
Gap, y (in.)
5
8
3
8
Column width, c(in.)
1.3
Solve Linear Equations
23
74. 4 ^ MULTIPLE REPRESENTATtONS You w ant to en larg e a

4 in ch by 5 in ch photo to fit into a 1 in ch w ide fram e
th a t has an outer p erim eter o f 53 in ch es.
a. Using a Diagram W rite an expression for th e outer
perim eter o f th e p ictu re fram e.
b. Making a Tabie Evaluate th e p erim eter expression
w hen x = 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, and 3.5. M ake a ta b le o f your
results. For w hat value o f x is th e p erim eter 53 in ch es?
c. Using an Equation W rite and solve an eq u atio n to
find x. Explam w hat th e value o f x te lls you abou t
how m uch you should enlarge th e orig in al photo.
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 20
for Exs. 7 5 -7 7
1 in.
75. RAKING LEAVES It tak es you 30 m in u tes to rake th e leaves in your yard and
it tak es your bro th er 45 m inu tes. How long does it ta k e th e tw o o f you to rake
th e leaves w hen w orking together?
76. MURAL PAINTING You p ain t 2 squ are yards o f a co m m u n ity m u ral in 3 hours
and a friend p ain ts 4 squ are yards in 5 hours. How long does it take th e two
o f you to p ain t 11 squ are yards w hen w orking together?
( ^ I m m H S S A ig e b r a
at dasszone.com
77. * MULTIPLE CHOiCE T h re e stud en ts u se calligrap h y p en s to w rite th e n am es

o f graduating seniors on th e ir diplom as. O ne w rites 7 n am es in 6 m inu tes,
an o th er w rites 17 n am es in 10 m inu tes, and th e th ird w rites 23 n am es in
15 m inu tes. How long, to th e n ea rest m inu te, w ill th e stud en ts take to w rite
n am es on 440 diplom as if th ey work together?
(A ) 97 m inu tes
( B ) 100 m in u tes
(C )
103 m in u tes
(D ) 2 90 m inu tes
78. CHALLENGE A cy lin d rical th erm o s w ith a n insid e

d iam eter o f 2 ^ in ch es is filled w ith liquid to a
height o f 9 in ches. If th e liquid is poured into a
cy lin d rical travel m ug w ith an insid e d iam eter o f
9 in.
3 ^ in ch es, w hat w ill b e th e height h o f th e liquid?

3t
2sin.
I!
3pn.
M!XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 1.4
in Exs. 7 9 -8 2 .
Find th e a re a o f th e figure, (p. 997)

79.
Squ are w ith sides o f length 10 m
80.
4 in. by 6 in. rectan g le
81.
C ircle w ith a radius o f 3 in.
82.
C ircle w ith a d iam eter o f 15 cm
Identify th e p ro p erty th a t th e statem en t illu strates. Ip. 21

83.
(10 - 13) - 2 = 10 - (13 - 2)
85. 6 + (5 + 4) = 6 + (4 + 5)
84. - 2 3 + 23 = 0
86.
4(1 + 0.25) = 4(1) + 4(0.25)
Sim piify th e exp ression , (p. 10)
24
87. 7x^ + 8 - 3x - 5x^
88. 5y - 3y3 + 7y - y^
89. 2(z - 5) + 9(z + 2)
90. - 5 ( r c + 3) (w + 2)
E X T R A P R A C T tC E fo r L e s s o n l .3, p. 1010
O N H N E Q U tZ atclasszon e.co m
c%2%%?ACnV!TY
@ N o m p 7 u fo r
ctasszone.com
Keystrokes
1.3 Use Tabtes to Sotve Equations

How can you use tabies to sotve tinear eq u ation s?
You ca n use th e table featu re o f a graphing ca lcu la to r to solve lin ea r eq u atio n s.
Sotve a tinear equation

Use th e fable featu re o f a grap h in g ca lc u la to r to solve th e eq u ation
3 x + 8 = 9 x - 16.
Press jQ g . E n ter th e left side o f

th e eq u ation as y^ = 3x + 8. Enter
th e right side o f th e eq u atio n as
y^ = 9x - 16.
Press
[TBLSET]. Set th e
startin g x-value T b lS ta rt to 0 and
th e step value ATbl (the value by
w h ich th e x-values in crease) to 1.
P ress
[TABLE] to display the
table. Scro ll th rou gh th e table
u n til you find a n x-value for w hich
b o th sides o f th e eq u ation have the
sam e value.
B oth sides o f th e eq u atio n have a value o f 20 w hen x = 4. So, th e solu tion o f

3x + 8 = 9x - 16 is 4.
Use th e ta b le featu re o f a grap h in g ca lc u la to r to solve th e eq u ation .

1.
7x - 3 = - x + 13
4. 22 + 15x = - 9 x - 2
7.
2. - 6 x + 8 = 12 - 5 x
3. - 2 x - 13 = - 3 x - 5
5. 4x + 27 = - 8 + l l x
6. 7 - 8x = - 9 - lOx
REASONtNG C onsider th e eq u atio n 4x + 18 = 9x - 9.

a. A ttem pt to solve th e eq u atio n using th e table featu re o f a graphing
calcu lato r w ith step value ATbl = 1. B etw een w hat tw o in teg ers d oes th e
solution lie? How do you know?
b. Use a sm aller value o f ATbi to fin d th e ex a ct solution.
8.
WRiTiNG Solve th e eq u atio n 3x + 8 = 9x - 16 by w ritin g it in th e form

a x + b = 0, entering
= a x + b on a g raphing calcu lato r, an d u sin g a
table to find th e x-value for w hich yj = 0. W hat are th e ad vantages and
d isadvantages o f th is m eth o d co m p ared to th e m eth od show n above?
1.3
Sotve Linear Equations
1 / ! Rewrite Formuias
and Equations
You soived equations.
You wiii rewrite and evatuate formuias and equations.
So you can appiy geom etric formuias, as in Ex. 3 6 .
A form u la is an eq u ation th at relates tw o or m ore qu a n tities, u su aiiy represen ted

by variables. Som e co m m o n form uias are show n below.
Quantity
Meaning of variables
Distance
d = rf
d = distance, r = rate, f = time
Temperature
f = ^ C + 32
f = degrees Fahrenheit,
C = degrees Celsius
Area of a triangle
A =Ibb
A = area, b = base, b = height
Area of a rectangle
A = fw
A = area, f = length, w = width
Perimeter of a rectangle
P = 2 f + 2w
P = perimeter,
f = length, w = width
A-l(b,+b,)b
A = area, b, = one base,

b^ = other base, b = height
* Area of a trapezoid
Area of a circle
!l
READ!NG
The variables b^ and b^
are read as "b sub one*
and *b sub two." The
smail towered numbers
are called subscripts.
Formula
Circumference of a circle
T,
K ey V o cab u lary
' form ula
' sofve for a variabie
C = 2irr
A = area, r = radius
C = circumference, r = radius
To solve for a variab le m ean s to rew rite a n eq u atio n as a n eq u iv alen t eq u atio n in

w hich th e variable is on one side and does n ot ap p ear on th e o th er side.
Rewrite a formula with two variabies
EXAMPLE 1
Solve the fo rm u la C 2 rrr for r. Then find th e rad iu s o f a circle w ith a

circu m feren ce of 4 4 inches.
Solution
7
Soive th e form ula for r.

C = 2rrr
Write circumference formuia.
Divide each side by 2rr.
2rr
Substitute th e given value into th e rew ritten form ula.

44
r = ir = i = 7
2ir
2rr
Substitute 4 4 for C and simpiify.
F T he rad iu s o f th e circle is abou t 7 in ch es.
26
Chapter 1
Equations and Inequaiities
GuiDED PRACTICE
fo r E xam p le 1
1. Find th e radius o f a circle w ith a circu m fere n ce o f 25 feet.

2. T he form ula for th e d ista n ce d b etw ee n opposite v ertices
o f a regu lar hexagon is d =
w here a is th e d ista n ce
betw een opposite sides. Solve th e form u la for a. T h en find

a w hen d = 10 cen tim eters.
Rewrite a formula with three variables

Solve th e fo rm u la P = 2 f + 2m for m. Then find th e w idth
of a recta n g le w ith a length of 12 m eters an d a p e rim e te r
of 41 m eters.
12 m
Solution
FTiFP 7
Solve th e form u la for m.

P = 2 i + 2m
P - 2 f = 2m
P - 2f
= m
Write perimeter formuia.

Subtract 2f from each side.
Substitute th e given values into th e rew ritten form ula.

m=
41 - 2(12)
m = 8.5
Substitute 41 for P and 12 for A

Simpiify.
^ T he w idth o f th e re cta n g le is 8.5 m eters.

at classzone.com
GUIDED PRACTICE
for E xam p le 2
3. Solve th e form ula P = 2 f + 2m for A T h en find th e len g th o f a recta n g le w ith

a w idth o f 7 in ch es and a p erim eter o f 30 in ch es.
4. Solve th e form ula A = fm for m. T h en find th e w idth o f a rectan g le w ith a
len g th o f 16 m eters an d a n area o f 40 squ are m eters.
Solve th e fo rm u la for th e variab le in red . Then use th e given in form ation to
find th e value of th e variab le.
6. 21 = y&h
A
/
7. 2l =
A
/
r
A
Find It if h = 12 m
and 21 = 84 m^.
r
A
'
4*2
Find & if 7t = 3 cm
a n d 2l = 9 cm^.
1.4
Find h if ^ = 6 in.,
&2 = 8 in., and 2! =
Rewrite Formulas and Equations
REWRITING EQUAT!ONS T h e approach you u se to solve a form u la for a v ariab le

can be applied to oth er alg eb raic equation s.
Rewrite a iinear equation
EXAMPLE 3
Solve 9 x - 4y = 7 for y. Then find th e valu e o f y w hen x = 5.
Solution
FTiFP 7
Solve th e eq u ation for y.

9x - 4y = 7
- 4 y = 7 - 9x
AVOID ERRORS
When dividing each
side of an equation
by the same number,
remember to divide
every term by the
number.
y= 4
^7<Ff ^
Subtract 9xfrom each side.
9
+ x
Divide each side by

-4 .
?
Substitute th e given value into th e rew ritten eq u ation .

Substitute - 5 forx.
y = - Z - 45
^
Muitiply.
Simpiify.
y=-13
9 x - 4y = 7
9 ( -5 ) - 4 (-1 3 ) ^ 7
Substitute - 5 fo rx and - 1 3 fory.
7 = 7 /
Soiution checks.
Rewrite a nonlinear equation
EXAMPLE 4
Solve 2y + xy = 6 for y. Then find th e valu e o f y w hen x = - 3 .
Solution
AVOID ERRORS
If you rewrite the
equation as
6-2y
y = -n r-then you have not
solved for y because y
still appears on both
sides of the equation.
^7?P 7
Solve th e eq u ation for y.

2y + xy = 6
(2 + x)y = 6
Divide each side by (2 + x).
y = 2+ x
Substitute th e given value into th e rew ritten eq uation.
y=
2 + ( -9
y = - 6
GUIDED PRACTiCE
Substitute- 3 forx.
Simpiify.
Solve th e eq u ation fo ry . Then find th e valu e o fy w hen x = 2 .

8.
11.
28
Chapter 1
y-6x = 7
2 x + 5y = - 1
9.
5y-x=13
10. 3x + 2 y = 1 2
12.
3 = 2xy - x
13. 4y - xy = 28
Sotve a mu!ti-step probtem

MOVIE RENTAL A video store rents new m ovies
for one p rice and older m ovies for a low er price,
as show n at th e right.
* W rite an eq u atio n th a t rep resen ts th e store's
m on th ly revenue.
* Solve th e revenue eq u atio n for th e variable
rep resen tin g th e n u m b er o f new m ovies
rented.
* The ow ner w ants $12,000 in revenue per
m onth. How m an y new m ovies m u st b e
rented if th e n u m ber o f older m ovies rented
is 500? 1000?
Soiution
F7fP 7
Write a verbal m odel. T h en w rite a n eq u ation .
Monthly
revenue
(dollars)
Price of
new movies
(dollars/movie)
Number of
new movies
(movies)
Price of
older movies
(dollars/movie)
rq
Number of
older movies
(movies)
^
"2
An eq u atio n is R = 5rq + 3rq.

-?7<fPF
Solve th e eq u atio n for rq.

R = 5rq + 3rq
Write equation.
R - 3rq = 5rq
Subtract 3rq from each side.
R - 3rq
- = rq
5
*
Calculate rq for th e given values o f R and rq.

ic
12,000 - 3 - 500
If rq = 50 0 , th e n rq = ----------- - ------------ = 2100.
if
m n n + t.
12,000 - 3 - 1000
If rq = 1000, th e n rq = ------------- ------------- = 1800.
F If 500 older m ovies are rented, th e n 2100 new m ovies m u st b e rented.
If 1000 older m ovies are rented, th e n 1800 new m ovies m u st b e rented.
GU!DED PRACTICE
for E xam p le 5
14. WHAT !F? In E xam ple 5, how m an y new m ovies m u st b e ren ted if th e
n u m b er o f older m ovies ren ted is 1500?
15. WHAT IF? In E xam ple 5, how m an y new m ovies m u st b e ren ted if cu stom ers
ren t no older m ovies at all?
16. Solve th e eq u atio n in Step 1 o f E xam ple 5 for rq.
1 .4
Rew rite Form ulas an d Equations
29
14 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
O = WORKED OUT SOLUTIONS

* = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2 ,6 ,1 5 ,2 7 ,3 6 , and 38
SK!LL PRACTICE
1.
2.
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on pp. 2 6 -2 7
for Exs. 3 - 6
VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: A(n)

m ore qu antities.
is a n eq u atio n th a t relates tw o or
* WRITING W hat does it m ea n to solve for a v ariab le in a n equation?
REWRITING FORMULAS Soive th e fo rm u ia for th e in d icated variab le. Then use

th e given in form ation to find th e vaiu e of th e variab ie.
^ h ) s o l v e A = fw for A Then find th e len gth o f a recta n g le w ith a w idth of
50 m illim eters and an area o f 250 squ are m illim eters.
4. Solve A =
ybb
for
b.
Th en find th e b ase o f a trian g le w ith a h eight of
6 inches and an area o f 24 squ are in ch es.

5. Solve A = y ( ^ +
h for b. T h en find th e height o f a trapezoid w ith
bases o f lengths 10 cen tim eters and 15 ce n tim eters and a n area of
75 squ are cen tim eters.
6. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat eq u atio n do you o b ta in w hen you solve th e
formula A = y ( b j + b^lb for b]?
(S)
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 28
for Exs. 7-17
^ = 2A -
2A
b^b
REWR)T!NG EQUATIONS Soive th e eq u ation for y. Then find th e valu e o f y for the
given vaiue of x.
3x + y = 26; x = 7
8.
^ 9 ^ 6 x + 5y = 31; x = - 4
10.
15x + 4y = 9; x = - 3
11.
9x-6y=63;x = 5
12.
lOx - 18y = 84; x = 6
13.
8y - 14x = - 2 2 ; x = 5
14.
9y - 4 x = - 3 0 ; x = 8
7.
15.
4y + x = 24; x = 8
* MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat eq u atio n do you o b ta in w hen you solve the

eq u ation 4x - 5y = 20 for y?
(B )
y = -^ x + 4
(D ) y = ^ x - 2 0
(g ) y = ^ x - 4
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in soiving th e eq u ation for y.

17.
16.
7x + 5y = 2
5y = 7x + 2
y = ^x + 2
30
Chapter 1
4y - xy = 9
4y = 9 + xy
9 + xy
y=
@ GEOMETRY Solve th e fo rm u ia for th e variab le in red . T hen u se th e given

in form ation to find th e vaiu e o f th e variab le. R ound to th e n e a re st te n th .
20. Votum eof
anetiipsoid
19. Laterai surface area

of a truncated cyiinder
18. Area of a
circuiar ring
/I = 2-777*M7
V=
S = ?!*r(h + A;)
T
A
Find r if Mt = 4 ft
and 71 = 120 ft^.
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 28
for Exs. 21-26
Findhifr=2cm,
A; = 3 cm , and S = 50 cm^.
Find c if a = 4 in.,
&= 3in.,andV=60in.3
REWRtTiNG EQUATIONS Soive th e eq u ation fo ry . Then find th e vaiu e o fy for th e

given vaiue o f x.
21. xy 3 x = 40; x = 5
22. 7x xy = 18; x =
23. 3xy - 28 = 16x; x = 4
24. 9y + 6xy = 3 0 ; x ^ = ^ 6
25. y - 2xy = 15; x = - 1
26. 4x + 7y + 5xy = 0; x = 1
27.
SHORT RESPONSE C onsider th e eq u atio n 15x - 9y = 27. To fin d th e value

o f y w hen x = 2, you ca n use tw o m eth od s.
Method 1 So/cc the o rig in s/ er/uun'ou /o r y a n t! then sah stftate 2 /o r x.
Method 2 Sah sftfafe 2 /o r x an d then .sofce the resa/ftng er/aau'oa /o r y.
Show th e steps o f th e two m eth od s. W h ich m eth o d is m ore efficien t if you
need to find th e value o f y for sev eral values o f x? E xplain.
REASONiNG Soive for th e ind icated variab le.

28. Solve xy = x + y for y.
29. Solve xyz = x + y + z for z.
30. Solve ^
x
31. Solve
= 1 for y.
i + i = 1 fo rz .
y z
32. CHALLENGE W rite a form u la giving th e area o f a circle in term s o f its

circu m feren ce.
Û
PROBLEM SOLViNG
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 29
for Exs. 3 3 -3 8
33. TREE DIAMETER You c a n estim a te th e d iam eter o f a tree w ith ou t bo rin g
th rou gh it by m easu rin g its circu m fere n ce . Solve th e form u la C = rrd for d.
T h en find th e d iam eter o f a n oak th a t h as a circu m fere n ce o f 113 in ch es.
@ R o m c 7 ir t o r
34. DESIGN T h e fab ric p an els on a kite are rh om bu ses. For th e p an el show n,
a form ula for th e len g th o f th e long d iagon al tl is d = sV3 w here s is th e len gth
o f a side. Solve th e form ula for s. T h en find th e value o f s w hen d = 15 in ch es.
@ M )m e T itfO f
1 .4
Rewrite Formuias and Equations
31
( 35 !) TEMPERATURE T h e form ula for con vertin g tem p eratu res from degrees
Ceisius to degrees F ah ren h eit is F =
+ 32. Soive th e form ula for C.
T hen find th e tem p eratu re in d egrees C elsius th a t co rresp o n d s to 50F.

36. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A q u arter m ile ru n n in g track is
shaped as show n. T he form ula for th e in sid e p erim eter
is P = 2rrr + 2x.
a. Solve th e p erim eter form ula for r.
b. For a q u arter m ile track, P = 4 4 0 yards. Find r w hen
x = 75 yards, 100 yards, 120 yards, and 150 yards.
c. W hat are th e g reatest and least possible values o f r if
P = 440 yards? Exp/am how you found th e values, and
sketch th e track co rresp o n d in g to each extrem e value.
37. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A tu xed o shop ren ts cla ssic tu xed o s for $ 8 0 and
designer tu xed os for $150. W rite a n eq u atio n th a t rep resen ts th e shop's
revenue. Solve th e eq u atio n for th e v ariab le rep resen tin g th e n u m b er o f
designer tu xed os rented. T h e shop ow ner w ants $ 6 0 ,0 0 0 in revenue during
prom season . How m any d esigner tu xed os m ust b e ren ted if th e n u m b er o f
classic tuxed os rented is 600? 450? 300?
38. * OPEN-ENDED MATH T h e volum e o f a donut-like shape
called a rorns is given by th e form u la V = 2 r r ^ P w here r
and P are th e rad ii show n and r < P.
a. Solve th e form u la for P.
b. A m etal ring in th e shape o f a toru s has a volum e o f
100 cu b ic cen tim eters. C hoose th ree p ossible values o f
r, and find th e co rresp o n d in g values o f P.
39. CHALLENGE A re cta n g u la r p iece o f pap er w ith le n g th f an d w idth
a/ ca n be rolled to form th e lateral su rface o f a cy lin d er in two
ways, assu m in g no overlapping. W rite a form ula for th e volum e o f
each cylind er in term s o f f and re.
1W !XED REV!EW
PREV!EW
W rite an expression to an sw er th e q u estion , (p. 9841
Prepare for
Lesson 1.5
in Exs. 40-47.
40. You have $250 in a b an k acco u n t an d d eposit x dollars. W h at is your cu rren t

b alan ce?
41. You buy x CDs for $12.99 each . How m uch do you spend?
Evaiu ate th e exp ression for th e given valu e o f th e variab le, fp. 101
42. 6j + 8 when 7 = - 3
43. 6 + 4k
45. - 5 m ^ + m ^ w h e n m = 10
46. (n + 7 ) ^ - 4 w h e n n = 2
2 w hen k = 3
44. 8g - 8g - 2 when g = - 1
47. ( 3 p - 1 7 ) ^ w h e n p = 5
Soive th e eq u ation . C heck y o u r soiution. ip. 181

48.
4 x + 7 = lOx + 25
51. 9(p + 3) = 3 5 p + 1
32
49. 15 - 2y = 2y - 45
50. 56 = 4 (4 + 2z)
52. ^ < 7 - 9 = 1
53. ^ r + j r = 5
EXTRA PRACT!CE for Lesson 1.4, p. 1010
ONL!NE QUtZ at dasszone.com
M!XED REV!EWc^PfoMcmôMng
STATE TEST PRACTICE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 1.1- 1.4

1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM T h ere is a $ 50 an n u a!
m em bership fee to jo in an u rb an c a r ren tal
service. U sing a ca r co sts $ 8 .5 0 per hour.
a. W rite a verbal m odel for th is situ ation . T h en
use th e v erbal m odel to w rite an alg eb raic
expression.
b. How m u ch w ill it co st to jo in th e serv ice and
drive for 20 hours?
2. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You are atten d in g a
m useum . You have $5 0 to spend. A dm ission to
th e m u seu m is $15. A dm ission to each sp e cia l
exhibit insid e th e m u seu m is $10.
5. GR1DDED ANSWER You drive from C hicago to

St. Louis, a d ista n ce o f 290 m iles. Your average
speed is 60 m iles per hour. How m any hours
does th e trip tak e? Round your answ er to th e
n ea rest te n th o f a n hour.
6. OPEN-ENDED D escrib e a shopping situation
th a t ca n b e m odeled by th e eq u ation
lOx + 29y = 78.
7. EXTENDED RESPONSE In one year, th e Bureau
o f E ngraving an d P rin tin g p rin ted $10 and $20
bills w ith a to tal value o f $ 6 6 ,3 6 8 ,0 0 0 . T h e total
n u m b er o f $10 and $20 bills w as 3,577,600.
a. W rite a n eq u atio n th a t c a n b e u sed to find

th e nu m ber o f sp ecial ex h ib its you ca n
include in your visit.
b. Solve th e eq u ation . In terp ret your answ er in
term s o f th e problem .
3. SHORT RESPONSE In hockey, ea ch player has
a statistic called p lu s/m in u s, w hich is th e
d ifference b etw een th e n u m b er o f goals scored
by th e player's team and th e n u m b er o f goals
scored by th e o th er te a m w hen th e player is on
th e ice. List th e players show n in order from
least to greatest p lu s/m in u s. W hose plus/
m inu s score is best? Exp/am .
Player
23
Dave Andreychuk
-9
Rusian Fedotenko
14
Martin St. Louis
35
Cory Sarich
Tim Taylor
-5
Value
$10
bills
lOx
$20
bills
3,577,600
Total
66,368,000
a. Copy and co m p lete th e table.

b. W rite and solve a n eq u atio n to find how
m an y $10 b ills an d how m an y $20 bills w ere
printed.
c. Com pare th e to ta l value o f th e $10 bills
p rin ted w ith th e to ta l value o f th e $20 bills
printed.
Plus/Minus
Vincent Lecavalier
Number
4. SHORT RESPONSE You are in ch arge o f buying

food for a sch o o l p icn ic. You have $45 to spend
on ground b e e f and ch ick en . G round b e e f co sts
$1.80 per pou nd and ch ick en co sts $1.00 per
pound. W rite an eq u atio n rep resen tin g th e
situation. You w ant to buy eq u al am ou n ts
o f ground b e e f and ch ick en . How m u ch o f
each ca n you buy? Show how you found your
answer.
8. OPEN-ENDED You have tw o su m m er jo b s. You

m ow law ns for $20 p er law n. You also work at a
restau ran t for $7.50 per hour. W rite a n equation
for th e to ta l a m o u n t o f m on ey you earn . T h en
find th re e d ifferen t ways to ea rn $ 3 0 0 during
one week.
9. GR1DDED ANSWER T h e liopleurodon, a
sw im m in g d in o sau r from th e Late Ju rassic
period, cou ld grow to 25 m eters in length.
U se th e fa ct th a t 1 in. = 2 .54 cm to convert
th e len gth to feet. Round your an sw er to th e
n ea rest foot.
10. GR1DDED ANSWER T h e form ula for th e volum e
o f a co n e is V =
Find h (in cen tim eters) if
V = 176 cm^ and B = 40 c n r .
Mixed Review of Problem Solving
33
1 .
Use Probtem Sotving

Strategies and Mode!s
You w rote and sotved equations.
Mow
You witl soive probiems using verbai modeis.

So you can soive constant rate probiems, as in Ex. 2 6 .
Key V o cab u lary

verbal m odel
As you have seen in th is chapter, it is h eipful w hen soiving real-life problem s to

w rite an eq u ation in words he/bre you w rite it in m a th e m a tica l sym bols. T h is
word eq u ation is called a verbal m odel.
S o m etim es problem soiving strategies ca n be used to w rite a verbal or alg eb raic
m odel. E xam ples o f su ch strategies are Mseaybrmrda, iooX;^br a p attern, and dram
a diagram .
Use a formula
HIGH-SPEED TRAIN T he Acela tra in travels b etw een B o sto n and W ashington,
a d istan ce o f 457 m iles. T he trip tak es 6.5 hours. W h at is th e average speed?
Solution
You c a n use th e form ula for d ista n ce traveled as a verbal m odel.
Distance
(miies)
_
"
Rate
(miles/hour)
Time
(hours)
4 57
6 .5
An eq u ation for th is situ ation is 457 = 6.5r. Solve for r.

457 = 6 .5 r
70.3
= r
Write equation.
^ The average speed o f th e tra in is about 70.3 m iles per hour.

ddfdAf
You c a n u se u n it an aly sis to ch eck your answ er.

457 m iles =
Q ^ !!!tB 3 t S g A lg e b r a
GUIDED PRACTKE
1.
Chapter 1
* 6-5 ttoufs
at classzone.com
fo r E xam p le 1
AVIATION A je t flies at an average speed o f 540 m iles per hour.

How long w ill it tak e to fly from New York to Tokyo, a d ista n ce o f
6760 m iles?
Look for a pattern
EXAMPLE
PARAMOTORiNG A p a ra m o to r is a p a ra c h u te p ro p e iied
b y a fa n -lik e m o to r. T h e ta b le sh ow s th e h eig h t h o f a
p a ra m o to rist f m in u te s a fte r b e g in n in g a d e s c e n t. F in d
th e h eig h t o f th e p a ra m o to r is t a fte r 7 m in u te s.
' !....... ..
3
T im e(m in ),f
Height (ft), h
2000
1750
1500
1250
Soiution
T h e h eig h t d e c re a s e s b y 2 5 0 fe e t p e r m in u te .
2000
1750
-2 5 0
1500
-2 5 0
1250
-2 5 0
1000
-2 5 0
You c a n u se th is p a tte rn to w rite a v e rb a l m o d el for th e h eig h t.
Fleight
(feet)
Rate of descent
(feet/minute)
Initial height
(feet)
^
h
Time
(minutes)
2000
250
4^
-
An e q u a tio n for th e h eig h t is h = 2 0 0 0 - 2 50f.

^ So, th e h eig h t a fte r 7 m in u te s is h = 2 0 0 0 - 2 5 0 (7 ) = 2 5 0 feet.
Draw a diagram
BANNERS You are h an gin g four ch am p io n sh ip b a n n ers on a w all in your school's
gym . T he b an n ers are 8 feet wide. T h e w all is 62 feet long. T h ere should b e an
equal am oun t of space betw een the ends o f th e w all and the ban n ers, and betw een
each p air o f b an n ers. How far ap a rt should th e b a n n ers b e placed?
Soiution
B egin by draw ing and lab elin g a diagram , as show n below,
x
6 ft
6 ft
6 ft
8 ft
62 ft
From th e diagram , you ca n w rite and solve an eq u atio n to find x.
x+8 + x + 8 + x+ 8 + x + 8
REVtEW
STRATEGiES
For hetp with other
probiem solving
strategies, see p. 998.
+ x = 62
5x + 32 = 62
5x = 30
x = 6
Write equation.
Combine iike terms.
Subtract 32 from each side,
^ T h e b an n ers should be placed 6 feet apart.
1.5
Use Problem Solving Strategies and Models
EXAMPLE 4
A car used 16 g allon s o f gasolin e and traveled a to ta l d ista n ce o f 460 m iles.

The car's fuel efficien cy is 30 m iles per g allon on th e highw ay and 25 m iles
per gallon in th e city. How m an y g allon s o f g asolin e w ere u sed on th e
highway?
(A) 8 gallons
(B)
(C) 1 5 ^ gallons
12 g allon s
(D) 16 gallon s
Soiution
7
W rite a verbal m odel. T h en w rite a n eq u ation ,

highw ay m iie s
Total
distance
(miles)
Fuel
efficiency
(miies/gaiton)
city m iies
Gas
used
(gaiions)
Fuei
efficiency
(miies/galion)
-
460
30
'
Gas
used
(gaiions)
25
(1 6 - g )
An eq u ation for th e situ atio n is 4 6 0 = 30g + 25(16 - g).

Soive for g to find th e n u m b er o f g allon s u sed on th e highway.
460 = 30g + 25(16 - g)
Write equation.
460 = 30g + 400 - 25g
460 = 5g + 400
Combine tike terms.
60 = 5g
Subtract 4 0 0 from each side.
12 = g
T h e car u sed 12 g allon s on th e highway.
F The co rrect answ er is B. (A) (B) (E) (E)

aw ar
30 - 12 + 25(16 - 12 ) = 360 + 100 = 4 6 0 y
CutDED PRACTKE
for E xam p ies 2 , 3 , and 4
2. PARAMOTORiNG The table shows the height h o f a param otorist after

f m inutes. Find th e height o f th e param otorist after 8 m inutes.
Time(min), f
Height (ft), A
2400
2190
1980
1770
1560
3. WHAT )F? In Exam ple 3, how would your answ er change if there were only
three cham pionship banners?
4. FUEL EFF!C!ENCY A tru ck used 28 gallons o f gasolin e and traveled a to tal
d istan ce o f 428 m iles. T h e tru ck 's fuel efficien cy is 16 m iles per gallon
on th e highw ay and 12 m iles per gallon in th e city. How m any g allon s o f
gasoline w ere used in th e city?
36
Chapter 1
HOMEWORK
KEY
15 EXERCISES
Q = WORKED OUT SOLUTIONS

Exs. 2 ,1 5 ,1 6 ,2 1 , and 27
Ex. 28
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: A word eq u atio n th a t rep resen ts a
real-life problem is called a(n) ? .
2. * WRITING Give an exam ple o f how a problem solving strategy c a n help you
w rite a n eq u atio n th a t m odels a rea l-life problem .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 34
for Exs. 3-10
USING A FORMULA Use th e fo rm u la d = rf for d ista n ce traveled to solve for the

m issing variab le.
^ ^ d = 20 m i, r = 40 m i/h , f =
5.
d=
4. d = 300 m i, r =
? . r = 30 m i/h , f = 3 h
? .f= 4 h
6. d = 250 m i, r = 50 m i/h , f =
GEOMETRY Use th e fo rm u la P = 2f + 2m for th e p e rim e te r o f a re cta n g le to

solve for th e m issing variab le.
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 35
for Exs. 11-15
7.
P = _ j _ , f = 15 ft, m = 12 ft
9.
P = 100 m, f = 30 m , m =
8.
10.
P = 46 in ., f =
? . m = 4 in.
P = 25 cm , m = 5 cm , f = __?_
UStNG PATTERNS Look for a p a tte rn in th e table. T hen w rite an eq u ation th a t

rep resen ts th e table.
o
13.
11
15
19
23
46
36
26
16
12.
60
45
30
15
57
107
157
207
12
19
26
33
14.
15. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ich eq u ation

represents th e table at th e right?
(A ) y = 5x + 7
(B ) y =
7x + 5
( g ) y = 12x - 5
(D ) y =
7x + 12
^7
\/
1A T
16. * SHORT RESPONSE T h e first story o f a bu ild in g is 24 feet high, and each
ad d ition al story is 18 feet high. W rite a n exp ression for th e h eight to th e top
o f th e n th story. Exp/nut th e m ea n in g o f ea ch te rm in th e expression.
EXAMPLE 3
USING DIAGRAMS W rite and solve a n eq u ation to find x.
on p. 35
for Exs. 17-18
17.
12 ft
1 5 ft
1.5
Use Problem Solving Strategies and Models
ERROR ANALYSiS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in w riting th e eq u ation .
20 .
19.
75
65
55
45
-lo
An equation t h a t rep resen ts th e

table is y = 75x 10.
10
15
17
27
37
An equation th a t rep resen ts th e

tab le is y = 7 + lOx.
21. * MULTIPLE CHOICE A ca r used 15 gallons o f g asolin e and traveled a to tal

d istan ce o f 350 m iles. The car's fuel efficien cy is 25 m iles per gallon on th e
highw ay and 20 m iles per gallon in th e city. W h ich eq u atio n ca n you solve to
find h, th e n u m b er o f gallons th at w ere u sed on th e highw ay?
(A ) 350 = 25(15 - h ) + 20h
(g )
25b + 2 0 ( 1 5 - b ) = 350
(C ) 350 =
(g )
15 = 350 + 350
25b
201;
CHALLENGE W rite an eq u ation th a t rep resen ts th e tabie.

22.
12
30
48
23.
9
66
12
19
26
33
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 34
for Exs. 24-26
24. DAYTONA 50 0 A recen t D aytona 500 race was won by Dale Earnhardt, jr. He
com pleted the 500 m ile race in 3.2 hours. W hat was his average racing speed?
@ M M n e 7 u to r
25. MAGLEV TRAIN A m agnetic levitation (maglev) train

travels betw een the city cen ter o f Shanghai, China,
and Pudong International Airport. The trip covers
30 kilom eters in ju st 8 m inutes. W hat is the average
speed o f the train?
26. SCUBA DIVING A scuba diver is returning to the surface from a depth o f 165 feet.
The safe ascen t rate for a diver is 30 feet p er m inute. How m any m inutes will it
take for the diver to return to the surface?
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 35
for Exs. 27-28
38
(27^) * SHORT RESPONSE The table shows the height o f a b am boo shoot during a
period o f fast growth. Use the table to write an equation m odeling the growth.
Do you think it is reasonable to assum e the pattern in the table continues
indefinitely? Exp/am.
Day
Bamboo height (ft)
15
16.5
18
19.5
21
on p. WS1
* = STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTiCE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
28.
MULT!PLE REPRESENTATIONS Your cell p hone plan costs $40 per m onth
pius $.10 per text m essage. You receive a bill for $53.80.
a. Making a Tabie Copy and com p lete th e tab le below . Use th e tab le to
estim ate how m an y tex t m essages you sent.
Text m essages
Monthly bill
50
100
150
200
$40
b. Writing a Mode! W rite a n eq u atio n for the situation. Solve it to find

exactly how m any text m essages you sent.
c. Comparing Answers Is your estim a te from p art (a) co m p atib le w ith the
ex act an sw er from p a rt (b)? Explain.
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 35
for Exs. 29-30
29. WOOD SHOP You have a piece o f w ood th at is 72 in ch es long. You cut the wood
into three pieces. The second piece is 6 inches longer than the first piece. The
third piece is 6 in ch es longer th an the second piece. Draw a diagram and th en
write and solve an equation to find the lengths o f the three pieces.
30. POSTERS You w ant to tape five posters on a wall so that the spaces betw een
posters are the sam e. You also w ant the spaces at the left and right o f the group
o f posters to be three tim es the space betw een any two ad jacen t posters. The
wall is 15 feet wide and the posters are 1.5 feet wide. Draw a diagram and th en
write and solve an equation to find how to position the posters.
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 36
for Exs. 31-32
31. PACKING WEIGHT A moving com p any weighs 20 boxes you have packed that
contain either books or cloth es and says the total w eight is 404 pounds. You
know that a box o f books weighs 40 pounds and a box o f cloth es weighs
7 pounds. W rite and solve an equation to find how m any boxes o f books and
how m any boxes o f clothes you packed.
32. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A duathlon consists o f a run, a bike ride, and a second
run. Use the inform ation below about the average rates o f one participant who
com pleted a 55 kilom eter duathlon in 2 hours 35 minutes.
Running
Biking
Running
12 km/h
30 km/h
12 km/h
a. Model W rite a verbal m odel th at shows the race d istance as the sum o f the
total running distance and the biking distance.
b. Translate Write an equation based on the verbal m odel.
c. Solve Solve the equation to find how m uch tim e the participant spent
running and how m uch tim e the participant spent biking.
d. Check Find the total running distance and the biking distance, and verify
that their sum is 55 kilom eters.
33.
CHALLENGE You are h an gin g fliers aroun d a cy lin d rica l kiosk th a t h as a

d iam eter o f 5 feet. You w an t to h an g 15 fliers th a t are 8.5 in ch es w ide so th ey
are evenly spaced . How far ap art should th e fliers b e placed?
1.5
Use Probiem Soiving Strategies and Modeis
M!XED REV!EW
W rite an exp ression to an sw er th e q u estion , ip. 984)
34. A video rentai co sts $2.85 and h as a iate fee o f $1.00 per day. W hat is th e to tai
co st if you retu rn th e video d days iate?
35. You w ant to leave a 20% tip at a restau ran t. W h at is th e to ta i am ou n t you
shouid pay if your m eal co sts x dollars?
Graph th e n u m b ers on a n u m b er line. ip. 2)
36. 3,
37.
- V 5 , 2.5, 9, V7
38.
-5,
V l7 , 4.5
Evalu ate th e exp ression for th e given vaiue o f th e v ariab le, ip. 10)
PREV!EW
39.
3n* w hen /i = 5
40. -2 p ^ w hen p = - 3
41.
42.
(b + 7)^ + b^ w hen b = 2
43. y^ - 4y w hen y = - 3
44.
w hen r = - 1
w hen m = 5
Soive th e eq uation . C heck y o u r soiution. ip. 18)
Prepare for
Lesson 1.6
in Exs. 45-53.
45.
x + 8 = -7
47. X ; . 70
46. - 3 y = 102
48. 4b - 3 = 17
49.
4 c + 25 = - 2 0
50.
-2 d + 8 = -2 2
51.
52.
3p - 15 = 4p - 1
53.
7(w + 1) = 3(w + 5)
4y + 12 = 6y - 7
QU!Z/or Lessons
Soive th e eq u ation . C heck y o u r soiution. ip. 18)

1.
5b - 2 = 8
3.
2(m - 4) = m + 2
2. 2d - 3 = 8d + 15
2 = 3^
7
7
Soive th e eq u ation for y. Then find th e valu e o f y for th e given valu e o f x . ip. 26)
5. 4x + y = 12; x = 4
6. 3x - 2y = 14; x = 6
7. 3xy - 4x = 19; x = 2
8 . ll y + 2xy = 9; x = - 5
Look for a p a tte rn in th e tabie. Then w rite an eq u ation th a t rep resen ts th e

tabie. ip. 34)
9.
13
26
39
10 .
So
-5
-2
11. TUTORING FEE A chess tutor charges a fee for the first lesson th at is 1.5 tim es
the fee for later lessons. You spend $315 for 10 lessons. How m uch does the first
lesson cost? How m uch does a later lesson cost? ip. 34)
12. FLOWER PRICES You buy som e calla lilies and peonies at a flower store. Calla
lilies co st $3.50 each and peonies co st $5.50 each. Th e total co st o f 12 flowers is
$52. How m any calla lilies and how m any peonies did you buy? (p. 34)
40
E X T R A P R A C T )C E fo rL e s so n 1 .5 , p. 1010
ONHNEQU!Z at ciasszone.com
Sotve Linear
tnequatities
You solved linear equations.
You wii! soive iinear inequaiities.
So you can describe temperature ranges, as in Ex. 54.
Key V o cab u iary

* lin ear inequality
* com pound
inequality
' equivalent
inequalities
A lin ear in eq uality in one v ariab le c a n b e w ritten in one o f th e follow ing form s,
w here a and & are real n u m bers an d a A 0:
<3% + & < 0
ax + &> 0
ax + &< 0
ax + &> 0
A solution o f an in eq u ality in one v ariable is a value that, w hen su b stitu ted

for th e variable, results in a tru e statem en t. T he grap h o f an in eq u ality in one
variable co n sists o f all p oin ts on a n u m b er lin e th a t rep resen t solutions.
Graph simpte mequahties

a.
b. G raph x > - l .
G raph x < 2.
The solu tions are all real nu m bers
less th a n 2.
T h e solu tion s are all real num bers

greater th a n or eq u al to - 1 .
An o p en dot is used in th e graph to

in d icate 2 is not a solution.
A solid dot is used in th e graph to

in d icate - 1 ts a solution.
^ - ! 1 1 4 4
- I------ 1 4
- 3 - 2 - 1
-3
-2
-1
I
0
I
1
-1--*
COMPOUND INEQUALITIES A co m p o u n d ineq u ality co n sists o f tw o sim ple

in eq u alities jo in ed by "and " or "or."
EXAMPLE
READ!NEQUAL!T<ES
Graph compound inequahties
G raph - 1 < x < 2.
The compound
inequality -1 < x < 2 is
another way of writing
"x > -1 and x < 2."
b.
G ra p h x < -2 o rx > l.
T h e solu tion s are a ll re a l n u m bers

th a t are greater th a n - 1 an d less
th a n 2.
T h e solu tion s are a ll real num bers

th at are less th a n or eq u al to - 2
o r greater th a n 1.
^ - 4 ----- I
^ - + 4 I
- 3 - 2 - 1
GutDED PRACTICE
4 h
t-^
- 3 - 2 - 1
I 4^ 1
G raph th e inequality.
1.
x> -5
2. x < 3
3. - 3 < x < l
1 .6
4. x < 1 or x > 2
Solve Linear inequalities
SOLVING INEQUALITIES To solve a lin ea r In equ ality in one variable, you isolate
the variable using tran sfo rm atio n s th at produce eq u ivalen t inequalities, w hich
are in eq u alities th a t have th e sam e solu tions as th e orig in al inequality.
KEY CONCEPT
Transformations That Produce Equivalent Inequalities
" Transformation
* applied to inequality
Original
inequality
Equivalent
inequality
* Add th e sam e n u m ber to each side.
x - 7<4
x < 11
1* S u b tract th e sam e n u m b er from each

1 side.
x + 3 > 1
x> -4
Multiply each side by th e sam e poshw e

num ber.
x > 20
^
^
Divide each side by th e sam e poshw e

num ber.
5 x < 15
x< 3
'
^
Multiply each side by th e sam e rregahce

n u m ber and reverse th e inequality.
- x < 17
x > -1 7
Divide each side by th e sam e n egahce

n u m ber and recer.se th e inequality.
- 9 x > 45
x< -5
Solve an Inequality with a variabie on one side

FAIR You have $50 to spend at a co u n ty fair. You spend $20 for
adm ission. You w ant to play a gam e th a t co sts $1.50. D escrib e
th e p ossible n u m bers o f tim es you c a n play th e gam e.
ANOTHER WAY
S olution
For alternative methods

for solving the problem
in Example 3, turn
to page 48 for the
Problem Solving
Workshop
Write a verbal m odel. T h en w rite a n inequality.
Admission
fee
(dollars)
Cost per
game
(dollars/game)
20
1 .50
Number
of games
(games)
Amount you
can spend
(dollars)
<
An in eq u ality is 20 + 1 .5 g < 50.

FTEPF
Solve th e inequality.
20+1.5g<50
1.5g<30
g < 20
Write inequality.
F You ca n play th e gam e 20 tim es or fewer.

BR!S3 A ) w h r a
42
C hapter 1
Equations an d Inequalities
atclasszo n e.com
50
So!ve an inequa!ity with a variabie on both sides
EXAMPLE 4
Solve 5 x + 2 > 7x - 4. Then grap h th e solution.

5x + 2 > 7 x - 4
Writeoriginalinequality.
-2 x + 2 > - 4
AVOiD ERRORS
Don t forget to reverse
the inequality symboi
if you muitipiy or
divide each side of an
inequality by a negative
number.
Subtract 7x from each side.
-2 x > - 6
x <3
Divide each side by - 2 and reverse the inequaiity.
F T he solu tions are all real n u m b ers less th a n 3. T h e graph is show n below.
+
-1
-2
+
0
GutDED PRACTICE
+
1
Solve th e inequality. Then grap h th e soiution.

5.
4x + 9 < 25
6. 1 - 3 x > - 1 4
8. 3 x > x - 9
7. 5x - 7 < 6x
Soive an and compound inequaiity
EXAMPLE 5
Soive - 4 < 6 x - 10 < 14. Then grap h th e solution.

- 4 < 6x - 10 <
14
- 4 + 10 < 6x - 10 + 10 < 14 + 10
Write originai inequaiity.

Add 10 to each expression.
6 < 6x < 24
Simpiify.
1<x< 4
Divide each expression by 6.
F T h e solu tions are ail reai n u m bers greater th a n 1 an d less th a n or eq u ai to 4.

T he graph is show n below.
^
I
-
I
2
EXAMPLE 6
1---------3 ---------1---------b
1
0
1
2
3
t ----------I----------I--------^
4
5
6
Soive an or compound inequaiity
Solve 3 x + 5 < 11 o r 5 x - 7 > 2 3 . Then grap h th e solution.

S oiu tion
A solu tion o f th is com p ou n d in eq u a lity is a solu tion o f either o f its parts.
Second inequaiity
First inequaiity
3x + 5 < l l
3x < 6
x <2
5x
Writefirstinequaiity.
7 > 23
Write second inequaiity.
5x >
30
Add 7 to each side,
x >
F The graph is show n beiow. T he solu tion s are ali real n um bers
less th a n or equal to 2 or g re a te r th a n o r eq ual to 6.
+
-b
1 .6
Solve Linear inequaiities
Write and use a compound inequaiity

BIOLOGY A m onitor lizard has a tem p eratu re th at ranges
from 18C to 34C. W rite th e ran ge o f tem p eratu res as a
com pound inequality. T h en w rite an in eq u a lity giving
th e tem p eratu re range in degrees Fah ren h eit.
S olution
T he range o f tem p eratu res C ca n b e represen ted
by th e in eq u ality 18 < C < 34. Let F rep resen t th e
tem p eratu re in d egrees F ah ren h eit.
USE A FORMULA
in Exampte 7, use the

temperature formula
C = ^ ( F - 32).
Monitor iizard
18<C<34
Write inequality.
1 8 < ^ ( F - 32)<34
Substitute ^ ( F - 32) for C.
32.4 < F - 32 < 6 1 .2
Muitipiy each expression by g, the reciprocai of
64.4 < F < 93.2
Add 32 to each expression.
^ T he tem p eratu re o f th e m on itor lizard ranges from 64.4F to 93.2F.
CutOEO PRACTKE
fo r E xam p les 5 ,6 . an d 7
Solve th e inequality. Then grap h th e solution.

9.
11.
- 1 < 2x + 7 < 19
10. - 8 < - x - 5 < 6
x + 4<9orx-3>7
12. 3 x - l < - l o r 2 x + 5 > l l
13. WHAT <F? In Exam ple 7, w rite a com p ou n d in eq u a lity for a lizard w hose
tem p eratu re rang es from 15C to 30C. T h en w rite a n in eq u ality giving th e
tem p eratu re range in d egrees Fah ren h eit.
HOMEWORK
KEY
16 EXERC!SES
A = STANDARD!ZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,1 5 ,3 6 ,5 6 , and 59
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: T h e set o f all p o in ts on a n u m b er lin e th at
represent solu tions o f an in eq u a lity is ca lled th e ? o f th e inequality.
2. * WRITING T h e first tran sfo rm a tio n on page 42 c a n b e w ritten as follow s:
If a, &, and c are real n u m bers and n > h, th e n % + c > & + c.
Write sim ilar statem en ts for th e o th er tra n sfo rm a tio n s listed on page 42.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 41
for Exs. 3-10
44
Chapter 1
GRAPHING INEQUALITIES G raph th e inequality.

3. x > 4
4. x < 1
5. x < 5
7. 6 > x
8. - 2 < x
9. x > - 3 . 5
6. x > 3
10. x < 2 . 5
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 41
for Exs. 11-21
WRITING COMPOUND lNEQUAHTiES W rite th e co m p o u n d ineq u ality th a t is

rep resen ted by th e grap h .
12. ^
11.
-4
13.)
-3
-2
-1
-4
-1
-6
-3
1-
14.
1-------1------ ^
-6
)-2
-2
12
15. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat com p ou n d in eq u a lity is graphed below ?

i
-3
-2
-1
i * -
x < -1 o rx > 3
(A )
-1 < x < 3
(g )
(g )
x<-lorx>3
( D) x > - 1 o r x < 3
GRAPHING COMPOUND INEQUALITIES G raph th e co m p o u n d inequality.
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 42-43
for Exs. 22-35
16. 2 < x < 5
17. - 3 < x < 4
18. 5 < x < 1 0
19. x < 0 o r x > 2
20. x < - 1 o r x > 1
21. x > - 2 o r x < - 5
SOLVING INEQUALITIES Solve th e inequality. Th en g rap h th e solution.

22. x + 4 > 10
23. x - 3 < - 5
24. 4 x - 8 > - 4
( 2 5 ) 15 - 3 x > 3
26. 11 + 8 x > 7
27. 4 + y x < 13
28. 2 x - 6 > 3 - x
29. 4 x + 14 < 3x + 6
30. 5 - 8x < 19 - lOx
31. 21x + 7 < 3 x + 16
32. 18 + 2 x < 9 x + 4
33. 2 ( x - 4 ) > 4 x + 6
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in solving th e inequality.

35.
34.
2x + S < 6 x 4
10 + 3x > 5x
- 4 x < -1 2
10 < 2x
x< 3
5 < x
36. IE OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite two d ifferen t in e q u a litie s o f th e form a x + & > c
th a t have a solu tion o f x > 5.
EXAMPLE 5
AND COMPOUND INEQUALITIES Soive th e inequality. Then g ra p h th e soiution.
on p. 43
for Exs. 37-42
37. - 5 < x + 1 < 4
38. 2 < x - 3 < 6
39. - 3 < 4 - x < 3
40. 2 < 3x - 1 < 6
41. - 4 < 2 + 4 x < 0
42. 0 < ^ x + 3 < 4

4
EXAMPLE 6
OR COMPOUND INEQUALITIES Soive th e inequality. Then grap h th e soiution.
on p. 43
for Exs. 43-48
43. x + l < - 3 o r x - 2 > 0
44. x - 4 < - 6 or x + 2 > 5
45. 2 x 3 < 4 or 3x + 1 > 4
46. 2 + 3x < 13 or 4 + 2 x > 7
47. 0.3x - 0.5 < - 1 .7 or 0.4x > 2.4
48. - x - 4 > 1 or 2 - 5x < - 8
CHALLENGE Soive the inequality. If th e re is no soiution, w rite wo soiwfioM. If th e

in eq u ality is alw ays tru e, w rite aH re a l wawtbcrs.
49. 2 (x - 4) > 2 x + 1
50. 4 x - 5 < 4(x + 2)
51. 2 (3 x - 1) > 3 ( 2 x + 3)
1 .6
Solve Linear Inequalities
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 3
onp.42
for Exs. 52-53
52. SW!MM)NG You have budgeted $100 to im prove your sw im m in g over the
sum m er. At your io cal pooi, it co sts $50 to jo in th e sw im a sso cia tio n and
$5 for each sw im class. W rite and soive an in eq u a iity to fin d th e possible
num bers o f sw im classes you ca n attend w ith in your budget.
@ M )m e 7 u fO r
53. V!DEO CONTEST You and som e friends have raised $ 2 5 0 to help m ake a video
for a co n test. You need $35 to buy videotapes. It co sts $45 per day to rent th e
video cam era. W rite and solve an in eq u ality to find th e p ossible nu m b ers of
days you ca n rent th e video cam era.
@Hom?7ufor
54. WAKEBOARDtNG W hat you w ear when

you w akeboard depends on th e air
tem peratu re. Copy and com p lete the
table by w riting an in eq u ality for each
tem p eratu re range. A ssum e ea ch range
includes th e lower tem p eratu re but
n ot th e higher tem p eratu re. (The first
in eq u ality h as b ee n w ritten for you.)
Tem perature
Gear
60F to 65F
Full wetsuit
65Ft o72F
Full leg wetsuit
72F to80F
Wetsuit trunks
80F or warmer
No special gear
55^ BOTANY In O lym pic N ational Park in W ashington, d ifferen t plants

*** grow depending on th e elevation, as show n in th e d iagram . A ssum e each
range includ es th e low er elevation bu t n ot th e h ig h er elevation.
a. W rite an in eq u ality for elevations in th e low land zone.

b. W rite an in eq u ality for elevations in th e alp in e and su balp in e zones
com bined .
c. W rite an in eq u ality for elevations n ot in th e m o n ta n e zone.
56. * MULTtPLE CHOKE C anoe ren tal co sts $18 for th e first tw o hours and $3 per
hour after that. You w ant to ca n o e for m ore th a n 2 hours but ca n spend no
m ore th a n $30. W h ich in eq u ality rep resen ts th e situ ation , w here f is th e to tal
nu m ber o f hours you ca n can o e?
(A )
18 + t < 3 0
(g ) 18 + 3( f + 2) < 3 0
46
O = WORKED-OUT SOLUTtONS
on p. WS1
tnequatity
(B)
18 + 3 l < 3 0
( D)
18+ 3 ( 1 -2 ) <30
* = STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTICE
60<7<65
EXAMPLE 7
on p. 44
for Exs. 57 -5 8
57. LAPTOP COMPUTERS A com p uter m a n u fa ctu rer sta tes th a t its laptop
com p uter ca n operate w ith in a tem p eratu re range o f 50F to 95F. W rite a
com p ou nd in eq u ality for th e tem p eratu re range. T h en rew rite th e in eq u ality
in degrees Celsius.
58. MULT)-STEP PROBLEM On a c e rta in highway, th ere is a m in im u m speed of
45 m iles per hour and a m a x im u m speed o f 70 m iles per hour.
a. W rite a com p ou n d in eq u a lity for th e legal speed s on th e highway.
b. W rite a com pound in eq u ality for th e illegal speed s on th e highway.
c. W rite each com p ou nd in eq u a lity from p arts (a) and (b) so th a t it
expresses th e speed s in k ilom eters per hour. (1 m i = 1.61 km)
59. IE EXTENDED RESPONSE A m ath tea ch er a n n o u n ces th a t grades w ill be
calcu lated by adding 65% o f a stud en t's hom ew ork score, 15% o f th e stud ent's
quiz score, and 20% o f th e stud en t's fin a l ex am score. All scores range from 0
to 100 points.
a. Write inequalities W rite an in eq u ality for
each stud ent th a t ca n b e used to find the
p ossible fin a l exam scores th a t resu lt in a
grade o f 85 or better.
Name
Homework
Quiz
Exam
Amy
84
80
Brian
80
100
b. Solve Solve th e in e q u a litie s from p art (a).
Clara
75
95
c. Interpret For w hich stud en ts is a grade of

85 or b ette r p ossible? Explain.
Dan
80
90
60. CHALLENGE You are shopping for sing le-u se ca m era s to h an d out at a party.
T he daylight cam eras co st $2.75 and th e fla sh ca m era s co st $4 .2 5 . You
m ust buy exactly 20 cam era s and you w an t to spend b etw ee n $65 and $75,
inclusive. W rite and soive a com p ou n d in eq u a lity for th is situ atio n . T h en list
ail th e soiu tions th at involve w hoie nu m b ers o f cam eras.
MtXEO REV!EW
PREViEW
Find th e m ean o f th e tw o n u m b ers, (p. 1005)
Prepare for
Lesson 1.7
in Exs. 61-68.
61. 9, 15
62. 21, 63
63. 80, 120
65. 116, 135
66. 327, 525
67. 5 , ^
64. 163, 124
Soive for x. T hen find th e length o f ea ch side of th e figu re, fp. 18)
3 x + 12
4x- 1
1-2 *
Look for a p a tte rn in th e tabie. Then w rite a n eq u ation th a t rep resen ts

th e table, fp. 34)
72.
12
20
28
36
EXTRAPRACTtCEforLessonl.6, p. 1010
73.
425
325
225
125
ONUNEQUtZafclasszone.com
47
Another !M?y to Sotve Exnmpte 3, poge 42
*
PROBLEM
METHOD 1
MULTtPLE REPRESENTATiONS Exam ple 3 o f L esson 1.6 involved solving an

in eq u ality using algebra. You ca n also solve an in eq u a lity using a ta b le or a
graphing calcu lato r's fast featu re, w hich tells w hen an in eq u ality is tru e or false.
FA<R You have $50 to spend at a co u n ty fair. You spend $20 for ad m ission .
You w ant to play a gam e th at co sts $1.50. D escrib e th e p ossible n u m bers o f
tim es you c a n play th e gam e.
Using a Tabie One alternative approach is to m ake a ta b le o f values.

^7<fP 7 Write an expression for th e to tal co st o f a d m issio n an d playing x gam es.
Admission
fee
Cost per
game
20
1.50
Number
of games
,?7KP^ Enter th e eq u atio n y = 20 + 1.5.x into a

graphing calcu lator.
FTXP J
Y 1 B 2 0 + 1 . 5X
Y2 =
Y3 =
Y4 =
Y5 =
Y6 =
Y7 =
Make a tab le o f values for th e eq u ation .

X
Use TbIStart = 0 and

ATbl = 1 to see these vaiues.
F7!FP4 Scroli th rou gh the tab le o f values to find

w hen th e to ta l co st is $50. You c a n see
th a t y = 50 w hen x = 20.
k T he table suggests th at 20 + 1.5x < 50 w hen

x < 20. So, you ca n play th e gam e at th e fair
20 tim es or fewer.
48
Chapter 1
1
2
3
4
X= 0
X
18
19
21
22
X= 2 0
Y1
20
21 . 5
23
24.5
26
Yi
47
48.5
50
51.5
53
Using a Graph A nother approach is to use a graph.

If your graphing ca icu ia to r h as a test featu re, you c a n en ter th e in eq u ality and
evaluate its tru th for variou s values o f x.
* W hen th e in eq u a lity is true, th e ca lcu la to r retu rn s a 1.
* W h en th e in eq u a lity is ja ise , th e ca lcu la to r retu rn s a 0.
.MRP 7 Enter y = (20 + 1.5x < 50) into a

P ress S S ! [TEST] H S ) to enter
th e < sym bol.
MRPR Graph th e result.
The y-value is 1 for ati x-vaiues

that make the inequaiity true.
M RPF Find th e p oin t w here th e in eq u ality

ch an g es from tru e to false by using
th e trace feature.
Y i = ( 2 0 + 1 . 5 X< 5 0 )
F T h e graph suggests th a t th e in eq u a lity is

tru e w hen x < 20. So, you c a n play th e gam e
at th e fa ir 20 tim es or fewer.
1. REASONiNG D eterm in e th e eq u atio n th a t gives

th e table below. For w hat x-values is y < - 5 0 0 ?
1
2
3
4
x =0
Y1
200
165
130
95
60
2. G!FT You have $16.50 to spend for a friend's

birthday. You spend $3 on a card and w an t to
buy som e ch o colates th a t co st $.75 each . W hat
are th e nu m bers o f ch o co lates you c a n buy?
Solve using a table and using a graph.
X=20.212766 Y=0
3 . SALESPERSON A salesp erso n h as a w eekly

sa la ry o f $1550 and gets a 5% co m m issio n on
sales. W h at are th e am o u n ts th e salesperson
c a n sell to ea rn at le a st $1900 per week? Solve
using a ta b le and using a graph.
4 . WRiTiNG E xp lain how to u se a tab le like the
one below to solve 0 .5 x - 1.5 < 3 - 0.4x.
X______ Yi
-1.5
1
-1
2
-.5
3
0
4
.5
X= 0
Y2
3
2.6
2.2
1 .8
1.4
Using Alternative Methods
49
'" ^ r 7 A C T !V !T Y
1.7 Absoiute Vaiue Equations
and inequaiities
M AT E R ) ALS - 13 index cards numbered with the integers from - 6 to 6
W hat d oes th e soiution of an absoiute vaiue equation or
inequaiity iook iike on a n u m b er iine?
The absolute oaiue o f a nu m ber x, w ritten Ixl , is th e d ista n ce th e n u m b er is
from 0 on a nu m ber iine. B ecau se 2 and - 2 are b o th 2 u n its from 0, [ 2 1 = 2
and I - 2 1 = 2 . T he absoiute vaiue o f a n u m b er is never negative.
!-2l = 2
^
121 = 2
I---------- !-------- !------- 4-------- 1------- i---------- I------ 4--------I-----------I-------1------ *-5

-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
soiutions
absoiute vaiue eq u ation s and inequaiities
Work w ith a partner. P iace th e n um bered index cards in a row to form a n u m b er

iine. Then tu rn aii th e card s face down.
Turn over cards to reveai

n um bers th at are soiu tions o f
th e eq uations below.
Turn over card s to reveal

num bers th at are soiu tion s o f
th e in eq u aiities below.
Turn over card s to reveal

n u m b ers th a t are soiu tions o f
th e in e q u a litie s below.
a. I*! = 2
d. Ixl < 2
g- Ixl > 2
b. jx - 2j = 1
e. Ix - 2l < 1
h. Ix 2l
c. Ix + l) = 3
f. Ix + l! < 3
i. ]x + ll
RAW C O N C LU S tO N S
Use you r ob servation s to co m p iete th e se e x e rcise s
1. Describe th e soiutions o f th e absoiu te vaiue eq u atio n s in Step 1. W ill ail

absoiute vaiue eq u atio n s have th e sam e nu m ber o f soiu tions? Explain.
2. Compare th e soiutions o f th e absoiu te value in eq u a lities in Steps 2 and 3.
How does th e in eq u ality sym bol (< or >) a ffe ct th e p a ttern o f th e soiutions?
:o
Chapter 1
1 *y So!ve Absolute Va!ue

1 " Equations and inequaiities
You solved linear equations and inequalities.
You will solve absolute value equations and inequalities.
R ecall th at th e absolute valu e o f a n u m b er x,

w ritten l.xl, is th e d ista n ce th e n u m b er is
from 0 on a nu m ber line. T h is u nd erstan d in g
of absolu te value ca n be extend ed to apply to
sim ple absolu te value equation s.
x,
if x is positive
0,
ifx = 0
t-x ,
i f x is negative
A?/*
KEY CONCEPT
1 Interpreting Absolute Value Equations
Meaning
T h e d ista n ce b etw een

x an d 0 is Ic.
Graph
If
x 0 = A:
x=-Ar
A
T
A-lf
11
A
A
T
A+ l f
x = & - A: or
**
or
*<
x - 0 = -A:
If
A
A
1
II
!
0
EXAMPLE 1
It
If
Sotutions
T he d ista n ce betw een

x and & is
A
V
ii
1*! = j x o l = A :
la
l
Equation
n
II
Key Vocabulary
* absolute value
* extran eo u s solution
So you can describe hearing ranges of animals, as in Ex. 81.
^ ) E 3 3 !S ) ^
x = h + Ac
Solve a simple abso!ute va!ue equation
Solve jx 5 ] = 7 . G raph th e solution.

Solu tion
lx -5 l= 7
x - 5 = -7
or
x - 5=7
Write equivaient equations.
x = 5 - 7
or
x =5 + 7
Soive for x.
x = -2
or
x = 12
Simpiify.
^ The solu tions are - 2 and 12. T h ese are th e v alues o f x th a t are 7 u n its away
from 5 on a n u m ber line. T h e graph is show n below.
7
7
I
-2
1------1------1----- 1------1------I-----+----- h-*8
1.7
10
12
Solve Absolute Value Equations and inequalities
KEY CONCEPT
I Soiving an Absoiute Vaiue Equation
I
^
Use th ese steps to soive a n absolu te value eq u atio n ]a x + b ] = c w here c > 0.

^TiFP 7
W rite tw o eq u atio n s: a x + b = c or a x + b = - c .
Soive each eq uation.
FW J
Check each solu tion in th e o rig in al absoiu te value equation.
Soive an absoiute vaiue equation
EXAMPLE 2
Solve l 5 x - 10l = 45.

l 5 x - 10l = 45
Write origina) equation.
5x - 10
= 45
or
5x - 10 = - 4 5
5x
= 55
or
5 x = 35
= 11
or
x = -7
Expression can equai 45 or - 4 5 .

^ T he soiu tions are 11 an d - 7 . C heck th ese in th e o rig in al eq uation.

C A far
l5x-10[=45
l 5 x - 10] = 45
15(11) - 10l ^ 45
l 5 ( - 7 ) - 10] ^ 45
l45l ^=45
[ - 45 1 ^=45
45 = 45 y
45 = 45 ^
EXTRANEOUS SOLUTIONS W h en you solve a n absolu te vaiue eq u ation , it is p ossible

for a soiution to be extraneous. An e x tra n e o u s solution is an ap p aren t soiu tion th at
m ust be re je cted b ecau se it d oes n ot satisfy th e orig in ai eq u ation .
Check for extraneous sotuttons

Solve ] 2 x + 1 2 l = 4x. C heck for e x tra n e o u s solutions.
l2x+12l = 4 x
2 x + 12 = 4 x
or
2 x + 12 = - 4 x
Expression can equai 4 x o r - 4 x .
12=2x
or
12 = 6x
6 = x
or
-2 = x
Soive for x.
C heck th e apparent soiu tions to see if eith er is extran eo u s.
AVOID ERRORS
Aiways check your

soiutions in the origina)
equation to make
sure that they are not
extraneous.
aw ar
l2x+i2l=4x
l2 x + 12l = 4x
12(6) + 1 2 ! ^ 4(6)
l2 ( - 2 ) + 12l ^ 4 ( - 2 )
I2 4 I ^ 2 4
24 = 24 ^
h i ^ -8
8 # -8
^ T h e solution is 6. R eject - 2 b eca u se it is an ex tra n eo u s soiution.
52
Chapter 1
CutDED PRACTtCE
for E xam p ies 1 ,2 , and 3
Sotve th e eq u ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s solutions.

1.
Ixl = 5
2.
I x - 3l = 10
3.
Ix + 21 = 7
4.
l 3 x - 2 l = 13
5.
!2x + 5l = 3x
6.
]4x - l! = 2 x + 9
INEQUALITIES You ca n solve a n absolu te value in eq u a lity by rew ritin g it as a

com p ou nd in eq u ality and th e n solving ea ch part.
KEY CONCEPT
Absolute Value Inequalities
inequality
Equivaient form
a x + hl < c
- c < ax + &< c
a x + hj <<
- c < ax + h < c
ax + h > c
a x + h < c or a x + h > c
hj > c
a x + h < - c or a x + h > c
ax
Graph of soiution
-d-----
Solve an inequality of the form ]ox d- h ] > c

Solve 14x + 5 1 > 1 3 . Then g rap h th e solution.
Solution
T h e absolu te value in e q u a lity is eq u iv alen t to 4 x + 5 < - 1 3 or 4 x + 5 > 13.
First inequaiity
4x + 5 < - 1 3
Second inequaiity
Write inequaiities.
4x < -1 8

F T he solu tions are all real n u m b ers less th a n

show n below.
1--------h - ^ - l
-6
-5
Aigebra
GUiDED PRACTKE
-4
d
-3
1--------1--------1-1
o
-2
4 x + 5 > 13
4x > 8
x> 2
or greater th a n 2. T he graph is
d------- T ti
at dasszone.com
fo r E xam p ie 4

7.
Ix + 4l > 6
8.
1 .7
l2 x -7 l >1
9.
3 x + 5 > 10
Solve Absolute Value Equations and inequalities
SotveaninequaH tyoftheform [ o x + b ] < c
EXAMPLE 5
READING
Tolerance is the
maximum acceptabie
deviation of an item
from some idea) or
mean measurement.
BASEBALL A profession al basebaH should w eigh 5.125 ou n ces, w ith a tolerance

o f 0.125 o u n ce. W rite and solve a n absolu te vaiue in e q u a lity th at d escrib es th e
accep tab le w eights for a b a seb a ii.
Soiution
4WP 7
Write a verbal m odel. T h en w rite a n inequality.

Actuai
weight
(ounces)
ideal
weight
(ounces)
Tolerance
(ounces)
'V*
re
F7BAF
5 .1 2 5
0 .1 2 5
Soive th e inequaiity.
I w - 5.1251 < 0 .1 2 5
-0 .1 2 5 < w - 5.125 < 0 .1 2 5
5 < M r< 5 .2 5
Write inequaiity.
Write equivaient compound inequaiity.
Add 5.125 to each expression.
^ So, a b ase b aii should w eigh b etw een 5 o u n ces and 5.25 o u n ces, inclusive. T he
graph is show n below.
0.125
4.875
5.000
0.125
5.125
5.250
5.375
Write a range as an absoiute vaiue inequaiity
EXAMPLE 6
GYMNASTICS The th ick n ess o f th e m ats used in

th e rings, p arallel bars, and vault events m u st be
betw een 7.5 in ch es and 8.25 in ch es, inclusive.
W rite an absolu te value in eq u ality d escrib in g
th e accep tab le m at th ick n esses.
Soiution
REVIEW MEAN
For help with finding a

mean, see p. 1005.
Caicuiate th e m ean o f th e extrem e m at th ick n esses.

M ean o f extrem es = 7.5 + 8.25 _ y gyg
Find th e to leran ce by su b tra ctin g th e m ean from th e upper extrem e.
Tolerance = 8.25 - 7.875 = 0.375
F75P <? Write a verbal m odel. T h en w rite an inequ ality.

Actual
thickness
(inches)
Mean of
extrem es
(inches)
<
Tolerance
(inches)
7 .8 7 5
<
0 .3 7 5
^ A m at is accep tab le if its th ick n ess 7 satisfies 17 - 7 .8 7 5 1 < 0.375.
54
Chapter 1
t /
GuiDED PRACTICE
for Examples 5 and 6
Solve th e Inequality. Then graph th e soiution.

10.
13.
l% + 2 l < 6
11.
l2x+ll<9
12.
l7-xl<4
GYMNASTICS For Exam ple 6, w rite an ab solu te value in eq u a lity d escribin g

th e unacceptable m at th ick n esses.
HOMEWORK
KEY
17 EXEROSES

*
= STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Exs. 2 ,3 3 ,4 0 ,6 3 , and 64
Ex. 78
SK)LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY W hat is an ex tra n eo u s solu tion o f an equation ?
2. * WRITING T h e absolu te value o f a n u m b er c a n n o t b e negative. How, then,
can th e absolu te value o f x b e - x for c e rta in values o f x?
4.
I d + 6l = 10; - 4
5.
132 - 6/1 = 2 0 ; - 2
6.
l2m + 6 j = 10; - 8
7.
8.
117 - 8rl = 15; 4
SOLVING EQUATIONS Soive th e eq u ation . G raph th e soiution.
18.
on p. 52
for Exs. 21-32
10.
lyl = - 5
11.
Izl = 0
13.
lg-2l = 7
14.
17.
j n + 9l = 1 0
lk + 3l = 6
16.
16 - p] = 4
19.
nr + 5j = 1
15 - p] = 7
20.
-4 - r
-3<
II
I
Ul
Ixj = 9
1
-c
on p. 51
for Exs. 9 -2 0
EXAMPLE 2
it
4^
! & - ll = 14; - 1 3
II
UJ
EXAMPLE 1
3.
CO
3
1
CHECKING SOLUTIONS D ecide w h eth er th e given n u m b er is a soiution o f the

eq u ation .
=4
SOLViNG EQUATIONS Soive th e equ ation .
l2d - 5l = 13
22.
l 3 g + 14l = 7
23.
l7h - 10l
24.
l3p - 6l = 2 1
25.
l2<? + 3l = 1 1
26.
l4 r + 7j
27.
15 + 2jl = 9
28.
16 - 3kl = 21
29.
120 - 9ml = 7
31.
]jy+4] = 6
32.
30
1.
Lx - 3 = 10
2,
33. * SHORT RESPONSE T h e eq u atio n 15x - 1 0 1 = 45 in Exam ple 2 h as two

solutions. D oes th e eq u atio n 15x - 10 ] = - 4 5 also have two solutions?
Explain.
34.
37.
II
*
EXTRANEOUS SOLUTIONS Soive th e eq u ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s soiutions.
on p. 52
for Exs. 3 4 - 4 2
1
4^
EXAMPLE 3
14x + 51 = 2x + 4
35.
Ix + 24l = - 7 x
36.
18x - 11
38.
19 - 2x1 = 10 + 3x
39.
18 + 5x1
1 .7
Solve Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
40. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is (are) th e soiution(s) o f l3x + 7l = 5x?

( g ) - ^
( E ) Z I
( B ) I
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe a n d co rre c t th e e rro r in so iv in g th e eq u a tio n .

41.
42.
[5x 9 [ = x + 3
In 7] = 3 n 1
5x 9 = x + 3 o r 5x 9 = x + 3
4x 9 = 3
or
6x 9 = 3
4x = 12
or
6x = 12
x = 3
or
x = 2
The solutions are 3 and 2.
EXAMPLES
4 and 5
on pp. 53-54
for Exs. 43-63
n 7 = 3n 1 o r
/ \
n 7 = 3n + 1
7 = 2n 1
o r 4n 7 = 1
6 = 2n
or
4n = 8
3 = n
or
n = 2
The solu tions are 3 and 2.
/ \
SOLViNG iNEQUAHTiES Solve th e inequaiity. Then grap h th e soiution.
45. Im - 2l < 7
46. In - 111 > 1
48. I/+ 6l <2
49. ] g - l l > 0
50. lb + 10! < 1 0
51. l 3 u / - 15l < 3 0
52. l 2x + 6l > 1 0
53.
54. [ 5 z + ll > 14
55. 116 - pi > 3
56. 124 - ql < 1 1
57. 17 - 2rl < 19
58. Il 9 - 5fl > 7
59.
60. j
61.
62.
^ 7) ld + 4l > 3
I x - loj
< 4
Aigebra
- 15j < 6
V)
(7)
)
44. Ibl > 4
43. Ijl <5
Iy
-5> 3
+ 2
12
o[
7! 0 + 4 > 1 2
15
at classzone.com
63. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e soiution o f 16x - 9 1 > 3 3 ?

( A)
-4<x<7
(B) - 7 < x < 4
(g)
x<-4orx>7
( D) x < - 7 o r x > 4
64. th MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ich absolu te value in eq u a lity rep resen ts th e graph
show n below?
^
1
-
( A)
,
2
-l<]xl<5
1
1
,
2
( B ) lx + 2 l < 3
(g) l x - 2 l < 3
( D) l x - 2 l < 5
65. REASONiNG For th e eq u atio n la x + b] = c (where a, b, and c are real

num bers and a ^ 0), d escrib e th e value (s) o f c th a t yield tw o solutions,
one solution, and no solution.
SOLVING !NEQUAHT)ES Solve th e inequaiity. Then grap h th e soiution.
66.
Ix+ll>-16
67.
l2x-ll<-25
68.
! 7x + 31 < 0
69.
Ix-
CHALLENGE Soive the in eq u aiity for x in te rm s of a , b, an d c. A ssum e a , b, and c

a re reai nu m b ers and c > 0.
70. 1nx + b 1 < c w here a > 0
71.
1a x + b 1 > c w here a > 0
72. 1a x + b 1 < c w here a < 0
73.
1a x + b > c w here a < 0

56
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 54
for Exs. 74-78
74. GYMNASTICS T h e h o rizo n tal b a r used in g y m n a stics events should be placed

110.25 in ch es above th e ground, w ith a to lera n ce o f 0.4 in ch . W rite an absolute
value in eq u ality for th e accep ta b le b a r heights.
@Hom e7ut<V
75. SO!L PH LEVELS C ucu m bers grow in soil having a pH level o f 6.5, w ith a
to leran ce o f 1 p o in t on th e pH scale. W rite a n absolu te value in e q u a lity th a t
d escribes th e pH levels o f soil in w hich cu cu m b ers ca n grow.
@ M )m e 7M t0f
76. MULT!-STEP PROBLEM A b a se b a ll h as a cu sh io n ed cork cen ter ca lled th e

T h e pill m ust w eigh 0.85 o u n ce, w ith a to lera n ce o f 0.05 ounce.
a. W rite an absolu te value in eq u a lity th a t d escrib es th e
accep tab le w eights for th e p ill o f a b a se b a ll.
b. Solve th e in eq u ality to find th e a ccep ta b le w eights for
th e pill.
c. Look back at Exam ple 5 on page 54. Find th e m in im u m and
m ax im u m p ercen tag es o f a b a se b a ll's to ta l w eight th a t th e
pill ca n m ake up.
(77 !) MANUFACTUR!NG A regu lation b a sk etb all should w eigh 21 o u n ces, w ith
a to leran ce o f 1 o u n ce. W rite a n absolu te value in e q u a lity d escrib in g th e
w eights o f b ask etb alls th a t should b e re/'ected.
78.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATtONS T h e stren g th o f eyeglass len ses is

m easu red in u n its called rb'opfers. T h e diopter n u m b er x is negative for
nearsig h ted v ision and positive for farsigh ted vision.
a. Writing inequaiities W rite a n equivalen t com p ou n d in e q u a lity for each

vision category show n above. Solve th e in eq u alities.
b. Making a Graph Illu strate th e six vision categ o ries by graphing th eir
ranges o f diopter nu m b ers on th e sam e n u m b er lin e. L abel ea ch range
w ith th e co rresp o n d in g category n am e.
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 54
for Exs. 79-81
79. SLEEPtNG BAGS A m an u fa ctu rer o f sleep ing bags suggests th a t one m odel
is b est suited for tem p eratu res b etw een 30F and 60F, inclusive. W rite an
absolu te value in eq u ality for th is tem p eratu re range.
80. TEMPERATURE The reco m m en d ed oven settin g for cook in g a pizza in a
professional brick -lin ed oven is b etw een 550F and 650F, inclusive. W rite an
absolu te value in eq u ality for th is tem p eratu re range.
1 .7
Solve A bsolute V alue Equations an d Inequalities
57
81. AUDIBLE FREQUENCIES An elep han t ca n h ear sound s w ith freq u en cies from
16 h ertz to 12,000 hertz. A m ouse ca n h ea r sound s w ith freq u en cies from
1000 hertz to 91,000 hertz. W rite an absoiu te vaiue in eq u a lity for th e h earin g
range o f each an im al.
82. CHALLENGE T he depth find er on a fish in g b o at gives read in gs th a t are w ith in
5% o f the actu ai w ater depth. W hen th e d epth find er reading is 250 feet, th e
actu ai w ater depth x iies w ith in a range given by th e follow ing in equ ality:
Ix - 2 5 0 1 < 0.05x
a. W rite th e absolu te value in eq u a lity as a com p ou n d inequ ality.
b. Solve each p art o f th e com p ou nd in equ ality for x. W h at are th e possible
actu al w ater depths if th e depth find er's reading is 250 feet?
M!XED REVIEW
PREVIEW
Plot th e points in th e sam e co o rd in a te p lane, (p. 9871
Prepare for
Lesson 2.1
in Exs. 83-94.
83.
(4, 4)
86. (0, - 6 )
84. (7, - 8 )
85. ( - 3 , 0 )
87. ( - 2 , - 3 )
88. ( - 5 , 2 )
Evalu ate th e expression for th e given value o f th e v ariab le, (p. 10)
89. 6 m - 10; m = 4
90. - 4 n + 18; n = 3
91. 5p + 17; p = 0
92. 7p + 3; p = - 4
93. - 2 r - 3; r = 7
94. lOf - 5; f = - 3
Solve the eq u ation for y. Then find th e value of y for th e given value of x . (p. 26)
95. 5x + y = 14; x = 8
96. - 3 x + y = 12; x = - 9
97. 8x - 4y = 32; x = - 3
98. - 6 x + 15y = 33; x = 10
Q U IZ /or Lessons T.6-7.7

Solve th e inequality. Then graph th e solution, (p. 41)
1. 4 A :- 17 < 2 7
2. 14n - 8 > 9 0
3. - 9 p + 1 5 < 9 6
4. - 8 r - l l > 4 5
5. 3 ( x - 7 ) < 6 ( 1 0 - x )
6. - 2 5 - 4z > 66 - 17z
Solve the equation o r inequality, (p. 5!)
10
]x - 6l = 9
8.
!p + ?l > 2
11.
l3y + 3l = 12
l2r? - 3l < 3
9.
12.
l2z + 5l = - 9 z
15 - rj > 4
13. TEST SCORES Your fin al grade in a co u rse is 80% o f your cu rren t grade, plus
20% o f your fin a l exam score. Your cu rren t grade is 83 an d your goal is to get
a fin al grade o f 85 or better. W rite an d solve an in eq u ality to find th e fin a l
exam scores th a t w ill m eet your goal. (p. 4!)
14. GROCERY WEIGHTS A co n tain e r o f p otato salad from your grocer's deli is
supposed to w eigh 1.5 pounds, w ith a to lera n ce o f 0.025 pound. W rite and
solve an absolu te value in eq u ality th a t d escrib es th e a ccep ta b le w eights for
th e co n tain er o f p otato salad, (p. 61)
58
EXTRA PRACTtCE for Lesson 1.7, p. 1010
ONL!NE QU!Z at classzone.com
MtXED REV)EWo/ProM^ng
STATE TEST PRACTICE

ctasszone.com
Lessons1.5-1.7
1. MULT!-STEP PROBLEM A hybrid car gets
about 60 m iies per gaiion o f gas in th e city
and about 51 m iles per g allon on th e highway.
D uring one w eek, th e hybrid u ses 12 gallons
o f gas and travels 675 m iles.
a. W rite a verbal m odel for th e to tal d ista n ce
driven. T hen w rite an eq u ation b ased on th e
verbal m odel.
b. Solve the eq u ation to find th e am o u n ts of
gas used in th e city and on th e highway.
c. Tell how m any m iles w ere driven in the
city and on th e highway.
2. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM A popcorn
m an u factu rer's ideal w eight for a bag o f
m icrow ave p o p corn is 3.5 o u n ces, w ith a
to leran ce o f 0.25 ounce.
5. SHORT RESPONSE A video store rents m ovies

for $ 2.95 each . Recently, th e store has added
a sp ecial deal th a t allow s you to rent an
u n lim ited n u m b er o f m ovies for $15.95 per
m on th . E xplam w hen th e sp e cia l deal is less
expensive th a n ren tin g m ovies at th e usual
price. W rite and solve an in eq u ality to ju stify
your answ er.
6. EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e trian g le in equ ality
relatio n sh ip from g eom etry states th a t th e sum
of th e len gth s o f any tw o sides o f a trian g le is
greater th a n th e len gth o f th e th ird side.
a. W rite an absolu te value in eq u ality for th e

accep tab le w eights o f a bag o f p op corn .
a. W rite th ree d ifferen t in eq u a lities for th e

trian gle.
b. Solve th e inequality. W hat is th e range o f

accep tab le w eights?
b. Solve th e th ree in e q u a litie s for x.
3. EXTENDED RESPONSE You are d rain in g a

sw im m ing pool. T he table show s th e d epth of
th e w ater at d ifferent tim es.
Tim e(h),f
Depth (ft), d
12
10.5
7.5
a. W rite an eq u ation for th e depth.

b. Use your eq u ation to find how long it will
take for th e pool to be empty.
c. D oes your eq u ation m ake sen se for tim es
greater th a n th e value you found in p a rt (b)?
Exp/mu.
4. OPEN-ENDED For a rope trick, a m ag ician cu ts
a 72 in ch p iece o f rope into th ree p ieces of
different lengths. T he length o f one p iece m ust
be th e m ean o f th e len gths o f th e other two
pieces.
sh o rt]
a
long
medium
^ (a + 6 )
c. B ased on your resu lts from p a rt (b), w hat is

th e ran ge o f p ossible values for x?
d. Use your resu lts to draw th re e different
trian g les th a t m eet th e co n d itio n s show n in
th e diagram .
7. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM O xygen exists as a
liquid b etw een -3 6 9 F and -2 9 7 F , inclusive.
W rite th e tem p eratu re ran ge for liquid
oxygen as a com p ou n d in e q u a lity in degrees
F ah ren h eit. T h en rew rite th e tem p eratu re
range in d egrees Celsius.
8. CRtDDED ANSWER A football
kicker scores 1 p o in t for each
extra poin t an d 3 p oin ts for
each field goal. O ne season,
a kicker m ade 34 extra
p o in ts and scored a to tal
o f 112 poin ts. How m any
field goals did th e kicker
m ake?
Find th e length o f th e m edium p iece. T h en give

possible lengths for th e short and long pieces.
Mixed Review o f Probiem Solving
CHAPTER SUMMARY
E/C /DE4S
Using Properties to Evaiuate and Simpiify Expressions
Example
Answer
To evaluate a numerical expression, use

order of operations and properties of rea!
numbers.
3 + (-3 )'
3 + 9 = 12
To evaluate an algebraic expression,

substitute the value(s) of the variable(s)
into the expression, and then evaiuate the
resuiting numerical expression.
4x- 5
when x = 1
4(1) - 5 = -1
3y - 4 + 2y - 6
I
o
To simplify an algebraic expression,

combine like terms.
Using Probiem Soiving Strategies and Verba! Modeis

You m ay be able to w rite a v erb a l m o d el th a t d escrib es a real-w orld problem and
u se it to w rite an eq u ation or in eq u a lity you ca n solve. To w rite th e verbal m odel,
an alyze th e in fo rm atio n you are given and u se a problem solving strategy if
appropriate.
If this is w hat you know...
...try this strategy.
A formuia can be appiied to the situation.
Use a Formula
Numerical information is given in a table or a list.
Look for a Pattern
There is a geometric or physicai context.
Draw a Diagram
Soiving Linear and Absoiute Vaiue Equations and inequaiities

U se th e follow ing guidelin es w hen solving eq u atio n s and in eq u alities.
Linear Equation
Linear inequaiity
ax + b = 0
ax + b < 0
Use properties of equality to isolate x.

Add or subtract the same number from
each side of the equation, or multiply
or divide each side by the same
nonzero number.
Absoiute Vaiue Equation
lax + &l = c
Rewrite as follows and solve:
ax + b = c or ax + b = - c
Check for extraneous solutions.
60
Chapter 1
Use properties simiiar to those used in

solving equations.
Remember to reverse the inequality
when multiplying or dividing by a
negative number.
Absoiute Vaiue inequaiity
lax + bl > c
[ax + bl < c
*
Solve
ax + b < - c
or ax + b > c.
#
Solve
- c < ax + b < c.
@ M )m p 7 u fo f
dasszon e.com
* Mutti-Language Glossary
* Vocabulary practice
REWELVXEV yOC4BUMRV
- opposite, p. 4
c o n sta n t term , p. 72
* soive for a variable, p. 26
* re cip ro ca l p. 4
co efficien t, p. 72
* verbal model, p. 34
- num erica! exp ression , p. ?o
iike term s, p. 72
- linear inequality, p. 47
- power, p. 70
equ iv aien t exp ressio n s, p. 72
* solution of an inequality, p. 47
* exp o n en t, p. 70
identity, p. 72
- graph of an inequality, p. 47
- b ase, p. 70
equ atio n , p. 78
* compound inequality, p. 47
- variabie, p. 77
linear equ ation, p. 78
- equivalent inequalities, p. 42
- aigebraic exp ressio n , p. 77
soiution o f an equ ation, p. 78
- absolute value, p. 57
- term , p. 72
equ iv aien t equ ations, p. 78
- extraneous solution, p. 52
- v ariabie term , p. 72
form uia, p. 26
VOCABULARY EXERCISES
1. Copy and com p lete: In a power, th e
u sed as a factor.
rep resen ts th e n u m b er o f tim es th e
is
2. Copy and co m p lete: If su b stitu tin g a n u m b er for a v ariab le in a n eq u atio n results

in a tru e statem en t, th e n th e n u m b er is a(n) ? o f th e eq u ation .
3. Copy and co m p lete: A(n) ? is a n ap p aren t solu tion th a t m u st b e re je cted b ecau se
it does not satisfy th e o rig in al eq u ation .
4. Id entify th e like term s in th e exp ression 40 + 3x^ + 3x^ - 7 - x^.
5. Give an exam ple o f tw o eq u ivalen t alg eb raic expressions.
6. WRITiNG Compare th e pro ced u res for solving a lin ea r eq u atio n an d a lin ea r
inequ ality. How are th ey sim ilar? How are th e y different?
REV/EM/ EXAMPLES 4ND EXERCISES

U se th e review exam p les and ex ercises below to ch eck your u n d erstan d in g o f th e
co n cep ts you have learn ed in ea ch lesso n o f C hapter 1.
App!y Properties of Reai Numbers
pp. 2 - 9
Identify th e p ro p e rty th a t th e statem en t illu strates.

a. 2(to + f ) = 2or + 2f
b. 6 + (2 + 4) = 6 + (4 + 2)
Commutative property of addition
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 4
for Exs. 7 - 9
Identify th e p ro p e rty th a t th e statem en t iilu strates.

7. 17 * - L = 1
8. 60 + 0 = 60
9. 3 a + 7a (3 + 7 )a
Chapter Review
61
CHAPTER REViEW
Evaiuate and Simpiify Algebraic Expressions
pp. 10 -1 6
Sim plify the expression .

5(y - 4) - 3(2y - 9) = 5y - 20 - 6y + 27
= (5y - 6y) + ( - 2 0 + 27)
Group like terms.
= -y + 7
Combine like terms.
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 11-12
for Exs. 10-16
Sim plify th e exp ression.

10. 25x + 14 - 17 - 6x
11. 6y + 12x - 12y 9x
12. 6(H - 2) - 8n + 40
13. 5(2& + 3) + 8(h - 6)
14. 3g + 9 g - - 12g" + g
15. 7f4 + 71^ - 2f2 - 9^
16.
TAXi RATES A New York City ta x i ch arges $2.50, plus $ .4 0 for each fifth o f a
m iie if it is not delayed by traffic. W rite an expression for th e co st o f th e ride
if you travel x m iies in th e tax i w ith no tra ffic delays.
p p .1 6 -2 4
Solve - 4 ( 3 x + 5) = - 2 ( 5 - x ).
- 4 ( 3 x + 5) = - 2 ( 5 - x)
- 1 2 x - 20 = - 1 0 + 2x

- 2 0 = - 1 0 + 14x
Add 12xto each side.
- 1 0 = 14x
-^ = x
Divide each side by 14 and simpiify.
EXEROSES
EXAMPLES
1, 2 ,3 , and 4
on pp. 18-20
for Exs. 17-24
Solve th e eq u ation. C heck y o u r solution.

17.
24x + 16 = 12
18. - 6 y + 15 = - 9 't
19.
4(q - 5) = 16
20.
7m + 38 = - 5 m - 16
21.
48;' + 25 = 12; - 11
22.
8 (2n - 5) = 3 (6 n - 2) 'H
23. SALES TAX You buy a jack et, and th e sales ta x is 6% . T he to tal co st is $79.49.
Find th e co st o f th e ja ck et before th e tax.
24. FOOD SHOPPiNG At a vegetable stand, you bought 3 p ou nd s o f peppers for
$4.50. G reen peppers co st $1 per pound an d orange peppers co st $4 per
pound. Find how m any pounds o f ea ch kind o f pep p er you bought.
62
Chapter 1
Solve 5% - l l y = 7 for y. Then find th e vaiu e o f y w hen x = 4.

7
5x - ll y = 7
Write origina) equation.
- l l y = 7 - 5x

Divide each side by -1 1 .
y = - ^ - + ^ -(4 )
Substitute 4 for x.
13
n
Simpiify.
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
2, 3, and 4
on pp. 27-28
for Exs. 25-31
Soive the eq u ation for y. Then find th e vaiu e o f y for th e given vaiu e o f x .
25. lOx + y = 7; x = 3
26. 8y 3 x = 18; x = 2
27. xy 6y = 15; x = 5
28. 4 x = 6 y + 9 ; x = 9
29.
30. x - 3xy = 1; x = - 5
31.
5x - 2y = 10; x = - 6
GEOMETRY T he form u la S = 2rrrh + 2rrr^ gives th e su rface a re a S o f a

cylind er w ith h eigh t h and radius r. Soive th e form ula for /t. Find h if
r = 5 ce n tim eters and S = 400 squ are cen tim eters.
Use Probiem Soiving Strategies and Modeis
p p .3 4 - 4 0
Find th e tim e it tak es to drive 5 2 5 m iies a t 5 0 m iles p e r hour.

Distance
(miies)
Rate
(miies/hour)
Time
(hours)
5 25
50
525 = 50f
10.5
= f
Write equation.
^ It tak es 10.5 hours to drive 525 m iles at 50 m iles per hour.
EXEROSES
EXAMPLES
1 and 4
on pp. 3 4 -3 6
for Exs. 3 2 -3 3
32. AVERAGE SPEED It tak es 3 hours for a tra in to travel 175 m iles. W h at is th e
average speed o f th e train ?
S i,
33. CAR RENTAL W h ile on vacatio n , your fam ily rented a c a r for $293. T h e ca r
ren tal co st $180, plus $.2 5 for every m ile driven over 150 m iles. How m any
m iles did you drive w hile on vacation ?
Chapter Review
63
CHAPTER REV!EW
Solve Linear inequaiities
pp. 4 1 -4 7
Solve 2 5 - 3 x < 10. T hen grap h th e solution.

25 - 3x < 10
-3 x < -1 5
x > 5
^
-
Divide each side by - 3 and reverse the inequaiity.

Graph the solution.
1 t -tI I I-----I
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1 .2 ,3 , and 4
on pp. 41-43
for Exs. 34-40

34. 2 x - 3 < - l
35. 7 - 3 x > - l l
36. 15x + 8 > 9 x - 2 2
37. 13x + 24 < 16 - 3x
38. - 5 < 1 0 - x < 5
39. - 8 < 3x + 1 < 10
40.
GEOMETRY A trian g le h as sides o f len gth s 10, 2x, an d 3x. T h e su m o f th e

length s o f any two sides is greater th a n th e len gth o f th e th ird side. W rite and
solve th ree in eq u alities to find th e p ossible values o f x.
Solve Absolute Value Equations and Inequalities
Solve 13x 7 1 > 2 . Then graph th e solution.

I3x-7l>2
3x - 7 < - 2
3x<5
5
x <
5
3
t oi
1 2
or
3x - 7 >
Write equivaient compound inequaiity.
or
3x >
Add 7 to each side.
or
x>
3
% -I -f
3 4 5 6
Gr aph the soiution.
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
2, 3 ,4 , and 5
on pp. 52-54
for Exs. 41-47
Solve th e equ ation. C heck for e x tra n e o u s solutions.

41. l3p + 2 l = 7
42.
l9 < 7 -5 l= 2 r?
43.
8r+ll=3r
Yw
Solve the inequality. Then grap h th e solution.

44. [ x - 5 l > l
45.
l5-2yl>7
46.
162 + 51 < 2 5
47. VOLLEYBALL T h e circu m fere n ce o f a v olleyball should b e 26 in ch es, w ith

a to leran ce o f 0.5 in ch . W rite and solve an absolu te value in e q u a lity th at
d escribes th e accep tab le circu m feren ces o f a volleyball.
64
Chapter 1
CHAPTER TE S T
G raph th e n u m b ers on a n u m b er h n e.
1.
- 2 , - I 6.5, V 3 0 ,1
2.
0.8, -5 .5 , - VlO,
U se p ro p erties an d d efinitions o f o p eratio n s to show th a t th e sta te m e n t is

tru e. /Msfi/y each step.
3.
5 + (x 5) = x
4.
(3d + 7) d + 5 = 2d + 1 2
Evalu ate th e exp ression for th e given valu es o f x an d y.

5.
4x - 6y w hen x = 5 an d y = - 3
6. 3x^ - 9y w hen x = 2 an d y = 4
Sim plify th e exp ression .

7. 5n + 10 - 8n + 6
8. 10m - 4(3m + 7) + 6m
9.
11 + <7 - 3 ^ + 1 8 ^ -
11.
5(x - 3y) + 2(4y - x)
10. 9f2 + 14 - 171 + 61 - 81^

12. 5 (2n + 3m) - 2 (5 n - 7m)
Solve th e eq u ation . C heck y o u r solution.

13.
5n + 11 = - 9
14. 6k + 7 = 4 + 12k
15. - 1 - 2 = 9(1 - 8)
Solve th e eq u ation for y. Then find th e valu e o f y for th e given valu e o f x .

16.
12x - 28y = 40; x = 6
17. x + 4y = 12; x = 2
18. 15y + 2xy = - 3 0 ,

19.
- 5 x - 6 < 19
20. x + 22 > - 3 x - 10
21. 5 < 2x + 3 < 11
Solve th e eq u ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s solutions.

22.
l 3 d - 4 l = 14
23.
l/+3[=2/+ 4
24. I l 0 - 7 g l = 2 g
Solve th e inequality. Then g rap h th e solution.

^5.'lx-5l<30
'
26.
]! 3^y + 4 i] > 2
27. 13
l ^ - z - 5 !! < 5
28. WIRELESS NETWORK To set up a w ireless netw ork for In te rn e t a cce ss at

hom e, you buy a netw ork router for $75. T h e fee for DSL serv ice is $18 per
m onth. W rite an expression for th e am o u n t o f m on ey you spend in
n m onths. How m uch m on ey do you spend in 12 m on th s?
29. CAR REPAIR The bill for th e rep air o f a ca r w as $420. T h e co st o f p arts
w as $240. T h e co st o f lab or w as $45 per hour. How m an y hours did th e
rep air take?
30. HOUSEHOLD CHORES You c a n w ash one w indow in 15 m in u tes and your
sister ca n w ash one w indow in 20 m in u tes. How m an y m in u tes w ill it take
to w ash 12 w indow s if you w ork together?
31. (& GEOMETRY T h e form ula V =
gives th e volum e V
of a co n e w ith height h and b a se radius r. Solve th e form u la for

h. Then find h w hen r = 2 in ch es and V = 45 cu b ic in ch es.
Chapter Test
Scoring Rubric
SHORT RESPONSE QUESTIONS
Futt Credit
* solu tio n is c o m p le te
and c o rre c t
Partia) Credit
- so lu tio n is c o m p le te
but h a s errors,
or
* so lu tio n is w ith o u t
erro r but in co m p le te
No Credit
* n o solution is given,
or
* solu tion m a k e s no
sen se
PROBLEM
A national bank offers a checking account for a fee o f $3.90 per m onth. The
first 10 transactions per m on th are free, bu t every additional transaction costs
$.15. A local bank offers a checking a cco u n t w ith no m onthly fee, but every
tran saction costs $.36. W hen is it less expensive to use the national bank?
Below a re sam ple solutions to th e problem . Read e a ch solution and th e

co m m en ts in blue to see w hy th e sam ple rep resen ts full cred it, p a rtia l cred it,
o r no cred it.
SAMPLE 1: FuH credit soiution

If you m ake 10 transactions or fewer per m onth, the local bank is less
expensive because it costs $3.60 or less, com pared to $3.90 for the national
bank. If the num ber o f transactions is m ore th an 10, you can use the following
model, w here x is the num ber o f tran saction s per m onth.
Local bank
National bank
'
'
T h e verbal m odel
explains how the
inequality is obtain ed .
Cost per
tran saction
over 10
Number of
tran saction s
over 10
Fee
<
Cost per
tran sactio n
Number of
tran sactio n s
0.15
(x - 10)
3 .9 0
<
0 .3 6
Solve the inequality to find w hen it is less expensive to use the national bank.
The inequality is solved
correctly, step by step.
0 . 1 5 ( x - 1 0 ) + 3 .9 0 < 0 .3 6 x
0 . 1 5 x - 1.5 + 3.90 < 0.36.x
2 .4 < 0 .2 1 x
11.4<x
The answ er is correct.

An integer m akes sen se
in this con text.
A noninteger answ er does n ot m ake sense, so round up. The national bank is
less expensive if you m ake 12 or m ore tran saction s per m onth.
SAMPLE 2 : Partia) credit soiution

0 . 1 5 ( x - 10) + 3 .9 0 < 0 .3 6 x
T h e inequality is correct
w hen x > 10. The c a se
w hen x < 10 is not
considered.
0 . 1 5 x - 1.5 + 3 .9 0 < 0 .3 6 x
2 .4 < 0 .2 1 x
2.19 < x
T h e student m ad e an
error in the last step.
T h e answ er is incorrect.
66
Chapter 1
The national bank is less expensive if you m ake 3 or m ore transactions.
SAMPLE 3 : P artia! credit soiution

Find the cost for each ban k w hen there are 12 transactions.
C aten atio n s are show n
for 12 tran sactio n s only.
N ational bank: $3.90 + 2($.15) = $4.20
Local bank: 12($.36) = $4.32
The national bank is less expensive w hen you m ake 12 or m ore transactions.
The answ er is correct,
but it is not justified.
SAMPLE 4 : No credit soiution

0.15x + 3 .9 0 < 0 .3 6 x
T h e inequaiity is
incorrect. T h e national
bank d o es not ch arg e
$.15 for every transaction.
3.9 < 0.2 lx

18.6 < x
The national bank is less expensive when you m ake 19 or m ore transactions.
1
The answ er is incorrect.
P R A C T IC E
A p p ly t h e S c o r in g R u b ric
_____
Use th e ru b ric on p age 6 6 to sco re th e solution to th e p roblem below a s /n il

credit, p a r tia l credit, o r no credit. E x p la in y o u r reason in g .
PROBLEM You plant a 1.5 foot tall saw tooth oak that grows 3.5 feet per year
and a 5 foot tall ch estn u t oak that grows 2 feet per year. W hen will the saw tooth
oak b e taller than the ch estn u t oak?
l.
The saw tooth oak will he taller than th e ch estn u t oak in about 2 .3 5 years.
2.
Let x he th e number of years.

Sawtooth
initial height
Sawtooth
growth
>
Chestnut
initial height
Chestnut
growth
1.5
3.5x
>
2x
Solve th e inequality for x.

1.5
+ 3 .5 x > 5 + 2x
1.5x > 5 .5
x > 2 .5 5
3.
The saw tooth oak will he taller than the

ch estn u t oak a ft e r about 2 .5 5 years.
1.5x + 3 .5 > 5x + 2
1.5
> 3 .5 x
0 .4 3 > x, so a f t e r 0 .4 3 year, th e saw tooth oak will he taller.
S tan d ard ized T e st P rep aratio n
67
TEST PRACTKE
SHORT RESPONSE
1. A teach er is buying rulers. At an o n lin e site,
rulers co st $.89 each plus $5 for shipping for
the entire order. At a store, each ruler costs
$.95. Under w hat co n d itio n s is th e store less
expensive? If there is free shipping for
o n lin e orders over $50, how d oes your
answ er change?
2. Jessica goes on a v acatio n to M exico. She
exchanges $150 into pesos. T h e exch an ge rate
is 11.377 pesos per dollar. She spends 1250
pesos. W hen she exchanges her rem ain ing
pesos back into dollars, how m u ch does she get,
to th e n earest dollar? /a s fi/y all o f your steps.
3. C onsider th e eq u ation ] x + b ] = <3. For w hat
values o f b and a are th e solu tions o f th e
eq u ation 8 and - 1 2 ? D escribe th e m eth od you
used to solve th e problem .
4. W rite and solve an eq u ation to find x. Then
find th e area o f th e shaded region. Explain
your reasoning.
24 ft
llx
24 ft
24 ft
X
100 ft
5. T he table show s th e nu m ber o f goals g and

assists a for four players on a girls' varsity
so ccer team . E ach player is assigned a point
to tal given by p = 2g + a.
Pfayer
Goafs, g
Assists, a
Sandra
Kim
len
Melanie
a. W h ich player earn ed th e m ost points?

b. Is it possible for two players to earn the
sam e n u m b er o f p oints bu t have d ifferent
num bers o f goals and assists? /a sfi/y your
answ er.
Chapter 1
6. A co m m u n ity is having a T aste o f th e Tow n

event featu rin g th e area's b est restau ran ts.
T h e a d m issio n is $25 in ad vance and $ 3 5 at th e
door. If 220 peop le pay in advance an d th e to tal
am o u n t co lle cted is $7495, how m an y people
pay at th e door? How m u ch m ore m o n ey is
co lle cted in ad van ce th a n at th e door? E xplain
your solution.
7. Jared and 7 o f h is frien d s have a bow ling party.
Jared 's p aren ts pay for bow ling, sh oe ren tal,
and sn ack s for all 8 ch ild ren . T he p rices o f
th e se item s are show n in th e table. Jared 's
p aren ts w an t th e to ta l co st to b e at m ost $80.
Bowfing
$2.70 per person, per game
Shoe rentaf
$1.25 per pair
Snacks
$2.80 per person
If ea ch p erso n bow ls th e sam e n u m b er o f

gam es, w hat are th e possible n u m bers of
gam es ea ch c a n bowl? How does your answ er
ch an g e if Jared 's paren ts d ecid e to pay at m ost
$100? E xplain.
8. At a used b ook sale, ea ch hard cover co sts $2
and ea ch p ap erb ack co sts $1. C arol bought
15 b ooks as g ifts for $21. How m an y m ore
p ap erb ack s th a n hard covers did she buy?
/a s li/y e a ch step o f your solution.
9. A p ica is a u n it o f m easu re th a t eq u als one sixth
o f a n in ch . W h at is th e area, in squ are in ch es,
o f a re cta n g le th a t is 9 p icas long and 8 picas
w ide? D escribe th e m eth o d you used to find th e
answ er.
10. T h e volum e V o f a re cta n g u la r prism w ith a
squ are b a se is given by V = s^b w here b is th e
h eight an d s is th e len g th o f one side of
th e base.
s
Suppose su ch a prism h as a volum e o f
1000 cu b ic ce n tim eters. C hoose th ree possible
values o f s and find th e co rresp o n d in g values
o f b. Is th ere a m ax im u m value th a t s c a n have?
Explain.
STATE TEST PRACTICE

d asszon e.co m
MULTIPLE CHOKE
GR!DDED ANSW ER
11. W h ich graph rep resen ts th e soiu tion o f th e

in eq u ality 2% - 7 < 11?
13. W h at is th e vaiue o f th e expression

(-2 )^ - (4 - 5)?
(g )
------ 1-----1
( B)
1 4
------ 1-- ! t6
14. A garden sn ail m oves at 0.03 m ile per hour.

W hat is th is sp eed in in ch es per second?
1 -^
1 I-------10
11
15. W hat is th e absolu te value o f th e expression

2% + 5y w hen x = 3 an d y = - 3 ?
12
------1----I---------1 ^
(g )
(g )
- * -4
-3 x - 6 =
t ^ I
8
12. W h ich eq u atio n h as

(A )
10
(C ) 5 - x = 1 0
10
16. W hat is th e solu tion o f th e eq u ation

- f - t - 12 = 5 f + 3?
5
I
11
I -* -
17. If 5x - 7 < 7x + 5, th e n w hat is th e greatest

possible value o f - 3 x + 2?
12
- 5 as a soiution?
( B ) 1.5 + 3x =
-1 4 .5
(g) - 9 x = - 4 5
18. W hat is a solu tion o f th e absolu te value

eq u atio n ] x + 5 1 = 15 - 3x?
19. W hat is th e g reatest value o f x for w hich
l 2 x - 5l < 7 ?
EXTENDED RESPONSE
20.
The m elting p oin ts and b o ilin g p oints o f lith iu m , ca rb o n , n itrogen , oxygen,

and m agn esiu m are show n, to th e n ea rest degree.
Li
Mg
Melting point PC)
3500
-218
Melting point (F)
357
-3 4 6
1202
Boiling point (C)
1347
-196
1107
Boiling point (F)
8721
-2 9 7
a. Copy th e table. U se th e form ula E =
+ 32 to con v ert th e C elsius
tem peratures in th e table to F ah ren h eit tem p eratu res. R ecord th e results.
b. Rew rite th e form ula so th a t it gives th e C elsius tem p eratu re in term s o f th e
F ah ren h eit tem p eratu re. /a sfi/y ea ch step.
c. Use th e rew ritten form ula to convert th e F a h ren h eit tem p eratu res in th e
table to C elsius tem p eratu res. R ecord th e results.
21.
A b a se b a ll p itcher's earn ed ru n average (ERA) c a n b e ca lcu la ted using th is

form ula: ERA = 9 * earn ed ru n s
in n in g s pitched.
a. D uring one season, Jo h an S a n ta n a gave up 66 ea rn ed ru n s in 228 in n in g s
pitched. To th e n earest h un d red th, w hat w as h is ERA?
b. A fter p itch ing 2296 in n in gs, Pedro M artin ez had a ca reer ERA o f 2.71. W rite
an d solve an eq u atio n to find th e n u m b er o f ea rn ed ru n s he allow ed in
th o se in n in gs. E xplain why th ere are tw o possible answ ers.
c. A pitcher who ex p ects to p itch 200 in n in g s in a sea so n w ants h is ERA to be
less th a n 4.00. W rite and solve an in eq u a lity to find th e possible n u m bers
o f earn ed ru n s he c a n allow. E xplain how you n eed to round your answ er.
69
Linear Equations
and Functions
2.1
R e p r e s e n t R e la tio n s a n d F u n c n tm g
2 .2 Find S io p e a n d R a te o f C h a n g e
2 .3 G rap h E q u a tio n s o f L in es
2 .4 W rite E q u a tio n s o f L in es
2 .5
M o d e! D ire c t V a ria tio n
2 .6
D ra w S c a t t e r P !o ts a n d B e s t F ittin g L in es
2 .7
U se A b s o iu te V a tu e F u n c tio n s a n d T r a n s f o r m a ti o n s
2 .8
G rap h L in e a r !n e q u a !itie s in T w o V a ria b !e s
In Chapter 1, you learned the following skills, w hich you'll use in C hapter 2:
evaluating algebraic expressions, solving linear equations, and rewriting equations.
Prerequisite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
Copy and com p lete the statem en t.
1. A lin ear eq u ation in one variable is an equation that can b e w ritten in the
form ? where a and h are constants and a + 0.
2. The absolute value o f a real num ber is the d istance the nu m ber is from
a num ber line.
SK!LLS CHECK
Evaluate the expression for the given value of x. (Review p. 10 /o r 2.1.)
3.
-2(x+l)w henx=-5
4. l l x - 1 4 w h e n x = - 3
5.
x^ + x + 1 w hen x = 4
6. x^ 3x + 7 w hen x = 1
Solve the equation. Check y ou r solution. (Reviewp. ?8 /o r 2.3.)

7.
5x- 2 = 8
8. - 6 x - 10 = 20
Solve the equation for y. (Review p. 2 6 /o r 2.4.)

10.
2x + 3 y = 6
11. - x - y = 1 0
@ M M n e 7 t ifo r Prerequisite skiiis practice at dasszone.com
9. -
N on/
In Chapter 2, you will apply the big ideas listed below and reviewed in the
Chapter Sum m ary on page 140. You will also use the key vocabulary listed below.
Big ideas
Representing reiations and functions
Graphing iinear equations and inequaiities in two variabies
Writing iinear equations and inequaiities in two variabies
KEY VOCABULARY
* domain, range, p. 72
- function, p. 73
- linear function, p. 75
- slope, p. 82
- rate of change, p. 85
- parent function, p. 89
y-intercept,p. 89
slope-intercept form, p. 90
x-intercept,p. 97
' point-siope form, p. 98
direct variation, p. 707
correiation coefficient, p. 774
' best-fitting line, p. 774

absolute value function,
p. 725
' transformation, p. 723
' linear inequaiity in two
variables, p. 732
You can use rates o f change to find linear m odels. For exam ple, you can use an
average rate o f change to m odel distance traveled as a function o f time.
âiH!aisgA!gebra
The anim ation illustrated below for Exercise 44 on page 111 helps you answ er this
question: If a w hale m igrates at a given rate, how far will it travel in different periods
o f time?
i! M )
Gray w ha les migrate from M e xic o 's Baja

Peninsula to w a te rs near Alaska.
Change the time elapsed to find how far

the w ha le s have traveled.
A l g e b r a at classzone. com
O ther anim ations for C hapter 2 : p ag es 7 3 , 8 6 , 9 0 , 9 5 , 9 8 , 1 0 2 , 1 0 7 , 1 1 5 , 133,

and 1 4 0
1 Represent Relations
and Functions
You will represent relations and graph linear functions.
So you can model ch an g es in elevation, a s in Ex. 4 8 .
Key Vocabulary
A relation is a mapping, or p airin g, o f input values w ith output values. T h e set o f

input values is th e d om ain, and th e set o f output values is th e range.
* relation
* dom ain
* ran ge
* fu n ction
* eq u ation in two
variab les
* lin e a r fu n ction
KEY CONCEPT
Representing Relations
A relation can be represen ted in th e follow ing ways.
Ordered Pairs
Table
(- 2 , 2)
(- 2 , - 2)
(0, 1)
(3, 1)
EXAMPLE 1
Mapping Diagram
Graph
y
-2
-2
-2
'y
input
Output
' -2 '
' -2 '
0 \
R e p re se n t retation s
C onsider th e relation given by th e ordered p airs ( - 2 , - 3 ) , ( - 1 ,1 ) , (1, 3), (2, - 2 ) ,

and (3, 1).
a. Id entify th e d om ain and range.
b. R epresent th e relation using a graph and a m apping diagram .
Soiution
a. The d om ain co n sists o f all th e x -co o rd in a te s: - 2 , - 1 , 1, 2, and 3.
The range co n sists o f all th e y -co o rd in a tes: - 3 , - 2 , 1, an d 3.
For help with plotting

points in a coordinate
plane, see p. 987.
Mapping Diagram
b. Graph
'y
input
3 ^
72
Chapter 2
Output
REVIEW GRAPHING
>
>
3)
FUNCTIONS A fu n ction is a relation for w h ich ea ch in p u t h as exactly one output.

If any input o f a relation has m ore th a n one output, th e relatio n is not a fu n ctio n .
!dentify functions
EXAMPLE 2
Teil w h eth er th e relatio n is a fu n ction . E xp lain ,

AVOID ERRORS
A relation can map

more than one input
onto the same output
and stiii be a function.
a.
input
Output
b.
input
- 2 -
-1 -.
a --4
3 --1
^ 3
i =:
2 ^
d
Output
^ -4
4 -
2
3
Solu tion
a. T h e relation is a fu n ctio n b ec a u se ea ch in p ut is m apped onto exactly
o n e output.
b. T he relation is not a fu n ctio n b eca u se th e inp ut 1 is m apped onto b o th
- 1 an d 2.
< ^ !!!n M I s a A l g e b r a
at classzone.com
CutDED PRACTICE
1. C onsider th e relatio n given by th e ordered pairs ( - 4 , 3), ( - 2 , 1), (0, 3), (1, - 2 ) ,
and ( - 2 , - 4 ) .
a. Identify th e d o m ain and range.
b. R epresent th e relatio n using a tab le and a m apping diagram .
2. Tell w h eth er th e relation
is a fu n ctio n . Explain.
-2
-1
-4
-4
-4
-4
-4
VERTICAL LINE TEST You ca n use th e graph o f a relation to d eterm in e w h eth er it

is a fu n ctio n by applying th e nerficai line test.
KEY CONCEPT
REVIEW LOGICAL
STATEMENTS
For hetp with "if and

only if statements, see
p. 1002.
Vertical Line Test

A relation is a fu n ctio n if and only if no v ertica l lin e in tersects th e graph o f th e
relation at m ore th a n one point.
Function
Not a function
2.1
Represent Reiations and Functions
Use the vertica) tine test

BASKETBALL The first graph beiow plots average points per gam e versus age at
th e end o f th e 2 0 0 3 -2 0 0 4 NBA regu lar sea so n for th e 8 m em b ers o f the M in n esota
T im berw olves w ith th e hig h est averages. T h e seco n d graph piots average
points per gam e versus age for one team m em ber, Kevin G arn ett, over his
first 9 season s. Are th e reiatio n s show n by th e graphs fu n ctio n s? Explain.
Timberwolves
Kevin G arnett
30
30
a) 20
O!
tc
a) 10
<C
o 20
os
to
<>E 10
<
READiNG GRAPHS
The zigzag symbol on
the horizontal axis of
each graph indicates
that vaiues of x were
skipped.
0 26
28
30
32
Age (years)
34 *
0 20
22
24
26
Age (years)
28
Solution
T he team graph does not rep resen t a fu n ctio n b eca u se v ertical lin es at x = 28
and v = 29 each in tersect th e graph at m ore th a n o n e point. T h e graph for Kevin
G arnett does represent a fu n ctio n b eca u se no v ertical line in tersects th e graph at
m ore t han one point.
GtHDED PRACTKE
for E xam p le 3
3. WHAT IF? In Exam ple 3, suppose th a t Kevin G arn ett averages 24.2 p oin ts
per gam e in h is ten th sea so n as he did in h is n in th . If th e relation given by
the seco n d graph is revised to include th e ten th season , is th e relation still a
fu n ctio n ? Exp/am .
EQUATIONS <N TWO VARtABLES M any fu n ctio n s ca n be d escribed by an eq u ation

in two variables, su ch as y = 3x - 5. Th e inp ut v ariable (in th is case, x) is called
th e independent variab le. T h e output v ariable (in th is case, y) is called the
dependent variab le b ecau se its value depends on th e value o f th e input variable.
An ordered p air (x, y) is a soiution o f an eq u atio n in tw o v ariab les if su b stitu tin g
x and y in th e eq u ation prod uces a tru e statem en t. For exam ple, (2, 1) is a solution
o fy = 3x - 5 b ecau se 1 = 3(2) - 5 is true. Th e grap h o f an eq u atio n in two
variables is th e set o f all p oin ts (x, y) th a t rep resen t solu tion s o f th e eq u atio n .
KEY CONCEPT
/w -
Graphing Equations in Two Variabies

To graph an eq u ation in tw o variab les, follow th e se steps:
.ffRP 7
Construct a table o f values.

Plot enough points from th e table to reco g n iz e a pattern .
Connect th e p oin ts w ith a lin e or a curve.
74
Chapter 2
Graph an equation in two variabies
EXAMPLE 4
G raph th e e q u a tio n y = - 2 % - 1.
S oiu tion
^7<fP 7
Construct a t a b l e o f v a lu e s .
F7BPF
-2
-1
-1
-3
-5
Piot th e poin ts. N otice th a t th ey ali he on a lin e.
F71FP<? Connect th e p oin ts w ith a line.
READtNG
T h e p aren th eses in
/(x) do not indicate
multiplication. The
sy m b o l/(x) d o es not
m ean y tim es x."
UNEAR FUNCTIONS The fu n ctio n y = - 2 x - 1 in Exam ple 4 is a iin e a r fu n ction

b eca u se it c a n be w ritten in th e form y = nrx + & w here m an d & are co n stan ts.
T he graph o f a lin ear fu n ctio n is a line. By ren a m in g y a s /(x ), you ca n w rite
y = m x + & using fu n ction n otation .
y = mx + &
Linear function in x-y notation
/(x ) = m x + &
Linear function in function notation
T he n o ta tio n /(x ) is read "th e value o f / a t x," or sim ply " / o f x," and id en tifies x as
th e ind epen d ent v ariable. Th e d o m ain co n sists o f a ll values o f x for w h ic h /(x ) is
defined. T he range co n sists o f all values o f/(x ) w here x is in th e d om ain o f / .
Oassify and evatuate functions
EXAMPLE 5
Tell w h eth er th e fu n ction is iin ear. Then evaiu ate th e fu n ction w hen x = - 4 .
a. /(x ) = -x ^ - 2x + 7
b. g(x) = 5x + 8
Soiution
a. T he f u n c tio n / is n o t lin e a r b eca u se it h as an x^-term .
/(x ) = - x ^ - 2 x + 7
Write function.
/( - 4 ) = - ( - 4 ) 2 - 2 (-4 ) + 7
= -1
REPRESENT
FUNCTtONS
Letters oth er th a n y
such as ^ or /l, can also
nam e functions.
Substitute - 4 f o r x .
Simpiify.
b. T h e fu n ctio n g is lin e a r b eca u se it h as th e form g(x) = m x + h.

g(x) = 5x + 8
g (4) = 5 ( 4) + 8
= -1 2
GutDED PRACTtCE
Write function.
Substitute 4 fo rx .
Simpiify.
4. G r a p h t h e e q u a t i o n y = 3 x 2.
Teii w h eth er th e fu n ction is lin ear. Then evaiu ate th e fu n ction w hen x = - 2 .
5. /(x ) = x - 1 - x^
6. g(x) = - 4 - 2x
2.1
Represent Relations and Functions
DOMAINS !N REAL LIFE In Exam ple 5, th e d om ain o f ea ch fu n ctio n is ail real

nu m bers b ecau se th ere is an output for every re a l n u m b er x. In real life, you m ay
need to re strict th e d om ain so th a t it is reason ab le in th e given situation.
Use a fu n ctio n in rea) tife

DiViNG A diver using a Diver Propulsion V ehicle (DPV)
d escend s to a depth o f 130 feet. T he pressure P (in
atm osp heres) on th e diver is given by P(d) = 1 + 0.03cf
w here d is th e d epth (in feet). G raph th e fu n ctio n , and
d eterm in e a reason ab le d om ain and range. W hat is th e
p ressure on th e diver at a d epth o f 33 feet?
Soiution
The graph o f P(<%) is show n. B ecau se th e d epth
varies from 0 feet to 130 feet, a reason ab le
d om ain is 0 < d < 130.
Pressu re on a Diver
The m in im u m value o f P(d) is P (0 ) = 1, an d th e

m axim u m value o f P(d) is P(130) = 4.9. So, a
reason able range is 1 < P(<%) < 4.9.
! F At a d epth o f 33 feet, th e p ressu re on th e diver
is P (33) = 1 + 0.03(33) = 2 atm osp h eres, w hich
you ca n verify from th e graph.
GutDED PRACTKE
Depth (ft)
for E xam p ie 6
7. OCEAN EXPLORATION In 1960, th e d eep -sea vessel 7rieste d escen d ed to an

estim ated d epth o f 35,800 feet. D eterm in e a reason ab le d om ain and range o f
th e fu n ctio n P(d) in Exam ple 6 for th is trip.
2.1 EXERCtSES
HOMEWORK
KEY

Exs. 2 ,9 ,2 0 ,2 4 ,4 0 ,4 6 , and 49
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Gopv and com p lete: In th e eq u atio n v = x + 5. x is th e

variable and y is th e ? variable.
2. * WRITING Describe how to find th e d om ain an d ran ge o f a relation given by

a set o f ordered pairs.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 72
for Exs. 3 - 9
REPRESENTiNG RELATIONS Identify th e d om ain an d ran g e of th e given relatio n .

Then rep resen t th e relation using a g rap h and a m ap p in g d ia g ra m .
4.
(5, - 2 ) , ( - 3 , - 2 ) , (3, 3), ( - 1 , - 1 )
( 6 , - 1 ) , ( - 2 , - 3 ) , (1, 8), ( - 2 , 5 )
6.
( - 7 ,4 ) , ( 2 , - 5 ) , ( 1 , - 2 ) , ( - 3 , 6)
( j ) ( 5 , 20), (10, 20), (15, 30), (20, 30)
8.
(4, - 2 ) , (4, 2), (16, - 4 ) , (16, 4)
3.
5.
76
Chapter 2
( - 2 , 3 ) , (1,2), ( 3 , - 1 ) , ( - 4 , - 3 )
9. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e d om ain o f th e reiatio n given by th e ordered pairs

( - 4 , 2), ( - 1 , - 3 ) , (1, 4), (1, - 3 ) , and (2 ,1 )?
(g )
- 3 , 1, 2, and 4
(g)
- 4 , - 1 , 1 , and 2
(C )
- 4 , - 3 , -l,and 2
( D)
- 4 , - 3 , - 1 , 1 , 2 , and 4
10.
input
Output
IDENTIFYING FUNCTIONS Tell w h eth er th e relatio n is a fu n ctio n . E x p la in .
on p. 73
for Exs. 10-20
-5
EXAMPLE 2
input
Output
2
-3
7 -
11.
12.
13.
input
[nput
Output
-h
-4-
*-1
0 -
2 ^
^- 3
4^
Output
^ti(h
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o r r e c t th e e rro r in th e stu d en t's w ork.
14.
15.
The relation given by the ordered
pairs ( 4, 2), ( 1, 5), (3, 6 ), and
(7, 2) is not a function because
&
the inputs 4 and 7 are both

mapped to the output 2.
The reiation given by the tabie is
a function because there is only

one value of x for each value of y.
IDENTIFYING FUNCTiONS Teil w h eth er th e reiatio n is a fu n ction . E xp lain .

16. (3, - 2 ) , (0, 1), (1, 0), ( - 2 , - 1 ) , (2, - 1 )
18. (0, 1), (1, 0), (2, 3), (3, 2), (4, 4)
(2, - 5 ) , ( - 2 , 5), ( - 1 , 4), ( - 2 , 0), (3, - 4 )
19. ( -1 , - 1 ) , (2, 5), (4, 8), ( - 5 , - 9 ) , ( -1 , - 5 )
20. fir MULTIPLE CHOKE T h e reiatio n given by th e ordered p airs ( - 6 , 3), ( - 2 , 4),
(1, 5), and (4, 0) is a fu n ctio n . W h ich ordered p air c a n b e in clu d ed w ith th is
reiation to form a new relatio n th at is also a fu n ctio n ?
(g )
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 74
(1,-5)
(g )
(6,3)
(S)
(-2,19)
(g)
(4, 4)
VERTICAL LINE TEST Use th e v e rtica l lin e test to tell w h eth er th e relatio n is
a fu n ction .
24. -ft SHORT RESPONSE E xplain why a relatio n is n o t a fu n c tio n if a v ertica l lin e
in tersects th e graph o f th e relatio n m ore th a n once.
EXAMPLE 4
GRAPHING EQUATIONS G raph th e eq u ation .
on p. 75
for Exs. 2 5 -3 3
25. y = x + 2
26. y = - x + 5
27. y = 3 x + 1
28. y = 5x - 3
29. y = 2 x - 7
30. y = - 3 x + 2
31. y = - 2 x
32. y = Y *
33. y
^ = - ^4x - 1
2.1
R epresent Relations and Functions
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 75
for Exs. 3 4 -3 9
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS Tell w h eth er th e fu n ction is iin ear. Then evalu ate th e
fu n ction for th e given vaiue of x.
34.
/(x ) = x + 1 5 ;/( 8 )
35. /(x ) = x^ + l ; / ( - 3 )
36.
/(x ) = lx[ + 1 0 ; / ( - 4 )
3 7 ./ ( x ) = 6 ; / ( 2 )
38.
g(x) = x^ - 2x^ + 5x - 8; g ( - 5 )
39. h(x) = 7 - ^ x ; h ( 1 5 )
40. *A* SHORT RESPONSE W h ich, if any, o f th e relatio n s d escrib ed by the

eq u a tio n sy = Ixl, x = lyl, and lyl = [x] represen t fu n ctio n s? Explain.
41. CHALLENGE L e t / b e a fu n ctio n such t h a t / ( a + h) = / ( a ) + /(h ) for ail real
num bers <2 and h. Show t h a t /( 2 a ) = 2 - /( a ) and th a t /( 0 ) = 0.
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 74
for Exs. 42 -4 3
42. BKYCUNG T he graph shows th e ages o f th e top

th ree fin ish ers in th e Mt. W ash in gton Auto Road
Bicycie H iliciim b each year from 2002 th rou gh
2004. Do th e ordered pairs (age, fin ish in g piace)
represent a fu n ctio n ? Explain.
0
43. BASEBALL T he graph shows th e n u m b er of

gam es started and th e nu m ber o f w ins for each
startin g pitcher on a b ase b all te a m during a
regu lar season. Do th e ordered pairs (starts, w ins)
represent a fu n ctio n ? Explain.
@ M )m e7 M (W
20
22
24
Age (years)
y
g 10
5
5
0 L'h
0 15 18 21 24 27 30 33 x
Starts
44. ( 3 GEOMETRY T h e volum e V o f a cu b e w ith edge len gth s is given by the

function V(s) =
(45)
Find V(4). E xplain w hat V(4) represen ts.
GEOMETRY T he volum e V o f a sphere w ith radius r is given by the

function V(r) = (j-zrP. Find V(6). E xplain w hat V(6) represen ts.
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 76
for Exs. 4 6 -4 8
46. * SHORT RESPONSE For th e period 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 4 , th e average n u m b er o f

acres re (in th ou san d s), used to grow w aterm elon s in th e U nited States ca n
be m odeled by th e fu n ctio n nr(i) = - 6 .2 6 7 + 172 w here 7 is th e n u m b er of
years sin ce 1999. D eterm in e a reason ab le d om ain and range for M/(7). Explain
th e m eanin g o f th e range.
47. MULT!-STEP PROBLEM A nthropologists ca n estim a te a person's height
from th e length o f ce rta in bon es. T h e height h (in in ch es) o f a n adult
h u m an fem ale ca n be m odeled by th e fu n ctio n h (f) = 1.95f + 28.7 w here
f is th e length (in in ch es) o f th e fem ur, or th igh b o n e. T he fu n ctio n is valid
for fem ur length s b etw een 15 in ch es and 24 in ch es, inclusive.
a. Graph the fu n ctio n , and d eterm in e a reason ab le d om ain and range.
b. Suppose a fem ale's fem ur is 15.5 in ch es long. A bout how ta ll w as she?
c. If an an th ro p o lo gist estim a tes a fem ale's h eight as 5 feet 11 in ch es,
about how long is her femur?
Q = WORKED OUT SOLUT!ONS
78
on p. WS1
=STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
26 x
48. MOUNTAIN CLIMBING A clim b er on M ount

R ain ier in W ashin gton hik es from an elevation
o f 5400 feet above sea level to Cam p Muir,
w hich has an elevation o f 10,100 feet. T he
elevation h (in feet) as th e clim b er ascen d s
ca n be m odeled by h(f) = 10001 + 5400 w here
f is th e tim e (in hours). G raph th e fu n ctio n ,
and d eterm in e a reason ab le d o m ain an d range.
W hat is th e clim b er's elevation a fter hik in g
3.5 hours?
49. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e tab le shows
th e pop u lation s o f several states and th eir
electo ral votes in th e 2004 and 2 0 0 8 U.S.
presid en tial electio ns. T he figures are b ased
on U.S. cen su s d ata for th e y ear 2000.
a. Identify th e dom ain and range o f the
relation given by th e ordered p airs (p, tt).
b. Is th e relation from p art (a) a fu n ctio n ?
E x p lain .
c. Is th e relation given by th e ordered pairs
(n, p) a fu n ctio n ? Explain.
50.
Population
(millions), p
Electoral
votes, v
California
33.87
55
Fiorida
15.98
27
iliinois
12.42
21
New York
18.98
31
Ohio
11.35
20
Pennsylvania
12.28
21
Texas
20.85
34
State
CHALLENGE T h e table show s ground

shipping ch arges for an o n lin e re ta il store.
a. Is th e shipping co st a fu n ctio n o f the
m erch an d ise cost? Explain.
b. Is th e m erch an d ise co st a fu n ctio n o f th e
shipping cost? Explain.
Merchandise cost
Shipping cost
$.01-$30.00
$4.50
$30.01-$60.00
$7.25
$60.01-$100.00
$9.50
Over $100.00
$12.50
MIXED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 2.2
in Exs. 51-54.
E valu ate th e exp ression for th e given valu es o f x and y. (p. 10)
51.
y 3 ,
,
r w hen x = 6 and y = 2
x - 4
52.
y
x - 2
53.
y - (-5 )
j w hen x = 3 and y =
54.
24 - y
w hen x = 17 and y =
15 - x
Solve the eq u ation . C heck y o u r solution, (p. 18)

55. 3x + 16 = 31
56. - 4 x - 7 = 17
57. 5x + 12 = - 3 x - 4
58. 5 - 8z = 25 + 4z
59. ^ (3 n - 4) = 30
60. 6(4m + 1) = 1 .5 (8 ^ + 18)
Solve the inequality. Then grap h the solution, (p. 41)

61. 2 x - 6 > f
62. T x + 7 > o
4
63. 15 - 2 x < 7
64. 4 - x < 3
65. 7 < 6x 1 < 5
66. x 2 < 1 or 4x + 3 > 19
EXTRA PRACT!CE for Lesson
2.1, p. 1011
ONL!NE QUtZ at classzone.com
79
Use Discrete and Continuous

Functions
GOAL Graph and dassify discrete and continuous functions.
Key Vocabuiary
*d iscrete function
*con tin u ou s function
The graph o f a fu n ctio n m ay co n sist o f discrete, or sep arate and u n co n n ected ,

p oin ts in a plane. T he graph o f a fu n ctio n m ay a lso b e a condnMOMS, or u nbroken,
lin e or cu rve or p art o f a lin e or curve.
KEY CONCEPT
Discrete and Continuous Functions
The graph o f a d iscrete fu n ction
co n sists o f sep arate points.
( EXAMPLE 1
T h e graph o f a co n tin u ou s fu n ction

is unbroken.
Graph and dassify functions
Graph th e fu n ction / ( x ) = 0 .5 x + 1 for th e given d om ain . C lassify th e fu n ction

as d i s c r e t e o r confiH M O M S for th e d om ain . Th en identify th e ran ge.
a.
D o m a i n : x = - 2 , 0, 2, 4
b. D om ain : x > - 3
Soiu tion
a. M ake a table using th e x-values
in th e dom ain.
X
-2
T he graph co n sists o f sep arate

points, so th e fu n ctio n is d iscrete.
I t s r a nge i s O, 1, 2, 3.
80
Chapter 2
b.
Note th a t/fx ) is a lin ea r fu n ctio n

defin ed for x > - 3 , and th at
/ ( - 3 ) = - 0 .5 . So, th e graph is
th e ray w ith en d poin t ( - 3 , - 0 .5 )
th a t p asses th rou g h all th e p o in ts
from th e ta b le in p a rt (a).
T he graph is u nbroken, so the

fu n ctio n is co n tin u ou s. Its range
isy>-0.5.
EXAMPLE 2
G raph an d d a ss ify re a !-w o r)d fu n ctio n s
W rite an d grap h th e fu n ctio n d escrib ed . D eterm in e th e d om ain and

ran g e. Then teil w h eth er th e fu n ctio n is discrete o r confinMOMS.
a. A stud ent group is sellin g ch o co la te b ars for $2 each . T h e fu n ctio n /(x )
gives th e am o u n t o f m on ey co llected a fter sellin g x ch o co la te bars.
b. A low -flow show er head releases 1.8 g allon s o f w ater per m inu te. T he
fu n ctio n V(x) gives th e volum e o f w ater released a fter x m inu tes.
S oiu tion
a. T h e fu n ctio n is /(x ) = 2x. T h e first four p o in ts o f
th e graph o f/(x ) are show n. Only w hole ch o colate
b ars ca n be sold, so th e d om ain is th e set o f w hole
n u m bers 0, 1, 2, 3 ,
From th e graph, you ca n see
th at th e range is 0, 2, 4, 6 ,
T h e graph co n sists o f
sep arate points, so th e fu n ctio n is d iscrete.
b. T h e fu n c tio n is V(x) = 1.8.x. You c a n ru n th e show er

any n onnegativ e am o u n t o f tim e, so th e d o m ain is
x > 0. From th e graph, you c a n see th at th e range
is y > 0. T he graph is unbroken, so th e fu n ctio n is
co n tin u ou s.
PRACTKE
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 80
for Exs. 1-4
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 81
for Exs. 5 -8
G raph th e fu n ction for th e given d om ain . C lassify th e fu n ction as d iscrete o r

T hen identify th e ra n g e o f th e fu n ction .
co n fiw H O M S .
1.
y = 2x + 3; d om ain : - 2 , - 1 , 0, 1, 2
2.
/(x ) = 0 .5 x - 4; d om ain : - 4 , - 2 , 0, 2 ,4
3.
y = - 3 x + 9; d om ain : x < 5
4.
/(x ) = ^ x + 6; d om ain : x > - 6
W rite and grap h th e fu n ctio n d escrib ed . D eterm in e th e d om ain an d ran ge.

T hen teii w h eth er th e fu n ction is discrete o r cowtinMons.
5. A m and a w alks at an average sp eed o f 3.5 m iles per hour. T h e fu n c tio n d(x)
gives th e d ista n ce (in m iles) A m and a w alks in x hours.
6. A token to ride a subway co sts $1.25. T he fu n ctio n s(x) gives th e co st o f riding
th e subw ay x tim es.
7. A fam ily h as 3 g allons o f m ilk delivered every Thursday. T h e fu n c tio n m(x)
gives th e to tal am o u n t o f m ilk th a t is delivered to th e fam ily a fter x w eeks.
8. Steel cab le th at is ^ in ch in d iam eter w eighs 0 .24 pou nd per foot. T he
function ta(x) gives th e w eight o f x feet o f steel cab le.
9. On a n u m b er lin e, th e signed distance from a n u m b er a to a n u m b er & is given
by & - a. T h e fu n ctio n d(x) gives th e signed d ista n ce from 3 to any n u m b er x.
Extension: Use Discrete and Continuous Functions
81
**) **) Find Siope and

Rate of Change
You graphed iinear functions.
You wit! find slopes of iines and rates of change.
So you can mode! growth rates, as in Ex. 4 6.
Key Vocabuiary
h-
*siope
*p araiie!
K EY CONCEPT
A?/-
^ Siope of a Line
Words
Aigebra
EXAMPLE 1
rise
.___ % " T i
Graph
s
^1
1 T he siop e m o f a
' non verticai iin e is
th e ratio o f vertica)
' ch an g e (the rise) to
1 horizon tai chan ge
^ (the rMH).
- r e c ip ro c a l p. 4
' p erp en d icu iar

*ra te of change
<
run
'y
X2 -
rise
t
siope
/2 -
X,
f2 )
kl
xi,y,i
Find siope in rea! iife
SKATEBOARDiNG A skateb oard ram p h as a rise o f

15 in ch es and a run o f 54 in ch es. W hat is its siope?
rise = 15 in.
run = 54 in.
Soiution
stope = I ^ = ^ = ^ run
54
18
^ T he siope o f th e ram p is
EXAMPLE 2
18*
W hat is th e siope of th e iine p assin g th ro u g h th e p oin ts (1, 3) an d (2, 1)?

(!)
(S
Soiution
AVOiD ERRORS
Let ( x ^ y ^ = ( - 1 , 3) and (x^.y^) = (2, - i ) .
When calculating siope,

be sure to subtract the
x- and y-coordinates in
a consistent order.
82
Chapter 2
% -yi
x.
*2
- 1 -3
"'I
( - 1)
H h e co rrect answ er is A. <3) (g) (E> (B)
GLHDED PRACTICE
1. WHAT )F? In E xam ple 1, suppose th a t th e rise o f th e ram p is ch an ged to

12 in ch es w ithou t ch an g in g th e run. W h at is th e slope o f th e ram p?
2. W hat is th e slope o f th e line passin g th rou gh th e p o in ts ( - 4 , 9) and ( - 8 , 3)?
(A) -
() - j
(S)
(B)
F in d th e slo p e o f th e lin e p a ssin g th ro u g h th e g iv en p o in ts.

3. (0, 3), (4, 8)
4. ( - 5 , 1), (5, - 4 )
5. ( - 3 , - 2 ) , (6, 1)
KEY CONCEPT
6. (7, 3), ( - 1 , 7)
/T V
Classification of Lines by Siope

T h e slope o f a lin e in d ica tes w h eth er th e lin e rises from le ft to right, falls from
left to right, is horizon tal, or is v ertical.
READING
A vertica! line has
"undefined slope"
b ecau se for any two
points, the siope
form uia's d en om inator
b eco m es 0, and division
Negative slope
Falls from
left to right
Positive slope
R ises from
left to right
by 0 is undefined.
Zero slope
H orizontal
Undefined slope
V ertical
Ciassifyiines using siope

W ith o u t g ra p h in g , tell w h e th e r th e lin e th ro u g h th e g iv en p o in ts rises, ybiis,
is h o rizo n fu i, o r is o erficai.
b. ( -
1)- (3, 1)
Soiutioni
a. m =
1- 1
3 - (-5 ) = =
b. m =
-4 -0
_ -4 _
8
2 - 1-6)
Because m < 0, the line falls.
c. m =
8 -3
_ 5
6
5 - (-1 )
Because m > 0, the line rises.
d. m =
- 1 - 6 _. - 7
4 -4
0
Because m is undefined, the line is vertical.
CuiDED PRACTICE
Because m = 0, the line is horizontal.
for E xam p le 3
W ith o u t g ra p h in g , tell w h e th e r th e lin e th ro u g h th e g iv en p o in ts rises, îziis,

is h o rizo n ta l, o r is oerticui.
7.
( - 4 , 3), (2, - 6 )
8. (7, 1), (7, - 1 )
9. (3, - 2 ) , (5, - 2 )
2 .2
10. (5, 6), (1, - 4 )
Find Slope and Rate o f Change
83
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR UNES R ecall th a t tw o lin es in a p lan e are

p arallel if th ey do not in tersect. Two lin es in a p lan e are p e rp e n d icu la r if th ey
in tersect to form a right angle.
Slope can be used to d eterm in e w h ether two d ifferen t n o n v ertical lin es are
p arallel or p erpend icu lar.
K EY CONCEPT
/w *
Slopes of Parallel and Perpendicular Lines

C onsider two d ifferent n o n v ertical lin es
and ^ w ith slopes
and
Parallel Lines T he lin es are p arallel if and only if

th ey have th e sam e slope.
= nig
P erpen dicular Lines T h e lin es are p erp en d icu lar if

and only if th e ir slopes are negative recip ro ca ls o f
each other.
1
m, = - , or
EXAMPLE
= -1
Classify p arallel an d p erp en d icu lar lines
Tell w h eth er th e lines a re p a ra lle l, p erp en d icu lar, o r neither.

a.
Line 1: throu gh ( - 2 , 2) and (0, - 1 )

Line 2: throu gh ( - 4 , - 1 ) and (2, 3)
b. Line 1: th rou gh (1, 2) and (4, - 3 )

Line 2: th rou gh ( - 4 , 3) an d ( - 1 , - 2 )
Solu tion
a.
Find th e slopes o f th e tw o lines.

-1 - 2 _ -3 _
3-1-1)
"* 2 = 2
(-4 )
^1
^ B ecau se n ^ n ^ = - y * ^
"^2
are negative recip ro ca ls o f ea ch other. So, th e

lin es are p erpend icu lar.
b.
Find th e slopes o f th e tw o lin es.

-3 - 2 _ -5 _
4 - 1
3
2 -3
^2
- 1 - ( - 4)
-5
3
^ B ecau se
= nt^ (and th e lin es are different),
you ca n conclu de th a t th e lin es are p arallel.
Chapter 2
GuiDED PRACTKE
for Exam p le 4
Tell w h eth er th e tines a re p a ra lle l, perpendlcM lar, o r neither.

11.
REVIEW RATES
Rem em ber th at a
rote is a ratio o f tw o
quantities th at have
different units.
L in e 1: th rou g h ( - 2 , 8) and (2, - 4 )

Line 2: th rou gh ( - 5 , 1 ) and ( - 2 , 2)
12. L ine 1: th rou gh ( - 4 , - 2 ) and (1, 7)

Line 2: th rou gh ( - 1 , - 4 ) and (3, 5)
RATE OF CHANGE Slope ca n b e u sed to rep resen t a n average ra te o f ch an ge, or

how m u ch one q u an tity ch an g es, on average, relative to th e ch an g e in an o th er
quantity. A slope th a t is a real-life rate o f ch an g e involves u n its o f m easu re such
as m iles p er hour or d egrees per day.
EXAMPLE 5
Soive a m u iti-step probiem
FORESTRY Lise th e diagram , w hich illu strates th e grow th o f a g ian t sequoia, to

find th e average rate o f ch an g e in th e d iam eter o f th e seq u o ia over tim e. T hen
p red ict th e sequoia's d iam eter in 2065.
2005
Solution
.Miff 7
Find th e average rate o f change.

. ,
Change in diameter
Average rate of ch an g e = --------- ; ;-------Change m time
= 141 in. - 137 in.
2005 - 1965
4 in.
40 years
= 0.1 in ch per year
FTiffF
Predict th e d iam eter o f th e seq u o ia in 2065.

Find th e n u m b er o f years from 2005 to 2065. M ultiply th is n u m b er by
th e average rate o f ch an g e to find th e to ta l in cre a s e in d iam eter during
th e period 2 0 0 5 -2 0 6 5 .
N um ber o f years = 2065 2 0 0 5 = 6 0
In crea se in d ia m eter = (6 0 years) (0.1 in ch /y ea r) = 6 in ch es
F In 2065, th e d iam eter o f th e sequoia w ill be abou t 141 + 6 = 147 in ch es.
GUIDED PRACTKE
13.
for E xam p le 5
WHAT IF? In E xam ple 5, su ppose th a t th e d ia m eter o f th e seq u o ia is

248 in ch es in 1965 and 251 in ch es in 2 005. Find th e average rate o f ch an ge
in th e diam eter, and u se it to p red ict th e d iam eter in 2105.
2 .2
Find Siope and Rate o f Change
2 2 EXERCiSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
O = WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
onp.W S2forExs. 9,19, and45
^ = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2,17, 35, 36 ,4 4 ,4 5 , and 48
SKiLL PRACTiCE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: T h e ?
of verticai ch an g e to h orizon tai change.
o f a n o n v ertical lin e is th e ratio
2. * WRITING How ca n you use siope to decide w h eth er tw o n o n v ertical lin es

are parallel? w hether tw o n o n v ertical lin es are p erp en d icu lar?
EXAMPLES
2 and 3
on pp. 82-83
for Exs. 3-17
FINDING SLOPE Find th e slope o f th e lin e passing th ro u g h th e given points.

Then teii w hether th e iine rises,/hH s, is h orizo n tai, o r is oerticai.
3. (2, - 4 ) , (4, -1 )
4. (8, 9) , ( - 4 , 3 )
5. (5, 1), ( 8 , - 4 )
6. ( - 3 , - 2 ) , ( 3 , - 2 )
7. ( - 1 , 4 ) , ( 1 , - 4 )
8. ( - 6 , 5), ( - 6 , - 5 )
@ ( - 5 , -4), (-1,3)
10. ( - 3 , 6 ) , ( - 7 ,3 )
t l . ( 4, 4), (4,9)
12. (5, 5), (7,3)
13. (0, - 3 ) , (4, - 3 )
14. ( 1 , - 1 ) , ( - 1 , - 4 )
Algebra
at classzone.c
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in finding th e slope of th e line

passing th rou gh th e given points.
15.
16.
( - 1 . 4 ) , (5 ,1 )
( - 4 , - 3 ) , (2, - 1 )
-1 - ( - 3 ) _
"
-4 -2
5 - (-1 ) _
r=4
17. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is tru e about th e lin e th rou gh (2, - 4 ) and (5, 1)?
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 84
for Exs. 18-23
86
Chapter 2
It falls from left to right.
(B )
(D )
It is v ertical.
It is horizontal.
18. Line 1: throu gh (3, - 1 ) and (6, - 4 )
1 9 J Line 1: th rou gh (1, 5) and (3, - 2 )
Line 2: throu gh ( - 4 , 5) and ( - 2 , 7)
Line 2: th rou gh ( - 3 , 2) and (4, 0)
22.
EXAMPLE 5
(B )
CLASSIFYING LINES Tell w h eth er th e lines a re p a ra iie i, p erp en d icaiar, or

neither.
20.
on p. 85
for Exs. 24-27
(A ) It rises from left to right.
Line 1: throu gh ( -1 , 4) and (2, 5)

Line 2: throu gh ( - 6 , 2) and (0, 4)
21. Line 1: th rou gh (5, 8) and (7, 2)
Line 1: throu gh ( - 3 , 2) and (5, 0)

Line 2: th rou gh ( - 1 , - 4 ) and (3, - 3 )
23. Line 1: th rou gh (1, - 4 ) an d (4, - 2 )
Line 2: th rou gh ( -7 , - 2 ) and ( - 4 , - 1 )

Line 2: th rou gh (8, 1) and (14, 5)
AVERAGE RATE OF CHANGE Find th e average ra te o f ch an ge in y relative to x for

the ord ered p airs. Include u n its of m easu re in y o u r answ er.
24. (2, 12), (5, 30)
x is m easu red in h ou rs an d y is m easu red in dollars
25. (0,11), (3, 50)
x is m easured in g allon s and y is m easu red in m iles
26. (3, 10), (5, 18)
x is m easu red in seco n d s and y is m easu red in feet
27. (1, 8), (7, 20)
x is m easured in seco n d s and y is m easured in m eters
28. REASONtNG T h e Key C on cep t box on page 84 states th a t tin es ^ and ^ m ust
be non vertical. E xp/ant why th is co n d itio n is n ecessary.
FtNDtNG SLOPE Find th e slope of th e iine p assin g th ro u g h th e given points.
29.
30.
- 1 ,^ 4 , 0,
32. ( - 4 .2 , 0.1), ( - 3 .2 , 0.1)
31. 1 - 1 , ^ ) , 1 ^ ,3
4 . - 2 - 4, - 3
33. ( - 0 .3 , 2.2), (1 .7 ,-0 .8 )
34. (3.5, - 2 ) , (4.5, 0.5)
35. * SHORT RESPONSE D oes it m ake a d ifference

w hich two p oints on a iin e you ch o o se w hen fin d in g
th e slope? D oes it m ake a d ifferen ce w hich p o in t is
(x,, y ^ an d w hich point is (x^, y^) in th e form ula for
siope? Support your answ ers using th ree different
pairs o f p oin ts on th e iin e show n.
36. i t OPEN-ENDED MATH Find tw o ad d ition al p o in ts on th e iin e th a t passes
th rou gh (0, 3) and has a siope o f - 4 .
CHALLENGE Find the vaiu e of Ar so th a t th e line th ro u g h th e given p oin ts h as the
given siope. C heck y o u r solution.
37.
(2, - 3 ) and (A;, 7); m = - 2
38.
(0, A:) and (3, 4); m = 1
39.
( - 4 , 2A;) and (A;, - 5 ) ; m = - 1
40.
(2, A;) and (2A;, 2); m = 0.25
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 82
for Exs. 4 1 -4 4
41. ESCALATORS An escaiato r in an airp o rt rises 28 feet over a h o rizo n tal

d istan ce o f 48 feet. W h at is th e siope o f th e escaiator?
@ M M n e 7 a fo r
42. tNCHNE RAILWAY T he D uqu esn e In clin e, a cab ie ca r railway, rises

400 feet over a h o rizo n tal d ista n ce o f 685 feet on its a scen t to an overiook
o f Pittsbu rgh, P ennsylvania. W hat is th e slope o f th e in clin e?
@ A iom e7ufO r
43. ROAD GRADE A road's grade is its siope expressed as a p ercen t. A road rises
195 feet over a h o rizo n tal d ista n ce o f 3 0 0 0 feet. W hat is th e grade o f th e road?
44. * SHORT RESPONSE The d iagram show s a
th re e -se ctio n ram p to a bridge. For a p erson
w alking up th e ram p, each sectio n has the
sam e positive slope. Compare th is slope w ith
th e slope th a t a sin g le -sectio n ram p would
have if it rose d irectly to th e bridge from th e
sam e startin g point. E xp lain th e b en e fits of
a th re e -se ctio n ram p in th is situation.
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 85
for Exs. 4 5 - 4 6
(45^ * MULTIPLE CHOICE Over a 30 day period, th e am o u n t o f propane in a

ta n k th a t stores propane for h eatin g a h o m e d ecrea ses from 4 0 0 g allon s to
214 gallons. W hat is th e average rate o f ch an g e in th e am o u n t o f propane?
($ )
- 6 . 2 gallons per day
(B )
- 6 gallon s per day
(B )
- 0 . 1 6 g a llo n p e r d ay
(D )
6 gallo n s per day
2 .2
Find Siope and Rate o f Change
87
46. BiOLOGY A red sea u rch in grows its

en tire iife, w hich ca n iast 200 years.
T h e diagram gives in fo rm atio n about
th e grow th in th e d iam eter d o f one
red sea u rchin. W hat is th e average
grow th rate o f th is u rch in over th e
given period?
47. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A bu iiding cod e requ ires th e m in im u m slope, or
pitch, o f an asp h alt-sh in g le ro o f to b e a rise o f 3 feet for ea ch 12 feet o f run.
The asp h alt-sh in g le ro o f o f an ap artm en t bu ild in g h as th e d im en sion s
show n.
a. Calculate W hat is th e slope o f th e roof?
b. Interpret D oes th e ro o f satisfy th e bu ilding code?
c. Reasoning If you answ ered "n o " to p art (b), by
how m u ch m ust th e rise be in crea sed to satisfy th e
code? If you answ ered "yes," by how m uch d oes the
rise exceed th e cod e m inim u m ?
48.
EXTENDED RESPONSE Plans for a new w ater slide in an a m u sem en t park

call for th e slide to d escend from a p latform 80 feet tall. T h e slide w ill drop
1 foot for every 3 feet o f h o rizo n tal d istan ce.
a. W hat h o rizo n tal d ista n ce do you cover w hen d escen d in g th e slide?
b. Use th e P yth ago rean th eo rem to find th e len gth o f th e slide.
c. E ngineers decide to sh orten th e slide h o rizo n tally by 5 feet to allow for
a w ider w alkw ay at th e slide's b ase. T h e p lan s for th e p latform rem ain
u nchanged . How w ill th is a ffe ct th e slope o f th e slide? Explain.
49. CHALLENGE A ca r travels 36 m iles per gallon o f gasolin e in highw ay driving

and 24 m iles per gallon in city driving. If you drive th e c a r eq u al d ista n ces
on th e highw ay and in th e city, how m any m iles per gallon c a n you ex p ect
to average? (Hint; T h e average fuel efficien cy for a ll th e driving is th e to tal
d ista n ce traveled divided by th e to ta l am o u n t o f g asolin e used.)
MtXED REV!EW
Identify th e p ro p erty th a t th e statem en t illu strates, (p. 2)
50.
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 2.3
inExs.56-<
5 ( 8 + 1 2 ) = 5 ( 8 ) + 5(12)
51. (7 + 9 ) + 13 = 7 + ( 9 + 13)
52. 4 + ( - 4 ) = 0
53. 5 - 10 = 10 - 5
54. 1 5 - X
55.
-^.1=4
Soive th e eq uation fo ry . (p. 26)

56.
3x + y = 7
57. 2x - y = 3
58. y - 4x = - 6
59.
2x + 3 y = - 1 2
60. 7 x - 4 y = 1 0
61. - x + 2y = 9
Soive th e eq u ation o r inequaiity. (p. 61)
88
62.
15 + 2x1 = 7
63.
l4x-9l=5
64.
Is - 5 x 1
65.
13 - 7x1 < 10
66.
l3x + l j > 2 5
67.
Is - 4 x j
ONUNE QU!Z at classzone.com
3 Graph Equations
of Lines
You graphed linear equations by making tabies of vaiues.
You wiii graph iinear equations in siope-intercept or standard form.
So you can mode) motion, as in Ex. 6 4 .
Key V ocabuiary
* p aren t fu n ction
* y-in tercep t
* siope-in tercep t form
* stan d ard form o f a
iin ear equation
* ^ -in tercep t
A fam ily o f fu n ctio n s is a group o f fu n ctio n s w ith sh ared ch a ra cte ristics.

T he p aren t fu n ction is th e m ost b a sic fu n ctio n in a fam ily.
K EY CONCEPT
P aren t Function for Linear Functions
T h e p arent fu n ctio n for th e fam ily o f all lin e a r fu n ctio n s is /(x ) = x.
T he graph o f/(x ) = x is show n.
DEFtNE
Y-tNTERCEPT
A y-intercep t is
som etim es defined as
a point w here a graph
intersects th e y-axis.
Using this definition, the
y-intercept o f th e iine
In general, a y -in terce p t o f a graph is th e y -co o rd in a te o f a p o in t w here th e

graph in tersects th e y -axis.
/(x ) = x is (0, 0), not 0.
EXAMPLE 1
G raph tin ear fu n ctio n s
G raph th e eq u ation . C om p are th e grap h w ith th e grap h of y = x .

a.
y = 2x
b. y = x + 3
Soiution
The graphs o f y = 2 x an d y = x
b o th have a y -in te rce p t o f 0, but
th e graph o f y = 2x h as a slope o f 2
in stead o f 1.
The graphs o f y = x + 3 and

y = x b o th have a slope o f 1,
bu t th e graph o fy = x + 3 has a
y -in tercep t o f 3 in stead o f 0.
2 .3
Graph Equations of Lines
SLOPE-iNTERCEPT FORM If you w rite th e eq u atio n s in E xam ple 1 as y = 2x + 0

and y = l x + 3, you can see th a t th e x -co efficien ts, 2 and 1, are th e slopes o f th e
lin es, w hile th e co n stan t term s, 0 and 3, are th e y -in te rc e p ts. In general, a lin e
w ith equation y = m x + & has slope m and y -in tercep t &. T he eq u ation y = m x + &
is said to be in slo p e-in tercep t form .
KEY CONCEPT
Using S !o p e-!n tercep t Form to Graph an Equation
^TEP 7
Write th e eq u ation in slo p e-in tercep t form by solving for y.
^TEPE
identify the y -in tercep t & and use it to plot th e p oin t (0, &) w here
th e lin e crosses th e y -a x is .
F 7E P J
identify th e slope m and u se it to plot a seco n d p oin t on th e line.
F7EP 4
Draw a line th rou gh th e two points.
Graph an equation in siope-intercept form
EXAMPLE 2
Graph y =
1-
S oiution
ANOTHER WAY
Because - y =
->
^TEP 7
T he eq u atio n is alread y in slo p e-in tercep t form .
F7EPP
identify th e y -in tercep t. T h e y -in tercep t is - 1 , so plot th e point

(0, - 1 ) w here th e lin e crosses th e y -a x is .
^TEPJ
identify th e slope. T he slope is
you
could also plot a second

point by moving up
2 units and left 3 units.
or
so plot a secon d point
o n th e lin e by sta rtin g at (0, 1) and th e n m oving down 2 u n its and

right 3 u nits. Th e secon d p oin t is (3, - 3 ) .
F7EP 4
Draw a lin e th rou gh th e two points.

-y
(0 - 1)
2
-4
(3, -3 )
.
ra
t /
at classzone.com
GuiDED PRACTKE
Graph the eq uation . C om pare th e graph w ith th e grap h o fy x .

1.
y = -2 x
2. y = x - 2
3. y = 4x
4. y = - x + 2
5. y = ^ x + 4
6. y = y x - 3
7. y = 5 + x
8. /(x ) = 1 - 3 x
9. /(x ) = 10 x
G raph th e eq u ation .
90
Chapter 2
REALH F E PROBLEMS In a real-life co n text, a lin e's slope ca n represen t an average

rate o f change. T h e y -in tercep t in a real-life co n tex t is o ften an in itia l value.
Sohte a m u !ti-ste p probtem

BiOLOGY T h e body len gth y (in in ch es) o f a w alru s c a lf ca n be
m odeled by y = 5x + 42 w here x is th e ca lf's age (in m on th s).
* G raph th e eq uation.
* D escrib e w hat th e slope and y -in tercep t rep resen t in th is
situation.
* Use th e graph to estim a te th e body len gth o f a c a lf th a t is

lO m o n th so ld .
S otution
ANOTHER WAY
You can ch eck th e result
you obtained from th e
graph by substituting 10
417BP 7
Graph th e eq u ation .
.fTXPF
Interpret th e slope and y -in tercep t.

T h e slope, 5, rep resen ts th e ca lf's rate
o f grow th in in ch es per m onth. The
y-in tercep t, 42, rep resen ts a new born
ca lf's body len gth in in ch es.
^7BA J
Estimate th e body len gth o f th e c a lf at

age 10 m onth s by sta rtin g at 10 on th e
x -ax is and m oving up u n til you reach
th e graph. T h en m ove left to th e y -axis.
At age 10 m on th s, th e body len gth o f th e
c a lf is about 92 in ch es.
forxiny=5x+42and
simplifying.
GUiDED PRACTKE
10.
DEFINE
X-iNTERCEPT
A n x -in te rce p tis
som etim es defined as
a point w here a graph
intersects th e x-axis, not
th e x -c o o r d in a te o fs u c h
ap o in t.
for E xam p ie 3
WHAT !F? In Exam ple 3, suppose th a t th e body len g th o f a fast-grow ing c a lf

is m odeled by y = 6 x + 48. R epeat th e steps o f th e exam ple for th e new model.
STANDARD FORM T h e stan d ard form o f a lin ea r eq u atio n is Ax + By = C

w here A and B are not b o th zero. You ca n graph an eq u atio n in stan d ard form
by id entify ing and plottin g th e x- and y -in tercep ts. An x -in te rce p t is the
x -co o rd in ate o f a p o in t w here a graph in tersects th e x -a x is.
KEY CONCEPT
Using Standard Form to Graph an Equation
FTiff 7
W rite th e eq u atio n in stan d ard form .
.fTBPF
identify th e x -in tercep t by lettin g y = 0 and solving for x. Use the

x-in tercep t to plot th e p oin t w here th e lin e crosses th e x -axis.
-fTEPJ
identify th e y -in tercep t by lettin g x = 0 and solving fory. Use the

y -in tercep t to plot th e p oin t w here th e line crosses th e y -axis.
-P7BP 4
Draw a lin e th rou gh th e two poin ts.
2.3
y^
EXAMPLE 4
G raph a n eq u atio n in sta n d a rd fo rm
Graph 5 x + 2y = 10.
Soiution
ANOTHER WAY
You can a!so graph

5x + 2y = 10 by first
solving for y to obtain
F72P 7
T h e eq u atio n is alread y in stan d ard form .
FTBfF
identify th e x -in tercep t.
y = - y x + 5 and then
5x + 2 (0) = 10
using the procedure for

graphing an equation in
slope-intercept form.
x = 2
!1'
(0,5)
L ety = 0.
Soive for x.
T h e x -in tercep t is 2. So, plot th e p o in t (2, 0).

F7!FPJ
(2,0)
identify th e y -in tercep t.

5(0)+2y=10
y=5
L e tx = 0 .
Soive for y.
T h e y -in tercep t is 5. So, plot th e p o in t (0, 5).

4
Draw a lin e th rou gh th e two poin ts.
HORiZONTAL AND VERTiCAL L!NES T h e eq u atio n o f a v ertica l lin e c a n n o t be

w ritten in slop e-in tercep t form b eca u se th e slope is n ot d efined . However, every
lin ear eq u atio n even th a t o f a v ertical lin e c a n b e w ritten in stand ard form .
KEY CONCEPT
Horizonta) and Verticai Lines
Horizontal Lines T he graph o fy = c is th e h o riz o n ta l lin e th rou gh (0, c).
Verticai Lines
EXAMPLE 5
T he graph o f x = c is th e v ertica l lin e th rou gh (c, 0).
G raph h o rizo n ta) an d v ertica) )ines
Graph (a) y = 2 an d (b) x = - 3 .
Soiution
a. T h e graph o fy = 2 is th e h o rizo n tal lin e th a t
passes th rou gh th e poin t (0, 2). N otice th a t every
point on th e lin e has a y -c o o rd in a te o f 2.
b. T he graph o f x = - 3 is th e v ertical lin e th at
passes th rou gh th e poin t ( - 3 , 0). N otice th at
every p oint on th e lin e h as a n x -co o rd in a te o f - 3 .
GutDED PRACTKE
.y)
(0,2)
(-3,0)
) )
x = -3
Graph th e equ ation .

11. 2 x + 5 y = 1 0
92
Chapter 2
12. 3 x - 2 y = 1 2
13. x = l
14. y = - 4
2 .3
HOMEWORK
KEY
EXERC!SES
*
=STANDARD!ZED TEST PRACTICE

Exs. 2 ,2 3 ,3 0 ,5 5 ,5 6 ,6 3 , and 68
Ex. 67
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T h e lin e a r eq u atio n y = 2x + 5 is
w ritten in ? form .
2. * WRtTtNG D escribe how to graph a n eq u atio n o f th e form Ax + By = C.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 89
for Exs. 3 -8
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 90
for Exs. 9-22
GRAPHING UNEAR FUNCTIONS G raph th e eq u ation . C om p are th e grap h w ith the

graph o fy = x.
3. y = 3%
4. y = - x
5. y = x + 5
6. y = x - 2
7. y = 2 x - 1
8. y = - 3 x + 2
SLOPE-iNTERCEPT FORM G raph th e eq u ation .

10. y = x - 6
11. y = 2 x + 6
12. y = 3x - 4
13. y = 4 x - 1
14. y = ^ * - 2
I S jf ( x ) = - - x - 1
16. /(x ) = - x + 1
17. /(x ) = p : - 3
18. /(x ) = * + 4
19. /(x ) = - 1 .5 x + 2
20. /(x ) = 3x - 1.5
9. y = x 3
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rr e c t th e e rro r in grap h in g th e eq u ation .
21. y = 2x + 3
22. y = 4 x - 2
23. IE MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e siop e-in tercep t form o f 4x - 3y = 18?

(g ) y = - x - 6
(B ) y = - ^ x - 6
(g)
y = ^ x -6
( D) y = - ^ x + 6
EXAMPLES
4 and 5
F!ND)NG !NTERCEPTS Find th e x - an d y -in te rce p ts o f th e iine w ith th e

given eq u ation .
on p. 92
for Exs. 24-42
24. x - y = 4
25.
x + 5y = - 1 5
26. 3x - 4y = - 1 2
27. 2x - y = 10
28.
4 x - 5y = 20
29. - 6 x
8y = - 3 6
30. IE MULTIPLE CHOKE W h at is th e x -in tercep t o f th e graph o f 5x - 6y = 30?

(g )
-5
(g )
(g )
(g )
2 .3
30
Graph Equations o f Lines
93
STANDARD FORM Graph th e eq uation . Labe! an y in tercep ts.

31.
x + 4y=8
32. 2 x - 6 y = - 1 2
33. x = 4
34.
y = -2
35. 5x - y = 3
36. 3x + 4y =
38. - x - y = 6
39. y = 1.5
41. x = - ^
42. ^ x + 2v = - 2
(37) -5% + lOy = 20

40.
2.5% - 5y = - 1 5
12
CHOOStNG A METHOD G raph th e eq u ation using an y m eth od .

43.
6y = 3x + 6
44. - 3 + x = 0
45. y + 7 = - 2 x
46.
4y = 16
47. 8y = - 2 x + 20
^
1
48. 4x = - ^ y - 1
49.
-4x=8y+12
^ 50. 3 . 5 x = 1 0 . 5
52. 14 - 3x = 7y
1
53. 2 y - 5 = 0
51. y - 5 . 5 x = 6
54. 5y = 7.5 - 2 .5 x
55. ^ OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite eq u atio n s o f tw o lin es, on e w ith an x -in tercep t
but no y -in tercep t and one w ith a y -in tercep t bu t no x -in tercep t.
56. * SHORT RESPONSE Sketch y = m x for several values o f nr, b o th positive and
negative. D escribe th e relation sh ip b etw een m a n d th e steep n ess o f th e line.
57. REASONING C onsider th e graph o f Tlx + By = C w here B ^ 0. W hat are the
slope and y -in tercep t in term s o f 71, B, and C?
58. CHALLENGE Prove th a t th e slope o f th e lin e y = m x + b is m. (Dint.- F irst find
two p oin ts on th e lin e by ch o o sin g co n v en ien t values o f x.)
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 91
for Exs. 5 9 -6 2
59. FITNESS T he to tal co st y (in dollars) o f a gym m em b ersh ip after x m on th s

is given by y = 45x + 75. G raph th e eq u atio n . W h at is th e to tal co st o f th e
m em bership after 9 m onths?
@ B o m c 7 M fo r
60.
CAMPING Your an n u al m em bersh ip fee to a n a tu re so ciety lets you cam p

at several cam pgrou nd s. Your to ta l a n n u al co st y (in dollars) to use the
cam pgrou n ds is given by y = 5x + 35 w here x is th e n u m b er o f n ig h ts you
cam p. G raph th e eq u atio n . W hat do th e slope and y -in tercep t represent?
@ B o m e T iv fo r
(61^ SPORTS Bow ling alleys often ch arge a fixed fee to rent sh oes and th e n charge
for each gam e you bow l. T h e fu n ctio n C(g) = 3g + 1.5 gives th e to ta l co st
C (in dollars) to bow l g gam es. G raph th e fu n ctio n . W h at is th e co st to rent
shoes? W hat is th e co st per gam e?
62.
94
PHONE CARDS You pu rchase a 300 m in u te phone card. T h e fu n ctio n

M(m) = - 3 0 m + 300 m odels th e n u m b er M o f m in u tes th at rem a in on th e
card after m w eeks. D escribe how to d eterm in e a reason ab le d om ain and
range. Graph th e fu n ctio n . How m any m in u tes per w eek do you u se th e card?
onp.W SI
=STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULT)PLE
REPRESENTAT!ONS
63. * SHORT RESPONSE You receive a $30 gift card to a shop th a t seils fru it
sm o o th ies for $3. If you graph a n eq u atio n o f th e lin e th a t rep resen ts th e
m oney y rem ain in g on th e card after you buy x sm o o th ies, w hat w ill th e
y -in tercep t be? W ill th e lin e rise or fall from left to right? E xplain.
64. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You an d a friend kayak 1800 yards dow n a river. You
d rift w ith th e cu rren t partw ay at 30 yards per m inu te and paddle partw ay at
90 yards per m inu te. T h e trip is m odeled by 3 0x + 90y = 1800 w here x is the
d riftin g tim e and y is th e paddling tim e (b oth in m in u te s).
a. Graph th e eq u atio n , and d eterm in e a reason ab le d om ain and range.

W hat do th e x- a n d y -in tercep ts represent?
b. If you paddle for 5 m inu tes, w hat is th e to ta l trip tim e?
c. If you paddle an d d rift eq u al am o u n ts o f tim e, w hat is th e to tal trip tim e?
65. VOLUNTEERtNG You p articip a te in a 14 m ile ru n /w a lk for charity. You run
partw ay at 6 m iles per h o u r and w alk partw ay a t 3 .5 m iles per hour. A m odel
for th is situ atio n is 6r + 3.5w = 14 w here r is th e tim e you ru n an d te is the
tim e you w alk (both*in h ours). G raph th e eq u atio n . Give th ree p ossible
co m b in atio n s o f ru n n in g and w alking tim es.
66. TtCKETS An h onor so ciety h as $150 to buy scien ce m u seu m and a rt m u seu m
tick ets for stu d en t aw ards. T h e n u m b ers o f tick ets th a t c a n b e bo u g h t are
given by 5s + 7a = 150 w here s is th e n u m b er o f sc ien ce m u seu m tick ets (at
$5 each) and a is th e n u m b er o f art m u seu m tick ets (at $7 each ). G raph the
eq u ation . Give two p o ssible co m b in a tio n s o f tick ets th a t use a ll $150.
67. <%> MULTtPLE REPRESENTATIONS A h ot air b a llo o n is in itia lly 200 feet above
th e ground. T h e b u rn ers are th en tu rn ed on, cau sin g th e b a llo o n to ascen d at
a rate o f 150 feet per m inute.
a. Making a Tabie M ake a ta b le show ing th e h eight h (in feet) o f th e b allo o n
f m inu tes after th e b u rn ers are tu rn ed on w here 0 < f < 5.
b. Drawing a Graph Plot th e p o in ts from th e tab le in p art (a). Draw a lin e
throu gh th e p oints for th e d o m ain 0 < t < 5.
c. Writing an Equation The b allo o n 's h eight is its in itia l height plus th e
product o f th e a scen t rate an d tim e. W rite a n eq u atio n rep resen tin g th is.
A ig e b r a
at classzone.com
68. * EXTENDED RESPONSE You and a frien d are ea ch typin g your resea rch
papers on com p uters. T h e fu n ctio n y = 1400 50x m od els th e n u m b er y of
words you have left to ty p e a fter x m inu tes. For your friend, y = 1200 - 50x
m odels th e n u m ber y o f w ords le ft to ty p e a fter x m inu tes.
a. G raph th e tw o eq u atio n s in th e sam e co o rd in a te plan e. D escribe how
th e graphs are related geom etrically.
b. W hat do th e x -in tercep ts, y -in tercep ts, an d slop es represent?
c. W ho w ill fin ish first? Explain.
2 .3
69. CHALLENGE You w ant to cover a five-by-five grid com p ieteiy

w ith x th ree-b y -o n e rectan g ies and y fou r-by-one recta n g les
th a t do n o t overlap or extend beyond th e grid.
a. Explain why x and y m u st b e w hole n u m b ers th a t satisfy
th e eq u ation 3x + 4y = 25.
3 byi
4^1
5 by 5
b. Find all solu tions (x, y) o f th e eq u atio n in p a rt (a) such

th at x and y are w hole num bers.
c. Do all th e solu tions from p a rt (b) rep resen t co m b in a tio n s o f rectan g les
th at ca n actu ally cover th e grid? Use d iag ram s to su pport your answ er.
MtXED REVIEW
Evalu ate th e exp ression for th e given valu e o f th e v ariab ie. ip. 101
70. 3n 10 when n= 5
71. 4 x
73. (4q + 5 ) ( 2 p ) w h e n q = - l
74. m ^ - 4 / n w h e n n ! = - 3
-t-
16 when x =
72. 2(11 5p) when p = 4

75. ( d + l ) ^ - d w h e n d = 6
Teii w heth er th e reiatio n is a fu n ction . E x p la in , (p. 72)

76. ( - 2 , - 7 ) , (0, 3), (1. - 2 ) , ( - 2 , 13), (3, - 1 2 )
PREVIEW
77. (1, 3), (0, 0), (2, - 2 ) , ( - 3 , 6), ( - 2 , - 2 )
Find the slope of th e iine p assin g th ro u g h th e given p oin ts, (p. 82)
Prepare for
Lesson 2.4
in Exs. 78-83.
78. (1,- 3 ) , (5, 0)
79. ( - 2 , 1), (6, - 7 )
80. (4, 4), (8, 4)
81. (2, 5), ( - 5 , 8)
82. (6, - 3 ) , (1, - 1 3 )
83. (2.5, 0), ( - 3 .5 , - 4 )
QU!Z /o r Lessons 2.7-2.3

Teii w h eth er th e reiatio n is a fu n ction . E x p la in , (p. 72)
1.
input
Output
2.
input
r \
-5
,-2
-4 -
-1
-3 -
-7 ^
^y
4'
3.
Output
input
r
Output
^
-1 ^ *
^ -1
^ 4
'T 5 y
Teii w h eth er th e lines a re p arallel, p erp en d icu lar, o r neither, (p. 82)
4. Line 1: th rou gh ( - 3 , - 7 ) and (1, 9)
Line 2: th rou gh (1, - 4 ) and (0, 2)
5. L ine 1: th rou gh (2, 7) and ( -1 , - 2 )

L ine 2: th rou g h (3, 6) an d (-6 , 3)
Graph th e equ ation , (p. 89)

6. y = - 5 x + 3
7. x = 10
8. 4 x + 3y = - 2 4
9. ROWiNG SPEED In 1999, Tori M urden b ec a m e th e first w om an to row across

th e A tlantic O cean. She rowed a to tal o f 3333 m iles d uring h er crossin g. Th e
d istan ce d row ed (in m iles) ca n b e m odeled by d = 411 w here 1 rep resen ts
th e tim e rowed (in days) at an average rate o f 41 m iles per day. G raph th e
fu n ctio n , and d eterm in e a reason ab le d o m ain and range. T h en estim a te how
long it took Tori M urden to row 1000 m iles, (p. 72)
96
ONL!NE QU!Z at ctasszone.com
ACT!V!TY
@ H o m c 7 u to r
dasszone.com
Keystrokes
2 .3 Graph Equations
How can you use a grap h in g caicu iator to g rap h an eq u ation ?
You can use a graphing caicu iato r to graph eq u atio n s in two v ariables. On m ost
calcu lators, you m u st first w rite th e eq u atio n in th e form y = /(x ).
Graph a iinear equation

G raph th e e q u a tio n x + 4y = 8.
L M f P T jM p t / b r y
First, solve th e eq u ation fo r y so th a t it can
be entered into th e calcu lator.
For fra ctio n a l co e fficie n ts, u se p a ren th eses.

So, en ter th e eq u atio n a s y = - ( l / 4 ) x + 2.
x + 4y = &
4 y = x + &
y=-JLx + 2
)^7<EPJ]
udftdow
yra/rA
Enter m in im u m and m ax im u m x- and y-values and x- and y -sca les. T he

view ing w indow should show th e in tercep ts. T h e stand ard ideudng ndndo:n
settin gs and th e co rresp o n d in g graph are show n below.
WINDOW
X m ln=-10
Xmax=10
Xsct=1
Ymi n = - 1 0
Ymax=10
Ysct=1
G raph th e e q u a tio n in a g ra p h in g ca ic u ia to r's sta n d a rd v ie w in g w in d o w .

1.
y + 14 = 1 7 - 2 x
2. 3 x - y = 4
3. 3 x - 6 y = - 1 8
G raph th e e q u a tio n u sin g a g ra p h in g ca icu ia to r. U se a v ie w in g w in d o w th a t sh o w s th e

x- a n d y-in tercep ts.
4. 8 x = 5 y + 1 6
5 . 4 x = 25 y - 2 4 0
6.
1.25x + 4.2y = 28.7
2 .3
Graph Equations o f Lines
^ Write Equations of Lines

You graphed tinear equations.
You witt write linear equations.
^0 y u can mode! a steady increase or decrease, as in Ex. 51.
Key Vocabu!ary
p o in t-slo p e form
E KEY CONCEPT
W riting an Equation of a Line
Given siope m and y-intercept 6
U se sio p e-in tercep t form :

y = mx + &
Given siope m and a point (jq, y^)
Use p oin t-slop e form :

y -^
Given points (x^, y^) and (x^, y^)

F*
EXAMPLE 1
= m (x -x ^
F irst use th e slope form ula to find m.

Th en use p oin t-siop e form w ith either
given point.
Write an equation given the siope and y-intercept
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e iin e sh o w n .

S oiution
From th e graph, you can see th a t th e slope is m =
and th e y -in tercep t is h = - 2 . Use slo p e-in tercep t
form to w rite an eq u atio n o f th e iine.
y = wtx + &
Use siope-intercept form.
y = ^ * + ( - 2 )
Substitute ^ for m and - 2 for b.

4
2
([ ^ S in t S ts g /M g e b r a
CutDED PRACTICE
Simpiify.
at classzone.com
fo r E xam p ie 1
W rite an e q u a tio n o f th e lin e th a t h a s th e g iv e n slo p e a n d y -in te rce p t.

t. m = 3, b = 1
98
Chapter 2
2. nr = 2, & = 4
Write an equation given the siope and a point
EXAMPLE
W rite an eq u ation o f th e iine th a t p asses th ro u g h (5, 4) an d h as a siope of - 3 .

S oiution
B ecau se you know th e slope and a p o in t on th e line, use p oin t-slop e form to w rite
an eq u atio n o f th e lin e. Let (x^ jq) = (5, 4) an d m = - 3 .
StM PUFY
EQUATIONS
y - jq = tn(x -
In this book, equations

written in point-siope
form will be simpiified
to siope-intercept form.
Use point-siope form.
y - 4 = - 3 ( x - 5)
Substitute for m, ;q, and jq.
y 4 = 3x + 15
Write in siope-intercept form.
y = - 3 x + 19
Write equations of paraiiei or perpendicuiar tines
EXAMPLE 3
W rite an eq u ation o f th e iine th a t p asses th ro u g h ( - 2 , 3 ) an d is (a) p araiiei to,

an d (b) p erp en d icu iar to, th e iine y = 4 x + 1.
S oiu tion
a.
T h e given iin e h as a slope o f ??q = - 4 . So, a lin e p araiiei to it has a siope

o f n?2 = nq = - 4 . You know th e slope and a poin t on th e iin e, so u se th e
poin t-siope form w ith (x^ y ^ = ( - 2 , 3) to w rite an eq u atio n o f th e line.
y -y ^ = n q (x -x ^
y - 3 = - 4 ( x - (-2 ))
Substitute for rtq , jq , and jq .
y - 3 = - 4 ( x + 2)
Simpiify.
y - 3 = -4 x - 8
y = -4 x - 5
b.
Use point-slope form.
A iin e p erp en d icu lar to a iin e w ith siope nq = - 4 has a siope

o f ??q =
U se p oin t-siope form w ith (x^ y ^ = ( - 2 , 3).
y - y , = H q (x -x ^
Use point-siope form.
y - 3 = I ( x - (-2 ))
Substitute for nq, x^, and y^.
y - 3 = j ( x + 2)
Simpiify.
Jl%r
II
II
CO
1
CutDED PRACTICE
4. W rite an eq u atio n o f th e iin e th a t p asses th rou gh (1, 6) and has a siope o f 4.

5. W rite an eq u atio n o f th e iin e th a t p a sses th rou g h (4, - 2 ) and is (a) paraiiei
to, and (b) p erp en d icu iar to, th e iin e y = 3 x - 1.
2 .4
W rite Equations of Lines
W rite an eq u atio n given tw o points

W rite an eq u ation of th e line th a t p asses th ro u g h (5, - 2 ) an d ( 2 ,1 0 ) .
ANOTHER WAY
Soiution
For an alternative
method for solving the
problem in Example 4,
turn to page 105 for
the Problem Solving
Workshop.
T he line passes throu gh (x^ y ^ = (5, - 2 ) and (x^, y^) = (2, 10). Find its siope.
Tz * Ti _ 10 - ( - 2 ) _ 12
= -4
_ *i
2 -5
-3
You know th e slope and a p o in t on th e line, so u se p o in t-slo p e form w ith eith er
given p oint to w rite an eq u atio n o f th e lin e. C hoose (x^ y j) = (2 ,1 0 ).
y
y^ = w: (x - X])
y - 10 = - 4 ( x
2)
y - 10 = - 4 x + 8
Use point-slope form.

Substitute for m, x^, and jq .
y = - 4 x + 18
W rite a m ode! using sio p e -in te rce p t form

SPORTS In th e scho o l year end ing in 1993, 2 .00 m illio n
fem ales p articip ated in U.S. high sch o o l sports. By 2003,
th e n u m ber had in creased to 2 .8 6 m illio n . W rite a lin ea r
eq u ation th a t m odels fem ale sports p articip atio n .
Soiu tion
F7BP 7
Define th e variab les. Let x rep resen t th e tim e

(in years) sin ce 1993 and let y rep resen t th e
n u m b er o f p articip a n ts (in m illio n s).
Identify th e in itia l value an d rate o f ch an ge. T he
in itia l value is 2.00. T h e rate o f ch an g e is th e slope m.
AVOiD ERRORS
T2 " yi _ 2.86 - 2.00 _ 0.86

= 0.086
_1 0 -0
10
Because time Is
defined in years since
1993 inStep 1,1993
corresponds to x^ = 0
and 2003 corresponds
Write a verbal m odel. T h en w rite a lin ea r eq u ation .
Participants
(millions)
tox^ = 10.
U sefx^y ,) = (0, 2.00)

and (x^,y^) = (10,2.86).
initial
number
A.
2 .0 0
Rate of
change
A
0 .0 8 6
Years
since 1993
#
-
^ In siop e-in tercep t form , a lin ea r m odel is y = 0 .0 8 6 x + 2.00.
CutDED PRACTICE
W rite an eq u ation o f th e iine th a t p asses th ro u g h th e given poin ts.

6.
9.
10 0
Chapter 2
( - 2 , 5), (4, - 7 )
7. (6, 1), ( - 3 , - 8 )
8. ( - 1 , 2), (10, 0)
SPORTS In Exam ple 5, th e co rresp o n d in g d ata for m ales are 3.42 m illio n
p articip an ts in 1993 and 3.99 m illio n p a rticip a n ts in 2003. W rite a lin ea r
equation th at m odels m ale p a rticip a tio n in U.S. h ig h sch o o l sports.
W rite a m odei using sta n d a rd fo rm
EXAMPLE 6
ONLiNE MUSK You have $30 to spend on dow nloading songs for your digital
m usic piayer. C om pany A ch arges $.79 per song, and com p any B ch arges
$.99 per song. W rite an eq u ation th a t m od els th is situation.
Soiu tion
W rite a verbai m odel. T h en w rite an eq uation.
Company A
song price
(doiiars/song)
Songs from
company A
(songs)
Company B
song price
(doiiars/song)
0 .9 9
0.7 9
Songs from
company B
(songs)
Your
budget
(doilars)
+
*
30
F An eq u atio n for th is situ atio n is 0.79% + 0.99y = 30.
GUTDED PRACTKE
10.
fo r E xam p ie 6
WHAT iF? In E xam ple 6, suppose th a t co m p an y A ch arges $ .69 per song and
co m p any B ch arges $.8 9 per song. W rite a n eq u atio n th a t m od els th is situation.
2.4 EXEROSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
* = STANDARDTZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2,26, 39,47, and 53
Ex. 57
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy an d co m p lete: T h e lin ea r eq u a tio n 6 x + 8y = 72 is
w ritten in ? form .
2. A WR!T)NC Given tw o p o in ts on a line, exp lain how you c a n u se p oin t-slop e
form to w rite an eq u atio n o f th e line.
EXAMPLE T
on p. 98
for Exs. 3 -8
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 99
for Exs. 9-19
SLOPE1NTERCEPT FORM W rite a n eq u ation o f th e iine th a t h as th e given siope

an d y -in tercep t.
3. 77! = 0, b = 2
4.
77! = 3, b = 4
5.
6. 77! = ^ , b = 4
7.
8. 77: = - 5 , & = - 1
&= 7
77! = 6, b = 0
POtNT-SLOPE FORM W rite an eq u ation of th e iine th a t p asses th ro u g h th e given

p oin t an d h as the given siope.
9. (0, - 2 ) , 77! = 4
10. (3, - 1 ) , 77! = - 3
11. ( - 4 , 3 ) , 77! = 2
12. ( - 5 , - 6 ) , m = 0
13. (8, 13), 77! = - 9
14. (12, 0), 77! = ^
16. ( - 4 , 2 ) , 77!
17. (9, - 5 ) , 77! = -
15.) (7, - 3 ) , m = -
4
7
2 .4
W rite Equations o f Lines
101
ERROR ANALYSIS D e s e rv e and c o rre c t th e e rro r in w ritin g a n eq u ation of

th e iine th a t passes th ro u g h the given point an d h as th e given siope.
18. ( - 4 , 2), /?! = 3
19. (5, 1), m = - 2
y - y , = m (x-xj
y- yi =
y - 2 = 3(x - 4)
y - 5 = - 2 (x - 1)
y - 2 = 3x-12
y 5 = 2x + 2
y = 3x 10
y = -2x + 7
EX AMPLE 3
on p. 99
PARALLEL AND PERPENDICULAR UNES W rite an eq u ation o f th e lin e th a t p asses

th rou gh th e given p oin t an d satisfies th e given con d ition .
for Exs. 20 26
to y = - 4 x + 1
21. (7, 1); p arailel to y = - x + 3
22. (2, 8); parallel to y = 3x - 2
23. (4, 1); p erp en d icu lar to y = ^ x + 3
24. ( - 8 , 2); perp en d icu lar to y = 2
25. (3, - 1 ) ; p erp en d icu la r to y = 4x + 1
26. ^ MULTtPLE CHOKE W hat is an eq u ation o f th e lin e th a t p asses throu gh

(1, 4) and is p erp en d icu lar to th e lin e y = 2 x 3?
( ) y = 2 x + 2
EXAMPLE 4
(D ) y = - i x + 4
VISUAL THtNKiNG W rite an eq u ation of th e iine.
o n p .100
for Exs. 27-38
28.
(4. 4))
1
(3.- D j
A
T
WRITING EQUATiONS W rite an eq u ation o f th e iine th a t p asses th ro u g h th e

given points.
30. ( - 1 ,3 ) , (2 ,9 )
31. ( 4 ,- 1 ) , ( 6 , - 7 )
32. ( - 2 , - 3 ) , ( 2 ,- 1 )
33. (0 ,7 ), (3 ,5 )
34. ( - 1 , 2 ) , ( 3 , - 4 )
3 5 ) ( - 5 , - 2 ) , ( - 3 , 8)
36. (15, 20), ( -1 2 , 29)
37. (3.5, 7), ( -1 , 20.5)
38. (0.6, 0.9), ( 3 .4 ,- 2 .6 )
39. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hich p oin t lies on th e lin e th a t p asses th rou gh the
p oin t (9, - 5 ) and has a slope o f - 6 ?
(A)
(6,10)
( B ) (6 ,6 )
(C )
(7,7)
(D )
( 6 ,- 4 )
STANDARD FORM W rite an equ ation in sta n d a rd form A x + Ry = C of th e iine

th a t satisfies th e given con dition s. Use in teger valu es for A, R, an d C.
40.
42. 77? = , p asses th rou gh (4, 7)
43. 77? = , passes th rou gh (2, 3)
44. p asses throu gh ( -1 , 3) and ( - 6 , - 7 )
45. p asses th rou gh (2, 8) and ( - 4 , 16)
t j^ S 7fn a !e g Aigebra
102
41. 77? = 4, & = - 3
= 3, h = 5
at classzone.com
Q = WORKED-OUT SOLUT!ONS
on p. WS1
* =STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
46. REASONING W rite an eq u atio n o f th e iin e th a t p asses th rou g h (3, 4) and

satisfies th e given cond ition .
a.
P arallel t o y = - 2
b. P erp en d icu lar to y = - 2
c.
P arallel to x = - 2
d. P erp en d icu lar to x = - 2
47. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a n eq u atio n o f a lin e ^ such th a t f and th e lin es

y = - 3 x + 5 and y = 2x + 1 form a righ t trian g le.
48. REASONING C onsider two d istin ct n o n v ertica l lin es T^x + f^ y =
A^x + B^y = C^. Show th a t th e follow ing statem en ts are true.
a. If th e lin es are p arallel, th e n
and
= ^ 2^ 1*
b. If th e lin es are perp en d icu lar, th en A ^ + B ^ = 049. CHALLENGE Show th a t an eq u atio n o f th e lin e w ith x -in te rce p t a and
y-intercep t ^ ^ ^
^ = 1. T h is is th e
o f a lin ea r eq u ation .
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLES
on p. 100
for Exs. 50-51
50. CAR EXPENSES You buy a u sed ca r for $ 6 5 0 0 . T he m on th ly co st o f ow ning th e

ca r (including in su ran ce, fuel, m a in ten a n ce, and taxes) averages $350. W rite
an eq u atio n th a t m odels th e to tal co st o f buying and ow ning th e car.
@MM ne7utOf
51. HOUStNG Sin ce its founding, a v olu nteer group h as restored 50 h ouses. It
plans to restore 15 h ou ses per y ear in th e future. W rite an eq u atio n th at
m odels th e to ta l n u m ber n o f restored h o u ses f years from now.
@ M M n s7H to r
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 101
for Exs. 52-54
52. GARDENtNG You have a re cta n g u la r plot m easu rin g

16 feet by 25 feet in a co m m u n ity garden. You w ant
to grow tom ato plants th a t ea ch need 8 squ are feet o f
sp ace and pepper plants th a t ea ch need 5 squ are feet.
W rite an eq u atio n th at m odels how m any tom ato plan ts
and how m an y p epper p lan ts you c a n grow. How m any
pepper plants ca n you grow if you grow 15 tom ato plants?
53.) * SHORT RESPONSE C on cert tick ets co st $15 for general ad m ission , but only
$9 w ith a student ID. Ticket sales to ta l $4500. W rite and graph an eq u atio n
th a t m odels th is situ ation. E xplain how to use your graph to find how m any
student tick ets w ere sold if 200 general ad m ission tick ets w ere sold.
54. ML)LT)-STEP PROBLEM A co m p an y w ill lea se o ffice sp ace in tw o buildings.
The an n u al co st is $21.75 per squ are foo t in th e first b u ild in g and $17 per
squ are foot in th e second . T h e co m p an y h as $ 8 6 ,0 0 0 budgeted for rent.
a. W rite an eq u atio n th a t m od els th e possible am o u n ts o f sp ace ren ted in
th e buildings.
b. How m any squ are feet o f sp ace ca n b e rented in th e first bu ild in g if
2500 squ are feet are rented in th e second?
c. If th e com p any w ants to rent eq u al am o u n ts o f sp ace in th e buildings,
what is th e to tal n u m b er o f squ are feet th a t ca n be rented?
2 .4
W rite Equations of Lines
103
55. CABLE TELEVISION In 1994, th e average m on th ly c o st for expand ed b a sic

cab le television serv ice w as $21.62. In 2004, th is co st h ad in crea sed to $ 3 8.23.
W rite a lin ear eq u atio n th at m odels th e m on th ly co st as a fu n ctio n o f th e
nu m ber o f years sin ce 1994. P red ict th e average m o n th ly co st o f expand ed
b asic cable television serv ice in 2010.
56. TIRE PRESSURE A utom obiie tire p ressu re in crea ses abou t 1 psi (pound per
squ are inch) for each 10F in crea se in air tem p eratu re. At an air tem p eratu re
o f 55F, a tire's pressure is 30 psi. W rite an eq u atio n th a t m od els th e tire's
pressure as a fu n ctio n o f air tem peratu re.
57.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Your class w ants to

m ake a re ctan g u lar spirit display, an d h as 24 feet o f
d ecorative border to en clo se th e display
a. Writing an Equation W rite an eq u atio n in stand ard
form reiating th e p ossible len gth s f and w id ths re o f
th e display.
b. Drawing a Graph G raph th e eq u atio n from p art (a).
c. Making a Tabie M ake a tab le o f at least five possible pairs
o f d im en sion s for th e display.
58. CHALLENGE You are p articip a tin g in a d a n ce -a -th o n

to raise m oney for a class trip. D onors c a n pledge an
am ou n t o f m oney for each hour you d an ce, a fixed
am ou n t o f m oney th a t d oes n ot depend on how long
you dance, or both. T h e tab le show s th e am ou n ts
pledged by four donors. W rite an eq u atio n th a t
m odels th e to tal am o u n t y o f m on ey you w ill raise
from the donors if you d an ce for x hours.
Donor
Hourly
amount
Fixed
am ount
Ciare
$4
$15
Emilia
$8
None
Julio
None
$35
Max
$3
$20
M!XED REVIEW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 2.5
in Exs. 59-64.
Solve the eq u ation. C heck y o u r solution, (p. 18)

59.
9x = 27
60. 5x = 20
61. - 3 x = 21
62.
8x = 6
63. 4x = - 1 4
64. lOx = 8
Solve th e inequality. Then grap h th e solution, (p. 41)

65.
3x + 5 < 17
68.
5x + 3 < 2x - 12
71.
14 < 5 - x < 9
67. 6x + 4 > 22
66. 2x - 4 > - 1 0
69. 4 x + 5 > 2 x + 3
72. 3 x 5 > 7 or - x - 4 > 3
70. - 3 < 2x - 7 < 13

73. 2x < 6 or 5x - 9 > 16
Graph th e equ ation , (p. 72)

74. y = x - 8
75. y = - 2 x + 1
76. y = 3x - 2
77. y = 4x + 2
78. y = - ^ x + 4
79.
y = ^x - 6
80. RESERVOiRS T h e su rface elevation o f a reservoir is 940 feet above sea level.
W ater is released over a period o f 15 days, low ering th e su rfa ce elev ation to
934 feet above sea level. W h at is th e average rate o f ch an g e in th e reserv oir's
su rface elevation over th e period? (p. 82)
104
E X T R A P R A C T !C E fo r L e s s o n 2 .4 , p. 1011
O N U N E Q U 1Z atclasszo n e.co m
"""? ALTERNATIVE METHODS

LESSON 2.4
Another M/oy to Sotve Exompte 4, poge TOO
MULTtPLE REPRESENTATtONS In Exam ple 4 on page 100, you w rote a n equation
of a lin e th rou gh tw o given p oin ts by first w ritin g th e eq u atio n in p oint-slope
form and th e n rew ritin g it in slo p e-in tercep t form . You ca n also w rite an
eq u ation o f a lin e th rou gh two p o in ts by using th e slo p e-in tercep t form to solve
for th e y-in tercep t.
PROBLEM
METHOD
W rite an eq u atio n o f th e lin e th a t passes th rou g h (5, - 2 ) and (2, 10).
Soiving fo r th e y -in te rce p t To w rite a n eq u atio n o f a lin e th rou gh two points,

you c a n su b stitu te th e slope and th e co o rd in ates o f one o f th e p o in ts into
y = m x + & and solve for th e y -in tercep t &.
7 Find th e slope o f th e line.
;n =
10
(-
2)
Substitute th e slope and th e co o rd in ates

o f one p o in t into th e slop e-in tercep t form .
U se th e p o in t (5, - 2 ) .
- 2 = -4 (5 ) + &
Soive for &.
-2 = -2 0 + &
12
= -4
y = y ? tx + &
18 = &
F7BP 4 Substitute m and & into th e
slop e-in tercep t form .
y = -4 x + 1 8
PRACTiCE
1. WRtTEANEQUATtON Use th e m eth o d above
to w rite an eq u atio n o f th e lin e th at passes
th rou gh (2, 15) and (7, 35).
2. FiTNESS At a speed o f 45 yards per m inute,
a 120 pound sw im m er bu rn s 420 calo ries
per hour and a 172 pound sw im m er bu rn s
600 calo ries per hour. Use two different
m eth od s to w rite a lin ea r eq u atio n th a t m odels
th e nu m ber o f calo ries bu rn ed per h our as a
fu n ctio n o f a sw im m er's weight.
3. SAFETY A m o to rist lights an em erg ency flare
after having a flat tire. A fter b u rn in g for
6 m inu tes, th e flare is 13 in ch es long. A fter
bu rn in g for 20 m inu tes, it is 6 in ch es long.
Use tw o d ifferent m ethod s to w rite a lin ea r
eq u atio n th at m odels th e flare's len g th as a
fu n ctio n o f tim e.
4. SNOWFALL A fter 4 hours o f snow fall, th e snow

depth is 8 in ch es. A fter 6 hours o f snow fall,
th e snow d epth is 9.5 in ch es. Use tw o d ifferent
m eth o d s to w rite a lin e a r eq u atio n th a t m odels
th e snow d epth as a fu n ctio n o f tim e.
5. ARCHAEOLOGY A n cient cities o ften rose in
elevation th rou gh tim e as citiz en s bu ilt on
top o f a ccu m u la tin g ru b b le and debris. An
arch aeo lo g ist at a site d ates a rtifa cts from a
depth o f 54 feet as 3 5 0 0 years old and a rtifa cts
from a d epth o f 26 feet as 2 6 0 0 years old.
Use two d ifferen t m eth o d s to w rite a lin ear
eq u atio n th a t m od els an a rtifa ct's age as a
fu n ctio n o f depth.
6 . REASON!NG Suppose a lin e h as slope m and
p a sses th rou g h (x^ y ^ . W rite an expression for
th e y -in tercep t & in term s o f m, x ^ and y^
Using Aiternative Methods
105
M!XED REV!EWo/P,oM<,,,so,w,,<,
STATE TEST PRACTICE

dasszone.com
Lessons 2.1-2.4
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM From Jan u ary to June,
th e n u m ber o f visitors to a new s w ebsite
in creased by an average o f 1200 per m onth .
In January, th ere were 50,000 visitors to th e
w ebsite.
5. EXTENDED RESPONSE G eneral ad m ission

tick ets to a high school foo tb all gam e co st $7,
w hile stud ent tick ets co st $4. T ick et sales for a
gam e to taled $11,200.
a. W rite an equation th at gives th e nu m ber r*

of visitors to th e w ebsite as a fu n ctio n o f the
nu m ber f o f m on th s sin ce January.
b. Graph th e eq u ation from p art (a).
c. Use th e eq u atio n from p art (a) to p red ict the
num ber o f w ebsite visitors in O ctober.
2. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM T h e o fficiai popu lation
of B aton Rouge, L ouisiana, w as 219,531 in 1990
and 227,818 in 2000.
a. W hat w as th e average rate o f ch an g e in the
population from 1990 to 2000?
b. W rite a lin ea r eq u ation th a t m odeis the
population E o f Baton Rouge from 1990 to
2000. Let t represent th e nu m ber o f years
since 1990.
c. Use your eq u ation from p art (b) to pred ict
th e p opu lation o f B aton Rouge in 2010.
SHORT RESPONSE The graph show s th e
nu m ber o f representatives in th e U.S. C ongress
given to Illin ois by each n atio n al cen su s from
1940 to 2000. D oes th e graph rep resent a
fu nction? Explain.
<0
a)
-g
m
e
as
M
a:
5.
a)
f
10
20
30
40
50
60
a. W rite an eq u atio n for th e p ossible n u m b ers

o f general ad m issio n and stud ent tick ets
th a t could have b een sold for th e gam e.
b. G raph th e eq u atio n from p a rt (a).
c. Is it possible th at 950 general ad m ission
tick ets w ere sold? Expinin.
d. Find th ree possible co m b in a tio n s o f
gen eral ad m issio n and stud ent tick ets th at
cou ld have b een sold. ExpEn'n how you
found your answ ers.
6. CR1DDED ANSWER W hat is th e slope o f a lin e
p arallel to ^-y - 3 x = 5?
7. CR1DDED ANSWER W hat is th e slope o f a lin e
p erp en d icu lar to th e lin e show n?
Congressional R epresentatives
from iiiinois
o
<"
*5
C
=
2=
RAM S
Years since 1940

OPEN-ENDED W rite an equation o f a lin e th at
is p arallel to th e lin e x + 3y = 12 and th at
co n tain s no p oin ts in Q uadrant I.
8. SHORT RESPONSE Your digital ca m era has

a 512 m egabyte m em ory card. You take low
resolu tio n p ictu res requ irin g 4 m egaby tes o f
m em ory ea ch and high resolu tion p ictu res
req u irin g 8 m egaby tes o f m em ory each.
a. W rite and graph an eq u atio n for th e possible
n u m b ers o f low and high resolu tion p ictu res
you c a n take.
b. D escribe th e m e a n in g o f th e slope and
in tercep ts in th e co n tex t o f th e problem .
106
Chapter 2
Mode! Direct Variation

You wrote and graphed tinear equations.
You witt write and graph direct variation equations.
So you can mode) animat migration, as in Ex. 4 4.
Key Vocabutary
d irect v ariatio n
co n stan t of variatio n
KEY CONCEPT
A ir
Direct Variation
Equation
T h e eq u atio n y = a x represen ts d ire ct v a ria tio n betw een

x and y, and y is said to aary direcdy w ith x. T h e non zero
co n sta n t a is called th e co n sta n t o f variatio n .
Graph
T h e graph o f a d ire ct variation

eq u atio n y = a x is a lin e w ith
slope a and y -in tercep t 0.
T h e fam ily o f d irect v ariation
graphs co n sists o f lin es th rou gh
th e origin, su ch as th o se show n.
EXAMPLE 1
Write and graph a direct variation equation
W rite and graph a d ire ct v a ria tio n eq u ation th a t h as ( - 4 , 8 ) as a solution.
Soiution
Use th e given values o f x and y to find th e co n sta n t o f variation ,
y = ax
Write direct variation equation.
8 = a (-4 )
Substitute 8 fo ry and - 4 forx.
-2 = a
Soive for a.
^ Su bstitu tin g - 2 for a in y = a x gives th e d ire ct

v ariation eq u atio n y = 2x. Its graph is show n.
Aigebra
GutDED PRACTKE
at dasszone.com
fo r E xam p ie 1
W rite an d graph a d ire ct v a ria tio n eq u ation th a t h a s th e given o rd ered p a ir as

a solution.
1. (3, - 9 )
2. ( - 7 ,4 )
3. (5 ,3 )
4. ( 6 , - 2 )
2 .5
Model Direct Variation
W rite an d ap p iy a m od e! fo r d ire ct v a riatio n
EXAM PLE 2
METEOROLOGY H ailstones form w hen strong u p d rafts

support ice p article s high in clouds, w here w ater
droplets freeze onto th e p articles. T h e d iag ram show s a
h ailsto n e at tw o d ifferent tim es d uring its form ation .
a. W rite an eq u atio n th a t gives th e h ailsto n e's
d iam eter d (in in ch es) after f m in u tes if you assu m e
th e d iam eter v aries d irectly w ith th e tim e the
hailsto n e tak es to form .
b. U sing your eq u ation from p art (a), p red ict th e
d iam eter o f th e h ailsto n e a fter 20 m inu tes.
Soiution
a. Use th e given values o f f an d d to find th e co n sta n t o f variation.
d
0.7 5
0.0625
rd
= a (1 2 )
=

Substitute 0.75 for dand 12 for f.
a Soive for o.
An eq u ation th a t relates f and d is d = 0 .0625b

b. A fter f = 20 m inu tes, th e pred icted d iam eter o f th e h a ilsto n e is
d = 0.0625(20) = 1.25 in ch es.
RATIOS AND DIRECT VARIATION B eca u se th e d irect v ariation eq u atio n y = a x ca n

y
b e w ritten as y = a, a set o f data pairs (x, y) show s d irect v ariation if th e ratio o f

y to x is co n stan t.
EXAM PLE 3
Use ra tio s to identify d ire ct v aria tio n
SHARKS G reat w hite sharks have tria n g u la r teeth .

T h e table below gives th e len gth o f a side o f a to o th
and th e body len gth for ea ch o f six great w hite
sharks. Tell w hether to o th len gth and body len gth
show d irect variation . If so, w rite a n eq u atio n th a t
relates th e qu antities.
Tooth length, t (cm)
1.8
2.4
2.9
3.6
4.7
Body length, &(cm)
215
290
350
430
565
Solution
Find th e ratio o f th e body len gth b to th e to o th len gth f for ea ch shark.

AVO!D ERRORS
215
For real-world data,

th e ratios do not have
to be exactly the sam e
to show that direct
variation is a plausible
model.
1.8
108
Chapter 2
430
3.6
119
290
2.4
121
350
2.9
119
565
4.7
120
695
5.8
121
120
^ B ecau se th e ratios are approxim ately equal, th e d ata show d ire ct v ariation .
An eq u atio n relatin g to o th len gth and body len g th is y = 120, or & = 120b
CuiDED PRACTtCE
5. WHAT !F? In E xam ple 2, suppose th a t a h a ilsto n e form in g in a cloud has a

radius o f 0.6 in ch . P red ict how long it has b e e n form ing.
6. SHARKS In E xam ple 3, th e resp ectiv e body m asses m (in kilogram s) o f th e
great w hite sharks are 80, 220, 375, 730, 1690, and 3195. Tell w h eth er tooth
length and body m ass show d irect v ariation . If so, w rite a n eq u atio n th at
relates th e qu an tities.
25 EXEROSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
*
= STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTKE

Exs. 2 ,1 7 ,3 0 ,4 0 , and 44
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY D efin e th e co n sta n t o f v aria tio n for tw o v ariab les x an d y th a t
vary directly.
2. Hr WRITtNG Given a table o f ordered pairs (x, y), d escrib e how to d eterm in e
w h ether x an d y show d irect v ariation .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 107
for Exs. 3-10
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 108
for Exs. 11-17
WRITING AND GRAPH!NG W rite an d g rap h a d ire ct v a ria tio n eq u ation th a t h as

th e given o rd ered p air as a soiution.
3. (2 ,6 )
4. ( - 3 , 12)
7. ( - 5 , - 1 )
8. (24, - 8 )
@ ( 6 , -2 1 )
6. (4, 10)
10. (1 2 .5 ,5 )
WRITING AND EVALUATING The variab les x an d y v a ry d irectly. W rite an

eq u ation th a t relates x an d y. Then find y w hen x = 12.
11. x = 4 , y = 8
12. x = - 3 , y = - 5
13. x = 35, y = - 7
14. x = - 1 8 , y = 4
1 5 ) x = - 4 .8 , y = - 1 .6
16. x = ^ , y = - 1 0
17. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ich eq u atio n is a d ire ct v ariation eq u atio n th a t has

(3, 18) as a solution?
(A ) y = 2 x ^
(g )y = j*
(g )
( E ) y = 6x
y = 4x + 6
IDENTIFYING DtRECT VARIATION Tell w h eth er th e eq u ation re p re se n ts d ire ct

v ariatio n . If so, give th e co n sta n t o f v a ria tio n .
18. y = - 8 x
19. y - 4 = 3x
20. 3y - 7 = lOx
21. 2 y - 5 x = 0
22. 5y = - 4 x
23. 6y = x
WR)T)NG AND SOLVING The v ariab les x an d y v a ry d irectly. W rite an eq u ation

th a t relates x an d y. T hen find x w hen y = - 4 .
24. x = 5, y = - 1 5
25. x = - 6 , y = 8
26. x = - 1 8 , y = - 2
27. x = - 1 2 , y = 84
2?R8 . rx -- ^ 20 , y - _ 15
29. x = - 0 .5 , y = 3.6
2 .5
Mode) Direct Variation
109
30. * OPEN-ENDED MATH Give an exam pie o f tw o rea l-life q u a n tities th a t show
d ire ct v ariation . Explain your reasoning.
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 108
for Exs. 31-34
<DENT!FY)NG DIRECT VARIATION Tell w h eth er th e d a ta in th e table show d ire ct

v ariatio n . If so, w rite an equ ation relatin g %an d y.
31.
33.
12
15
-1
-2
-3
-4
-5
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
20
16
12
32.
34.
35. ERROR ANALYSIS A stud ent tried to

d eterm in e w hether th e data pairs (1, 24),
(2, 12), (3, 8), and (4, 6) show d irect
v ariation. D escribe and co rrect th e
error in th e stud ent's work.
11
13
15
-8
-4
12
-4
-8
-12
1 . 24 = 24
2 * 12 = 24
3 . 5 = 24
4- 6
= 24
B e cau se th e p ro d u cts xy are

c o n s ta n t, y varies directly with x
36. REASONtNG Let (x^ jq) be a solution, oth er th a n (0, 0), o f a d irect variation
eq u ation . W rite a second d ire ct variation eq u atio n w hose graph is
p erp en d icu lar to th e graph o f th e first eq u ation .
37. CHALLENGE Let (x^, y^) and (x^, y^) b e an y tw o d istin c t solu tion s o f a d ire ct
variation eq u ation. Show th a t
x-
y,
= -G
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 108
for Exs. 3 8 -4 0
38. SCUBA D!V)NG T he tim e f it tak es a diver to ascen d safely to th e su rface

varies d irectly w ith th e depth rf. It tak es a m in im u m o f 0.75 m in u te for a safe
ascen t from a d epth o f 45 feet. W rite an eq u atio n th a t relates d and f. T h en
p red ict th e m inim u m tim e for a safe a scen t from a d epth o f 100 feet.
@ M )m e T u fo r
39. WEATHER H ail 0.5 in ch deep and w eighing 1800 pounds covers a roof. Th e
h ail's w eight re varies d irectly w ith its depth d. W rite a n eq u ation th at relates
d and w. Th en p red ict th e w eight on th e ro o f o f h ail th a t is 1.75 in ch es deep.
40. * MULTIPLE CHOICE Your w eight M on M ars varies d irectly w ith your
w eight E on E arth . If you w eigh 116 pound s on E arth , you w ould weigh
44 pounds on M ars. W h ich eq u atio n relates E and M?
(A )
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 108
for Exs. 41-43
110
Ai = E - 7 2
(g )
44M =116E
(C ) M = ^ E
(41^ INTERNET DOWNLOADS T h e ordered pairs (4.5, 23), (7.8, 40), and (16.0, 82)
are in th e form (s, f) w here f rep resen ts th e tim e (in secon d s) need ed to
dow nload an In tern et file o f size s (in m egab y tes). Tell w h eth er th e data show
d irect variation. If so, w rite an eq u atio n th a t relates s and f.
on p. WS1
* = STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTfCE
(& GEOMETRY In E xercises 4 2 an d 4 3 , co n sid er sq u ares w ith side iengths o f 1,

2 , 3 , an d 4 cen tim eters.
42. Copy and co m p lete th e tabie.
S id elen gth s(cm )
Perim eter, P (cm)
Area, A (cm^)
I 43. Tell w h ether th e given variab les show d ire ct variation . If so, w rite an
eq u atio n relatin g th e variab les. If not, ex p lain why not.
a. s and P
b. s and A
c. P an d yi
44. * EXTENDED RESPONSE E ach year, gray w hales

m igrate from M exico's B aja P en in su la to feed in g
grounds n ear Alaska. A w h ale m ay travel 6 0 0 0 m iles
at an average rate o f 75 m iles per day.
Feeding
grounds
CANADA
a. W rite an eq u atio n th a t gives th e d ista n ce

traveled in f days o f m igration.
b. W rite an eq u atio n th a t gives th e d ista n ce
th a t
rem ain s to b e traveled a fter f days o f m igration.
c. Tell w hether th e eq u atio n s from p arts (a) an d (b)
rep resen t d ire ct variation . E xp lain your answ ers.
Pacific
Ocean
UNITED
STATES
^jgtmatedAlgebra at dasszone.com
Baja Peninsula
45. CHALLENGE At a jew elry store, th e p rice p o f a gold n eck la ce varies d irectly
w ith its len gth f. Also, th e w eight w o f a n eck la ce varies d irectly w ith its
length . Show th a t th e p rice o f a n eck la ce varies d irectly w ith its w eight.
M !XED REV!EW
Solve th e inequality. Then grap h th e solution , ip.
46.
I x - 5 l >10
47.
49.
l4 x -3 l> 3
50.
Is - 3x1 < 13
6 -
2 !
<9
48.
l-x -4 l
51.
l ^ x + 2]
PREVIEW
Find th e slope o f th e line p assin g th ro u g h th e given p oin ts, (p. 82)
Prepare for
Lesson 2.6
in Exs. 52-57.
52. (2, - 5 ) , ( - 1 , 4)
53. ( - 1 , - 5 ) , ( - 3 , - 2 )
54. (3, 11), ( - 2 , - 4 )
55. ( - 2 , - 1 0 ), ( - 2 , 8)
56. ( - 4 , 9), (6, - 9 )
57. ( -1 5 , 1), ( - 6 , 13)
5 9 ./ ( x ) = ^ x - 5
60. /(x ) = - 4 x - 3
62. y = - 5
63. 6x - lOy = 15
Graph th e eq u ation , (p. 89)

58.
y = l + 2x
61. 5x + 8y = 40
64. UTILITIES Your Ju n e electric b ill is $78 for 720 k ilow att-h ou rs o f electricity .
Your July b ill is $120 for 1140 kilow att-hou rs. W rite a lin e a r eq u a tio n th a t
m odels co st as a fu n c tio n o f e lectricity use. (p. 98)
111
'" ^ r A C T !V !T Y
2 .6 Fitting a Line to Data
M A T E R iA L S -o v e rh e a d projector -overhead transparency - metric ruier -m eter stick -graph paper
How can you a p p ro xim ate th e hesf-//Mmg /m e for a se t of d a ta ?
Coiiect and record d ata
Position an overhead p ro jecto r

a convenient d istan ce from a
p ro jectio n screen. Draw a iine
segm ent 15 cen tim eters iong on
a transparency, and place the
tran sp aren cy on th e projector.
M easu re th e d ista n ce, in

cen tim eters, from th e p ro jecto r to
th e screen and th e len gth o f th e
lin e seg m ent as it ap pears on the
screen . R eposition th e p ro jecto r
several tim es, ea ch tim e tak in g
th ese m easu rem en ts.
[LMJt
Record your m easu rem en ts from

Step 2 in a tab le like th e one show n
below.
Distance from
projector to
screen (cm ),x
Length of iine
segm ent on
screen (cm), y
200
210
220
230
240
250
260
270
280
290
D R A W C O N C LU SiO N S
Use your o b servation s to co m p iete th e se ex e rcise s
y'
------------------- 1. Graph th e data pairs (x, y). W hat p attern do you observe?
2. Use a ru ler to draw a lin e th at lies as close as possible to all o f th e
points on th e graph, as show n at th e right. T he lin e does n o t have
to pass throu gh any o f th e points. T here should b e abou t as m any
points above th e lin e as below it.
3. E stim ate th e co o rd inates o f two p o in ts on your line. Use your
points to w rite an eq u ation o f th e line.
4. U sing your eq u ation from E xercise 3, p red ict th e len gth o f th e lin e
segm ent on th e screen for a p a rticu la r p ro jecto r-to -scre en d ista n ce
less th a n th o se in your table and for a p a rticu la r p ro jecto r-to screen d istan ce greater th a n th o se in your table.
5. Test your p red ictio n s from E xercise 4. How a ccu ra te w ere they?
112
Chapter 2
2.6
Draw Scatter P!ots

and Best-Fitting Lines
You w rote equations of iines.
You wiii fit iines to data in scatter piots.
So you can mode! sports trends, as in Ex. 27.
Key Vocabuiary
< sca tter plot
* positive co rreiatio n
* negative co rreiatio n
< co rreiatio n
coefficient
* best-fitting iine
A sc a tte r piot is a graph o f a set o f d ata pairs (x, y ) .I f y tend s to in cre a s e as x

in creases, th e n th e data have a positive co rre ia tio n . If y tend s to d ecrea se as
x in creases, th e n th e d ata have a n egative co rre ia tio n . If th e p o in ts show no
obvious p attern, th e n th e d ata have approxim ately no correiation.
* *
Approximateiy
no correiation
Negative
correiation
Positive
correiation
Describe correiation
EXAMPLE 1
TELEPHONES D escrib e th e co rrela tio n show n by ea ch sca tter plot.

Ceiiuiar Phone Subscribers and
Corded Phone Saies,
1 9 9 5 -2 0 0 3
Ceiiuiar Phone Subscribers and

Ceiiuiar Service Regions,
1 9 9 5 -2 0 0 3
M
E
O
120
M
O =
E S 80
-S "
"
40
0
y,
V) -rr 550
0) g
(C C
B
g -5 450
= T=
.=
=- g 350
"S .S
160
*
*
W
* *
*
*
^ 250
*
40
80
120
1
0
160 *
Subscribers (miitions)
40
80
120
160 *
Subscribers (miiiions)
S oiu tion
T he first sca tte r plot show s a positive co rrelatio n , b eca u se as th e n u m b er o f
cellu lar phone su b scrib ers in creased , th e n u m b er o f cellu lar serv ice regions
tended to in crease.
T he seco n d sca tte r plot show s a negative co rrelatio n , b eca u se as th e nu m ber of
cellu lar p hone su b scrib ers in creased , corded p h on e sales tend ed to d ecrease.
2 .6
Draw Scatter Piots and Best-Fitting Lines
CORRELATION COEFFiCiENTS A co rre la tio n coefficien t, denoted by r, is a n u m ber

from - 1 to 1 th a t m easu res how w el! a lin e fits a set o f d ata pairs (x, y ) .I f r is n ear
1, th e p oints lie clo se to a lin e w ith positive slope. If r is n ea r - 1 , th e p o in ts lie
clo se to a lin e w ith negative slope. If r is n ea r 0, th e p o in ts do n ot lie clo se to
any line.
r = -1
r= 1
r= 0
Points tie near iine

with a negative siope.
Points do not iie

near any iine.
Points iie near iine

with positive siope.
E stim ate co rre ia tio n coefficien ts

Tell w h eth er th e co rrelatio n co efficien t for th e d a ta is closest to 1, - 0 . 5 ,
0, 0 .5 , o r 1.
a.
y
150
X.
150
100
100
50
50
C.
*
100
<
50
*
y
150
6*
Solu tion
a. T he scatte r plot shows a clear b u t fairly w eak negative co rrelatio n . So, r
is betw een 0 and - 1 , bu t not too clo se to eith er one. T h e b e s t estim a te
given is r = - 0 .5 . (The a ctu a l value is r ^ - 0 .4 6 .)
b. T he sca tte r plot shows approxim ately no co rrelatio n . So, th e best
estim ate given is r = 0. (The a ctu a l value is r = - 0 .0 2 .)
c. T he scatter plot show s a stron g positive co rrelatio n . So, th e b est
estim ate given is r = 1. (The a ctu a l value is r = 0.98.)
GUIDED PRACTICE
F o r each s c a tte r plot, (a) tell w h eth er th e d a ta have a positive co rre la tio n , a
negntm e co rrelatio n , o r ap p roxim ately no co rre la tio n , an d (b) tell w h eth er th e
co rrelatio n coefficien t is closest to - 1 , - 0 . 5 , 0, 0 .5 , o r 1.
1.
2.
100
3.
X.
100
y
100
*
50
50
50
*<
6*
*'
BEST-FtTTiNG LINES If th e co rrelatio n co e ffic ie n t for a set o f d ata is n ea r 1 , the

data c a n be reasonably m odeled by a lin e. T h e b est-fittin g line is th e lin e th a t lies
as close as possible to all th e d ata poin ts. You ca n app roxim ate a b e st-fittin g lin e
by graphing.
11 4
Chapter 2
KEY CONCEPT
A pproxim ating a Best-Fitting Line
^7<EP 7
Draw a sca tte r plot o f th e data.
-f7<EPF
Sketch th e lin e th a t ap pears to follow m o st closely th e tren d given

by th e data poin ts. T h ere should b e abou t as m any p o in ts above the
lin e as below it.
.W iffJ
Choose two p oin ts on th e line, and e stim a te th e co o rd in a tes o f each

point. T h ese p oin ts do n ot have to b e o rig in al d ata points.
^7!F^ 4
Write an eq u atio n o f th e lin e th a t passes th rou gh th e two points

from Step 3. T h is eq u atio n is a m odel for th e data.
A p p roxim ate a b est-fittin g iine

ALTERNATIVE-FUELED VEHICLES T h e tab le shows
th e n u m b er y (in thou san d s) o f altern ative-fu eled
vehicles in use in th e U nited States x years a fter
1997. A pproxim ate th e b est-fittin g lin e for th e data.
X
280
295
322
395
425
471
511
548
Soiu tion
7 Draw a sca tte r plot o f th e data.
FT?? F
Sketch th e lin e th at ap pears to

b est fit th e data. One possibility
is show n.
FTiEPJ Choose tw o p oin ts th a t appear

to iie on th e lin e. For th e lin e
show n, you m igh t ch o o se
(1, 300), w h ich is n ot an orig in al
d ata point, and (7, 5 4 8 ), w h ich is
an orig in ai data point.
.fTBf 4
Write an eq u atio n o f th e line.

First find th e slope using the
p o in ts (1, 300) and (7, 548).
548 - 300
7 - 1
248
6
Years sin ce 1997
41.3
U se p oint-slop e form to w rite th e eq u atio n . C hoose (x^ y ^ = (1, 300).

y - y^ = m (x - x ^
y - 3 0 0 = 4 1 .3 (x 1)
y = 41.3x + 259
Point-slope form
Substitute for m, x^, an d y,.
Simpiify.
^ An ap p roxim ation o f th e b e st-fittin g lin e is y = 41.3x + 259.

g a B im s t e d A ig e b r a
at dasszone.com
2 .6
Draw Scatter Plots and Best-Fitting Lines
115
EXAMPLE 4
Use a tine o f fit to m ak e a prediction
Use th e eq u ation o f th e iine o f fit fro m E xam p le 3 to p red ict th e n u m b er

of altern ative-fu eled vehicles in use in th e U nited S tates in 2010.
Solution
B ecau se 2010 is 13 years a fter 1997, su b stitu te 13 for x in th e eq u ation from
Exam ple 3.
y = 41.3x + 259 = 41.3(13) + 259 ^ 796
F You ca n p red ict th at th ere w ill b e ab o u t 7 9 6 ,0 0 0 alternativ e-fu eled veh icles
in u se in th e U nited States in 2010.
LINEAR REGRESSION M any graphing ca lcu la to rs have a lin ear regression featu re
th at ca n be used to find th e b e st-fittin g lin e for a set o f data.
Use a g rap h in g ca icu ia to r to find a b est-fittin g iine

Use th e iin e a r regression featu re on a grap h in g ca lc u la to r to find an
eq u ation of th e best fitting line for th e d ata in E xam p le 3.
Solution
7 Enter th e data into two lists.
Press
and th en select Edit.
Enter years sin ce 1997 in Lj and
nu m ber o f alternative-fu eled
vehicles in L^.
^ Find an eq u atio n o f th e bestfittin g (lin ear regression) line. Press

) ) , ch o o se th e CALC m enu, and
select L in R eg (a x + b ). T he eq u ation
ca n b e rounded to y = 4 0 .9 x + 263.
FIND CORRELATION
tf your calculator
does not display the
correlation coefficient
rwhen it displays the
regression equation,
you may need to select
DiagnosticOn from the
CATALOG menu.
L2
280
295
2
322
3
395
4
425
L1 ( 2 ) = 1
0
Li
Li n Re g
y=ax+b
a=40.86904762
b=262.83333333
r = . 9929677507
L3
J
Make a scatter plot o f th e
data pairs to see how well the
regression eq u atio n m odels th e
data. Press B S [STAT PLOT] to
set up your plot. T h en select an
appropriate w indow for th e graph.
.P7!fP4 Graph th e regression eq u atio n

w ith th e sca tte r plot by en terin g th e
eq u atio n y = 4 0 .9 x + 263. T h e graph
(displayed in th e w indow 0 < x < 8 and
200 < y < 600) show s th a t th e lin e fits
th e d ata well.
I J M M P t o t 2 PLot3
EB o f t
Type
HN
Rf- ton
XLi s t : Li
YLi s t : L 2
Ma r k : Q +
F A n e q u a tio n o f th e b e s t-fittin g lin e is y = 4 0 .9 x + 2 6 3 .
116
Chapter 2
GUIDED PRACTICE
4.
OIL PRODUCTION T h e tab ie show s th e U.S. daiiy oii prod uction y (in
th o u san d s o f b arrels) x years a fter 1994.
6660
6560
6470
6450
6250
5880
5820
5800
5750
a. A pproxim ate th e b est-fittin g lin e for th e data.

b. Use your eq u atio n from part (a) to p red ict th e daily oil prod uction in 2009.
c. Use a g raphing ca icu ia to r to find and graph an eq u atio n o f th e b est-fittin g
lin e. R epeat th e p red ictio n from p a rt (b) using th is eq u ation .
26 EXEROSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Exs. 2 ,1 6 ,1 8 ,2 1 , and 28
Ex. 27
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p iete: A iin e th a t lies as cio se as possible to a set
o f data p oints (x, y) is calied th e ? for th e data points.
2. * WRITING D escribe how to tell w h eth er a set o f d ata p o in ts show s a positive
co rrelatio n , a negative co rrelatio n , or approxim ately no co rrelatio n .
EXAMPLE 1
onp. 113
for Exs. 3 -5
DESCRIBING CORRELATIONS Teil w h eth er th e d a ta have a positive co rre la tio n ,

a negative co rrelatio n , o r ap p roxim ately no co rre la tio n .
4.
5. y
60
30
40
20
20
10
0
0
0
2
6. REASONING E xp lain how you c a n d eterm in e th e ty p e o f co rrela tio n for a set

o f data pairs by ex am in in g th e d ata in a ta b le w ith ou t draw ing a sc a tte r plot.
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 114
for Exs. 7-9
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS Tell w h eth er th e co rre la tio n co efficien t for th e

d ata is ciosest to - 1 , - 0 . 5 , 0, 0 .5 , o r 1.
7.
8.
60
60
60
40
40
40
20
20
20
0
8 *
2 .6
117
EXAMPLES
3and4
BEST-FITTING UNES In E xercises 1 0 -1 5 , (a) d raw a s c a tte r plot of th e d ata,

(b) ap p roxim ate th e b est-fitting line, an d (c) e stim a te y w hen x = 2 0 .
on pp. 115-116
for Exs. 10-15
10 .
12 .
14.
10
22
35
49
62
120
101
87
57
42
12
25
36
50
64
10
15
18
100
75
52
26
16
45
82
102
116
5.6
6.2
7.3
8.4
16
24
39
55
68
120
130
141
156
167
3.9
3.7
3.4
2.9
2.6
13.
15.
16. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h ich eq u ation best

m odels th e data in th e sca tte r plot?
(A ) y = 1 5
( g ) y = - y X + 26
(g )y = -^ x + 1 9
(D )y = -^ r
20
10
33
17. ERROR ANALYSIS T h e graph show s one

stud ent's app roxim ation o f th e bestfittin g lin e for th e data in th e scatter
plot. D escribe and co rrect th e error in th e
student's work.
10
on p. 116
for Exs. 19-20
<
<
2Q
>
* MULTIPLE CHOICE A set o f data h as co rrelatio n co e fficie n t r. For w hich

value o f r would th e data p o in ts lie clo sest to a lin e?
(A )
EXAMPLE 5
30
18.
20
r = - 0 .9 6
(g ) r = 0
(g )
r = 0.38
(D )
r = 0 .5
GRAPHING CALCULATOR In E xercise s 19 an d 2 0 , u se a g rap h in g ca ic u ia to r to

find an d graph an eq u ation of th e b est fitting iine.
X
78
74
68
76
80
84
50
76
55
93
51
5.0
4.6
4.9
5.3
5.5
3.7
5.0
3.9
5.8
7000
7400
7800
8100
8500
8800
9200
9500
9800
56.0
54.5
51.9
50.0
47.3
45.6
43.1
41.6
39.9
21. * OPEN-ENDEO MATH Give two real-life q u a n tities th a t have (a) a positive
correlation , (b) a negative correlation , and (c) approxim ately no correlation .
22. REASONING A set o f d ata pairs h as co rrelatio n co e fficie n t r = 0.1. Is it lo g ical
to u se th e best-fittin g lin e to m ake p red ictio n s from th e data? Exp/am .
23. CHALLENGE If x and y have a positive co rrela tio n an d y and z have a negative
correlation, w hat c a n you say abou t th e co rrela tio n b etw een x and z? Exp/am .
118
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
GRAPHiNG CALCULATOR You m ay w ish to u se a g rap h in g ca ic u ia to r to
com p lete th e foiiow ing P rob iem Soiving e xercises.
EXAMPLES
3, 4, and 5
on pp. 115-116
for Exs. 2 4 -2 8
24. POPULATiON T h e d ata pairs (x, y) give th e p op u lation y (in m illion s) o f Texas
x years after 1997. A pproxim ate th e b e st-fittin g lin e for th e data.
(0,1 9 .7 ), (1, 20.2), (2, 20.6), (3, 20.9), (4, 21.3), (5, 21.7), (6, 22.1), (7, 22.5)
@ W o m e 7 u to r
(253 TUiTiON T h e data pairs (x, y) give U.S. average a n n u a l pu blic coiiege tu itio n
y (in dollars) x years after 1997. A pproxim ate th e b est-fittin g lin e for th e data.
(0, 2271), (1, 2360), (2, 2430), (3, 2 5 0 6 ), (4, 2562), (5, 2727), (6, 2928)
@ H o m e 7 u fo r
26. PHYSICAL SCIENCE The diagram

shows th e boiling point o f w ater at
various elevations. Approxim ate the
best-fittin g lin e for th e data pairs
(x, y) w here x represents th e elevation
(in feet) and y represents th e boiling
point (in degrees Fahrenheit). Then
use th is lin e to estim ate the boiling
point at an elevation o f 14,000 feet.
27.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATiONS T h e tab le show s th e n u m b ers o f

co u n tries th a t p articip ated in th e W in ter O lym pics from 1980 to 2002.
Year
Countries
1980
1984
1988
1992
1994
1998
2002
37
49
57
64
67
72
77
a. Making a List Use th e tab le to m ake a list o f d ata pairs (x, y) w here x
represents years sin ce 1980 an d y rep resen ts th e n u m b er o f co u n tries.
b. Drawing a Graph D raw a sca tter plot o f th e d ata pairs from p a rt (a).
c. Writing an Equation W rite an eq u atio n th a t ap p roxim ates th e b est-fittin g
line, and use it to p red ict th e n u m b er o f p a rticip a tin g co u n tries in 2014.
28. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e tab le show s m a n u fa ctu rers' sh ip m en ts
(in m illions) o f ca sse tte s and CDs in th e U n ited States from 1988 to 2002.
Year
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
Cassettes
450.1
442.2
336.4
345.4
225.3
158.5
76.0
31.1
CDs
149.7
286.5
407.5
662.1
778.9
847.0
942.5
803.3
a. Draw a sca tte r plot o f th e d ata p airs (year, sh ip m en ts o f ca ssettes).

D escribe th e co rrelatio n show n by th e sca tte r plot.
b. Draw a sca tte r plot o f th e d ata pairs (year, sh ip m en ts o f CDs).
D escribe th e co rrelatio n show n by th e sca tte r plot.
c. D escribe th e co rrelatio n b etw een ca s se tte sh ip m en ts an d CD ship m ents.
W hat real-w orld factors m igh t a cco u n t for th is?
2 .6
119
29. CHALLENGE D ata from som e co u n tries in N orth A m erica show a positive
co rrelatio n betw een th e average life ex p e cta n cy in a co u n try an d th e
n u m ber o f p erso n al com p uters per ca p ita in th a t country.
a. M ake a co n jectu re about th e reason for th e positive co rreiatio n betw een
iife ex p e ctan cy and n u m ber o f p erso n al com p uters per cap ita.
b. is it reason able to conclu de from th e data th at giving resid ents o f a
co u n try m ore p erso n al com p uters w ill len g th en th e ir lives? Explain.
M!XED REV!EW
Soive th e eq uation for y. Then find th e vaiu e o f y for th e given vaiu e of x . (p. 26)
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 2.7
in Exs. 36-4
30. 2x - y = 10; x = 8
31. 6y + x = - 5 ; x = 1
32. x - 4y = 3; x = - 3
33. - 3 x + 4y + 5 = 0; x = - 2
34. - 0 .5 y + 0.2 5 x = 2; x = 4
35. xy - 4 x = 9; x = 6
E vaiu ate th e fu n ction for the given vaiu e o f x . (p. 72)

36. /(x ) = - x + 7 ;/(9 )
37. /(x ) = - 4 x - 11;/ ( - 5 )
38. /(x ) = 14 -
39. /(x ) = [ x - 1 0 l;/(1 0 )
40. /(x ) = 1 - 6 - x l;/ ( 4 )
41. /(x ) = l2x + 8) - l ; / ( - 3 )
42. y = x + 8
43. y = - x - 14
44. y = 5x + 9
45. 2x + y = 1
46. 3x - 2y = - 4
47. x + 3y = 15
lx l;/ ( - 2 )
Graph th e eq u ation , (p. 89)
QU!Z /o r Lemons 2 .4 - 2 6
W rite an eq u ation o f the iine th a t satisfies th e given co n d ition s, jp. 98)
1. m = 5, & = 3
2.
m = 2, & = 12
3.
nt = 4, passes throu gh ( - 3 , 6)
4.
m = - 7 , p asses th rou gh (1, - 4 )
5.
passes th rou gh (0, 7) and ( - 3 , - 2 )
6.
p asses th rou gh ( - 9 , 9) and ( - 9 , 0)
W rite and graph a d ire ct v ariatio n eq u ation th a t h as th e given o rd ered p a ir as a

soiution. fp. 707)
7. (1,2)
8.
( - 2, 8)
9. (5, - 1 6 )
10. (1 2 ,4 )
The variab les x and y v a ry d irectiy. W rite a n eq u ation th a t relates x an d y. Then

find y w hen x = 8. (p. 707)
11. x = 4 , y = 12
12. x = - 3 , y = - 8
13. x = 40, y = - 5
14. x = 12, y = 2
15. CONCERT TICKETS T h e table shows th e average p rice o f a co n cert tick et to

one o f th e top 50 m u sical tou rin g a cts for th e years 1 9 9 9 -2 0 0 4 . W rite an
eq u ation th at ap proxim ates th e b est-fittin g lin e for th e d ata p airs (x, y). Use
th e eq u ation to pred ict th e average p rice o f a tick et in 2010. (p. 773)
Years since 1999,x
Ticket price (doi!ars),y
120
38.56
44.80
46.69
50.81
51.81
58.71
ONLINE QU)Z at classzone.com
^ F "^ A C T !V !T Y
, , . , . 7
ciasszone.com
Keystrokes
2 .7 Exploring Transformations
M A T ER iA LS 'graphingcaicuiator
How a re th e equation and th e grap h of an ab soiu te vaiue
function reiated ?
You can investigate fam ilies o f a&soJnfe iyalMe/MMCfrons w ith eq u atio n s o f th e form
y = %1% - h I + A; by varying th e values o f a, h, and A; and th e n graphing. The
resulting graphs are frans/brmahoHS o f th e graph o f th e p aren t fu n ctio n y = ]x ].
Graph y = 1%I + if
G raph an d d e sc rib e th e fa m iiy o f ab so lu te v a lu e fu n c tio n s o f th e fo rm y = ]x [ + Ac.
F W f ) Âry Âe
[FTBPFl #M/?ây
P f ^ a y yra/yAe
yra/?A^
E n te ry = l x l , y = Ixl + 2 ,
y = l%l + 5, a n d y = jxl - 3 .
G raph th e eq u atio n s in the

stan d ard view ing w indow by
D escrib e how th e fam ily o f graphs

o f y = l%l + A; is related to th e
pressing
graph o fy = IxlThe graphs o f absolu te value

fu n ction s o f th e form
YlBabs(X)
Y2Babs(X)+2
Y3Babs(X)+5
Y4Babs(X)-3
I Ys =
Y6 =
y=
Ixl + k have th e sam e
shape a s th e graph of
y =
Y7 =
L -
Ccm/?are yra/ttA^
Ixl, but are sh ifted
k units vertically.
Graph y =
I* -h i
G raph an d d e sc rib e th e fa m iiy o f a b so lu te v alu e fu n c tio n s o f th e fo rm y = jx - h I.

FTiFf ?l Mary %Ae a a ^ a e # fA
E n te ry = lxl ,y = l x - 2 l ,
y = l % - 4 l , a n d y = j x + 51.
]F7!EP^[ P t ^ a y y r a / ? A s
I^TiEP J ] Com/Bare yra/trA^

stand ard view ing w indow by
D escrib e how th e fam ily o f graphs

of y = Ix h I is related to th e
pressing
graph o fy = Ixl.
) ^ j) .
The graphs o f absolu te value

fu n ctio n s o f th e form
YiBabs(X)
Y2Babs(X-2)
Y3Babs(X-4)
Y4Babs(X+5)
Y5 =
y l x hi have th e sam e
shape a s th e graph o fy =
Y6 =
Ixl,
but are sh ifted h units
Y7 =
horizontally.
2 .7
Use Absolute Value Functions and Transform ations
121
G rap h y = o l^ l w h ere o is a positive n u m b er

Graph and d escribe th e fam iiy o f absoiute vaiu e fu n ction s o f th e fo rm y = a Ix I
w here a > 0.
F 72P7]
M e pa&M
I^ W ^ I
E n te ry = l x l , y = 2 l x l , y = 5 ] x l ,
and y = I [ x l .
yrayrAf
G raph th e eq u atio n s in th e
stand ard view ing w indow by
pressing
)^7!F<PJl ê/rtytAreyra/tAe
D escrib e how th e fam ily of
graphs o fy = a] xl w here a > 0 is
related to th e graph o fy - Ix I.
YiBabs(X)
Y2B2*abs(X)
As with y =
Ixl, th e graph o f
y = a Ix I (a > 0 ) h as it s iow est
Y3B5*abs(X)
Y4B(1/2)*abs(X)
Y5 =
point a t th e origin, if a > 1, th e
Y6 =
graph is narrower th an t h a t o f
Y7 =
y =
I x l - l f 0 < a < 1 , th e graph
is wider th an t h a t o f y =
1.
Graph and d escribe th e fam iiy o f absolu te value fu n ctio n s o f th e form

y = al xl w here a < 0. Follow th ese steps:
E n te ry = l x j , y = - l x [ , y = - 3 l x l , a n d y = - y l x l .
^
G raph th e eq u atio n s in th e stand ard view ing w indow by p ressing

E s a a s *
<?
D escribe how the fam ily o f graphs o fy = a Ix] w here a < 0 is related
to th e graph o fy = Ixl-
Describe how th e graph of th e given eq u ation is reiated to th e grap h o fy = Ixl.

Then graph the given equ ation along w ith y = ]x{ to co n firm y o u r answ er.
2. y = l%l + 6
3. y = Ixl - 4
4. y = l * - 3 l
5. y = ]x + 2 ]
6. y = ^ I x l
3 ' '
7. y = - e l x l
8. y =
9. y = 3 ] x + 2]
10. y = - 0 . 5 l x + l! + 7
Answer th e following questions ab ou t th e grap h o fy = a ) x h] + &.

11. How does th e value o f A; affe ct th e graph?
12. How does th e value o f h a ffe ct th e graph?
13. How do th e sign and absolute value o f a a ffe ct th e graph?
14. W hat are th e co o rd inates o f th e low est or hig h est poin t on th e graph? How
can you tell w heth er th is p oint is th e low est p oin t or th e h ig h est point?
Chapter 2
Ixj.
Use Absoiute Vaiue Functions

and Transformations
You graphed and w rote linear functions.
You wiit graph and write absoiute vaiue functions.
So you can mode! structures, as in Ex. 39.
Key Vocabuiary
* absoiute value
function
* v ertex of an absolute
value graph
* tran sfo rm atio n
* tran slation
* reflection
In Lesson 1.7, you learn ed th at th e absolu te value o f a real n u m ber x

is defined as follows.
x, if x is positive
0, i f x = 0
- x , if x is negative
You ca n also d efine an absolute valu e fu n ctio n /(x ) = j x j .
KEY CONCEPT
Kw r
^ P aren t Function fo r Absoiute Vaiue Functions

I T he parent fu n ctio n for th e fam ily o f all absolu te value fu n ctio n s is /(x ) = l%l
T h e graph o f/ ( % ) = ]x] is V-shaped and is sy m m etric abou t th e y -axis. So, for
-I
every point (x, y) on th e graph, th e p o in t ( - x , y) is also on th e graph.
To the left of x = 0,
the graph is given by
t h e lin e y = - x .
To the right of x = 0,
the graph is given by
the)iney = x.
T he hig h est or low est p o in t on th e graph o f a n absolu te value fu n c tio n is

called th e v ertex. T he vertex o f th e graph o f/(x ) = jx j is (0, 0).
REVIEW GEOMETRY
For help with

transformations,
see p. 988.
TRANSLATIONS You ca n derive new absoiu te vaiue fu n ctio n s from th e paren t

fu n ctio n throu gh frans/ormaH'ons o f th e p aren t graph.
A tran sfo rm atio n ch an g es a graph's size, shape,
position, or o rien tatio n . A tra n sla tio n is a
tran sfo rm atio n th a t sh ifts a graph h o rizo n tally
a n d /o r vertically, bu t does not ch an g e its size,
shape, or orien tatio n .
T he graph o f y = l x - h ] + iris th e graph o f y = Ixl
tran slated h u n its ho rizo n tally and ir u n its verticaiiy,
as show n in th e diagram . T h e v ertex o f y = I x - h l + ir
i s( h, ir).
2 .7
Use Absotute Vatue Functions and Transform ations
123
EXAMPLE 1
G raph a fu n ction o f th e fo rm y = [x - A[ + A
Graph y = Ix + 4 ] - 2 . C om p are th e grap h w ith th e g rap h of y = Ix ].

INTERPRET
FUNCTIONS
S oiu tion
F7BP 7
To identify the
vertex, rewrite the
given function as
y = lx - ( - 4 ) l + (-2 )
So, h = - 4 and k = -i
The vertex is (-4, -2).
identify and plot th e vertex,

(h, ir) = ( - 4 , - 2 ) .
Plot a n o th er p o in t on th e graph,
su ch as ( - 2 , 0). Use sy m m etry to
plot a third point, ( - 6 , 0).
F T fP J
Connect th e p oin ts w ith a V-shaped

graph.
Compare w ith y = Ixl. T h e graph o fy = lx + 41 - 2 is th e graph o f
y = ]xl tran slated down 2 u n its and left 4 u nits.
STRETCHES,SHR!NKS,ANDREFLECT!ONS W hen H # 1, th e graph o fy = a l x l is a

v ertical stretch or a v erticai shrink o f th e graph o fy = Ixl, depending on w h eth er
Ia I is less th a n or greater th a n 1.
For la] > 1
* The graph is verticaiiy stretched, or
For lal < 1

* The graph is verticaiiy shrunk, or
elongated.
compressed.
* The graph of y = a]x] is narrower than
* The graph of y = alxl is wider than the
the graph of y = Ixj.
graph ofy = Ixj.
W hen a = - 1 , th e graph o fy = nix] is a reflectio n in th e x -a x is o f th e graph o f

y = Ixl. W hen a < 0 but a ^ - 1 , th e graph o f y = n lx I is a v ertica i stretch or sh rin k
w ith a reflectio n in th e x -ax is o f th e graph o fy -
EXAMPLE 2
Ix I.
G raph fu n ctio n s o f th e fo rm y - olx]
G raph (a) y = ^ ]x[ an d (b) y = - 3 1x I. C om p are ea ch grap h w ith th e g rap h

o f y = IxlSoiu tion
a. The graph o f y = y ]x I is th e graph o f
y = Ixl v ertically sh ru n k by a factor
of y . Th e graph has vertex (0, 0) and
passes th rou gh ( - 4 , 2) and (4, 2).
124
Chapter 2
b. T he graph o fy = - 3 Ixl is th e
graph o fy = Ixl v ertically
stretch ed by a factor o f 3 and
th e n re flected in th e x -a x is. T he
graph h as vertex (0, 0) and passes
th rou gh ( - 1 , - 3 ) and (1, - 3 ] .
MULTIPLE TRANSFORMATIONS In p a rt (b) o f Exam ple 2, graphing y = - 3 Ixl

involves b o th v ertically stretch in g and re flectin g th e graph o f y = Ix I. A graph
m ay be related to a p aren t graph by even m ore th a n tw o tra n sfo rm a tio n s. For
exam ple, th e graph o fy = a lx - hi + k ca n involve a v ertica l stretch or shrink, a
reflectio n , an d a tra n sla tio n o f th e graph o f y = I x l .
G raph a fu n ction o f th e fo rm y = u lx - h ]_+ R

G raph y = - 2 [ x - l} + 3 . C om p are th e grap h w ith th e g rap h o f y = I% ].
Soiution
FTP? 7
identify and plot th e vertex, (h, k) = (1, 3).
FTP^F
Piot an o th er p oin t on th e graph, su ch as

(0 ,1 ). Use sy m m etry to plot a th ird point,
( 2 , 1).
F 7P P J
FTP? 4
Connect th e p o in ts w ith a V -shaped graph.

Compare w ith y = ]xl. T h e graph of
y = - 2 l x - l l + 3 is th e graph o fy = Ixl
stretch ed v ertically by a factor o f 2, th en
re flected in th e x -axis, and fin ally tra n sla ted right 1 u n it an d up 3 units.
GUiDED PRACTiCE
fo r E xam p ies 1, 2, and 3
G raph th e fu n ction . C om pare th e grap h w ith th e grap h of y = ].v].

1. y = Ix - 2l + 5
EXAMPLE 4
2. y = -^ Ixl
3. /(x ) = - 3 l x + l[ - 2
W rite an ab so iu te vaiu e fu n ction
HOLOGRAMS In holography, light

from a laser b e a m is split in to two
b eam s, a referen ce b e a m and an
o b je ct b eam . Light from th e o b ject
b eam re flects o ff an o b je ct and is
reco m bin ed w ith th e referen ce b eam
to form im ages on film th a t ca n be
u sed to create th ree-d im e n sio n a l
im ages. W rite an eq u atio n for th e
path o f th e referen ce b eam .
Soiution
T he vertex o f th e p ath o f th e referen ce
b ea m is (5, 8). So, th e eq u atio n has th e
form y = a ]x - 5 1 + 8. S u b stitu te th e
co o rd in ates o f th e p o in t (0, 0) into th e eq u atio n and solve for a.
0 = a 10 - 5 1 + 8
- 1 .6 = a
Substitute 0 for y and 0 for x.

Soive for a.
F An eq u atio n for th e p ath o f th e referen ce b e a m is y = - 1 .6 l x - 5 j + 8 .
2 .7
Use Absoiute Value Functions and Transform ations
TRANSFORMATIONS OF ANY GRAPH You ca n p erfo rm tra n sfo rm a tio n s on the

graph o f any f u n c tio n / in th e sam e way as for absoiu te value graphs.
KEY CONCEPT
Transformations of Genera! Graphs
T he graph o f y = a * / ( x h) + k ca n b e o b ta in ed from th e graph o f any
fu n ctio n y = /(x ) by p erfo rm in g th e se steps:
F7BP 7
Stretch or shrink th e graph o f y = /(x ) v ertically by a factor o f Ia I if

]a I # 1. If ]a I > 1 , stretch th e graph. If Ia I < 1, sh rin k th e graph.
R efiect th e resu lting graph from Step 1 in th e x -a x is if a < 0.
FTifP J
T ranslate th e resu ltin g graph from Step 2 h o rizo n tally h u n its and
v ertically k units.
EXAMPLE 5
App!y tra n sfo rm a tio n s to a g rap h
The graph o f a fu n ction y = / ( x ) is show n.

Sketch th e grap h o f th e given fu n ction .
a. y = 2 - /(x )
b. y = - / ( x + 2) + 1
Soiution
AVOID ERRORS
In Example 5,
part (b), the value
of h is - 2 because
, -/(x + 2) + 1 =
-/(x - (-2)) + 1.
Because - 2 < 0, the
horizontal translation is
to the left.
a. T h e graph o f y = 2 - /(x ) is th e
graph o fy = /(x ) stretch ed
v ertically by a factor o f 2. (There
is no re flectio n or tran slatio n .)
To draw th e graph, m ultiply th e
y -co o rd in ate o f each labeled
point on th e graph o f y = /(x )
by 2 and co n n e ct th e ir im ages.
b. T h e graph o f y = - / ( x + 2) + 1 is
th e graph o f y = /(x ) re flected in
th e x -a x is, th e n tran slated left
2 u n its and up 1 u n it. To draw
th e graph, first re flect th e lab eled
p o in ts and co n n e ct th e ir im ages.
T h en tra n sla te an d co n n e ct th ese
p o in ts to form th e fin al im age.
'y
'y
.(2,6)
.(5,6)
(2,3)
(--2, 1)
.(2,3)
(5,3)
'
/ //
l
k
//
,(3 - 2)
\
i
2, -3 )
(5. - 3
(0
(0,0) (0,0)
[' - ]
GUiDED PRACTKE
.(5,3)
/
/
2)
for Exam p les 4 and 5
4. WHAT <F? In Exam ple 4, suppose th e referen ce b e a m o rig in ates at (3, 0) and
re flects o ff a m irror at (5, 4). W rite an eq u atio n for th e p ath o f th e b eam .
Use th e graph o fy = / ( x ) fro m E xam p le 5 to grap h th e given fu n ction .
5. y = 0.5 - /(x )
126
Chapter 2
6. y = - / ( x - 2) - 5
7. y = 2 - / ( x + 3) - 1
27 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
onp.W S4forExs. 1 3 ,19,and39
= STANDARDtZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2 ,27,28, 31, 32 ,3 3 ,3 8 , and 40
Ex. 41
SK!LL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY T h e p oin t (h, k) is th e
o f th e graph o fy = %lx - hi + k.
2. * WRITING D escribe th ree d ifferent ty p es o f tran sfo rm atio n s.

GRAPHING FUNCTIONS G raph th e fu n ction . C om pare th e grap h w ith th e graph
o fy =
Ixl - 7
rf
+
II
5. y = !-X + 4l 2
7. /(x ) = 2l xl
8. /(x ) = - 3 Ixl
-Îxl
4. y = Ix + 2l
= - 4 j x + 2j - 3
TT
on pp. 124-125
for Exs. 3-14
II
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
11. y = 2 l x + ll - 6
@ / ( x ) = - ^ 1 * - ^1 + 5
14. /(x ) = -^ Ix - 4l + 3
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 125
for Exs. 15-20
17.
16.
/
'L
18.
20 .
-y
\
/
\
\
EXAMPLE S
on p. 126
for Exs. 21-28
TRANSFORMATIONS Use th e grap h o fy = / ( x ) show n to sketch

th e grap h of th e given fu n ction .
21. y = / ( x + 2) - 3
22. y = / ( x - 4) + 1
23. y = ^ - / ( * )
24. y = - 3 - /(x )
25. y = - / ( x - 1) + 4
26. y = 2 - / ( x + 3) - 1
27. * OPEN-ENDED MATH C reate a graph o f a fu n c tio n y = / ( x ) . T h en sketch th e

graphs o f (a) y = / ( x + 3) - 4, (b) y = 2 - /(x ), and (c) y = - / ( x ) .
28. * MULTIPLE CHOICE The h ig h est p o in t on th e graph o fy = /(x ) is ( - 1 , 6).
W hat is th e hig h est point on th e graph o f y = 4 - / ( x - 3) + 5?
(g )
( - 1 1 ,6 )
( B ) (8 ,1 1 )
2 .7
(g )
( -4 ,2 9 )
( )
(2 ,2 9 )
Use Absoiute Vaiue Functions and Transform ations
127
ERROR ANALYS!S D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in g ra p h in g y = ] x + 3 [ .

29.
30.
31. ^ MULTtPLE CHOICE W h ich eq u atio n h as th e graph show n?
(S) y = l * l
(H) y = !-*!
(B) y = " l - * !
(B) y = - l * l
32. ^ WRITING D escribe how th e signs o f b and b a ffe ct how to

o b tain th e graph o fy = / ( x - b) + b from th e graph o f y = /(x ).
33. ^ SHORT RESPONSE T h e graph o f th e relatio n x = lyl is show n
at th e right. Is th e relation a fu n ctio n ? Explain.
34. REASONING I s it t r u e in g e n e r a it h a t l x + b l = Ixl + Ibl ?
/nsfi/y your answ er by con sid erin g how th e graphs o f y = ]x + b
a n d y = Ixl + ]bl are related to th e graph o fy = Ixl.
35. CHALLENGE T h e graph o fy = a ] x - b l + b p asses th rou gh
( - 2 , 4) and (4, 4). D escribe th e possible values o f b an d b.
P R O B L E M S O L V .M G
EXAMPLE 1
36. SPEEDOMETER A car's speed o m eter reads 60 m iles per hour. Th e error E in
on p. 124
for Ex. 36
this m easu rem en t is E = Ia - 6 0 1 w here a is th e a ctu a l speed. G raph th e

function. For w hat value (s) o f a w ill E b e 2 .5 m iles per hour?
@ H o fn e 7 i/to r
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 125
for Ex. 37
37. SALES W eekly sales s (in thou san d s) o f a new b a sk etb a ll sh oe in crea se
stead ily for a w hile and th e n d ecrease as d escrib ed by th e fu n ctio n
s = - 2 ]i - 15 ] + 5 0 w here t is th e tim e (in w eeks). G raph th e fu n ctio n .
W hat is th e greatest n u m ber o f pairs o f sh oes soid in one week?
(SjM M neTutor
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 125
for Exs. 3 8 -3 9
38.
* SHORT RESPONSE On th e pool tab le show n, you

b an k the five b all o ff th e side at (-1 .2 5 , 5). You w ant
th e b all to go in th e p o ck et at ( - 5 , 0).
a. W rite an eq u ation for th e p ath o f th e ball.
b. Do you m ake th e shot? Explain how you found
your answ er.
12 8
onp.W Sl
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
3 9 ) ENGINEERING T he L eonard P. Z akim B unker

HUl Bridge sp an s th e C harles River in B oston .
T h e bridge is su spended from tw o tow ers.
E ach tow er has th e d im ension s show n. W rite
an absolu te value fu n ctio n th a t rep resen ts th e
inverted V -shaped p o rtio n o f a tower.
40. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A snow storm b eg in s w ith light snow th a t in crea ses
to very heavy snow b efore d ecreasin g again. T h e sn ow fall rate r (in in ch es
per hour) is given by r(f) = 0 .5 lf 4l + 2 w here t is th e tim e (in hours).
a. Graph Graph th e fu n ctio n .
b. Interpret W hen is th e snow fall heaviest? W h at is th e m a x im u m snow fall
rate? How are your answ ers related to th e fu n ctio n 's graph?
c. Extend T h e to tal snow fall is given by th e area o f th e tria n g le form ed by
th e graph o f r(t) an d th e f-axis. W h at is th e to tal snow fall?
41. 4 ^ MULTtPLE REPRESENTATIONS T h e d iagram show s a tru ck driving tow ard
a radio statio n tra n sm itter th a t h as a b ro ad castin g range o f 50 m iles.
a. Making a Tabie M ake a table th a t show s th e tru ck's d ista n ce rf (in m iles)
from th e tra n sm itte r after f - 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 hours.
b. Drawing a Graph Use your table from p art (a) to draw a graph th a t shows
d as a fu n ctio n o f t.
c. Writing an Equation W rite an eq u atio n th a t gives d as a fu n ctio n o f t.
D uring w hat driving tim es is th e tru ck w ith in range o f th e tran sm itter?
42. CHALLENGE A h ik er w alks up an d dow n a hill. T h e h ill h a s a cross sectio n
th at can be m odeled by y =
1x - 3 0 0 1 + 4 0 0 w here x an d y are m easu red
in feet and 0 < x < 600. How fa r does th e h ik er walk?
M !XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 2.8
in Exs. 43-48.
Solve th e inequality. Th en grap h th e solution, (p. 41)

43. 5x - 17 > 13
44. 8 - 3 x > - 1 3
45.
46. 4x + 6 < x - 1 8
47. l l < 2 x - 5 < 2 5
48. x + 5 < - 1 or x - 3 > 4
2x 5 < 6x + 9
G raph th e eq u ation , (p. 89)

49.
y = x + 6
50.
y = -4 x + 3
51.
y = 2x - 5
52.
y = -3
53.
y = 1.5x + 2
54.
y = 3x - 1
55. DONATIONS T h e n u m b er d o f d o n ation s a ch a rity receiv es v aries d irectly

w ith th e n u m b er r o f req u ests it m ails. T h e ch a rity sends out 9 5 0 0 requests
and receives 420 d onations. W rite an eq u atio n th a t relates r and d. (p. 107)
ONL!NE QLHZ at classzone.com
129
Extension
a /E e r
Use Piecewise Functions
Z 7
COAL Evaluate, graph, and write piecewise functions.
Key Vocabuiary
* piecew ise fu n ction
* step fu nction
A piecew ise fu n ction is defin ed by at least tw o eq u ation s, each o f w hich applies to

a d ifferent p art o f th e fu n ctio n 's d om ain. O ne exam pie o f a p iecew ise fu n ctio n
is th e absolu te vaiue fu n c tio n /(x ) = I x l , w hich c a n b e defined by th e eq u atio n s
y = - x for x < 0 and y = x for x > 0. A n oth er exam pie is given beiow.
f 2 x - 1,
S ^ ^ j3 x + 1 ,
ifx< 1
ifx>l
The eq u atio n y = 2x - 1 gives th e vaiue o f g(x) w hen x is less th a n or eq u al to 1, and

th e eq u atio n y = 3x + 1 gives th e vaiue o f g(x) w hen x is greater th a n 1.
EXAMPLE 1
E valu ate a piecew ise fu n ction
E valu ate th e fu n ction g (x) above w hen (a) x = 1 an d (b) x = 5.

S oiu tion
a. g(x) = 2x - 1
g (l) = 2(1) - 1 = 1
b. g(x) = 3x + 1
g(5) = 3(5) + 1 = 16
Because 1 < 1, use first equation.

Substitute 1 for x and simpiify.
Because 5 > 1, use second equation.
Substitute 5 for x and simpiify.
G raph a p iecew ise fu n ction

-y X "1 <
G raph th e fu n ction ^ (x ) =
x + 1,
3,
if x < - 2
if 2 < x < 1
ifx > 1
S oiu tion
.P7RA 7
To th e ieft o f x = - 2 , graph
y = i jx 1. U se an open dot at (2 ,2 )
b ecau se th e eq u atio n y = - y x - 1 does
not appiy w hen x = - 2 .
.PTKPF From x = - 2 to x = 1, inclusive, graph

y = x + 1. Use solid dots at ( - 2 , - 1 ) and
(1, 2) b eca u se th e eq u atio n y = x + 1
applies to b o th x = - 2 and x = 1.
F7iF^F
130
Chapter 2
To th e right o f x = 1, g ra p h y = 3. U se an open dot at (1, 3)

b eca u se th e eq u atio n y = 3 does n o t appiy w hen x = 1.
EXAMPLE 3 ^ W rite a p iecew ise fu n ction

W rite a piecew ise fu n ction for th e grap h show n.
Soiu tion
For x b etw een 0 and 1, in clu d in g x = 0, th e graph is th e lin e
seg m ent given by y = 1.
' 1
For x b etw een 1 and 2, in clu d in g x = 1, th e graph is th e lin e

seg m ent given b y y = 2.
For x betw een 2 and 3, in clu d in g x = 2, th e graph is th e lin e seg m en t given by
y = 3. So, a p iecew ise fu n ctio n for th e graph is as follow s:
fl,
/(x ) = ^ 2 ,
[3,
if0<x<l
ifl<x<2
if2<x<3
STEP FUNCTIONS T h e p iecew ise fu n ctio n in E xam ple 3 is called a step fu n ction
b ecau se its graph resem bles a set o f stairs. A step fu n c tio n is defin ed by a
co n sta n t value over each p a rt o f its d om ain . T h e co n sta n t values c a n in crease
w ith each "step" as in Exam ple 3, or th ey c a n d ecrea se w ith ea ch step.
PRACTKE
EXAMPLE 1
EVALUATING FUNCTIONS E vaiu ate th e fu n ction beiow for th e given vaiu e o f x .
on p. 130
for Exs. 1-4
9 x -4 ,
ifx > 3
ifx < 3
ft-4 )
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 130
for Exs. 5 -8
2. /(2)
3. /(3 )
4. /(5 )
GRAPHTNG FUNCTTONS G raph th e fu n ction .

5. /(x) =
2x+l,
-x+1,
ifx>0
ifx<0
6. g(x) =
i x - 1,
2
3x - 7,
8. POSTAL RATES In 2005, th e co st C (in dollars)

to send U.S. P ostal Service Express M ail up to
5 pounds depended on th e w eight re (in ou n ces)
acco rd in g to th e fu n ctio n at th e right.
a. G raph th e fu n ctio n .
ifx<2
ifx>2
C(re) =
.
f 3'
7. 7r(x) = t 1,
Is,
13.65,
17.85,
21.05,
24.20,
27.30,
if0<x<2
if2<x<4
if4<x<6
if 0 < re < 8
if 8 < re < 3 2
if32<re<48
if48<tc<64
if64<rc<80
b. W hat is th e co st to send a p arcel w eighing 2 pound s 9 ou n ces?
EXAMPLE 3
onp. 131
for Exs. 9-10
SPECTAL STEP FUNCTIONS W rite an d grap h th e piecew ise fu n ction d escribed

using th e d om ain - 3 < x < 3.
9. Rounding Function T he o u tp u t/(x ) is th e inp ut x rounded to th e n ea rest
integer. (If th e d ecim al p art o f x is 0.5, th e n x is rounded up w hen x is positive
and x is rounded dow n w hen x is negative.)
10. Greatest integer Function T h e o u tp u t/(x ) is th e g reatest in teg er less th a n or
eq u al to th e input x.
Extension: Use Piecew ise Functions
131
O Graph Linear inequaiities

in "RMOVariabies
You soived linear inequaiities in one variable.
You wiii graph iinear inequaiities in two variabies.
So you can mode) data encoding, as in Exampie 4.
Key V ocabuiary
A tin e a r ineq u ality in two v ariab les ca n b e w ritten in one o f th e se form s:
-lin e a r in eq u ality in
two vartables
*solution of a lin ear
inequality
Ax + B y < C
Ax + B y < C
Ax + B y > C
Ax + B y > C
An ordered pair (x, y) is a solution o f a iin e a r in eq u a iity in tw o variab ies if th e

in eq u ality is tru e w hen th e values o f x and y are su b stitu ted into th e inequality.
' graph of a lin ear

inequality
' half-plane
Stand ard ized T est P ra ctice

W hich o rd ered p air is a solution o f 3 x + 4y > 8 ?
(g )
(6,-3)
(g )
(0 ,2 )
(C )
(-2 ,-1 )
(B )
( -3 ,5 )
Solu tion
Ordered Pair
Substitute
Conclusion
(6, - 3 )
3(6) + 4 ( - 3 ) = 6 > 8
(6, - 3 ) is n ot a solution.
( ,
3(0) + 4 (2 ) = 8 ^ 8
(0, 2) is n ot a solution.
(- 2 , - 1)
3 (-2 ) + 4 ( - l) = - 1 0 ^ 8
( - 2 , - 1 ) is n ot a solution.
( - 3 , 5)
3 ( - 3 ) + 4(5) = 11 > 8
( - 3 , 5) is a solution.
0 2)
^ T he co rrect answ er is D. (A) (E) (E) (B)
GUIDED PRACTICE
fo r E xam p ie 1
Tell w h eth er th e given o rd ered p a ir is a solution o f 5 x - 2y < 6 .

1.
(0, - 4 )
2. (2, 2)
3. ( - 3 , 8)
4. ( - 1 , - 7 )
GRAPHING INEQUALITIES The grap h o f a lin ea r in eq u a lity in two variab les is the
set o f all p oints in a co o rd in ate plane th a t rep resen t solu tion s o f th e inequ ality.
INTERPRET GRAPHS
A dashed boundary
iine means that points
on the iine are not
solutions. A solid
boundary iine means
that points on the iine
ore soiutions.
132
Chapter 2
'y
'
AH soiutions of 3x - 2 y > 2
iie on one side of the
boundary frne 3x - 2y = 2.
A ,:
3 x - 2 r>2
/
'
'
The boundary iine divides the

piane into two haif-pianes.
The shaded haif-piane is the
graph of 3x - 2y > 2.
G raph (a) y < - 3 an d (b) x < 2 in a co o rd in a te p lane.

a. Graph th e bo u n d ary lin e y = - 3 .
U se a solid lin e b eca u se th e
in eq u ality sym bol is <.
Test th e p o in t (0, 0). B ecau se
(0, 0) is n o t a solu tion o f th e
inequ ality, shade th e h alf-p lan e
th a t does not co n ta in (0, 0).
*
b. Graph th e b o u n d ary lin e % = 2.

Use a d ashed lin e b ec a u se the
in e q u a lity sy m b o l is <.
(0, 0) is a solu tion o f th e
in equ ality, shade th e h alf-p lan e
th a t co n ta in s (0, 0).
4
(0,0)
g
-7
B
(0,0)
x<2
yg-3
-'
EXAMPLE 3
'
G raph tin e a r inequ atities w ith tw o v ariab ies
G raph (a) y > - 2 j t and (b) 5jr 2y < 4 in a co o rd in a te p lane.

a.
AVO!D ERRORS
it is often convenient to
use (0, 0) as a test point.
However, if (0, 0) lies on
the boundary line, you
must choose a different
test point.
Graph th e bo u n d ary lin e y = - 2 x .

U se a d ashed lin e b eca u se the
in eq u ality sym bol is >.
(1,1) is a solu tion o f th e
th a t co n ta in s [1, 1).
b. Graph th e b o u n d a ry lin e
5x - 2y = - 4 . U se a solid lin e
b eca u se th e in e q u a lity sym bol is <.
(0, 0) is n ot a solu tion o f th e
th a t does n ot c o n ta in (0, 0).
-y
y
/
-(hi)
\
r > - - 2x
5 x -2 y < -4
/
/
Jf
/
(0,0)
A lgebra at classzone.com
2 .8
Graph Linear Inequalities in Two V ariables
133
CuiDED PRACTKE
Graph th e ineq u ality in a co o rd in a te p lane.

5. y > - l
6. x > - 4
8. y < 2 x + 3
9. x + 3 y < 9
7. y > - 3 x
10. 2 x - 6y > 12
^ o tv e a m u )ti-step p roM em
MOVtE RECORDING A film cla ss is
record in g a DVD o f student-m ade
short film s. Each student group is
allotted up to 300 m egabytes (MB) o f
video space. T h e film s are encoded
on th e DVD at tw o different rates: a
stand ard rate o f 0.4 M B /se c for n o rm al
scen es and a h ig h -q u ality rate of
1.2 M B /se c for com p lex scen es.
-E f
* W rite an in equ ality d escrib in g th e

possible am o u n ts o f tim e available
for stand ard and h ig h -q u ality video.
* G raph th e inequality.
* Identify th ree p ossible solu tions o f th e inequality.
Solution
FflfP 7
W rite an inequ ality. First w rite a verbal m odel.
Standard
rate
(MB/sec)
Standard
time
(sec)
High-quality
rate
(MB/sec)
High-quality
time
(sec)
<
Total
space
(MB)
#
0.4
1.2
300
An in eq u ality is 0.4.x + 1 .2 y < 3 0 0 .

.fTEPF
.fT B f.?
Graph th e inequality. F irst graph th e

bou nd ary lin e 0.4x + 1.2y = 300. Use
a solid lin e b eca u se th e in eq u ality
sym bol is <.
Test th e p oint (0, 0). B ecau se (0, 0)

a solution o f th e inequality, shade th e
h alf-p lan e th at co n ta in s (0, 0). B ecau se
x and y ca n n o t be negative, shade only
p oin ts in th e first qu ad rant.
g300
150 200)
Fto 200
O!
E
100
(300,120)
(600,2 5)<
200 400 600
800*
Standard (sec)
identify solutions. T h ree solu tion s are given below and on th e graph.
(150, 200)
150 seco n d s o f stand ard and 2 0 0 seco n d s o f high qu ality
(300, 120)
- 3 0 0 secon d s o f stan d ard an d 120 seco n d s o f high qu ality
(600, 25)
6 0 0 secon d s o f stand ard and 2 5 seco n d s o f high qu ality
For th e first solution, 0.4(150) + 1.2(200) = 300, so all o f th e available

space is used. For th e o th er two solutions, n ot all o f th e sp ace is used.
134
Chapter 2
ABSOLUTE VALUE )NEQUAL)T!ES G raphing an absolu te value in eq u a lity is sim ilar

to graphing a lin ear inequ ality, bu t th e b o u n d ary is an ab solu te value graph.
G raph an ab so lu te v a !u e in eq u ah ty
G raph y > - 2 ]x - 3 1 + 4 in a c o o rd in a te piane.
Soiution
7
Graph th e eq u atio n o f th e boundary,

y = - 2 1x - 3 1 + 4 . Use a d ashed lin e
b ecau se th e in eq u a lity sym bol is >.
Test th e p oin t (0, 0). B eca u se (0, 0) is
a solu tion o f th e inequality, shade the
p o rtio n o f th e co o rd in ate p lan e outside
th e absolu te value graph.
GutDED PRACTICE
11.
T
................
y >-2 fx -3
/
/
!
+ 4
(0,0)
r
'K
fo r E xam p les 4 an d 5
WHAT iF? R epeat th e steps o f E xam ple 4 if ea ch stud ent group is allo tted up
to 420 M B o f video space.
G raph th e ineq u ality in a co o rd in a te p lane.

12.
y < lx -2 [+ l
14. y < 3 j x lj 3
13. y > - l x + 3 l - 2
28 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY

onp.W S4forExs. 15,25, and45
* = STANDARDtZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2,2 1 ,2 8 , 39 ,4 0 ,4 1 ,4 6 , and 48
SKiLL PRACTiCE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T he graph o f a lin e a r in e q u a h ty in two
variables is a(n) ? .
2. * WRITING Com pare th e graph o f a lin e a r in e q u a lity in tw o variables w ith
th e graph o f a iin ea r eq u atio n in two v ariables.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 132
for Exs. 3 -6
EXAMPLES
2 and 3
on p. 133
for Exs. 7-20
CHECKING SOLUTIONS Teii w h eth er th e given o rd ered p airs a re soiution s o f th e

inequality.
3.
x > - 7 ; (0 ,1 0 ), ( - 8 , - 5 )
4. y < - 5 x ; (3, 2), ( - 2 , 1)
5.
y > - 2 x + 4 ; ( 0 , 4 ) , ( - 1 , 8)
6. 2 x - y < 3 ; ( 0, 0) , (2, - 2 )
GRAPHING INEQUAHTtES G raph th e in eq u ality in a co o rd in a te piane.

7.
x<3
8.
x>6
9.
y>-2
10. - 2 y < 8
11.
y< - 2 x - 1
12. y < 3 x + 3
13. xy > 4^ x + 1
14.
y > -^ x -2
15^ 2 x + y < 6
16. x + 4 y > - 1 2
17.
3x-y>l
18.
2 .8
2x + 5 y < - 1 0
Graph Linear Inequaiities in Two Variabies
ERROR ANALYStS Descri&e an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in grap h in g th e inequaiity.

19.
y<2% + 3
21.
* MULTIPLE CHOtCE W h ich ordered p air is n ot a solu tion o f 3% - 5y < 30?

(3 )
EXAMPLE 5
20. y > - 3 % - 2
(0 ,0 )
(B ) ( - 1, 7)
(E)
(1,-7)
(g)
(-5,-5)
ABSOLUTE VALUE [NEQUAHTtES G raph th e in eq u ality in a c o o rd in a te p iane.
on p. 135
for Exs. 22-28
23.
1
28.
y < l%l + 5
24. y > l% + 4l - 3
26. y < 3 l% l + 2
27.
y > 2 j % - lj - 4
MULTtPLE CHOKE T he graph o f w hich in eq u a lity is show n?

(g )y < -2 lx + ll+ 3
'7
/ \
(B )y > -2 lx -l!+ 3
( E ) y > 2 l % + l l + 3
/
/
<g) y > - 2 j x + l l + 3
/
/
CHECKING SOLUTtONS Teil w h eth er th e given o rd ered p a irs a re

soiutions of th e inequaiity.
29.
y > - ^ r + I ; ( - 6 , 8), ( - 3 , - 3 )
30. 4.5 + y < 1.6%; (0 .5 ,1 ), (3.8, 0)
31. 0.2% + 0 .7 y > - 1 ; (0.5, - 1 ) , ( - 3 , -1 .5 )
GRAPHtNG INEQUALITIES G raph th e ineq u ality in a co o rd in a te piane.

33.
3 y < 4 . 5 % + 15
36. ^% + ^ y > 2
34. - 1 . 5 y - 2 % > 3
35. - y - 0. 2 > - 0 .6 %
37.
38.
y>-^-l% -3l
2 y - 4 < - 3 j % + 2l
39. ^ OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a iin ea r in eq u a lity in tw o v ariab les th a t has

( - 1 , 3) and (1, 6) as solutions, bu t d oes n ot have (4, 0) as a solution.
40. i t WRiTING E xplain w hy it is n o t help fu l w hen grap h in g a lin ea r in eq u a lity
in two variables to ch o o se a test p o in t th a t lies on th e b o u n d ary line.
41.
42.
136
* SHORT RESPONSE W rite an in eq u a lity for

th e graph show n. E xplain how you ca m e up
w ith th e inequ ality. Th en d escrib e a real-life
situ ation th at th e first-q u ad ran t p o rtio n o f
th e graph could represent.
>
CHALLENGE W rite an absolu te value in eq u a lity th a t h as exactly one solu tion

in co m m o n w ith y > 21% - 3 1 + 5 . T he co m m o n solu tion should n ot b e th e
vertex (3, 5) o f th e boundary. E xplain how you fou nd your inequality.
on p. WS1
=STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
2x
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 134
for Exs. 4 3 -4 8
43. CALUNG CARDS You have a $20 p hone card. CaHs m ad e using th e card co st
$.03 per m inu te to d estin atio n s w ith in th e U n ited States an d $ .0 6 per m inu te
to d estin atio n s in Brazil. W rite an in e q u a iity d escrib in g th e nu m b ers o f
m in u tes you c a n u se for caiis to U.S. d estin atio n s and to Brazil.
@ M om e7M w
44. RESTAURANT MANAGEMENT A pizza shop has 300 pounds (4800 ounces) of
dough. A sm ali pizza uses 12 o u n ces o f dough and a large pizza u ses 18 ou n ces
o f dough. W rite and graph an in eq u a lity d escrib in g th e p ossible n u m b ers of
sm all and large pizzas th a t ca n b e m ade. T h en give th ree possible solutions.
@ M M n e 7 u t0 f
^ 5 ?) CRAFTS C otton la ce co sts $1.50 per yard and lin en lace co sts $ 2 .5 0 per yard.
You plan to order at m ost $75 o f lace for crafts. W rite and graph a n in eq u a lity
d escribing how m uch o f ea ch type o f lace you ca n order. If you bu y 24 yards
o f co tto n lace, w hat are th e am o u n ts o f lin en la ce you c a n buy?
46. * SHORT RESPONSE You sell T -sh irts for $15 ea ch and cap s for $10 each .
W rite and graph an in eq u a lity d escrib in g how m an y sh irts and cap s
you m ust sell to exceed $1800 in sales. E xp/ain how you c a n m od ify th is
in eq u ality to d escrib e how m any sh irts and caps you m u st sell to exceed
$ 6 0 0 in pro/if if you m ake a 40% profit on sh irts and a 30% profit on caps.
47. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM On a two w eek v acation , you an d your bro th er ca n
rent one ca n o e for $11 per day or ren t two m o u n tain bikes for $13 ea ch per
day. Together, you have $120 to spend.
a. W rite and graph an in e q u a lity d escrib in g th e possible n u m b ers o f days
you an d your bro th er ca n ca n o e or bicy cle together.
b. Give th ree possible solu tion s o f th e in e q u a lity from p a rt (a).
c. You decide th at on one day you w ill ca n o e alon e and your b ro th er w ill
b icycle alone. R epeat p arts (a) and (b) using th is new co n d itio n .
48. * EXTENDED RESPONSE W h ile cam pin g, you and a friend filter river w ater
into two cy lin d rical co n tain ers w ith th e radii and h eigh ts show n. You th en
use th ese co n tain e rs to fill th e w ater co o ler show n.
a. Find th e volum es o f th e co n ta in e rs and th e co o ler in cu b ic in ch es.

b. Using your results from p a rt (a), w rite an d graph an in eq u a lity
d escribing how m an y tim es th e co n ta in e rs ca n b e filled an d em ptied
into th e w ater co o ler w ith ou t th e co o ler overflow ing.
c. Convert th e volum es from p art (a) to gallons (1 in.^ 0.00433 gal). T h en
rew rite th e inequ ality from part (b) in term s o f th ese converted volum es.
d. G raph th e in eq u ality from p a rt (c). Com pare th e graph w ith your graph
from p art (b), and exp lain why th e results m ake sen se.
2 .8
Graph Linear inequaiities in Two V ariabies
137
49. CHALLENGE A w id escreen television im age h as a w id th to and a height h

that satisfy th e in eq u ality y > y .
a. D oes th e teievision screen show n at th e right m eet th e
requ irem en ts o f a w id escreen im age?
b. Let d b e th e iength o f a d iagonal o f a teievision im age.
W rite an in eq u ality d escrib in g th e possible values o f d
and h for a w id escreen im age.
MtXED REVIEW
Look for a p attern in th e tabie. Then w rite a n eq u ation th a t rep resen ts th e table.
(p. 34)
50.
PREVIEW
ii
15
19
23
51.
60
45
30
15
G raph th e equ ation , (p. 89)
Prepare for
Lesson 3.1
in Exs. 52-57.
52. x + 3y = - 6
53. 4 x - 3y = 15
54. 8x - 6y = 18
55. 6x + 9y = 18
56. - 2 x - 5y = 20
57. -lO x + 4y = 20
W rite an eq uation of th e line th a t satisfies th e given con d ition s, (p. 98)

58.
passes throu gh (10. - 2 )
60. passes throu gh (0, 2) and (5, 8)
59. nr = - 3 , passes th rou gh (3, 7)

61. p asses th rou gh (4, - 1 ) an d (7, - 6 )
QU!Z /O f Lessons 2 .7 -2 .8
Graph th e fu n ction . C om pare th e grap h w ith th e grap h o f y =
1. y = l x + 7 l + 4
2. y = - 2 l x + 1 0 l - l
x j . (p. 123)
3. /(x ) = I l x - ll - 5
W rite an eq uation of th e grap h , (p. 123)
Graph th e in eq uaiity in a co o rd in a te p iane. (p. 132)

7. y > - 2
8. y < 3 x + l
9. 2 x - 5 y > 1 0
10. MINI-CARS You have a 20 credit gift pass to a m in i-ca r raceway. It takes
2 credits to drive th e cars on th e Raliy track and 3 cred its to drive th e ca rs on
th e Grand Prix track. W rite and graph an in e q u a lity d escrib in g how m any
tim es you ca n race on th e two track s using your gift pass. T h en give th ree
possible solutions, (p. 132)
138
EXTRAPRACT!CEforLesson2.8, p. 1011
ONHNEQLMZatciasszone.com
M!XED REV!EW./Pr.w,m$o/w^
STATE TEST PRACTKE

dasszone.com
Lessons 2 .5 -2 8
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A green ho u se sells
m arigolds for $2 each and d ah lias for $3 each.
You have a to ta l o f $30 to spend.
a. W rite an in equ ality d escribin g th e nu m b ers
of m arigolds and d ah lias you ca n buy.
b. Graph th e in eq u ality from p art (a).
5. SHORT RESPONSE Tell w h eth er th e data show

d irect variation . ExpEn?!.
Monthly Internet Service
Subscription time,
x (months)
Totai cost,
y(doiiars)
10.95
21.90
32.85
43.80
54.75
c. W hat is the greatest n u m ber o f m arigolds

you ca n buy if you buy 5 d ahlias?
2. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM An "A-fram e" house is
show n below. T h e co o rd inates % and y are b o th
m easured in feet.
6. EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e tab le shows the

n u m b er o f daily n ew spapers p rin ted in the
U nited States and th eir daily circu la tio n at
20 year in terv als from 1900 to 2000.
(0,0)
(25.2,0)
a. W rite an absolu te value fu n ctio n th at

m odels th e front o f th e house.
b. Rew rite your fu n ctio n from p art (a) w ith the
origin at th e m idp oin t o f th e house's base.
SHORT RESPONSE Tell w hether th e data
poin ts show a positive co rrelatio n , a negative
correlation, or approxim ately no correlation .
Exp/am your reasoning.
Mean M onthly Sunspot Numbers
Year
Newspapers
Circulation
(millions)
1900
2226
15.1
1920
2042
27.8
1940
1878
41.1
1960
1763
58.9
1980
1745
62.2
2000
1480
55.8
a. D raw a sca tte r plot o f th e data pairs

(years sin ce 1900, new spapers).
b. A pproxim ate th e b est-fittin g lin e for the
sca tte r plot from p a rt (a).
Number o( sunspots
c. Use your m odel from p a rt (b) to pred ict the

n u m b er o f daily new spapers in 2020.
d. D raw a sca tter plot o f th e data pairs
(years sin ce 1900, circu la tio n ). Is it
reason ab le to use a lin ea r m odel to
p red ict th e circu la tio n in 2020? Explm'n.
1
3
5
7
Month number
4. OPEN-ENDED U se th e sym bol < or > to w rite

a lin ear in eq u ality in two variables th a t has
(1, - 5 ) and (7, - 8 ) as solutions.
7. CR1DDED ANSWER You are sellin g sandw iches

to raise m oney for a class trip. Your daily sales
s (in dollars) in crea se stead ily for th e first few
days and th e n d ecrea se as given by th e
fu n c tio n ^ (f) = - 1 5 ] t - 5] + 180 w here f is
th e tim e (in days). W h at w as th e m axim u m
am o u n t o f m oney you raised in one day?
CHAPTER SUMMARY
(^ B & n s is S A tg e b r a
ctasszone.com
Electronic Function Library
E /C /D F ^ S
Representing Reiations and Functions
A relation pairs input values w ith output values. A relatio n is a fu n ctio n if ea ch
input value is p aired w ith exactly one output value.
input
Output
-4
-2
This reiation is a function because each

input has exactiy one output.
This reiation is not a function because

a verticai iine intersects the graph at
more than one point.
Graphing Linear Equations and inequaiities in Two Variabies

L in ear F u n ctio n
D irect V ariation
E q u ation
y = ax
Absoiute Value
F u n ctio n
L in e a r In eq u aiity
y = u ] x - b ] + ir
Ax + B y > C
: Writing Linear Equations and inequaiities in Two Variabies

Form
Equation
Slope-intercept form
y = mx + b
The graph is a line with slope m and

y-intercept b.
Standard form
4x + S y = C
The graph is a line with intercepts
Key Facts
x = ^ a n d y = .
140
Chapter 2
Point-slope form
y-y,=m (x-Xi)
Direct variation
y = ax ,a=^0
Linear inequality
<4x + 8 y > C
The graph is a iine that has slope m

and passes through (x^,y^).
The graph is a iine that passes
through the origin and has slope a
(the constant of variation).
The graph is a haif-plane with
boundary line 4x + By = C.
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ H o m e 7 u fo r
d asszo n e.co m
* Muiti-Language Glossary
REVIEW KEY V0CABUL4RV

- relation, p. 72
* parent function, p. 89
- best-fitting iine, p. 774
- dom ain, range, p. 72
- y-intercept, p. 89
- absoiute value function, p. 723
- function, p. 73
* siop e-intercep t form , p. 90
- equ atio n in tw o v ariabies, p. 74
* x-intercept, p. 97
<vertex of an absolute value

graph, p. 723
* solution, graph o f an equation

in tw o v ariables, p. 74
- standard form o f a linear

equ ation, p. 97
* ind ep en den t variable, p. 74
* point-slope form , p. 98
- rejection,
- d ep en d en t variabie, p. 74
* direct variation, p. 707
* iinear function, p. 75
* c o n sta n t o f variation, p. 707
- iinear inequality in two variables,

p. 732
* fun ction notation, p. 75
* scatte r plot, p. 773
- slope, p. 82
- positive correiation,
* paraiiei, perpendicuiar, p. 84
* n eg ativ e correlation, p. 773
* rate o f ch an g e, p. 85
- correiation coefficien t, p. 774
* transformation, p. 723
- transiation, p. 723
p.
724
- solution, graph of a iinear

inequality in two variables, p. 732
p. 773
* haif-piane, p. 732
1. Copy and com p lete: Th e lin ea r eq u atio n 5x 4y = 16 is w ritten in
2. Copy and co m p iete: A set o f data pairs (x, y) show s a
d ecrease as x in creases.
3. Copy and com p iete: Two v ariab ies x and y show
form .
co rrela tio n if y tend s to
if y = a x an d a ^ 0.
4. WR)T!NG E xplain w hat d istin g u ish es a fu n c tio n from a reiation.
REWE!iV EXAMPLES 4/VD EXERCISES

U se th e review exam ples and ex ercises beiow to ch eck your u n d erstan d in g o f th e
co n cep ts you have learn ed in ea ch iesso n o f C hap ter 2.
Represent Relations and Functions
pp. 7 2 -7 9
Teii w h eth er the reiatio n given by th e o rd ered p a irs ( - 6 , 3),

( - 4 , 5 ), ( - 1 , - 2 ) , (2, - 1 ) , an d ( 2 ,3 ) is a fu n ction .
The reiation is not a fu n ctio n b ec a u se th e inp ut 2 is m apped
onto b o th - 1 and 3, as show n in th e m appin g diagram .
input
Output
-6
-2
-4
-1
-1 >
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 5
on pp. 7 2 -7 5
for Exs. 5 -7
Consider th e relatio n given by th e o rd ered p a irs. Identify th e d o m ain an d

ran g e. Then teii w h eth er th e reiatio n is a fu n ction .
5.
( - 2 , - 2 ) , ( - 1 , 0 ) , (2, 6), (3, 8)
6. ( - 1 , - 5 ) , (1, 2), (3, 4), ( 1 ,- 7 )
7. Teii w h e th e r /(x ) = 16 - 7x is a lin e a r fu n c tio n . T h e n f i n d / ( - 5 ) .
Chapter Review
141
CHAPTER REV!EW
Find Siope and Rate of Change
p p .8 2 - 8 8
Find th e siope m of th e iine passing th ro u g h th e p oin ts ( - 4 , 1 2 ) an d (3, - 2 ) .

nr _= ^ - yi _ - 2 - 1 2
%2 3 - (-4 )
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 82
for Exs. 8-11
14
-2
EXEROSES
Find th e siope of th e line passing th ro u g h th e given poin ts.
8.
( - 2 , - 1 ) , (4, 3)
9. ( 1 , - 5 ) , (1, 2)
10. ( 5 , - 3 ) , (1,7)
11. (6, 2), (- 8, 2)
p p .8 9 - 9 6
G raph 3 + y = - 2 x .
F7BP 7
2
W rite th e eq u atio n in slo p e-in tercep t form ,

y = - 2 x - 3.
'y
\
T he y -in tercep t is - 3 . So, plot th e p o in t (0, - 3 ) .
- - -2
The slope is - 2 . Plot a seco n d p o in t by sta rtin g at

(0, - 3 ) and th en m oving dow n 2 u n its and right 1 unit.
4
EXAMPLES
1 , 2, and 4
on pp. 89-92
for Exs. 12-15
(0, -3)
.< h - 5)
Draw a lin e th rou gh th e two points.
EXERCISES
Graph th e equation.
12. y = 5 - x
13. y - 5x = - 4
14. % = 4
15. 6 x - 4y = 12
Write Equations of Lines
pp. 9 8 -1 0 4
W rite an eq u ation o f th e iine th at p asses th ro u g h ( - 2 , 5) an d ( - 4 , - 1 ) .

T he slope is m =
y - y j = wr(x - x ,)
y - 5 = 3 (x - ( - 2 ) )
y = 3x + 11
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 100
for Exs. 16-18
142
Chapter 2
^ 3*
th e poin t-slope form w ith (x^ y ^ = ( - 2 , 5).
Use point-slope form,

Substitute for m, x^, and y^.
EXERCISES
W rite an eq u ation of th e iine th a t passes th ro u g h th e given points.
16.
( - 3 , 4), (2, - 6 )
17. ( - 4 , 5), (12, - 7 )
18. ( - 4 , 1), (3, - 6 )
dasszone.com
Chapter Review Practice
Mode! Direct Variation
pp. 707-777
The variab les %an d y v a ry d irectly, an d y = 7 6 w hen % = 8 . W rite an eq u ation

th a t relates x an d y. Then find y w hen % = - 6 .
y = ax
76 = a ( - 8 )
- 9 .5 = a
Substitute 7 6 fo ry a n d - 8 f o r x .
Soive for a.
An eq u atio n th a t relates x and y is y = - 9 .5 x . W h en x = - 6 , y = - 9 . 5 ( - 6 ) = 57.
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 108
for Exs. 19-22
The variab les x an d y v a ry d irectly. W rite an eq u ation th a t relates x an d y. Then

find y w hen x = 3.
19.
22.
x = 6,y=-48
20. x = - 9 , y = 1 5
21. x = - 3 , y = 2.4
PHYSICS C harles's Law states th a t w hen p ressu re is co n sta n t, th e volum e V

o f a gas varies d irectly w ith its tem p eratu re 7' (in kelvin s). A gas o ccu p ies
4.8 liters at a tem p eratu re o f 3 0 0 kelvins. W rite a n eq u atio n th a t gives V as
a fu n ctio n o f 71 W hat is th e volum e o f th e gas w hen th e tem p eratu re is
420 kelvins?
Draw Scatter P)ots and Best-Fitting Lines
pp. 773-720
The table shows th e shoe size x an d height y (in inches) for 7 m en . A p p roxim ate
th e best-fittin g line for th e d ata.
X
9.5
10
10.5
11
11.5
12
69
70.5
70
71.5
72
74
74
Draw a sca tte r plot and sketch th e lin e th a t appears

to b e st fit th e data points.
C hoose tw o p o in ts on th e lin e, su ch as (9, 69) and
(12, 74). Use th e p oints to find a n eq u atio n o f th e lin e.
T h e slope is m
An eq u atio n is y - 69 = 1.67(x - 9), o r y = 1.67x + 54.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3
A p p roxim ate th e b est-fittin g line for th e d ata
on p. 115
for Ex. 23
23.
-2
-1
2.5
0.5
-1
-2
-3
Chapter Review
143
CHAPTER REV!EW
Use Absolute Value Functions and Transformations
pp. 123 129
Graph y = 3 [ x - 1 ] - 4 . C om p are th e g ra p h w ith t h e g r a p h o f y = I

27iF^ 7
identify and plot th e vertex, (h, A;) = (1, - 4 ) .
27 ff 2
Piot an o th er poin t on th e graph, su ch as (0, - 1 ) . Use

sy m m etry to plot a th ird point, (2, - 1 ) .
272P J
Connect th e p oints w ith a V -shaped graph.
27BA4
Comparewithy=lxl-Thegraphofy=3lx-l] - 4 i s
th e graph o f y = l^l stretch ed v ertically by a fa cto r o f 3
th e n tran slated right 1 unit and down 4 units.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1, 2, 3, and 4
on pp. 123-125
for Exs. 24-27
Graph th e fu n ction . C om pare th e g rap h to th e g rap h o fy = jx}

24. y = l x - 3 l
26. /(x ) = - 4 ] x + 2l + 3
27. FINANCE A nalysts p red ict th at a com p any w ill report ea rn in g s o f $1.50 per
share in th e n ext quarter. T h e fu n ctio n d = Ia - 1 .5 0 1 gives th e absolu te
d ifferen ce d b etw een th e actu a l ea rn in g s a and th e pred icted earn in gs.
G raph th e fu n ctio n . For w hat value(s) o f a w ill d b e $.25?
Graph Linear inequaiities in Two Variabies
p p .7 3 2 -7 3 8
Graph 3 x - y < - 2 in a co o rd in ate p iane.

272P 7
Graph th e b o u n d ary lin e 3x - y = - 2 . U se a solid

lin e b eca u se th e in eq u ality sym bol is <.
27!fP2
Test th e p o in t (0, 0). B eca u se (0, 0) is not a

solution o f th e inequ ality, shade th e h alf-p lan e
th a t does n o t co n ta in (0 ,0 ).
<
3
"2 /
/
<0 0)
/
-3
/
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
2,3,and4
on pp. 132-134
for Exs. 28-34
Teii w h eth er th e given ord ered p air is a solution o f th e inequaiity.

28. - y < 5 x ; ( 0(0,, 1)
29. y > -33xx - 7 ; ( - 4 , 6)
30. 3 x - 4 y < - 8 ; ( - 2 , 0)
Graph th e ineq u ality in a co o rd in a te p lan e

31. - 4 y < 16
2x>8
33. 1 2 x - 8 y < 2 4
32. y
o- 4 34. WIND ENERGY An electric co m p an y buys energy from "w in d m ill fa rm s" th at
have w ind m ills o f two sizes, one prod ucing 1.5 m egaw atts o f pow er and one
producing 2.5 m egaw atts o f power. T he co m p an y w ants a to tal pow er supply
o f at least 180 m egaw atts. W rite and graph an in eq u a lity d escrib in g how
m any o f each size o f w ind m ill it tak es to supply th e e le c tric com pany.
144
Chapter 2
CHAPTER TE S T
In E xercises 1 an d 2 , tell w heth er th e relatio n is a fu n ction . E x p la in .
1. (1, - 5 ) , (0, 4), (2, 3), ( - 1 , 2), (2, 7), (1, 2)
2. ( - 3 , 4), (2, 5), (1, 0), (0, 4),
( - 2 , - 3 ) , (3, 6)
3. E v a lu a te /(x ) = 3x^ - 2x + 11 w hen x = - 6 .

Find th e slope o f th e iine passing th ro u g h th e given p oin ts. T hen teil w h eth er
th e iin e rises, âMs, is h orizo n tal, o r is vertical.
4. ( 3 , - 2 ) , (5, 4)
5. ( 6 , - 7 ) , ( 1 3 ,- 7 )
6. ( - 2 , 1 ) , ( 1 , - 4 )
7. ( - 4 , 9), ( - 4 , 8)
G raph th e equ ation .

8.
x = 4
9. y = Y * + 3
10. x + 2y = 6
11. 3y = 2 x - 1 2
W rite an eq u ation o f th e iine th a t p asses th ro u g h th e given p oin t an d satisfies

th e given con d ition .
12.
(9, - 1 ) ; p arallel to y = - ^ x - 8
13.
(10, 2); p erp en d icu lar to y = - 5 x + 7
The variab les x an d y v a ry d irectly. W rite a n eq u ation th a t re la te s x an d y.

Then find x w hen y = 6.
14.
x = 4, y = - 8
15. x = - 2 , y = - 1
16. x = 8, y = 18
17. x = 16, y = - 6
In E xercises 18 an d 19, (a) draw a s c a tte r plot of th e d a ta , (b) ap p ro x im a te th e

best-fittin g iine for th e d ata, an d (c) e stim a te th e vaiu e o fy w hen x = 10.
X
i
18
2
40
4
73
3
55
5
91
97
91
87
81
75
20. G r a p h y = - 3 l x + l l + 3 . Com pare th e graph w ith th e graph o fy = lx).

G raph th e ineq u ality in a co o rd in a te p iane.
21. y > - 2 x + 4
22. 2 x - 4 y < 1 6
23. y < l x - 3 l + l
24. y > - 2 l x l - 3
25. TIRE WEAR A new set o f ca r tires has a tread d epth o f 8 m illim eters. T h e
tread d epth d ecreases 0.12 m illim eter per th o u san d m iles driven. W rite an
eq u atio n th a t gives th e tread d epth as a fu n ctio n o f th e d ista n ce driven.
T h en p red ict at w hat d ista n ce th e tread d epth w ill b e 2 m illim eters.
26. PAINTING T h e am o u n t o f p ain t a n ele c tric p ain t sprayer applies varies
d irectly w ith tim e. A sprayer is set to apply 0.5 gallon in 2 .5 m in u tes. W rite
an eq u atio n th a t gives th e am o u n t p o f p a in t as a fu n c tio n o f th e tim e f.
How m u ch p a in t is applied if th e sprayer is o p erated for 20 m inu tes?
27. COMPUTER CHIPS The tab le shows th e n u m b er x o f tra n sisto rs (in
m illions) an d th e speed y (in gigahertz) for several com p u ter processors.
A pproxim ate th e b est-fittin g lin e for th e data.
X
3.1
9.5
28
37
42
55
106
12 5
0.06
0.45
0.5
1.5
1.5
2.4
3.6
Chapter Test
145
2 t '
TEST PREPARATION
EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTtONS
Scoring Rubric
FuH Credit
* solution is complete
and correct
PROBLEM
Partiai Credit
but has errors,
or
* solution is without
error but incomplete
T h e tab le show s th e to ta l U.S. em ission s (in m illio n s o f tons) o f aoiahVe

organic com p oaad s (VOCs), a m ajo r air pollu tan t, from 1995 to 2003.
No Credit
* no solution is given,
or
* solution makes no
sense
Year
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
VOCs
22.0
20.9
19.5
18.8
18.3
17.5
17.1
16.5
16.1
a. A pproxim ate th e b e st-fittin g lin e for th e data.
b. P red ict th e am o u n t o f VOCs th a t w ili b e em itted in 2010.

c. Is it reason able to assu m e th a t th e tren d in th e data m odeled by th e
b est-fittin g lin e w ill co n tin u e in d efin itely? Explain.
Below a re sam ple solutions to th e problem . Read each solution an d th e

co m m en ts in blue to see why th e sam ple rep resen ts full cred it, p a rtia l credit,
o r no cred it.

a.
The variables are clearly

defined.
L et x rep resent years sin ce 1995 an d let y rep resen t m illio n s o f ton s o f
VOCs em itted. T h en th e ordered pairs are (0, 22.0), (1, 20.9), (2 ,1 9 .5 ),
(3 ,1 8 .8 ), (4 ,1 8 .3 ), (5,17.5), (6,17.1), (7 ,1 6 .5 ), and (8,16.1).
A scatter plot and a lin e draw n to fit
th e d ata a re show n. T h e p o in ts (2, 20)
and (6,17.1) ap p ear to lie on th e line.
The scatter plot and a

line fitting the points are
correctly drawn.
Use th e p oints (x^ y ^ = (2, 20) and

(x^, y^) = (6,17.1) to find th e slope m.
17.1 - 20
6 -2
The calculations are

correct and clearly
explained.
-2.9
= - 0 .7 2 5
4
Now u se point-slope form .

y
= m(x-x^
y - 20 = - 0 .7 2 5 ( x - 2)
y - 20 = -0 .7 2 5 X + 1.45
- 0 .7 2 5 x + 21.5
A n approxim ation o f th e b est-fittin g lin e is y = 0.725x -t- 21.5.
The equation of the line

of fit is correct.
b. To p red ict th e am o u n t o f em ission s in 2010, u se th e fa ct th a t 2010 is

15 years after 1995. S u b stitu te x = 15 into th e m odel.
y = -0 .7 2 5 X + 21.5 = -0 .7 2 5 (1 5 ) + 21.5 = 10.6
You can predict th at 10.6 m illio n tons o f VOCs w ill b e em itted in 2010.
The prediction is correct.

]
The answer is
reasonable.
146
Chapter 2
c. No; th e trend could co n tin u e for a w hile b u t n o t in d efinitely, b eca u se

th e eq u atio n pred icts zero em issio n s w hen - 0 .7 2 5 x + 21.5 = 0, or w hen
x = 30. It is u n rea listic to p red ict th a t em ission s w ill b e redu ced to zero.
SAMPLE 2 : P artia! credit soiution

a. T h e y -in tercep t is 21.5 and the
lin e passes th rou gh (4 ,1 8 .5 ), so
an approxim ation o f th e bestfittin g lin e is y = -0 .7 5 % + 21.5.
A reasonable line of fit is

found and answers are
correct, but the graph
is not labeled, little
work is shown, and
the explanation is
incomplete.
b. y = -0 .7 5 (1 5 ) + 21.5 = 10.25
c. No; it would be negative.

a.
The graph is missing

and the equation is a
poor choice. Parts (b)
and (c) are incorrect.
16.1 - 22
2003 - 1995
508
- 0 .7 4 ; y = - 0 .7 4 % + 1995
c. Yes; th e lin e alw ays keeps going down.
PRACT)CE
1.
A p p ly t h e S c o r in g R u b r i c
A stud ent's solu tion to th e problem on th e previous page is given below. Score
th e solution a s / a ll credit, p a rtia l credit, or no credit. E xplain your reasoning.
If you ch o o se p a rtia l credit or no credit, exp lain how you w ould ch an ge the
solu tion so th a t it ea rn s a score o f fu ll credit.
a.
Let x represent th e year. Let y represent VOCs em itted (millions of tons)

A s c a t t e r plot and a line of fit are
shown. The line p a sse s through
(x,, y j = (1 9 9 6 , 2 0 .9 ) and through
( x ^ ^ O d , 17.1).
g 22
. 9 ^ 20
$ "
' E . o 13
y - y, = m(x - x j
E 16
1 7 .1 -2 0 .? _ = ^ 6
2001 - 1 9 9 6
_ Q 7 6
y - 2 0 .9 = - 0 .7 6 ( x - 1 9 9 6 )
Total VOC Em issions
1995
1995
2002 *
Year
y 0.76x + 1 5 5 6
An approximation of th e best-fittin g
line is y = 0 .7 6 x + 1536.
b. To predict th e em issions in 20 1 0 , su b s titu te x = 2 0 1 0 into th e model.

y = - 0 . 7 6 x + 1 5 5 6 = - 0 .7 6 ( 2 0 1 0 ) + 1 5 3 6 = 10.4
About 10.4 million to n s of VOCs will be em itted in 2010.
c. No; in 2 0 2 4 , VOC em issions would become negative because
0 .7 6 (2 0 2 4 ) + 1 5 5 6 = 0 .2 4 , which doesn't make sense.
Standardized Test Preparation
147
2 +
T E S T PRA C TKE
EXTENDED RESPONSE
1.
T he table shows th e estim ated budget x and th e to ta l U.S. box o ffice g ro ssy
(both in m iiiio n s o f doiiars) for th e eight h ig h est-ea rn in g m ovies o f aii tim e
(as o f D ecem ber, 2004).
X
200
94
139
115
10.5
70
11
200
374
377
404
431
435
441
461
601
a. Identity th e d om ain and range o f th e reiation represen ted by th e tabie.

b. Graph th e reiation.
c. Teii w hether th e reiation is a fu n ctio n . Expbn'n.
2. A park tra il up a h ill has b een im proved by
building steps from w ooden tim bers, as show n
in th e diagram o f a sectio n o f th e traii. Each
tim b er m easu res 8 in ch es on a side.
B
^
^ ^
/)
T________________ ^
^-8 in.
a. W hat is th e average rate o f chan g e in

eievation on th e traii from point A to point B?
b. If th e tra ii co n tin u es as show n up a h iii th a t is 120 feet high,
w hat horizon tai d istan ce do you cover ciim b in g th e traii?
c. If th e trail had used 6 in ch tim b ers for each step in stead o f 8 inch
tim bers, w hat h o rizo n tal d ista n ce wouid each step cover? Exp/abt.
3. You have $30 to spend on tw o ty p es o f yarn, co tto n y arn th a t co sts $ 3 .5 0 per
bail and w ooi yarn th at co sts $4.50 per baii.
a. W rite an in eq u aiity th a t d escrib es th e p ossible am o u n ts o f co tto n y arn and
w ool y arn you ca n buy w ithou t spending m ore th a n $30.
b. Graph th e in equ ality from p art (a).
c. Are aii p o in ts on th e bo u n d ary lin e solu tion s o f th e in eq u a iity in th is
situation? If not, w hich p oin ts on th e bo u n d ary iin e are solu tions? W hat
does each solu tion on th e bo u n d ary lin e m ean in th e co n tex t o f th e
probiem ?
4. Th e tabie shows th e to ta l school en rollm en t (in m illion s) at aii levels in th e
United States for th e years 1986 to 2001.
Year
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
Enrollment (millions)
57.7
58.3
58.5
59.3
60.3
61.7
62.6
63.1
Year
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
Enrollment (millions)
63.9
64.8
65.7
66.5
67.0
67.7
68.7
69.8
a. M ake a scatter plot o f th e data. Let x rep resen t y ears sin ce 1986 and
y represent en rollm en t (in m illio n s).
b. Describe th e co rrelatio n show n by th e data.
c. A pproxim ate th e best-fittin g lin e for th e data. T h en use th is lin e to pred ict
to tal en rollm en t in 2012.
148
Chapter 2
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ciasszone.com
GR<DDED ANSWER
MULT!PLE CHOKE
5.
6.
7.
8. A d ire ct v a ria tio n eq u a tio n y = a x h as ( - 3 , - 6 )

as a solution. W h at is th e value o f th e co n sta n t
o f v ariation?
W h ich ordered p air is a solu tion o f the

in equ aiity - x -t- 2y > 10?
(g )
( - 1 0 ,0 )
(g )
(0 ,5 )
(g )
( 5, 5)
(B )
(5,10)
T he graph o f w hich eq u atio n passes throu gh

the point (1, - 3 ) and is p erp en d icu lar to th e
lin e x + y = 10?
(g )
x + y=-2
(g)
x -y = -2
(g)
x + y= 4
(g)
x -y = 4
W hat is th e slope o f th e lin e p assing throu gh

the p oints (0, - 4 ) and ( - 3 , 2)?
(g )
-2
(S) I
(g )
- I
(D ) 2
9. W hat is th e value o f/(2 ) for th e fu n ctio n

/(x ) = 4x^ - 5x + 1?
10. W hat is th e value o f A: so th a t th e lin e passing
th rou gh (A, 2) and (2, 7) h as a slope o f - 1 ?
11. W h at is th e x -in te rce p t o f th e graph o f
2x + 3y = 36?
12. W hat is th e y -in tercep t o f th e lin e th a t passes
th rou gh th e p o in t (20, 168) and h as a slope
of - 5 ?
13. T h e graph o fy = - 3 - /(x ) + 5 is o b tain ed from
th e graph o fy = /(x ) th rou gh tran sfo rm atio n s.
T h e p o in t ( - 7 , - 6 ) lies on th e graph o fy = /(x ).
W h at is th e y-value o f th e im age o f th is point
after th e tra n sfo rm a tio n s?
SHORT RESPONSE
14. T he n u m ber o f w om en elected to th e U.S. H ouse o f R epresen tatives has
in creased nearly every C ongress sin ce 1985. In th e 9 9 th C ongress b e g in n in g
in 1985, th ere w ere 22 fem ale rep resentativ es. In th e 109th C ongress
b eg in n in g in 2005, th ere w ere 68 fem ale represen tatives.
a. W rite a lin e a r eq u atio n th a t m od els th e n u m b er y o f fem ale m em b ers o f th e
H ouse o f R epresen tatives x years after 1985.
b. Given th a t th e n u m ber o f rep resen tatives is fixed at 435, is it reason ab le to
th in k th a t th e m odel could b e a fairly a ccu ra te p red icto r o f th e n u m b er o f
fem ale rep resen tatives in 2030? Explain.
15. G raph y = - 2 lx + 1 1 - 3. D escribe how th e graph co m p ares w ith th e graph o f
y = Ix I. If you tran slate th e graph o f y = - 2 1x + 1 ] - 3 dow n 2 u n its and left
5 units, w hat is an eq u atio n o f th e new graph? Explain.
16. T he sca tte r plot shows th e ages o f th e w in n ers of
p rofession al golf's an n u al M asters T o u rn am en t for
th e years 1934-2 0 0 5 . (There w as no to u rn a m en t in
th e years 1943-1945.) W h at ty p e o f co rrelatio n does
th e scatter plot show? D oes your answ er ch an ge
if you con sid er only th e d ata from 1934 to 1954?
Explain.
17. You are bak in g cookies and set th e oven to 350F.
T he oven tem p eratu re sta rts at room tem peratu re,
68F, and tak es 8 m in u tes to reach 350F. Find th e
average rate o f ch an g e in th e tem p eratu re. U se th is
rate o f ch an g e to estim ate how m u ch longer it would
take to h eat th e oven to 425F. Explain.
Ages of M asters T ou rn am en t W inners

<9
44
'
*
g 36
a)
*
>-
S. 28
* .*
V*
*+
V
*
**
*
+
*, *
* if
*
20
f
0
10
20
*
A*
f
<1
*< * **
*
W
*
* *
30
40
50
Years since 1934
*
*
60
70
149
In previous chap ters, you learn ed th e follow ing skills, w hich you'il use in
C hapter 3: graphing eq u ations, soiving eq u ation s, an d graphing in eq u a lities
Prerequisite SkiHs
VOCABULARY CHECK
C o p y and co m p le te th e statem en t.
1. The lin e a r in e q u a lity that represents the graph shown
at the right is ? .
2. The g ra p h o f a lin e a r in e q u a lity in two variabies is the
set o f all points in a coordinate plane that are ? of
the inequality.
SKILLS CHECK
Graph the equation. (Review p. 8 9 /o r 3 .7 /
3.
x + y= 4
4. y = 3x -
Solve the equation. (Reviewp. 78/o r 3.2,3.4.)

6.
2x - 12 = 16
7. - 3 x - 7 = 1
Graph the inequality in a coord in ate plane. (Reviewp. 732/br3.3.(

9.
y>-x + 2
10. x + 4 y < - 1 6
@MM7ie7ufw Prerequisite skilts practice at classzone.com
150
11. 3x + I
Big ideas
tjj^ Soiving systems of equations using a variety of methods
@
Graphing systems of equations and inequaiities

Using m atrices
KEY VOCABULARY
- system of two linear

equations, p. 153
* consistent, p. 154
- inconsistent, p. 154
- independent, p. 154
-dependent, p. 154
- substitution method, p. 160

* eiimination method, p. 161
* system of iinear
inequalities, p. 168
- system of three iinear
equations, p. 178
* ordered triple, p. 178

- matrix, p. 187
- determinant, p. 203
- Cramer's rule, p. 205
- identity matrix, p. 210
* inverse matrices, p. 210 .
You c a n u se system s o f lin e a r eq u atio n s to solve real-w orld problem s. For

exam ple, you ca n d eterm in e w hich o f tw o paym ent op tion s for riding a bus is
m ore co st-effectiv e.
Aigebra
T h e a n im atio n illu strated below for Exam ple 4 on page 155 helps you answ er th is
qu estion : A fter how m an y bus rides w ill th e co st o f tw o pay m en t o p tio n s b e th e
sam e?
You want to decide w hether to pay fo r bus

rid e s ind ivid ually or buy a monthly pass.
Ente r linea r equations to compare the

c o sts of the tw o payment options.
rcom
A ig e b ra at ciasszone.c
O ther an im ation s for C hapter 3 : p ages 153, 161, 168, 1 96, 211, and 212
X%srACT!V!TY
F n v e s fn y tH M M y
@ H o m c 7 u fo r
ctasszone.com
Keystrokes
3.1 Soiving Linear Systems Using Tabies

MATERIALS -graphingcalculator
How can you soive a sy stem of iinear eq u ation s using a tab ie?
An exam ple o f a system q/'hnear e^ a a flo n s in tw o variab les x and y is th e
follow ing:
y = 2x + 4
y = - 3 x + 44
Equation 1
Equation 2
A solaflon o f a system o f eq u atio n s in tw o variables is an ordered p air (x, y) th a t is

a solution o f b o th eq u ation s. One way to solve a system is to use th e table featu re
o f a graphing calcu lator.
Soive a system
Use a table to solve th e system of eq u ation s above.
l-f7!EP ?l
-PTff <?l
Press HQB) to enter th e

equations. E nter Equ ation 1
as y] and E qu ation 2 as y^.
Set th e startin g x-value o f th e

table to 0 and th e step value
to 1. T h en use th e fable featu re
to m ake a table.
Yi B2X+4
Y2 B- 3 X+ 4 4
Y3 =
X
1
2
3
4
X= 0
Y4 =
Y5 =
Y6 =
Y7 =
Y1
4
6
8
10
12
Y2
44
41
38
35
32
X
4
5
6
7
3
X= 8
^ The solution o f th e system is (8, 20).
RAW C O N C L U S t O N S
Use you r o b servation s to co m p iete th e se ex e rcise s
Use a table to solve the system . If you a re using a grap h in g ca lcu la to r, you m ay
need to first solve th e eq u ation s in th e system for y before e n terin g th em .
1. y = 2x + 5
2. y = 4x + 1
y = -x + 2
y = 4x - 8
4. 8x - 4y = 16
6x + 3y = 3
5. 6x - 2y = - 2
- 3 x - 7y = 17
3. y = 4x - 3
6. x + y = 11
- x - y = -11
7. Based on your results in Exercises 1-6, m ake a co n je c tu re about the

nu m ber o f solu tions a system o f lin ear eq u atio n s ca n have.
152
Chapter 3
Linear System s and Matrices
Me
Scro ll th rou gh th e tab le u ntil

you find an x-value for w hich
y j an d y^ are equal. T h e table
show s y^ = y 2 = 20 w hen x = 8.
Y1
12
14
16
18
20
YB
32
29
26
23
20
3.1
So!ve Linear Systems

by Graphing
You wi!) soive system s of iinear equations.
So you can com pare swimming data, as in Ex. 39.
Key Vocabuiary
* system of two
tin ear equations
* soiution of a
system
* consistent
* inconsistent
* independent
* dependent
A system of tw o iin ear eq u ation s in tw o variabies x and y, also called a lin ear
system, co n sists o f two eq u atio n s th a t ca n b e w ritten in th e follow ing form .
Ax + B y = C
Dx + Ey = F
Equationl
Equation2
A soiution o f a system o f lin ea r eq u atio n s in tw o v ariab les is an ordered p air (x, y)

th at satisfies each eq u atio n . Solution s corresp on d to p oin ts w here th e graphs of
th e eq u atio n s in a system in tersect.
EXAMPLE
Solve a sy stem g r a ph icaHy
G raph th e iin e a r system an d e stim a te th e soiution. Then ch eck th e

soiution aigeb raicaliy.
4x + y = 8
2x-3y=18
Equationl
Equation 2
S oiu tion
B egin by graphing b o th eq u ation s, as show n
at th e right. From th e graph, th e lin es appear
to in tersect at (3, - 4 ) . You ca n ch eck th is
alg ebraically as follow s.
AVOiD ERRORS
Remember to check the

graphicai soiution in
both equations before
conduding that it is a
solution of the system.
E q uation 1
E q u ation 2
4x + y = 8
2x-3y=18
2(3) - 3 ( - 4 ) ^ 18
4(3) + ( - 4 ) ^ 8
12 - 4
8
=
6 + 12^18
18=18/
^ T he solution is (3, - 4 ) .
Aigebra
GutDED PRACTKE
a tclasszon e.com
fo r E xam p le 1
G raph th e iin e a r system an d e stim a te th e soiution. Then ch eck th e soiution

aigeb raicaiiy.
1. 3x + 2y = - 4
x + 3y=l
2. 4x - 5y = - 1 0
2x-7y=4
3.1
3. 8 x - y = 8
3x + 2 y = - 1 6
Solve Linear System s by Graphing
153
CLASSIFYING SYSTEMS A system th at has at least one solu tion is con sisten t.
If a system has no solution, th e system is incon sisten t. A co n sisten t system
th at has exactly one solution is independent, and a co n sisten t system th at has
in fin itely m any solu tion s is dependent. T h e system in Exam ple 1 is co n sisten t
and independent.
K EY CONCEPT
N umber of So!utions of a Linear System
The relationsh ip betw een th e graph o f a lin ea r system and th e system 's
n u m ber o f solu tions is d escrib ed below.
Exactly one solution
Lines in tersect at one

point; co n sisten t and
independent
EXAMPLE 2
CHECK SOLUTION
To check your solution

in Example 2, observe
that both equations
have the same slopeintercept form:
So the graphs are the
same line.
To verify that the

graphs in Example 3
are parallel lines,
write the equations in
slope-intercept form
and observe that the
lines have the same
slope, -2 , but different
y-intercepts, 4 and 1.
154
Chapter 3
Lines are parallel;

in co n sisten t
Sotve a sy stem w ith m a n y sotutions
Solve th e system . Then classify th e system as con sisten t a n d independent,

consistent a n d dependent, o r inconsistent.
4x - 3y = 8
8x - 6y = 16
Equation 1
Equation 2
' !
/4 x - 3y= 8
Solution
T he graphs o f th e eq u atio n s are th e sam e line.
So, ea ch p oint on th e lin e is a solution, an d th e
system h as in fin itely m an y solutions. T h erefore,
th e system is co n sisten t and d ependent.
EXAMPLE 3
CHECK SOLUTION
Lines co in cid e;
co n sisten t and
d ependent
/
L
/ ' ! x - 6 y = 16
Jf
Sotve a sy stem w ith no sotution
Soive th e system . Then classify th e system as con sisten t a n d independent,

consistent a n d dependent, o r inconsistent.
2x + y = 4
2x + y = 1
Equation 1
Equation 2
Solution
The graphs o f th e eq u atio n s are tw o p a ra llel lin es.
B ecau se th e tw o lin es have no p o in t o f in tersectio n ,
the system has no solution. Therefore, th e system
is in co n sisten t.

You ride an express bus from th e cen ter o f tow n to your street. You have
tw o p aym en t o ption s. O ption A is to buy a m o n th ly p ass an d pay $1 per
ride. O ption B is to pay $ 2 .5 0 per ride. A m on th ly pass co sts $30. A fter how
m any rides w iii th e to ta i co sts o f th e two options b e th e sam e?
( A ) 12 rides
20 rides
(B )
(g )
24 rides
(D )
28 rides
S olu tion
Equation 1 (Option A)
Cost per
ride
(dollars/ride)
Number of
rides
(rides)
4^
#*
Cost per
ride
(dollars/ride)
Number of
rides
(rides)
2.5
Total
cost
(dollars)
Monthly
fee
(dollars)
30
Equation 2 (Option B)
Total
cost
(dollars)
To solve th e system , graph th e eq u atio n s

y = x + 30 and y = 2.5x, as show n at th e right.
N otice th at you need to graph th e eq u atio n s
only in th e first qu ad ran t b eca u se only
nonnegative values o f x and y m ake sen se in
th is situation.
The lin es ap p ear to in ters ect at about th e p o in t
(20, 50). You ca n ch e ck th is a lg eb raically as follows.
5 0 = 2 0 + 30 /
5 0 = 2 .5 (2 0 ) /
Number of rides
Equation 1 checks.
Equation 2 checks.
The to tai co sts are eq u ai a fter 20 rides.

F The co rrect answ er is B. (A) (E) ( c ) (B)
^ B k H S is g A ig e b ra
t /
GuiDED PRACTICE
at classzone.com
fo r E xam p les 2 , 3, and 4
So lve th e system . T h en c la ssify th e sy stem as co n sisten t a n d in d ep en den t,

co n sisten t a n d d epen den t, o r incon sisten t.
4.
2x+5y=6
4x+10y=12
5. 3 x - 2 y = 1 0
3x-2y = 2
7.
WHAT tF? In Exam ple 4, suppose th e co st o f th e m on th ly pass is in crea sed to

$36. How does th is a ffe ct th e solution?
3.1
6. - 2 x + y = 5
y = x + 2
155
3.1 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
A = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,1 5 ,2 9 ,3 0 , 37, and 39
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 38
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: A co n sisten t system th a t h as exactiy one
soiution is calied ? .
2. * WRITING E xplain how to id en tify th e solu tion (s) o f a system from th e
graphs o f th e eq u atio n s in th e system .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 153
for Exs. 3-16
GRAPH AND CHECK G raph th e lin e a r system an d e stim a te th e soiution. Then

check th e soiution aigebraicaiiy.
3. y = - 3 x + 2
y = 2x - 3
4. y = 5x + 2
y = 3x
5. y = - x + 3
- x - 3y = - 1
6. x + 2y = 2
x - 4y = 14
7. y = 2 x - 10
x - 4y = 5
8. - x + 6y = - 1 2
x + 6y = 12
(lh )y = - 3 x - 2
5x + 2y = " 2
10. y = - 3 x - 13
- x - 2y = - 4
11. x - 7y = 6
- 3 x + 21y = - 1 8
12. y = 4x + 3
20x - 5y = - 1 5
13. 5x - 4y = 3
3x + 2y = 15
14. 7x + y = - 1 7
3x - lOy = 24
15. ft MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e solu tion o f th e system ?

-4 x - y = 2
7x + 2y = - 5
(3 )
(2,-6)
( B ) ( - 1 ,6 )
(S )
16. ERROR ANALYSIS A student used th e ch eck

show n to conclu de th a t (0, - 1 ) is a solution
o f th is system :
(D )
(1.-6)
(-3 ,8 )
5x - 2y = 2
3 (0 ) - 2 (-1 ) ^ 2
3x - 2y = 2
x + 2y = 6
D escribe and co rrect th e stud ent's error.

EXAMPLES
2 and 3
on p. 154
for Exs. 17-29
SOLVE AND CLASSIFY Solve the system . Then classify th e sy stem as consistent
a n d independent, consisten t a n d dependent, o r inconsistent.
17. y = - 1
3x + y = 5
18. 2x - y = 4
x - 2y = - 1
19. y = 3 x + 2
y = 3x - 2
20. y = 2x - 1
- 6 x + 3y = - 3
21 J - 2 0 x + 12y = - 2 4
5x - 3y = 6
22. 4 x - 5y = 0
3 x 5y = 5
23. 3x + 7y = 6
2x + 9y = 4
24. 4 x + 5y = 3
6x + 9y = 9
25. 8 x + 9y = 15
5x - 2y = 17
26. I x - 3y = 10
2
^
27. 3x - 2y = - 1 5
28. y x - y = - 4
4 x + 2y = - 2
4
156
Chapter 3
X -A y=-5
5x - 2y = 2^
4
29. * MULTIPLE CHOtCE How would you cla ssify th e system ?

- 1 2 x + 16y = 10
3x + 4y = - 6
(A ) C on sisten t and in d ep en d ent
(B ) C on sisten t and d ependent
(C )
( g ) N one o f th ese
In co n sisten t
30. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a system o f tw o lin ea r eq u atio n s th a t h as th e

given n u m ber o f solutions.
a. One solution
b. No solu tion
c. In fin ite ly m any solutions
GRAPH AND CHECK G raph th e system an d e stim a te th e solution (s). T hen ch eck
th e solution (s) algebraicaliy.
31. y = l % + 2l
y = x
32. y = l x - l l
y = -x + 4
33. y = Ixl - 2
y= 2
34. CHALLENGE State th e co n d itio n s on th e co n sta n ts a, &, c, and d for w hich

th e system below is (a) co n sisten t and in d epen d ent, (b) co n siste n t and
d ependent, and (c) in co n sisten t.
y = a x + i?
y = cx + d
^R O B L E M SO L V !N G
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 155
for Exs. 3 5 -3 9
_____ ^
35. WORK SCHEDULE You w orked 14 hours last w eek and ea rn ed a to ta l o f $96
before taxes. Your jo b as a lifeguard pays $8 per hour, an d your jo b as a
cash ier pays $6 per hour. How m any hours did you work at ea ch jo b ?
@ M M n e 7 u to r
36. LAW ENFORCEMENT D uring one ca len d a r year, a state troo p er issued a to tal
o f 375 citatio n s for w arnin g s and sp eed in g tick ets. O f th ese, th ere w ere 37
m ore w arnings th a n speed in g tick ets. How m any w arn in gs an d how m any
speed in g tick ets w ere issued?
@ M w ne7M tO f
[37^ * SHORT RESPONSE A gym offers tw o op tion s for m em b ersh ip plan s.

O ption A inclu des an in itia tio n fee o f $121 an d co sts $1 per day. O ption B
h as no in itiatio n fee bu t co sts $12 per day. A fter how m any days w ill th e
to tal co sts o f th e gym m em b ersh ip p lan s b e equal? How d oes your answ er
ch an g e if th e daily co st o f O ption B in crea ses? E xplain.
38. ^ MULTIPLE REPRESENTATiONS Th e p rice o f refrigerator A is $ 6 0 0 , and
th e p rice o f refrigerator B is $1200. T h e co st o f e lectricity n eed ed to operate
th e refrigerators is $50 per y ear for refrigerator A and $40 per y ear for
refrigerator B.
a. Writing Equations W rite a n eq u atio n for th e co st o f ow ning refrigerator A
and an eq u atio n for th e co st o f ow ning refrigerator B.
b. Graphing Equations G raph th e eq u atio n s from p a rt (a). A fter how m any
years are th e to tal co sts o f ow ning th e refrigerators equal?
c. Checking Reasonabieness Is your solu tion from p art (b) rea so n a b le in
th is situation? Explain.
3.1
157
39. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T he table below gives th e w in n in g tim es (in second s)

in th e O lym pic 100 m eter freestyle sw im m in g event for th e period 1972 -2 0 0 0 .
12
16
20
24
28
Men s time, m
51.2
50.0
50.4
49.8
48.6
49.0
48.7
48.3
Women s time, w
58.6
55.7
54.8
55.9
54.9
54.6
54.4
53.8
Years since 1972, x
a. Use a graphing calcu lato r to fit a lin e to th e d ata pairs (x, m).
b. Use a graphing calcu lato r to fit a lin e to th e d ata pairs (x, re).
c. G raph th e lin es and p red ict w hen th e w om en's p erfo rm a n ce w ill catch
up to th e m en's perfo rm an ce.
d. Do you th in k your p red ictio n from p a rt (c) is reason ab le? Exp/am .
40. CHALLENGE Your house and your friend's h ouse are b o th on a stree t th at
passes by a park, as show n below.
At 1:00 P.M., you and your friend leave your h ouses on bicy cles and head
tow ard th e park. You travel at a speed o f 25 feet per secon d , and your friend
also travels at a co n sta n t speed. You b o th reach th e p ark at th e sam e tim e.
a. W rite and graph an eq u ation giving your d ista n ce d (in feet) from the
park after f second s.
b. At w hat speed does your friend travel to th e park? Exp/am how you
found your answ er.
c. W rite an eq u atio n giving your friend's d ista n ce d (in feet) from th e park
after f secon d s. Graph the eq u atio n in th e sam e co o rd in a te p lan e you
used for p art (a).
M !XED REV!EW
Solve th e eq u ation.
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 3.2
in Exs. 47-52.
41. 8x + 1 = 3x - 14 (p. 78)
42.
- 4 ( x + 3) = 5x + 9 (p. 78)
43. x + 2 = ^ x - ^ (p. 78)
44. [ x - 18j = 9 (p. 57)
45.
j2 x + 5] = 12 (p.57)
46.
Solve th e equ ation for y. Then find th e value o f y for th e given value o f x . (p. 26)
47.
3x 2y = 8; x = 2
48. 5x + y = 12; x = 9
49. 8x - 3y = 10; x = 8
50.
8x - 2y = 7; x = - 1
51. 16x + 9y = - 2 4 ; x = - 6
52. - 1 2 x + 9y = - 6 0 ; x = - 7
53.
158
l 5 x - 18l = 17 (p. 57)
VETERINARY MEDICINE The n o rm al body tem p eratu re o f a dog is 38C. Your

dog's tem p eratu re is 101F. D oes your dog have a fever? ExpEdn. (/). 26)
E X T R A P R A C T ! C E for Lesson 3.1, p. 1012
O N L !N E Q U ! Z at classzone.com
c%2%%?AC*nV!TY
@ H o m e 7 u fo r
d asszon e.com
Keystrokes
3.1 Graph Systems of Equations

How can you soive a system of iinear equations using a
graphing caicuiator?
In Lesson 3.1, you learn ed to esh m afe th e solution o f a lin ea r system by graphing.
You can use th e intersect featu re o f a graphing ca lcu la to r to get an answ er th a t is
very close to, and so m etim es exactly eq u al to, th e a ctu a l solution.
Soive a system
Use a graph in g ca icu ia to r to solve th e system .
6 x -9 y = -2 0
2x + 4 y = 52
Equation 1
Equation 2
lF 7 !ff ?l f M e r
].?7RPF] #ra/tA
Solve each eq u ation for y. T hen

enter th e revised eq u atio n s into
a graphing calcu lator.

stand ard view ing window.
YiB(2/3)X+(20/9)
Adjust th e view ing window,

and use th e intersect featu re to
find th e in ters ectio n point.
Y2B-(1/2)X-13
Y3 =
Y4=
1:
^ T he solution is abou t (-1 3 .0 5 , - 6 .4 8 ) .
Solve th e lin ear system using a grap h in g calcu la to r.
1. y = - x + 2
y = 2x 5
2. y = - 2 x + 1 5
y = 5 x -4
-9 x + 7 y = 1 4
- 3 x + y = -1 7
4. - l l x 6y = 6
5. 5x + 8y = - 4 8
x + 3 y = 27
- 2 x + 16y = 56
4x + 7 y = 35
4x + 2 y = 1 0
7. VACATtON Your fam ily is p lan n in g a 7 day trip to Texas. You estim a te th a t it
w ill co st $275 per day in San A ntonio and $ 4 0 0 per day in D allas. Your budget
for th e 7 days is $2300. How m any days should you spend in ea ch city?
8. MOVIE TICKETS In one day, a m ovie th e a te r co llected $ 4 6 0 0 from 800 people.
The p rice o f ad m ission is $7 for an adult an d $5 for a child. How m an y adults
and how m any child ren w ere ad m itted to th e m ovie th e a te r th a t day?
3.1
Sotve Linear System s by Graphing
159
^ So!ve Linear Systems

Aigebraicaiiy
You soived iinear system s graphicaiiy.
You wiil soive iinear system s aigebraicaiiy.
S you can modei guitar saies, as in Ex. 55
Key Vocabu!ary
* substitution m ethod
In th is lesson, you w ill study two aig eb raic m eth o d s for solving lin ea r system s.
The first m eth od is called th e su b stitu tion m eth od .
* elim in ation m eth od
KEY CONCEPT
The Substitution Method
^7!FP 7
Soive one o f th e eq u atio n s for one o f its v ariables.

Substitute th e exp ression from Step 1 in to th e o th er eq u ation
an d solve for th e o th er variable.
F72P J
Substitute th e value from Step 2 into th e revised eq u atio n from

Step 1 and solve.
( EXAMPLE 1
Ls.
Use th e su b stitu tion m eth od
Soive th e system u sin g th e su b stitu tion m eth od .
2 x + 5y = - 5
x + 3y = 3
Equation 1
Equation 2
Soiution
.fTEf 7
Soive E qu ation 2 for x.

x = -3 y + 3
Revised Equation 2
Substitute th e expression for x into E qu atio n 1 and solve for y.

2 x + 5y = - 5
2 ( 3y + 3) + 5y = 5
Write Equation 1.
Substitute - 3 y + 3 forx.
Soive fory.
y = l l
^7!FP <? Substitute th e value o f y into revised E qu atio n 2 and solve for x.
x = -3 y + 3
Write revised Equation 2.
x = -3 (1 1 ) + 3
Substitute 11 fory.
x = -3 0
Simpiify.
k T he solution is (30, 11).

CdffCA* C heck th e solution by su b stitu tin g into th e orig in al equation s.
2 (-3 0 ) +
5(11) ^
-5
160
Chapter 3
- 5 Substitute fo rx a n d y .
-5 /
Soiution checks.
- 3 0 + 3(11)
3= 3 /
EHMtNATlON METHOD A nother aig eb raic m eth o d th a t you ca n use to solve a

system o f eq u atio n s is th e elim in atio n m eth od . T h e goal o f th is m eth o d is to
elim in ate one o f th e variables by adding eq u ation s.
The Elimination Method

^
^
-C
F7EP 7
Muitipiy one or b o th o f th e eq u atio n s by a co n sta n t to o b ta in

co e fficie n ts th a t differ only in sign for o n e o f th e v ariables.
.P7EPE
Add th e revised eq u atio n s from Step 1. C om bin in g like term s w ill

elim in a te one o f th e variab les. Solve for th e re m a in in g variable.
^7E^ J
Substitute th e value o b ta in ed in Step 2 in to eith er o f th e o rigin al

eq u atio n s and solve for th e o th er v ariable.
) Use the elimination method

Solve th e system using th e elim in atio n m eth od .
3 x 7y = 10
6x - 8y = 8
Equation 1
Equation 2
Solution
^72P 7
Muitipiy E qu ation 1 by - 2 so th a t th e co e fficie n ts o f % d iffer only in sign.

3x - 7y = 10
SOLVE SYSTEMS
in Exam pie 2, o n e
coefficient o f x is a
muitipie o f th e other. In
this case, it is easier to
elim inate the x-term s
b e cau se you need
to muitipiy oniy o n e
equation by a con stan t.
x -2
- 6 x + 14y = - 2 0
6x - 8y = 8
6 x 8y = 8
F 72P 2
Add th e revised eq u atio n s and solve for y.
P7E^<?
Substitute th e value o f y in to one o f th e o rig in al eq u atio n s. Solve for x.

3x - 7y = 10
3x - 7 ( - 2 ) = 10
3x + 14 = 10
6y = - 1 2
y = -2
Write Equation 1.
Substitute - 2 fory.
Simpiify.
You ca n ch eck th e solu tion alg eb raically

using th e m ethod show n in Exam ple 1. You ca n
also use a graphing calcu la to r to ch eck th e solution.
at classzone.com
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r E x am p ies 1 an d 2
Solve th e system using th e su b stitu tion o r th e elim in atio n m eth od .

1. 4 x + 3y = - 2
x + 5y = - 9
2 . 3 x + 3y = - 1 5
5 x - 9y = 3
3.2
3.
3x - 6y = 9
- 4 x + 7y = 16
Solve Linear System s Algebraicaliy
161
EXAMPLE 3
To raise m oney for new fo o tb a ll u n iform s, your sch o o l sells silk-screen ed

T -shirts. Short sleeve T -sh irts co st th e sch o o l $5 ea ch and are sold for $8
each . Long sleeve T -sh irts co st th e sch o o l $7 ea ch an d are sold for $12 each.
T he school spends a to tal o f $ 2 5 0 0 on T -sh irts and sells all o f th em for
$4200. How m any o f th e sh ort sleeve T -sh irts are sold?
(g )
(B ) 100
50
(C )
150
(D ) 250
Soiution
7
Write verbal m odels for th is situation.
Equation 1
Short sleeve
cost
(dollars/shirt)
Short sleeve
shirts
(shirts)
Long sleeve
cost
(dollars/shirt)
Long sleeve
shirts
(shirts)
Total
cost
(dollars)
#
2500
Equation 2
Short sleeve
shirts
(shirts)
Short sleeve
selling price
(dollars/shirt)
Total
revenue
(dollars)
#
12
4200
Write a system o f eq u ation s.

Equation 1
Equation 2
Long sleeve
shirts
(shirts)
8
.W fPF
Long sleeve
selling price
(dollars/shirt)
Tota! cost for aii T-shirts

Totai revenue from aii T-shirts soid
5x + 7y = 2500
8x + 12y = 4200
Soive th e system using th e elim in a tio n m ethod .

Muitipiy E qu ation 1 by - 8 and E qu atio n 2 by 5 so th a t th e
co e fficie n ts o f x d iffer only in sign.
5x + 7y = 2500
8x + 12y = 4 2 0 0
x -8
- 4 0 x - 56y = - 2 0 ,0 0 0
x 5
4 0 x + 60y = 21,000
Add th e revised eq u atio n s and solve for y.

AVOtD ERRORS
Choice D gives the
num ber o f long sleev e
T-shirts, but the
question ask s for the
num ber o f short sleev e
T-shirts. So you still
need to solve for x in
4y = 1000
y = 250
Substitute th e value o f y into one o f th e orig in al eq u atio n s

and solve for x.
5x + 7y = 2500
5x + 7(250) = 2500
5x + 1750 = 2500
Write Equation 1.
Substitute 250 fory.
Simpiify.
Step 3.
x = 150
Soive for x.
T he scho o l sold 150 short sleeve T-sh irts and 250 long sleeve T-shirts.
^ T he co rrect answ er is C. (A) ( ) < $ ) (E)
162
Chapter 3
GUIDED PRACTKE
for Example 3
4. WHAT !F? In Exam ple 3, suppose th e school spends a to ta l o f $3715 on

T -sh irts and sells all o f th em for $6160. How m any o f ea ch ty p e o f T -shirt
are sold?
CHOOSING A METHOD In general, th e su b stitu tio n m eth o d is co n v en ien t w hen

one o f th e variables in a system o f eq u atio n s has a co e fficie n t o f 1 or - 1 , as in
E xam ple 1. If neith er v ariable in a system h as a co e fficie n t o f 1 or - 1 , it is usually
easier to use th e e lim in a tio n m ethod , as in E xam ples 2 an d 3.
EXAMPLE 4
So!ve !in e a r sy ste m s w ith m a n y o r no soiutions
Solve th e lin e a r system .

a. x 2y = 4
3 x -6 y = 8
b. 4 x - lOy = 8
- 1 4 x + 35y = - 2 8
S olu tion
a. B eca u se th e co e fficie n t o f x in th e first eq u atio n is 1, u se the
su bstitu tio n m ethod.
Solve th e first eq u atio n for x.
x - 2y = 4
Write first equation.
x = 2y + 4
Solveforx.
Substitute th e expression for x into th e seco n d eq u ation .

3 x - 6y = 8
Write second equation.
3(2 y + 4) - 6y = 8
Substitute 2y + 4 for x.
12 = 8
Simpiify.
F B ecau se th e statem en t 12 = 8 is never true, th ere is no solution.

b. B ecau se no co e fficie n t is 1 or - 1 , u se th e elim in a tio n m ethod.
AVOID ERRORS
Multiply th e first eq u atio n by 7 and th e seco n d eq u a tio n by 2.
When multiplying
an equation by a
constant, make sure
you multiply each term
of the equation by the
constant.
4 x -1 0 y = 8
x 7
28x - 70y=56
- 1 4 x + 35y = - 2 8
x 2
- 2 8 x + 70 y = - 5 6
Add th e revised eq u atio n s.
0 = 0
F B ecau se th e eq u atio n 0 = 0 is alw ays tru e, th ere are in/im feiy m any
soiuhons.
CLUOED PRACTKE
for E xam p le 4
Solve th e lin ear system using an y algeb raic m eth od .
))
t\3
CO
9. 8x + 9 y = 1 5
!)
LO
3 x + 1 2 y = 4
7. 5x + 3 y = 2 0
II
-4 x + y = 3
6. 6x + 15y = - 1 2
I
CJ
n
!
5. 12x 3y = 9
3 .2
10. 5x + 5 y = 5
5x + 3 y = 4 . 2
Solve Linear System s Algebraically
163
HOMEWORK
KEY
3 2 EXERC!SES
Exs. 2 ,4 0 ,5 0 ,5 7 ,5 8 , and 60
SKKL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: To solve a lin ea r system w here one o f th e
co e fficie n ts is 1 or - 1 , it is usually ea siest to use th e ? m ethod.
2. * WRITING E xplain how to use th e e lim in a tio n m eth od to solve a lin ea r
system .
7. 3 x - y = 2
6x + 3y = 14
8. 3x - 4y = - 5
- x + 3y = - 5
6 x - 3 y = 15
-2 x + y = - 5
11. 3x + y = - 1
2 x + 3y = 18
13. 3x + 7y = 13
x + 3y = - 7
14. 2 x + 5y = 10
3x + y = 36
1!
12. 2x - y = 1
8x + 4y = 6
20. lOx - 2y = 16
5x + 3y = - 1 2
21. 2x + 5y = 14
3x - 2y = - 3 6
22. 7x + 2y = 11
- 2 x + 3y = 29
23. 3x + 4y = 18
6x + 8y = 18
24. 2 x + 5y = 13
6x + 2y = - 1 3
25. 4 x - 5y = 13
6x + 2y = 48
26. 6x - 4y = 14
2x + 8y = 21
II
27. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and co rrect

th e error in th e first step o f solving th e
system .
ii
t ^
19. 5x 3y = 3
2x + 6y = 0
8x - 6y = 20
17. 3 x - 4y = - 1 0
6x + 3y = - 4 2
16. 4 x - 2y = - 1 6
- 3 x + 4y = 12
15. 2x + 6y = 17
2x - lOy = 9
4^
on pp. 161-163
for Exs. 15-27
ELIMINATION METHOD Solve th e system using th e elim in atio n m eth od .
EXAMPLES
2 and 4
9. 3x + 2y = 6
@ 6 x - 2y = 5
-3 x + y = 7
*3*
6. x + 4y = 1
3x + 2y = 12
4. 3x + y = 16
l
3. 2x + 5y = 7
x + 4y = 2
n
c\l
on pp. 160-163
for Exs. 3-14
SUBSTITUTION METHOD Solve th e system using th e su b stitu tion m eth od .
0
X
EXAMPLES
1 and 4
5x + 4y = 15
3x + 2y = 7
5x + 4y = 15
CHOOSING A METHOD Solve th e system using an y alg eb raic m eth od .
164
Chapter 3
28. 3x + 2 y = 11
4x + y = - 2
2 9 j 2% - 3y = 8
4 x + 5y = - 1 0
30. 3x + 7y = - 1
2x + 3y = 6
31.
4x - lOy = 18
- 2 x + 5y = - 9
32.
3x - y = - 2
5x + 2y = 15
33. x + 2y = - 8
3x - 4y = - 2 4
34.
2x + 3y = - 6
3x 4y = 25
35.
3x + y = 15
x + 2y = 19
36. 4 x - 3y = 8
- 8 x + 6y = 16
37.
4x - y = - 1 0
6x + 2y = - 1
3 8 . 7x + 5y = - 1 2
3 x - 4y = 1
39. 2x + y = - 1
- 4 x + 6y = 6
40. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e soiution o f th e iin e a r system ?

3 x + 2y = 4
6x - 3y = - 2 7
(5 )
(C )
(B ) ( -2 ,5 )
(-2 .-5 )
( 2 ,- 5 )
(S )
(2 ,5 )
GEOMETRY Find th e co o rd in ates o f th e p oin t w here th e d iagon als o f th e

q u ad rilateral in te rse ct.
SOLVING LINEAR SYSTEMS Solve th e system using a n y algeb raic m eth od .

44. 0.02x - 0.05y = - 0 .3 8
0.03x + 0.04y = 1.04
47.
+
12*
45. 0.05% - 0.03y = 0.21

0.07x + 0.02y = 0.16
4
12^
46. ^ x + 3y = - 3 4
* -y y = -i
2.x - y = 12
x - 2y = 5
50. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a system o f lin ea r eq u atio n s th a t h as (1, 4) as

its only soiution. V erify th a t ( - 1 , 4) is a solu tion using eith er th e su b stitu tio n
m ethod or th e e lim in atio n m ethod.
SOLVING NONLINEAR SYSTEMS U se th e elim in atio n m eth od to solve th e system .
51. 7y + 18xy = 30
13y - 18xy = 90
52. xy - x = 14
5 - xy = 2x
53. 2xy + y = 44
32 - xy = 3y
54. CHALLENGE Find values o f r, s, an d f th a t produce th e in d icated solu tion (s).

- 3 x - 5y = 9
rx + sy = f
a. No solution
b. In fin itely m an y solu tion s
c. A solu tion o f (2, - 3 )
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 162
for Exs. 55-59
55. GUITAR SALES In one week, a m u sic store sold 9 gu itars for a to tal o f $3611.
E le ctric g u itars sold for $479 ea ch and a co u stic g u itars sold for $339 each.
How m any o f ea ch ty p e o f guitar w ere sold?
@ W o rn e 7 u to r
56. COUNTY FAIR An adult pass for a co u n ty fair co sts $2 m ore th a n a ch ild ren 's
pass. W hen 378 adult and 214 ch ild ren 's p asses w ere sold, th e to ta l revenue
w as $2384. Find th e co st o f a n adult pass.
@M)rwelMfor
3 .2
Solve Linear System s Algebraically
165
57. * SHORT RESPONSE A com p any produces gas m ow ers and electric
mow ers at two factories. T he com p any has orders for 2200 gas m ow ers and
1400 eiectric m ow ers. The prod uction cap acity o f ea ch factory (in m ow ers per
week) is show n in th e tabie.
'
Factory A
Factory B
Gas mowers
200
400
Electric mowers
100
300
Describe how th e com p any ca n fiii its orders by o p eratin g th e factories

sim u ltaneou sly at full capacity. W rite and solve a lin ea r system to support
your answer.
58. * MULTIPLE CHOKE T he co st o f 11 gallons o f regu lar g asolin e and
16 gallons o f p rem iu m gasolin e is $ 5 8.55. P rem iu m co sts $ .20 m ore per
gallon th a n regular. W h at is th e co st o f a gallon o f prem iu m gasoline?
(g )
$2.05
( B ) $2.25
(g )
$ 2 .2 9
(D )
$2.55
5 9 ) TABLE TENNiS O ne evening, 76 people

gathered to play doubles and singles table
ten n is. T here w ere 26 gam es in progress at
one tim e. A doubles gam e req u ires 4 players
and a singles gam e requ ires 2 players. How
m any gam es o f each kind were in progress
at one tim e if all 76 people w ere playing?
60. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A lo cal hosp ital is hold ing a tw o day m a ra th o n w alk
to raise funds for a new research facility. T he to ta l d ista n ce o f th e m arath o n
is 26.2 m iles. On th e first day, M arth a sta rts w alking at 10:00 A.M . She w alks
4 m iles per hour. C arol starts two hours later th a n M arth a but decid es to run
to catch up to M artha. C arol ru n s at a speed o f 6 m iles per hour.
a. W rite an eq u atio n to rep resen t th e d ista n ce M arth a travels.
b. W rite an eq u atio n to rep resen t th e d ista n ce Carol travels.
c. Solve th e system o f eq u atio n s to find w hen C arol w ill ca tch up to M arth a.
d. C arol w ants to reduce th e tim e she tak es to ca tch up to M arth a by 1 hour.
How ca n she do th is by ch an g in g h er sta rtin g tim e? How ca n she do th is
by ch an g in g her speed? Exp/nm w h eth er your answ ers are reason able.
61. BUSiNESS A nut w h olesaler sells a m ix o f p ean u ts and cashew s. The
w h olesaler charges $2.80 per pound for p ean u ts and $ 5 .3 0 per pound
for cashew s. T h e m ix is to sell for $ 3 .3 0 per pound. How m an y pounds
o f p eanuts and how m any pounds o f cashew s should b e used to m ake
100 pounds o f th e mix?
62. AVIATION Flying w ith th e w ind, a plane flew 1000 m iles in 5 hours. Flying
ag ain st the w ind, th e p lane could fly only 500 m iles in th e sam e am o u n t of
tim e. Find the speed o f th e plane in c a lm air and th e speed o f th e wind.
63. CHALLENGE For a re cen t jo b , a n e le c tricia n ea rn ed $ 5 0 p er hour, and th e
electrician 's app ren tice earn ed $20 per hour. T h e e le c tricia n worked 4 hours
m ore th a n th e apprentice, and togeth er th ey ea rn ed a to tal o f $550. How
m uch m oney did each person earn?
166
Q = WORKEDrOUT SOLUTiONS
onp.M/SI
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
M!XED REV!EW
Solve th e eq u a tio n .
64.
- 5 x + 4 = 29 (p. 18)
65.
6 (2a - 3) = - 3 0 (p. 18)
66.
1.2m = 2.3m - 2.2 (p. 18)
67.
jx + 31 = 4 (p. 81)
68.
l 2 x + l l ! = 3 fp.8!)
69.
l - x + 7l = 1 3 (p. 8!)
T eil w h e th e r th e lin e s a re p a ra lle l, p erp cn d icn ia r, o r neither, (p. 821

70.
Line 1: throu gh (2, 10) and (1, 5)

Line 2: throu gh (3, - 7 ) and (8, - 8 )
71. Line 1: th rou gh (4, 5) and (9, - 2 )

Line 2: th rou gh (6, - 6 ) and ( - 2 , -1 )
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e lin e. (p. 98)
PREVIEW
G rap h th e in e q u a iity in a co o rd in a te p ia n e . (p. T32)
Prepare for
Lesson 3.3
in Exs. 75-80.
75. x < - 3
76. y > 2
77. 2 x + y > 1
78. y < - x + 4
79. 4 x - y > 5
80. y < - 3 x + 2
Qmz /o r tessons 3.T-3.2
G raph th e iin e a r sy stem an d e stim a te th e so iu tio n . T h en ch e c k th e so iu tio n

a lg e b ra ic a iiy . (p. 183)
1.
3x + y = 11
x - 2y = - 8
2. 2 x + y = - 5
- x + 3y = 6
3. x - 2y = - 2
3x + y = - 2 0
So ive th e system . T h en c la s s ify th e sy stem as co n sisten t a n d in d ep en d en t,

co n sisten t a n d d ep en d en t, o r in co n sisten t, (p. 183)
4.
4x + 8y = 8
x + 2y = 6
5. - 5 x + 3y = - 5
6. x - 2y = 2
y = -^ x + l
2x - y = - 5
Soive th e sy stem u sin g th e su b stitu tio n m eth o d , (p. 160)

7.
3x - y = - 4
x + 3y = - 2 8
8 . x + 5y = 1
- 3 x + 4y =
9. 6x + y = - 6
4x + 3y = 17
16
Soive th e sy stem u sin g th e e lim in a tio n m eth o d , (p. 160)

10.
2 x -3 y = -l
2x + 3y = - 1 9
11. 3 x - 2 y = 1 0
- 6 x + 4y = - 2 0
12. 2x + 3y = 17
5x + 8y = 20
13. HOME ELECTRONICS To co n n e ct a VCR to a television set, you need a cab le

w ith sp ecial co n n e cto rs at b o th ends. Suppose you buy a 6 foot cab le for
$15.50 and a 3 foot cab le for $10.25. A ssu m ing th a t th e co st o f a cab le is the
sum o f th e co st o f th e tw o co n n e cto rs and th e co st o f th e ca b le itself, w hat
would you ex p ect to pay for a 4 foo t cab le? E xplain how you got your answ er.
E X T R A P R A C T i C E for Lesson 3.2, p. 1012
O N L !N E Q U ! Z at classzone.com
167
3 Graph Systems of
Linear inequaiities
You graphed tinear inequaiities.
You wiii graph system s of iinear inequaiities.
So you can modei heart rates during exercise, as in Ex. 39.
Key Vocabutary
T he follow ing is an exam ple o f a system o f iin e a r ineq u aiities in two v ariables.
system of tin ear

inequalities
*soiution of a system
of inequaiities
' graph of a system
of inequaiities
x + y<8
4x - y > 6
Inequality 1
Inequality 2
A soiution of a system o f in eq u a lities is an ordered p air th a t is a solution o f ea ch

in eq u ality in th e system . For exam ple, (5, - 2 ) is a solu tion o f th e system above.
The graph o f a system o f in e q u a litie s is th e graph o f all solu tions o f th e system .
KEY CONCEPT
Graphing a System of Linear inequaiities
To graph a system o f lin ea r in eq u a lities, follow th e se steps:
.Miff 7
Graph each in eq u ality in th e system . You m ay w ant to use

colored p en cils to d istin g u ish th e d ifferen t half-p lan es.
^7<Ff ^
Identify th e region th a t is co m m o n to all th e graphs o f th e

in eq u alities. T h is region is th e graph o f th e system . If you
used colored p en cils, th e graph o f th e system is th e region
th a t h as b ee n shaded w ith every color.
EXAMPLE 1
G raph a sy stem o f tw o in eq u ah ties
G raph th e system o f ineq u alities.

y > -2 x - 5
y<x + 3
REV!EW
INEQUAHTiES
Inequality 1
Inequality 2
Soiu tion
For help with graphing

iinear inequaiities in two
variabies, see p. 132.
^7<FP 7
^7<FP f
Graph each in equ ality in

th e system . Use red for
y > - 2 x - 5 and blue for
y < * + 3.
Identify th e region th at
is co m m o n to b o th graphs.
It is th e region th at is shaded
purpie
at classzone.com
168
Chapter 3
The graph of
the system is the
intersection of
the red and blue
regions.
EXAMPLE 2
G raph a sy stem w ith no solution
G raph th e system of ineq u ah ties.

2 x + 3y < 6
Inequaiity 1
y > -^ x + 4
Inequaiity 2
Soiution
^7<FP 7
Graph each in eq u ality

in th e system . U se red
for 2 x + 3y < 6 an d blue
fo r y >
+ 4.
The red and
biue regions do
not intersect.
Identify th e region th a t is
co m m o n to b o th graphs.
T h ere is no region shaded
b o th red and blue. So, th e
system has no solution.
EXAMPLE
G raph a sy stem w ith a n ab so iu te vaiu e inequ aiity
G raph th e system o f in eq u alities.

y<3
Inequaiity 1
Inequaiity 2
REVIEW
ABSOLUTE VALUE
For help with graphing

absolute value
inequalities, see p. 132.
Solution
F 72P7
Graph ea ch in eq u a lity in
th e system . U se re d for y < 3
y-
an d blue fo r y > ]x + 4 l.
\
-
The graph of the

system is the
intersection of
the red and biue
regions.
Identify th e region th a t is
co m m o n to b o th graphs.
It is th e region th a t is
shaded purple.
GUIDED PRACTICE
fo r E xam p les 1 ,2 , and 3
Graph th e system o f ineq u alities.

1. y < 3 x - 2
y > -x + 4
4. y < 4
y> lx-5l
2. 2 x - y y > 4
4 x -y < 5
5. y > - 2
y < - [ x + 2l
3.3
3. x + y > 3
-6 x + y < 1
6. y >2 l %+ ll
y<* + 1
Graph System s o f Linear Inequalities
169
SYSTEMS OF THREE OR MORE !NEQUAUT!ES You c a n also graph a system of

th ree or m ore lin ea r in equ alities, as show n in E xam ple 4.
y
EXAMPLE 4
Sotve a m u !ti-ste p probtem
SHOPPtNG A d isco u n t sh oe store is having a sale, as d escrib ed in the

ad vertisem en t show n.
* U se the in fo rm atio n in th e ad to
w rite a system o f in eq u a lities for
the regu lar footw ear p rices and
p ossible sale prices.
* Graph th e system o f in equ alities.
* Use th e graph to estim a te th e
range o f p ossible sale prices
for footw ear th at is regularly
priced at $70.
Sotution
F T ff 7
F72PF
Write a system o f in eq u alities. Let x b e th e regu lar footw ear p rice and
let y be th e sale price. From th e in fo rm atio n in th e ad, you ca n w rite
th e follow ing four in eq u alities.
x > 20
Reguiar price must be at ieast $20.
x < 80
Reguiar price can be at most $80.
y > 0.4x
Sate price is at ieast (100
y < 0 .9 x
Saie price is at most (100 - 10)% = 90% of reguiar price.
- 60)% = 40% of reguiar price.
Graph each in eq u ality in th e system .

T h en id entify th e region th a t is
co m m o n to all th e graphs. It is the
region th a t is shaded.
identify th e range o f p ossible sale p rices
for $70 footw ear. From th e graph you
ca n see th a t w hen x = 70, th e value o fy
is betw een th e se values:
0.4(70) = 28 and 0.9(70) = 63
to
*5
to
(/)
0
20
40
60
80*
Reguiar price (doiiars)
So, th e value o f y satisfies 28 < y < 63.

^ Therefore, footw ear regularly priced at $70 sells for betw een $28 and $63,
inclusive, during the sale.
CutDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p le 4
WHAT )F? In Exam ple 4, suppose th e ad v ertisem en t show ed a range

o f d isco u n ts o f 2 0 % -5 0 % and a range o f regu lar p rices o f $ 4 0 -$ 1 0 0 .
a. W rite and graph a system o f in e q u a litie s for th e regu lar footw ear
prices and p ossible sale prices.
b. Use th e graph to estim a te th e range o f p ossible sale p rices for
footw ear th at is regularly priced at $60.
170
Chapter 3
HOMEWORK
KEY
3 3 EXERC!SES

^ = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 .3 ,2 6 , 27,36, and 39
Ex. 37
SKKL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY W hat m ust b e tru e in order for a n ordered p air to b e a soiution
o f a system o f lin e a r in eq u alities?
2. -Or WRITING D escribe how to graph a system o f lin ea r in eq u alities.
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
on pp. 168-169
for Exs. 3-16
3.
-ft MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ich system of

in eq u alities is represen ted by th e graph?
(A ) x + y > 3
x + y < 4
(B ) - x + y > - 4
x + y< 3
(C )
(D ) - x + y > - 4
Jt + y < 3
-2 x + y > - 4
2x + y < 3
SYSTEMS OF TWO INEQUALITIES G raph th e system o f in eq u alities.

4? x > 1
L / x< 3
5. x < 2
y<5
7. x + y < 3
-x + y > 4
6. y > 5
yî
8 . y < 10
y > Ixl
(E
)4 x - 4y > - 1 6
-x + 2y> -4
(12. x + y > - 3
- 6 x + 4y < 14
13. 2y < - 5 x - 10
5x + 2y > - 2
14. 3x - y > 12
- x + 8y > - 4
15. x - 4 y < - 1 0
16. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and co rrect th e

error in graphing th e system o f in eq u aiities.
y > -3
y<2x - 2
11. y > Ixl - 4

3y < - 2 x + 9
0*)
VI
10. - x > y
-x + y > -5
y
X
/
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 170
for Exs. 17-25
SYSTEMS OF THREE OR MORE INEQUALITIES G raph th e system o f in eq u aiities.

17. x < 6
y > -l
y<x
18. x > - 8
20. x + y < 5
2x - y > p
- x + 5 y > '- 2 0
21. x > 2
-3 x + y < -1
4x + 3y < 12
22. y > x
x + 3y < 5
2x + y > 3
23. y > 0
x> 3
- x + y > 2
y<4x
24. x + y < 5
25. x < 10
x > 2
3x + 2y < 6
6x + 4y > - 1 2
< 2 x - 4
x + y > x -5
x y
3 .3
(l< b )3 x + 2 y > - 6
-5 x + 2 y > -2
y< 5
Graph System s of Linear Inequalities
171
26. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ich qu ad ran t o f th e co o rd in ate plan e co n ta in s no

solu tions o f th e system o f in eq u alities?
y < - I x - 3l + 2
4 x - 5y<20
(A ) Q uadrant I
(B ) Q uad ran t II
(U )
Q uad ran t III
(D ) Q uad rant IV
27. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a system o f two lin ea r in e q u a litie s th a t has

(2, - 1 ) as a solution.
ABSOLUTE VALUE SYSTEMS G raph th e system of in eq u alities.
28. y < ! x l
29. y < ] x - 2 l
y > -lx l
30. y < - l x - 3 l + 2
y > jx j - 2
y > lx -3 [-l
CHALLENGE W rite a system of lin e a r ineq u aiities for th e sh ad ed region.

33.
PROBLEM SOLVENG
L . _____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ^
EXAMPLE 4
on p' 170
for Exs. 3 4 -3 9
34. SUMMER JOBS You ca n work at m o st 20 hours n ex t week. You need to e a rn at

!east $92 to cover your w eekly exp en ses. Your dog-w alking jo b pays $7.50 per
hou r and your jo b as a ca r w ash atten d a n t pays $6 per hour. W rite a system o f
lin ea r in eq u alities to m odel th e situation.
@ N o fn e 7u fo r
35. ViDEO GAME SALE An o n lin e m ed ia store

is having a sale, as d escribed in th e ad
show n. U se th e in fo rm atio n in th e ad to
w rite and graph a system o f in eq u alities
for th e regu lar video gam e p rices and
possible sale prices. T h en use th e graph
to estim ate th e range o f possible sale
p rices for gam es th a t are regularly p riced
at $20.
@ Hcm e7ufO f
5 AVE
ON ALL
V tP E O 6 A M E 6
(R E G U L A R P R tC E ;
36. * SHORT RESPONSE A book on th e ca re o f trop ical fish sta tes th a t th e

pH level o f th e w ater should be b etw een 8.0 an d 8.3 pH u n its an d th e
tem p eratu re o f th e w ater should b e b etw een 76F and 80F. Let x b e th e pH
level and y be th e tem p eratu re. W rite and graph a system o f in eq u a lities
th a t d escribes th e proper pH level an d tem p eratu re o f th e water. Com pare
th is graph to th e graph you would o b ta in if th e tem p eratu res w ere given in
degrees C elsius.
172
on p. WS1
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
3 73 <%F MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS T he fu n ior-Sen io r P rom C o m m ittee m ust

co n sist o f 5 to 8 rep resentatives from th e ju n io r and sen io r classes. T he
co m m ittee m u st inclu d e at le a st 2 ju n io rs and at le a st 2 sen iors. Let x b e th e
n u m ber o f ju n io rs and y be th e n u m b er o f seniors.
a. Writing a System W rite a system o f in e q u a litie s to d escrib e th e situation.
b. Graphing a System G raph th e system you w rote in p a rt (a).
c. Finding Soiutions Give two p ossible solu tion s for th e n u m b ers of
ju n io rs and sen io rs on th e prom co m m ittee.
38. BASEBALL In b aseb all, th e strike zon e is a rectan g le
th e w idth o f hom e piate th a t exten d s from th e b atter's
k nees to a p oint halfw ay b etw een th e shoulders S
an d th e top 7 o f th e u niform p ants. T h e w idth o f
hom e plate is 17 in ch es. Suppose a b a tter's k n ees are
20 in ch es above th e ground and th e p o in t halfw ay
b etw een h is shoulders and th e top o f h is p an ts is
42 in ch es above th e ground. W rite and graph a system
o f in eq u alities th a t rep resen ts th e strik e zone.
39. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A person's th e o re tic a l m a x im u m h e a rt rate (in
h ea rtb ea ts per m inu te) is 220 - x w here x is th e person's age in years
(20 < x < 65). W h en a p erson exercises, it is reco m m en d ed th a t th e person
strive for a h eart rate th a t is at le a st 50% o f th e m a x im u m and at m ost 75%
o f th e m axim u m .
a. W rite a system o f lin e a r in e q u a litie s th a t d escrib es th e given in fo rm atio n .
b. Graph th e system you w rote in p a rt (a).
c. A 40-year-old p erson h as a h ea rt rate o f 158 h ea rtb ea ts per m in u te w hen
exercising. Is th e person's h e a rt rate in th e target zone? E xp/am .
40. CHALLENGE You and a friend are try in g to guess th e n u m b er o f p e n n ies in
a jar. You b o th agree th a t th e ja r co n ta in s at le a st 500 p en n ies. You guess
th a t th ere are x p en n ies, and your friend gu esses th at th ere are y p en n ies.
T he a ctu a l n u m ber o f p en n ies in th e ja r is 1000. W rite an d graph a system o f
in e q u alitie s d escribin g th e values o f x and y for w h ich your guess is closer
th a n your friend's guess to th e a ctu a l n u m b er o f p en n ies.
M !XED REV!EW
Evalu ate th e exp ression for th e given valu es o f x an d y. (p. 70)
41.
6x - 8y w hen x = 4 and y = - 1
43. x^ - 2xy + 3y w hen x = - 2 and y = 3
42. 12x + 3y w hen x = 4 and y = - 5

44. 4x^y^ - xy w hen x = 5 and y = - 6
Solve th e inequality. Then grap h th e solution, (p. 47)

45. x 8 < 5
46. 5 x l l > - x - t - 7
47. 9x + 2 > - 3 x - 13
PREVtEW
Solve the system o f lin e a r eq u ation s, (p. 760)
Prepare for
Lesson 3.4
in Exs. 48-53.
48. - 5 x + y = -1 1
4x - y = 7
49. 9x + 4y = - 7
3x 5y = 34
50. 4x + 9y = - 1 0
8x + 18y = 20
51. x - 5 y = 1 8
2x + 3 y = 1 0
52. 16x - 12y = - 8

8x 6y = - 4
53. 16x + 5y = - 4
8x 2y = 7
EXTRA PRACTtCE for Lesson
3.3 , p. 1 0 1 2
ig )
ONUNE QU!Z at d asszo n e.co m
173
Extension
Use Linear Programming
<?. J
GOAL
Key Vocabuiary
* co n strain ts
* objective function
* iin e a r p ro gram m in g
* feasible region
Solve linear program m ing problems.
BUSiNESS A potter w ants to m ake and sell serving

bow is and plates. A bow i uses 5 pounds o f clay.
A plate u ses 4 pounds o f clay. T h e p o tter has
40 pounds o f clay and w ants to m ake at least
4 bowls.
Let x be th e nu m ber o f bow ls m ade and let y be
th e n u m b er o f plates m ade. You ca n rep resen t th e
in fo rm atio n above using lin ea r in e q u a litie s called
co n stra in ts
x>4
Make at least 4 bowls.
y> 0
Number of plates cannot be negative.
5x + 4y < 40
Can use up to 40 pounds of clay.
T he profit on a bow l is $35 and th e profit on a plate is $30. T he p o tter's to tal profit P
is given by th e eq u atio n below, called th e objective fu n ction .
P = 35x + 30y
It is reason able for th e potter to w ant to m a x im iz e profit su b je ct to th e given
co n strain ts. T he p ro cess o f m a x im iz in g or m in im iz in g a lin e a r o b jectiv e fu n ctio n
su b je ct to co n stra in ts th at are lin ea r in e q u a litie s is ca lled iin e a r p ro gram m in g.
If th e co n stra in ts are graphed, all o f th e p o in ts in th e in tersectio n are the
co m b in atio n s o f bow ls and plates th a t th e p o tter ca n m ake. T he in tersectio n of
th e graphs is called th e feasibie region.
The follow ing result tells you how to d eterm in e th e o p tim al solution o f a lin ea r
program m ing problem .
READfNG
A feasible region
is bounded if it is
completely enclosed
by line segments.
K EY CONCEPT
>
Optima) Sioiution of a Linear Programming g Prob)em
y*
ib
-L
; i
Ifth e fe a s i ble region for a lin ea r pro g ram m in g problem is bound ted, th en
th e o b jecti ve fu n ctio n has b o th a m a x im u m va lue and a m inim u tm value
on th e regi on. M oreover, th e m ax im u m and m i n im u m values ea<ch o ccu r
at a vertex o f th e feasible region.
'f
vertex
feasible
___ region
\
\
'
feasible
region
X
I
-k
174
Chapter 3
Bounded region
Unbounded region
Use H near p ro g ra m m in g to m a x im iz e profit
EXAMPLE!
BUSiNESS How m any bow ls and how m an y plates should th e potter d escribed
on page 174 m ak e in order to m a x im iz e profit?
Soiution
7
Graph th e system o f co n stra in ts:

x> 4
Make at least 4 bowls.
v>0
^
Number of plates
.
cannot be negattve.
5x + 4y < 40
Can use up to 40 pounds

of clay.
Evaluate th e profit fu n ctio n P = 3 5x + 30y

at each vertex o f th e feasible region.
At (4, 0): P = 35(4)
At (8, 0): P = 3 5 (8 )
At (4, 5): P = 35 (4 )
+ 3 0 (0 ) = 140
+ 3 0 (0 ) = 280
+ 3 0 (5 ) = 2 9 0 **-----Maximum
^ T he p o tter ca n m a x im iz e profit by m ak in g 4 bow ls an d 5 plates.
EXAMPLE 2
Soive a iin ear p ro g ra m m in g probiem
Find th e m in im u m valu e an d th e m a x im u m vaiu e o f th e objective

fu n ction C = 4 x + 5y su b ject to th e follow ing c o n stra in ts.
x>0
y>0
x + 2y<16
5x + y < 3 5
Soiution
7
Graph th e system o f co n stra in ts. Find the

co o rd in ates o f th e v ertices o f th e feasible
region by solving system s o f tw o lin ea r
eq u atio n s. For exam ple, th e solu tion o f th e
system
x + 2y=16
5x + y = 35
gives th e vertex (6, 5). T he o th er th ree
v ertices are (0, 0), (7, 0), and (0, 8).
Evaluate th e fu n ctio n C = 4 x + 5y at ea ch o f th e v ertices.
At
At
At
At
(0, 0):
(7 ,0 ):
(6, 5):
(0, 8):
C
C
C
C
=
=
=
=
4 (0 )
4(7)
4 (6 )
4 (0 )
+
+
+
+
5 (0 )
5 (0 )
5(5)
5 (8 )
=
=
=
=
0
----- Minimum
28
49 -<----- Maximum
40
^ T h e m in im u m value o f C is 0. It o ccu rs w hen x = 0 and y = 0.

T h e m ax im u m value o f C is 49. It o cc u rs w hen x = 6 an d y = 5.
Extension: Use Linear Program m ing
175
PRACTICE
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on p. 175
for Exs. 1-9
CHECKING VERTICES Find the m in im u m an d m a x im u m valu es o f th e objective

fu n ction for th e given feasibie region.
1. C = x + 2y
2. C = 4x - 2y
3. C = 3x + 5y
'X
(0,71
.(6 0 ,8 0 )
(2 0 ,6 0 ).
'( i t 0, 40)
(4t) , 1 0 ) ^
20
'
(8 0 ,0 )
]
'
FINDING VALUES Find th e m in im u m an d m a x im u m vaiu es o f th e objective

fu nction subject to th e given co n stra in ts.
4.
O bjective fu n ction :
C = 3x + 4y
Constraints:
x>0
y>0
x + y<5
5.
O bjective fu n ctio n :
C = 2 x + 5y
O bjective fu n ction :
C = 3x + y
C o n strain ts:
x< 5
y> 3
- 3 x + 5y < 30
C onstraints:
x>0
y > -2
y > -x
x - 4y> -1 6
7. CRAFT FA)R P in atas are m ade to sell at a cra ft fair.

It tak es 2 hours to m ake a m in i p in ata and 3 hours
to m ake a regu iar-sized p in ata. T h e ow ner o f th e
craft b o o th w iii m ake a profit o f $12 for ea ch m in i
p in ata soid and $24 for each regu iar-sized p in ata
sold. If th e cra ft b o o th ow ner h as no m ore th a n
30 hours available to m ake p in atas an d w an ts to
have at least 12 p in atas to sell, how m an y o f each
size p inata should be m ade to m a x im iz e profit?
8. MANUFACTURtNG A com p any m a n u fa ctu res tw o ty p es o f prin ters, an in k jet
printer and a laser printer. T h e co m p an y ca n m ake a to ta l o f 60 prin ters per
day, and it has 120 labor-hours per day available. It tak es 1 lab or-h ou r to
m ake an in k jet p rin ter and 3 lab or-h ours to m ake a laser printer. T h e profit
is $40 per in k jet p rin ter and $ 6 0 per la ser printer. How m an y o f ea ch ty p e o f
p rinter should th e com p any m ake to m a x im iz e its daily profit?
9. FARM STAND SALES You have 140 to m ato es and 13 o n io n s le ft over from your
garden. You w ant to u se th ese to m ake ja rs o f tom ato sau ce and ja r s o f salsa
to sell at a farm stand . A ja r o f tom ato sau ce requ ires 10 to m ato es and
1 onion, and a ja r o f salsa req u ires 5 to m ato es and
on io n . You w ill
m ake a profit o f $2 on every ja r o f tom ato sau ce sold an d a p rofit o f $1.50 on

every ja r o f salsa sold. T h e ow ner o f th e farm stand w ants at least th ree tim es
as m any ja rs o f tom ato sau ce as ja rs o f salsa. How m an y ja rs o f ea ch should
you m ake to m ax im ize profit?
10. CHALLENGE Consider th e o b jectiv e fu n ctio n C = 2 x + 3y. D raw a feasible
region th at satisfies th e given con d ition .
a. C has a m ax im u m value bu t no m in im u m value on th e region.
b. C has a m in im u m value but no m ax im u m value on th e region.
176
Chapter 3
i
X
'"^ "^ A C T !V !T Y
3 .4 Graphing Linear Equations in
Three Variabies
MATERiALS -graph paper -ruler
W h at is th e graph of a iinear equation in th re e variab ies?
A d n ear eryaadoM ra three aartahfes h as th e form a x + by + cz = d. You ca n
graph th is ty p e o f eq u atio n in a th ree-d im e n sio n a l co o rd in ate system
fbrm ed by th ree axes th a t divide sp ace into eight octants. E ach p o in t in
space is represented by an ordered tri/de (x, y, z).
The graph o f any eq u atio n in th ree variables is th e set o f all p oin ts (x, y, z)
w hose co o rd in ates m ake th e eq u atio n true. For a lin ea r eq u a tio n in th ree
variables, th e graph is a plane.
Graph 3 x + 4y + 6z = 12
J] ft/Mf
.f75P7[
Find th e x-in tercep t by settin g y
and z eq u al to 0 and solving the
resulting eq u ation. 3x = 12. T he
x -in tercep t is 4, so plot (4, 0, 0).
Find th e y -in tercep t by settin g x

and z eq u al to 0 and solving th e
resu lting eq u ation , 4y = 12. T he
y -in tercep t is 3, so plot (0, 3, 0).
Find th e z-in tercep t by settin g x

an d y eq u al to 0 and solving the
resu ltin g eq u atio n , 6z = 12. The
z -in te rcep t is 2, so plot (0, 0, 2).
T h en co n n e ct th e points.
The trian g u lar region show n in Step 3 is th e p o rtio n o f th e graph of

3x + 4y + 6z = 12 th a t lies in th e first o ctan t.
D R A W C O N C LU S IO N S
Use you r o b servation s to co m p iete th e se e x e rcise s
S k etch th e g ra p h o f th e e q u a tio n .
1. 4x + 3y + 2z = 12
2. 2x + 2y + 3z = 6
3. x + 5y + 3z = 15
4.
5. - 7 x + 7y + 2z = 14
6. 2x + 9y - 3z = - 1 8
5x - y - 2z = 10
7. Suppose th ree lin ea r eq u atio n s in th ree variab les are graphed in th e

sam e co o rd inate system . In how m any d ifferent ways ca n th e plan es
in tersect? Exp/am your reasonin g.
3 .4
Solve System s of Linear Equations in Three V ariables
177
/ ! So!ve Systems of Linear

Equations in Three Variabies
You soived system s of equations in two variabies.
You wiii soive system s of equations in three variabies.
So you can modei the resuits of a sporting event, as in Ex. 45.
Key Vocabuiary
* lin ear equation in
th re e variab ies
' system of th ree
iin ear equations
soiution of a system
of th ree lin ear
equations
ordered tripie
A iin e a r eq u ation in th re e variab les x, y, and z is a n eq u atio n o f th e form

a x + &y + cz = d w here a, &, and c are n ot aii zero.
T he foiiow ing is an exam pie o f a system of th re e iin e a r eq u ation s in th ree
variabies.
2x + y - z = 5
3 x -2 y + z = 1 6
4x + 3 y - 5 z = 3
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
A soiution o f su ch a system is a n o rd ered trip le (x, y, z) w hose co o rd in ates

m ake each eq u atio n true.
T he graph o f a lin e a r eq u atio n in th ree v ariab ies is a p lan e in th ree-d im e n sio n a i
space. Th e graphs o f th ree su ch eq u atio n s th at form a system are th ree pian es
w hose in tersectio n d eterm in es th e n u m b er o f soiu tion s o f th e system , as show n
in th e d iagram s below.
178
Chapter 3
E x a ctiy one soiution
infin itely m a n y soiutions
The p lan es in tersect in a

singie point.
T h e p ian es in ters ect in a iin e

or are th e sam e piane.
EL!M!NAT)ON METHOD T h e e lim in a tio n m eth od you studied in L esson 3.2 ca n be

extend ed to soive a system o f iin ea r eq u atio n s in th re e variabies.
KEY CONCEPT
I The Etimination M ethod for a Three-V ariabte System
^
II
.WCAF
Rewrite th e iin ea r system in th ree v ariab ies as a iin ea r system in two

variabies by using th e e lim in a tio n m ethod.
Soive th e new lin e a r system for b o th o f its v ariables.
Substitute th e vaiues found in Step 2 into one o f th e o rigin ai
eq u atio n s an d soive for th e re m a in in g variable.
II
I
If you o b ta in a false eq u ation , such as 0 = 1, in an y o f th e steps, th e n the

system h as no solution.
II
If you do n o t o b tain a false eq u ation , bu t o b ta in an id en tity su ch as 0 = 0, th en

th e system has in fin itely m an y soiutions.
Use th e etim ination m eth od
EXAMPLE 1
Solve th e system .
4x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x - 3y + 5z = - 1 4
6x y + 4z = 1
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
Soiution
ANOTHER WAY
In Step 1, you could also

eliminate x to get two
equations in y and z, or
you could eliminate z to
get two equations in x
and y.
Rewrite th e system as a lin ea r system in two variables.

4x + 2y +
12x - 2y +
16x
3z = 1
8z = - 2
Add 2 times Equation 3

to Equation 1.
+ l l z = 1
New Equationl
2x - 3y + 5z = - 1 4
- 1 8 x + 3y - 12z = 3
Add - 3 times Equation 3

to Equation 2.
-1 6 x
New Equation 2
7z = 11
Soive th e new lin ea r system for b o th o f its v ariables.

16x + l l z = - 1
- 1 6 x - 7z = - 1 1
Add new Equation 1

and new Equation 2.
4z = - 1 2
z = 3
Soive for z.
x = 2
Substitute into new Equation 1 or 2 to find x.
Substitute x = 2 and
z = - 3 into a n o rig in al eq u atio n
6x - y + 4z = - 1
6(2) y + 4 (3) = 1
y = I
and solve fory.
Write originai Equation 3.

Substitute 2 f o rx and - 3 forz.
Soive for y.
^ T h e solu tion is x = 2, y = 1, and z = - 3 , or th e ordered triple (2 ,1 , - 3 ) .

C heck th is solution in each o f th e orig in al eq u ation s.
3 .4
Solve System s of Linear Equations in Three Variabies
179
Solve a th re e -v a ria b le sy stem w ith no solution
EXAMPLE
Solve th e system .
REV!EW SYSTEMS
For help with solving
iinear systems with
many solutions or no
solution, see p. 160.
x + y + z = 3
4x + 4y + 4z = 7
3 x y + 2z = 5
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
Solution
W hen you m ultiply Equ ation 1 by - 4 and add th e resu lt to E qu ation 2, you o b tain
a false eq uation.
- 4 x - 4y - 4z = - 1 2
4 x + 4y + 4z = 7
Add - 4 times Equation 1

to Equation 2.
0 = -5
New Equation 1
F B ecau se you o b ta in a false eq u ation , you ca n con clu d e th a t th e o rig in al system

has no solution.
Solve a th re e -v a ria b le sy stem w ith m a n y solutions
EXAMPLE
Solve the system .
x + y + z = 4
x + y - z = 4
3x + 3y + z = 12
Equation 1
Equation2
Equation 3
Solution
.Miff 7
.MBPF
Rewrite th e system as a lin ea r system in two variables.

x + y + z = 4
x + y - z = 4
Add Equation 1
to Equation 2.
2x + 2y = 8
New Equation 1
x + y - z =
3x + 3y + z =
4
12
Add Equation 2
to Equation 3.
4x + 4y =
16
New Equation 2
Soive th e new lin ea r system for b o th o f its variables.

- 4 x - 4y = - 1 6
4x + 4y = 16
0
Add - 2 times new Equation 1

to new Equation 2.
B ecau se you o b ta in th e id entity 0 = 0, th e system h as in fin itely m any

solutions.
FTiEA J
D escribe th e solu tions o f th e system . O ne way to do th is is to divide

new E qu atio n 1 by 2 to get x + y = 4, or y = - x + 4. Su b stitu tin g th is
into orig in al E qu ation 1 prod uces z = 0. So, an y ordered triple o f th e
form (x, - x + 4, 0) is a solu tion o f th e system .
GUIDED PRACTICE
for Exam p les 1, 2, and 3
Solve th e system .
1.
180
Chapter 3
3x + y - 2 z = 1 0
6 x -2 y + z = - 2
x + 4y + 3z = 7
2. x + y - z = 2
2x + 2 y - 2 z = 6
5x + y - 3 z = 8
3. x + y + z = 3
x + y - z = 3
2 x + 2y + z = 6
Sotve a system using substitution
EXAMPLE
MARKETING T h e m ark etin g d ep artm en t o f a co m p an y h as a budget o f $ 30,000

for advertising. A television ad co sts $1000, a radio ad co sts $200, and a
new spaper ad co sts $500. T h e d ep artm en t w ants to run 60 ads per m o n th and
have as m any radio ads as telev ision and new spaper ads co m b in ed . How m any
o f each type o f ad should th e d ep artm en t ru n ea ch m onth?
S oiu tion
F7!FP 7
Write verbal m odels for th e situation.
1 000 -
TV
ads
+ 200 -
F7<FP^
Radio
ads
Newspaper
ads
+ 500-
Equation 3
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
60
Write Equation 1.
60
Substitute x + zfor y.
60
New Equation 1
3 0,000
Write Equation 2.
3 0,000
Substitute x + z for y.
3 0,000
New Equation 2
Soive th e lin ea r system in tw o variables from Step 3.

- 1 2 0 0 x - 1200z = - 3 6 ,0 0 0
1200x + 700z = 3 0,000
AVOtO ERRORS
in Exampie 4, be carefui
not to write the ordered
triple in the order in
which you solved for
the variables.
(12,18, 3 0 ) /
(18, 30,12) /
Equation 2
Rewrite th e system in Step 2 as a lin ea r system in ftuo variab les by

su b stitu tin g x + z for y in E qu ation s 1 and 2.
x + y + z
F7RP 4
Equation 1
Write a system o f eq u ation s. L et x b e th e n u m b er o f TV ads, y b e th e

n u m ber o f radio ads, and z b e th e n u m ber o f n ew spap er ads.
x + y + z = 60
lOOOx + 200y + 500z = 30 ,0 0 0
y = x + z
^TifP J
Monthiy
budget
Newspaper
ads
TV
ads
Radio
ads
Totai
ads
Newspaper
ads
Radio
ads
TV
ads
Add - 6 0 0 times new Equation 1

to new Equation 2.
-5 0 0 z = -6 0 0 0
z = 12
Soive for z.
x = 18
Substitute into new Equation 1 or 2 to find x.
y = 30
Substitute into an originai equation to find y.
F T h e solu tion is x = 18, y = 30, an d z = 12, or (18, 30, 12). So, th e d ep artm en t
should ru n 18 TV ads, 30 radio ads, an d 12 n ew spap er ads ea ch m on th .
GutDEO PRACTKE
for E xam p ie 4
WHAT tF? In Exam ple 4, suppose th e m o n th ly budget is $2 5 ,0 0 0 . How m any

o f each ty p e o f ad should th e m ark etin g d ep artm en t ru n ea ch m onth?
3 .4
Soive System s o f Linear Equations in Three V ariables
181
3 4 EXERCISES
HOMEWORK
KEY
1k = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTtCE
Exs. 2 ,2 3 ,2 4 ,3 4 ,4 5 , and 47
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY W rite a iin ea r eq u atio n in th ree variab ies. W h at is th e graph o f
such an equation?
2. * WR!T!NG E xp lain how to use th e su b stitu tio n m eth od to solve a system o f
th ree lin ear eq u atio n s in th ree variables.
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
on pp. 179-180
for Exs. 3-14
CHECKING SOLUTIONS Tell w h eth er th e given o rd ered trip ie is a soiution o f th e

system .
3. ( 1 , 4 , - 3 )
2x - y + z = - 5
5x + 2y - 2z = 19
x - 3y + z = - 5
4. ( - 1 , - 2 , 5)
4x y + 3z = 13
x + y + z = 2
x + 3y 2z = - 1 7
5. (6, 0, - 3 )
x + 4y - 2z = 12
3 x - y + 4z = 6
x + 3y + z = 9
6. ( - 5 , 1 , 0 )
3 x + 4y 2z = 11
2 x + y - z = 11
x + 4y + 3z = 1
7. ( 2 ,8 ,4 )
3 x - y + 5z = 34
x + 3y - 6z = 2
- 3 x + y - 2z = - 6
8. ( 0 , - 4 , 7 )
2x + 4y - z = 23
x 5y 3z = 1
- x + y + 4z = 24
EHMtNATiON METHOD Soive th e system using th e elim in atio n m eth od .

9. 3x + y + z = 14
x + 2y - 3z = 9
5x y + 5z = 30
12. 4x - y + 2z = - 1 8
- x + 2y + z = 11
3x + 3y - 4z = 44
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 181
for Exs. 15-20
10. 2x - y + 2z = - 7
x + 2y 4z = 5
x + 4y - 6z = - 1
H i ) 3 x - y + 2z = 4
6 x 2y + 4z = 8
2 x - y + 3z = 10
13. 5x + y - z = 6
x + y + z = 2
3x + y = 4
14. 2 x + y - z = 9
- x + 6y + 2z = - 1 7
5 x + 7y + z = 4
SUBSTiTUTtON METHOD Solve th e system using th e su b stitu tion m eth od .

15. x + y - z = 4
3x + 2y + 4z = 17
- x + 5y + z = 8
16. 2 x - y - z = 15
4x + 5y + 2z = 10
x 4y + 3z = - 2 0
17. 4 x + y + 5z = - 4 0
- 3 x + 2y + 4z = 10
x y 2z = 2
18. x + 3y z = 12
2x + 4y - 2z = 6
- x - 2y + z = - 6
19. 2 x - y + z = - 2
6x + 3y 4z = 8
- 3 x + 2y + 3z = - 6
20. 3x + 5y - z = 12
x + y + z = 0
x + 2y + 2z = 27
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in th e first step o f solving

th e system .
2x + y 2z = 23
3x + 2y + z = 11
x - y + z = -2
21.
22.
2x + y 2z = 23
6x + 2y + 2z = 22
8x + 3 y = 45
182
Chapter 3
z = 11 + 3x + 2y
2x + y - 2(11 + 3x + 2y) = 23
4x 3 y = 45
23. * MULTIPLE CHOtCE W h ich ordered trip le is a solu tion o f th e system ?

2 x + 5y + 3 z = 1 0
3 x - y + 4z = 8
5 x -2 y + 7z=12
(X )
(7, 1 , - 3 )
(5 )
( 7 ,- 1 ,- 3 )
( g ) (7 ,1 ,3 )
(D )
( -7 , 1 , - 3 )
24. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ich ordered triple d escrib es all o f th e solu tion s
o f th e system ?
2 x - 2y - z = 6
- x + y + 3z = - 3
3 x - 3 y + 2z = 9
(A) ( - x , x + 2 ,0 )
(B ) ( x , x - 3 , 0 )
( g ) (x + 2 , x , 0 )
(D )
(0 ,y ,y + 4)
CHOOStNG A METHOD Solve th e sy stem u sin g an y a lg e b ra ic m eth o d .

( 25) x + 5y - 2z = - 1
^ -x -2 y + z = 6
- 2 x - 7 y + 3z = 7
26. 4x + 5y + 3z = 15
x -3 y + 2 z = -6
-x + 2 y -z = 3
27. 6 x + y - z = - 2
x + 6y + 3z = 23
- x + y + 2z = 5
28.
x + 2y = - 1
3 x -y + 4z=17
-4 x + 2 y - 3 z = - 3 0
29. 2 x - y + 2z = - 2 1
x + 5 y - z = 25
-3 x + 2 y + 4 z = 6
30. 4x - 8y + 2z = 10
-3 x + y - 2 z = 6
2 x -4 y + z = 8
31.
- x + 5y - z = - 1 6
2x + 3y + 4 z = 1 8
x + y - z = 8
32. 2 x - y + 4z = 19
- x + 3y 2 z = 7
4 x + 2 y + 3 z = 37
33. x + y + z = 3
3 x 4 y + 2 z = 28
x + 5y + z = 23
34.
OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a system o f th ree iin ea r eq u atio n s in th ree

variables th at h as th e given n u m b er o f solutions.
a.
O ne solu tion
b. No solu tion
c. In fin ite ly m an y solutions
SYSTEMS W!TH FRACTtONS Solve th e sy stem u sin g a n y a lg e b ra ic m eth o d .

35. , + i y + i z -
3x + i y +
4 * + 4y +
+ 3 +
3^
2^^
3 .=
2^
2
3^
36. ^
7
1^ + 1 + 1
6*
3^^4^
2
1 3
3*
6^^2^
4
i3
= A
5
6
4
3
37. REASONING For w hat values o f a, b, an d c d oes th e lin e a r system show n have
(- 1 , 2, - 3 ) as its only solution? E xp lain your reason in g.
x + 2 y -3 z = a
-x - y + z = b
2x + 3 y - 2 z = c
CHALLENGE Solve th e sy stem o f e q u a tio n s. D escrib e e a c h step o f y ou r so lu tio n .
38. m + x + y + z = 2
2 m -x + 2 y - z = l
- m + 2x - y + 2 z = - 2
3m + x + y z = 5
39. 2m + x 3y + z = 4
m - 3 x + y + z = 32
- m + 2 x + 2y - z = -1 0
m + x y + 3 z = 1 4
'
40. m + 2 x + 5y = 11
-2 m + x + 4 y + 2 z = - 7
m + 2 x 2y + 5z = 3
3m + x = 1
41. 2m + 7x - 3y = 41
-m -2 x + y = -1 3
2m + 4x + z = 12
m x + y = 8
3 .4
Solve System s of Linear Equations in Three Valuables
183
P!
PROBLEM SOLV!NC
-
on p. 181
for Exs. 4 2 -4 7
SPECIALS At a pizza shop, tw o sm all pizzas, a liter o f soda, and a salad

co st $14; one sm all pizza, a liter o f soda, and th re e salad s co st $15; and th ree
sm all pizzas and a liter o f soda co st $16. W hat is th e co st o f one sm all pizza?
o f one liter o f soda? o f one salad?
@ M M n e 7 u to r
43. HEALTH CLUB T he ju ice bar at a h ealth club receives a delivery o f ju ice at the
beg in n in g o f each m onth. Over a th ree m on th period, th e h ealth club received
1200 gallons o f orange ju ice , 900 gallons o f pineapple ju ice, and 1000 gallons
of grapefru it ju ice . T he table shows th e com p osition o f each ju ic e delivery.
How m any gallons o f ju ice did th e h ea lth club receive in ea ch delivery?
@ W om c7M for
Juice
1st deii very
2nd detivery
3rd deiivery
Orange
70%
50%
30%
Pineapple
20%
30%
30%
Grapefruit
10%
20%
40%
44. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You m ake a tap e o f your friend's th ree favorite TV
show s: a com edy, a dram a, and a reality show. An ep isod e o f th e com ed y
lasts 30 m inu tes, w hile an episode o f th e d ram a or th e reality show lasts
60 m inu tes. T h e tap e can hold 360 m in u tes o f prog ram m in g . You com p letely
fill th e tap e w ith 7 ep isod es an d inclu d e tw ice as m an y ep isod es o f th e d ram a
as th e comedy.
a. W rite a system o f eq u atio n s to rep resen t th is situation.
b. Solve th e system from p art (a). How m an y ep isod es o f ea ch show are on
th e tape?
c. How would your answ er to p art (b) ch an g e if you com p letely filled the
tap e w ith only 5 episodes b u t still inclu d ed tw ice as m an y episod es o f th e
dram a as th e com edy?
4 5^ * SHORT RESPONSE T he follow ing In tern et a n n o u n cem e n t d escrib es th e
results o f a high school track m eet.
^
@ @
@ High Sch ool Sp o rts
CD*
MADISON HIGH SCHOOL was the big winner in Saturday's track meet with the
help of 20 individual-event placers earning a combined 68 points. A first-place

finish earns 5 points, a second-place finish earns 3 points, and a third-place
finish earns 1 point. Madison had a strong second-place showing, with as many
second-place finishers as first- and third-place finishers combined.
a. W rite and solve a system o f eq u atio n s to find th e n u m b er o f a th letes who
fin ish ed in first place, in secon d place, and in th ird place.
b. Suppose th e an n o u n cem en t had claim ed th a t th e M ad ison a th letes scored
a to tal o f 70 p oin ts in stead o f 68 poin ts. Show th at th is cla im m u st b e false
b ecau se th e solution o f th e resu ltin g lin ea r system is n ot reason able.
184
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
46. FiELD TRiP You and tw o frien d s buy sn acks for a field trip. You spend a to tal
o f $8, Je ff spends $9, and C urtis spends $9. T h e table show s th e am o u n ts o f
m ixed nuts, granola, and dried fru it th a t ea ch p erso n p u rch ased . W h at is th e
p rice per pound o f each ty p e o f snack?
Mixed nuts
Granoia
Dried fruit
You
1 !b
0.5 lb
1 lb
Jeff
2 lb
0.5 lb
0.5 lb
Curtis
1 lb
2 lb
0.5 lb
47. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A flo rist m u st m ake 5 id en tical brid esm aid
bouquets for a w edding. She has a budget o f $160 and w ants 12 flow ers
for each bouquet. R oses co st $ 2 .5 0 each, lilie s co st $4 each , an d irises
co st $2 each . She w an ts tw ice as m an y roses as th e o th er tw o ty p es o f
flow ers com bined .
a. Write W rite a system o f eq u atio n s to rep resen t th is situation.
b. Solve Solve th e system o f eq u atio n s. How m any o f ea ch ty p e o f
flow er should b e in each bouquet?
c. Analyze Suppose th ere is no lim ita tio n on th e to tal co st o f th e
bouquets. D oes th e problem still have a u niqu e solution? If so,
state th e u niqu e solution. If not, give th ree p ossible solutions.
48. CHALLENGE W rite a system o f eq u atio n s to rep resen t th e first th ree p ictu res
below. U se th e system to d eterm in e how m an y ta n g erin es w ill b a la n c e th e
apple in th e fin a l p ictu re. Note; T h e first p ictu re show s th a t one tan g erin e
and one apple b a la n ce one grapefruit.
M!XED REV)EW
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 3.5
in Exs. 4 9 -5
P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n , (p. 975/

49.
15 + ( - 8 )
50. - 4 - (-1 3 )
51. 15 - 7
52. - 4 ( - 8 )
Find th e slope o f th e iine p assin g th ro u g h th e given p oin ts. Then teli w h eth er
th e iine rise s ,/a ils, is h orizo n tal, o r is o erficai. (p. 82)
53. (1, - 4 ) , (2, 6)
54. ( 4 , 2 ) , ( - 1 8 , 1)
55. ( 6 , - 6 ) , ( - 6 , 6 )
56. ( - 5 , 2), ( - 5 , 10)
57. ( - 2 , 4), ( - 6 , 8)
58. ( - 7 ,3 ) , (5 ,3 )
Soive th e system using an y aig eb raic m eth od , (p. 160)

59. 3x - y = - 7
2x + 3y = 21
60. 3x + 2y = - 3
4x - 3y = - 3 8
E X T R A P R A C T !C E f o r L e s s o n 3 .4 , p. 1012
61. 5x + y = 11
2x + 3y = - 1 9
O N L ! N E Q U ! Z at dasszone.com
185
!X E D
R E V !E V V q f P r o M e m S o f v M H y
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 3.1-3.4
1. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM You are m akin g jew elry
to seli at a craft fair. T h e co st o f m aterials
is $3.50 to m ake one n eck lace and $2.50 to
m ake one bracelet. You sell the n eck laces for
$9.00 each and the b racelets for $7.50 each . You
spend a to tal o f $121 on m aterials and sell all o f
th e jew elry for a to tal o f $324.
a. W rite a system o f eq u atio n s th at represents
th is situation.
b. Solve the system to find how m any
n eck laces and how m any b racelets were
sold.
2. MULTI STEP PROBLEM You are m aking gift
baskets. Each bask et w ill co n ta in th ree
different kinds o f can d les: tap ers, pillars, and
ja r cand les. Tapers co st $1 each, pillars cost
$4 each, and ja r can d les co st $ 6 each. You put
8 can d les co stin g a to tal o f $24 in each basket,
and you include as m any tap ers as p illars and
ja r can d les com bined.
a. W rite a system o f eq u atio n s th at represents
th is situation.
b. Solve th e system o f eq u ations. How m an y o f
each type o f can d le is in a basket?
c. Suppose there are no re strictio n s on th e
value o f the can d les included in each
basket. D oes th e problem still have a uniqu e
solution? If so, state th e u niqu e solution. If
not, give th ree possible solutions.
3. OPEN-ENDED W rite a system o f lin ear
in equ alities w hose graph is th e interior o f a
right triangle.
4. SHORT RESPONSE A restau ran t has 20 tables.
E ach table can seat either 4 people or 6 people.
T he restau ran t ca n seat a to tal o f 90 people.
a. How m any 4 seat tables and how m any
6 seat tables does the restau ran t have?
b. Describe th ree ways in w hich th e restau ran t
can in crease its cap acity to 140 people by
buying add itional 4 seat and 6 seat tables.
5. GR1DDED ANSWER At a snack boo th , one soda,
one pretzel, and two hot dogs co st $7; two
sodas, one pretzel, and two hot dogs co st $8;
and one soda and four h ot dogs co st $10. W hat
is the price (in dollars) o f one hot dog?
186
Chapter 3
6. GR!DDED ANSWER Your school is p la n n in g a

5 h o u r outing at a co m m u n ity park. T h e park
rents bicy cles for $8 per hour and in lin e skates
for $ 6 per hour. T h e to tal budget per student is
$34. A stud ent bikes and skates th e en tire tim e
and u ses all th e m oney budgeted. How m any
h ours does th e stu d en t spend in lin e skating?
7. EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e table show s th e
exp ected life sp an s at b irth for m en and
w om en b o rn in th e years 1 9 9 6 -2 0 0 0 .
Years since
1 9 9 6 .x
Men s iife span

(years), m
Women s iife
span (years), w
73.0
79.0
736
79.4
738
79.5
73.9
79.4
74.3
79.7
a. W rite an eq u atio n o f th e b est-fittin g lin e for

th e d ata pairs (x, nt).
b. W rite an eq u atio n o f th e b est-fittin g lin e for
th e data pairs (x, tc).
c. G raph th e eq u atio n s from p arts (a) and
(b) and estim a te th e co o rd in ates o f th e
in tersectio n point. Exp/am w hat th is
poin t represents.
MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A store orders w ooden
ch airs, h and p ain ts th em , and sells th e ch airs
for a profit. A sm all ch a ir co sts th e store $45
and sells for $80. A large ch a ir co sts th e store
$70 and sells for $110. T he store w ants to pay no
m ore th a n $ 2 0 0 0 for its next order o f ch a irs and
w ants to sell th em all for at least $2750.
a. W rite and graph a system of
in e q u a litie s th at represen ts
th is situation.
b. Id entify th ree possible
co m b in a tio n s of
sm all and large
w ooden ch airs
th a t th e store
ca n buy and
sell.
C Perform Basic
Matrix Operations
You performed operations with reai numbers.
)))
You wiii perform operations with matrices.

So you can organize sports data, as in Ex. 34.
Key Vocabutary
* m a trix
* dim ensions
* elem ents
* equal m a trices
* sca ia r
* sca ia r
m ultiplication
A m a trix is a re ctan g u lar arran g em en t o f n u m b ers in row s and co lu m n s. For

exam ple, m atrix A below h as tw o rows an d th re e co lu m n s. T h e d im ension s
of a m atrix w ith m rows and n co lu m n s are m x n (read "m by n"). So, th e
d im ensions o f m atrix A are 2 X 3 . T h e n u m b ers in a m atrix are its elem ents.
The element in the first row
and third coiumn is 5.
4 - 1 5
A =
0
6 3
------- V-------'
3 columns
2 rows
Two m atrices are eq ual if th eir d im en sion s are th e sam e and th e elem en ts in
corresp on d in g p osition s are equal.
KEY CONCEPT
Adding and Subtracting M atrices
To add or su b tract two m atrices, sim ply add or su b tra ct elem en ts in
corresp on d in g p osition s. You ca n add or su b tra ct m a trices o n ly if they
have th e sam e d im en sion s.
Adding
Matrices
Subtracting
Matrices
c d
d
e
c d
<2 + e
d+/*
_c + g
d+ d
<2-6
_c-g
d-d
Add an d s u b tra c t m a trice s

AVOID ERRORS
Be sure to verify that

the dimensions of two
matrices are equal
before adding or
subtracting them.
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n , if possible.
a.
b.
3
0*
+
3C - 1
-1 4
2 0
"-2
0
-1
4 *
-2
6
3 + (-l)
_
5*
3 - 10
-3
1
K -L o
0 + 4*
_i
-L n
7-(-2)
=
0 -3
- 1 - (-3 )
3.5
-1
4-5*
- 2 - (-10)
6 - 1
-1
-3
2
8
5
Perform Basic Matrix O perations
187
SCALAR MULTIPLICATION In m atrix algebra, a re a l n u m b er is o ften ca lled a

scalar. To m ultiply a m atrix by a scalar, you m ultiply ea ch elem en t in th e m atrix
by th e scalar. T h is p ro cess is ca lled s c a la r m u ltip lication .
EXAMPLE 2
COMPARE ORDER
OF OPERATIONS
The order of operations

for matrix expressions
is similar to that for real
numbers. In particular,
you perform scalar
multiplication before
matrix addition and
subtraction.
M u!tip!y a m a trix by a sca ia r
P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n , if possible.
a. - 2
b. 4
-2 (4 )
-1
7_
-2 (-l)
-2 (0 )
-2 (1 )
-2 (2 )
-2 (7 )
-8
-2
-4
0
-1 4
-2
-8
-3
4 (-2 )
4 (- 8 )
-5
4(5)
4(0)
CutDED PRACTKE
-8
32
20
-3
-3
-5
- 8 + (-3 )
-3 2 + 8
20 + 6
0 + (- 5 )
-11
-2 4 "
26
-5
fo r Exam p les 1 and 2
P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n , if possible.
r1.
-2
4
3. - 4
!-
5 11
8
-6
-1
-3 *
-7
-2
0 -5
-3
-2
1
-8
-5
4
2.
4. 3
-4
7
-3
-2
1
-3
-1
-3
-5
0
5 -1 4
-2
-2
MATRIX PROPERTIES M any o f th e pro p erties you have used w ith real n um bers
can be applied to m atrices as well.
CONCEPT SUMMARY
P ro p erties of M atrix O perations
Let/I, B, and C be matrices with the sam e dimensions, and let it be a scalar.
188
Chapter 3
A ssociative P ro p e rty of Addition
(d + B) + C = /I
C om m utative P ro p erty of Addition
/I + B = B + 4
Distributive P ro p e rty of Addition
k(d +
B) = ltd + i(B
Distributive P ro p e rty of Subtraction
/t(7l -
B) = M - i(B
+ (B + C)
ORCANtZtNC DATA M atrices are u sefu l for org anizin g d ata an d for p erform in g
th e sam e o p eratio n s on large n u m b ers o f d ata values.
Sotve a m u tti-ste p probtem

MANUFACTURtNC A com p any m a n u fa ctu res sm all and large steel DVD
racks w ith w ooden bases. E ach size o f rack is available in th ree ty p es o f wood:
w alnut, pine, and cherry. Sales o f th e racks for last m o n th and th is m on th are
show n below.
Large Rack Sates
SmaM Rack Sates
Walnut
Walnut
Pine
Pine
Cherry
Cherry
Last month
This month
Last month
This month
O rganize th e d ata using tw o m a trices, one for la st m on th 's sales an d one for th is
m onth 's sales. T h en w rite and in terp ret a m a trix giving th e average m o n th ly sales
for th e tw o m o n th period.
Sotu tion
,P7<fP 7
Organize th e d ata using tw o 3 X 2 m a trices, as show n.
Wainut
Last Month (A)

Smail
Large
This Month (B)

Large
Smaii
*1 2 5
" 95
100*
114*
Pine
278
251
316
215
Cherry
225
270
205
300
Write a m a trix for th e average m o n th ly sales by first adding A and B to

find th e to ta l sales and th e n m u ltiplin g th e resu lt by y .
ANOTHER WAY
You can also

evaluate y(A
B)
by first using the

distributive property to
rewrite the expression
as -L/t + y8.
+ B) - h
125
100
278
251
225
270
220
I
95
114
316
215
205
300
214
594 466
'4 3 0
110
570
107
297 233
215
285
Interpret th e m a trix from Step 2. T h e co m p an y sold a n average o f

110 sm all w alnu t racks, 107 large w aln u t racks, 297 sm all pin e racks,
233 large pin e racks, 215 sm all ch erry racks, and 285 large ch erry racks.
3 .5
189
SOLViNG MATRtX EQUATiONS You ca n use w hat you know about m atrix
op erations and m atrix eq u ality to solve an eq u atio n involving m atrices.
EXAMPLE 4
So!ve a m a trix eq u atio n
Solve th e m a trix eq u ation for x an d y.

5x
-2 *
-4
-5
7
-y_
L
/
-2 1
15*
3 -2 4
Soiution
Simplify th e left side o f th e eq uation.
5x
-2
-4
-5
-y
5x + 3
-2 1
-2 1
-4 - y
15x + 9
3
3 -2 4
15
15
Add matrices inside parentheses.
3 -2 4
15
-2 1
15
- 1 2 - 3y
-2 4
Perform scaiar muitipiication.
Equate corresp on d in g elem en ts and solve th e two resu ltin g equation s.

15x + 9 = - 2 1
x = 2
- 1 2 - 3y = - 2 4
^ T h e solu tion is x = 2 a n d y = 4.
GUIDED PRACTKE
5. In Exam ple 3, find B - 71 and explain w hat in fo rm atio n th is m atrix gives.

6. Solve 2
-3 x
4
3 5 EXERC!SES
-1
y_
-4
-5
HOMEWORK
KEY
12
10
-1 8
for x and y.
fir = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,2 8 ,2 9 , 33, and 34
SK K L PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: T he
4 co lu m n s are 3 X 4 .
o f a m atrix w ith 3 rows and
2. * WRtTING D escribe how to d eterm in e w h eth er two m a trices are equal.

: EXAMPLE 1
: on p. 187
: for Exs. 3 -9
190
Chapter 3
3. ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and co rrect

th e error in adding th e m atrices.
4.1
4.1
-5
3 .8
-5
3 .8
\/
A
ADOtNG AND SUBTRACTING MATRICES P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n , if

possible. If n ot possibie, state th e reason .
5
4.
1 8
10
-8
-6
*12
e[*
-3
6.
-4
-5
-1
r*1.2
7.
*2.4
5 .3*
+
0.1
4.4
6.2
0.7 _
6.1
3.1
8.1
- 1 .9
3*
* 8
- 0 .6 *
-1
-3
-1
-1
_ 4
8.
*5
MULTIPLYING BY A SCALAR P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n .
on p. 188
for Exs. 10-15
10 . 2
-6
13. 1.5
11. - 3
-2
3.4
1.6
5.4
-3
-5
-3
12
-4
11
9.
12. - 4
_
20
-1
-8
10
9
-
2*
-2
-3
5
8
11
2
7
4_
4 .5 *
3.1
-1
2.5
5.5
- 1 .8
6.4
12*
"-2
14. 1
2
-3 *
1---C'J
t
EXAMPLE 2
-1
0*
15. - 2 .2
MATRIX OPERATIONS Use m a trice s A, B, C, an d D to evalu ate th e m a trix

exp ression .
71 =
-4
-1
B =
* 18 - 1 2
-6
C=
1.8
-1.5
10.6
8.8
3.4
16. ^ + B
17. B - 7t
18. 471 - B
20. C + D
(2 r)c + 3 D
22. D - 2 C
on p. 190
for Exs. 24 -2 7
24.
25.
3.3
-1
-9
-7
-1 3
-1 6
-2 4
3y
*-2 x
-8
-1
+ 2
'
00
26. 2
-1 8
2y
-4
-1
- 1 .9
- 5 .4
23. 0.5C - D
SOLVING MATRIX EQUATIONS Soive th e m a trix eq u ation for x an d y.

3x
2.1
'S '
EXAMPLE 4
-1
7.2
D=
10
-9
*1 3
0
-4 y
4*
16
27. 4x
28. * MULTtPLE CHOKE B ased on th e eq u atio n below, w hat is th e value o f th e

expression 3x - 2y?
(A ) 7.15
2x
6.4
0.5
- 0 .7 5
0.5
3y_
( B ) 9 .1
( )
10-1
(D ) 20.7
29. * OPEN-ENDEO MATH Find two m a trices 71 and B su ch th a t 271 3B =
-1 2
30. CHALLENGE Find th e m atrix X th a t m ak es th e eq u a tio n true,
*-
-3
-3
-3
03
' 01
t
c. - X +
-5
'*03
!
a. X
10
b. X -
d. 3 X -
3 .5
*2
-*
*-
-1
*11
-6 *
-1 3
15
-1 9
191
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 189
for Exs. 31-34
31. SNOWBOARD SALES A sp ortin g goods store sells sn ow boards in several

d ifferent styles and len gths. T he m atrices below show th e n u m b er o f each
type o f snow board sold in 2003 and 2004. W rite a m atrix giving th e ch an g e in
sales for each ty p e o f snow board from 2003 to 2004.
Sales for 2 0 0 3
150 cm 155 cm 160 cm 165 cm
Freeride
*32
42
29
20*
*3 2
47
30
19*
Alpine
12
17
25
16
16
20
14
Freestyle
28
40
32
21
29
39
36
31
@ M M t!e lu fo r
32.
Sales for 2 0 0 4
150 cm 155 cm 160 cm 165 cm
FUEL ECONOMY A ca r dealership sells four d ifferen t m odels o f cars. T h e fuel

econ om y (in m iles per gallon) is show n below for ea ch m odel. O rganize th e
d ata using a m atrix. T hen w rite a new m a trix giving th e fuel econ om y figures
for next year's m odels if each m easu re o f fuel eco n om y in crea ses by 8% .
Economy car:
32 m pg in city driving, 40 m pg in highw ay driving
Mid-size car:
Mini-van:
SUV:
@Hofne7utor
(33!) * EXTENDED RESPONSE In a c e rta in city, a n electro n ics ch a in h as a

dow ntow n store and a store in th e m all. E ach store ca rrie s th re e m odels o f
digital cam era. Sales o f th e cam eras for M ay an d Ju n e are show n.
May
D ow ntow n sales: 3 1 o fm o d e lA , 4 2 o fm o d e lB , 1 8 o fm o d e lC
M all sales:
2 2 o fm o d e lA , 2 5 o f m o d e lB , l l o f m o d e l C
June
D ow ntow n sales: 25 o f m odel A, 36 o f m odel B, 12 o f m odel C

M all sales:
38 o f m odel A, 32 o f m od el B, 15 o f m odel C
a. O rganize th e in fo rm atio n using two m a trices M an d / t h a t
represent th e sales for May and June, respectively.

b. Find M + / and d escribe w hat th is m a trix su m represen ts.
c. W rite a m atrix giving th e average m o n th ly sales for th e two
m onth period.
34. * SHORT RESPONSE T h e m a trices below show th e n u m b ers o f fem ale
ath letes who p articip ated in selected NCAA sp orts and th e average team
size for each sport during th e 2 0 0 0 -2 0 0 1 and 2 0 0 1 -2 0 0 2 season s. D oes th e
m atrix A + B give m ean in g fu l in fo rm atio n ? Exp/am .
2 0 0 1 - 2 0 0 2 (B)
Athletes Team size
2 0 0 0 - 2 0 0 1 (A)
Athletes Team size
Basketbaii
Gymnastics
14,439
1,397
Basketball
15.7
Gymnastics
*14 ,5 2 4
1,440
14.3 *
16.2
Skiing
526
11.9
Skiing
496
11.0
Soccer
18,548
22.5
Soccer
19,467
22.4
192
14.5 "
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTtCE
35. CHALLENGE A re cta n g le h as v ertices (1 ,1 ), (1, 4), (5 ,1 ), an d (5, 4). W rite a

2 X 4 m atrix A w hose co lu m n s are th e v ertices o f th e rectan g le. M ultiply
m atrix A by 3. In th e sam e co o rd in ate p lan e, draw th e re cta n g le s rep resen ted
by th e m atrices A and 3A. How are th e re cta n g le s related?
MtXED REV!EW
P e rfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n , ip. 975)
36. 5 + ( - 8 )
37. - 7 + 6
38. 8 ( - 7 )
39. - 6 - (-1 5 )
40. - 5 [ - 9 )
41. 6 - (-1 8 )
W rite an eq u ation o f th e g rap h show n, (p. 723)

42.
-y
\
/
/
\
/
l
C heck w h eth er th e o rd ered p airs a re solutions of th e inequality, (p. 732)

45. x + 2 y < - 3 ; ( 0 , 3), ( - 5 , 1)
46. 5 x - y > 2 ; ( - 5 , 0), (5 ,2 3 )
47. - 8 x - 3y < 5; ( -1 , 1), (3, - 9 )
48. 21x - lOy > 4; (2, 3), ( - 1 , 0)
Q U t Z /o r Lesson s 3 . 3 - 3 5
G raph th e system o f in eq u alities, (p. 768)
1. y < 6
x + y > -2
2. x > - l
-2 x + y < 5
4. x y > 4
5. x + 2 y < 10
2 x + 4y> -1 0
x
x
3y > 3
3 y < -9
6. - y < x
2y < 5x + 9
y > Ix + 2j
Soive th e system using an y alg eb raic m eth od , (p. 778)

7. 2 x - y - 3z = 5
x + 2y - 5z = -1 1
x 3y = 10
8. x + y + z = - 3
2 x - 3y + z = 9
4 x 5y + 2z = 16
9. 2 x 4y + 3z = 1
6 x + 2y + lOz = 19
- 2 x + 5y - 2z = 2
-5
-1
10. A + B
B =
-4
8
11. B - 2 A
C=
10
12. 3A + C
!
t' (D
1--------- 1
A=
<
Use m atrice s A, B, an d C to evaiu ate th e m a trix exp ression , if possible. If n ot

possible, state th e reaso n , (p. 787)
]
Prepare for
Lesson 3.6
in Exs. 36-^
PREVIEW
<3. C
14. APPLES You have $25 to spend on 21 pounds o f th ree kin d s o f apples. Em pire
apples co st $1.40 per pound, Red D eliciou s apples co st $1.10 per pound, and
G olden D eliciou s apples co st $1.30 per pound. You w ant th e w eight o f th e
Red D eliciou s apples to eq u al tw ice th e co m b in ed w eight o f th e o th e r two
kinds. How m an y pounds o f ea ch kind o f apple should you buy? (p. 778)
193
f%t%?ACT!V<TY
3 .5 Use Matrix Operations
How can you use a grap h in g caicu iator to p erfo rm
m a trix o p eration s?
P erfo rm o peration s w ith m atrices

Using m atrices A and R beiow, find A + R an d 3A - 2R .
8 -1
A=
3 -7
F7!FF7]
R =
twaAv* 4
1
-4
-5
10
FTifPFl A tfc r
Enter th e d im ensions and

elem ents o f m atrix A
E nter th e d im en sio n s and

elem ents o f m a trix R.
Use a graph in g ca ic u ia to r to p erfo rm th e ind icated o p e ra tio n (s).
3.
-2
-2 *
-1
4 13
12
-8
-6
2. 2.6
"-9
+
10
-3 *
14
6.8
- 1 .2
5.6
- 3 .2
-3 *
-7
-1
4. 3
-8
12.4
- 0 .8
"-5
- 2
8*
-7
-3
5. BOOK SALES T he m atrices below show book sales (in th o u san d s o f

dollars) at a ch ain o f bookstores for July and August. T h e bo o k form ats
are hardcover and paperback. T he categ ories o f b o o ks are ro m a n ce (R),
m ystery (M), scien ce fictio n (S), and child ren 's (C). Find th e to ta l sales
of each form at and category for July and August.
Juiy
August
Hardcover
*18
16
21
13*
*26
20
17
8 *
Paperback
36
20
14
30
40
24
Chapter 3
20
3* ^ Mu!tip!y Matrices
You added and subtracted matrices.
You wil! muttipiy matrices.
So you can caicuiate the cost of sports equipment, as in Exampie 4.
Key V ocabulary
* m atrix, p. 787
* d im en sio n s, p. 787
* elem ents, p. 787
The prod uct o f two m atrices A and B is defined

provided th e n u m b er o f co iu m n s in 71 is eq u al to
th e n u m ber o f rows in B.
??: x ?!
HX p
TIB
??! X p
equa!
If A is an m x n m atrix and B is an ?! x p m atrix,

th en th e product AB is an m x p m atrix.
dimensions of AB
Describe matrix products
EXAMPLE 1
State w h e th e r th e p ro d u ct A B is d efin e d . I f so, g iv e th e d im e n sio n s o f AB.

a.
b. A : 3 X 4 , B : 3 X 2
A :4 X 3 ,B :3 X 2
S olution
a. B ecau se A is a 4 X 3 m a trix and B is a 3 X 2 m atrix, th e p rod uct AB is
d efined and is a 4 x 2 m atrix.
b. B ecau se th e n u m b er o f co lu m n s in 71 (four) d oes n ot eq u al th e nu m ber
o f rows in B (three), th e prod uct AB is n ot defined.
CU!OED PRACTiCE
fo r E xam p le 1
S tate w h e th e r th e p ro d u ct 4 B is d e fin e d . If so, g iv e th e d im e n sio n s ofTlB.

1.
71: 5 X 2, B : 2 X 2
2. 4 : 3 X 2, B: 3 X 2
KEY CONCEPT
A ir
Multiplying M atrices
Words
To fin d th e elem en t in th e :th row and jt h co lu m n o f th e product

m atrix TIB, m u ltiply ea ch elem en t in th e ;'th row o f 71 by th e
co rresp o n d in g elem en t in th e jt h co lu m n o f B, th en add th e
products.
A
Algebra
H &
c
<? /
g h
AB
n e + &g
qf +
ce + dg
c f + d/;
3 .6
Multipty Matrices
195
Find th e p ro d u ct of tw o m a trice s
EXAMPLE
F in d A B iL 4 =
-2_]
and B =
-7
[9
6]
Soiution
AVO!D ERRORS
Order is important when

multiplying matrices. To
find 4B, write matrix 4
on the left and matrix B
on the right.
B ecau se Ti is a 2 x 2 m atrix and B is a 2 x 2 m atrix, th e p rod uct AB is defined

and is a 2 x 2 m atrix.
Multiply th e n u m bers in th e first row o M by th e nu m b ers in th e first
co iu m n o f B, add th e products, and put th e resu lt in th e first row, first
co lu m n o f AB.
F T P?;
F7PPF
FTP? 4
F7PP F
-7 *
-2
1(5) + 4 ( 9 )
Multiply th e n u m b ers in th e first row o f A by th e nu m b ers in th e seco n d

co lu m n o f B, add th e products, and put th e result in th e first row,
second co lu m n ofTlB.
1
*5
-7 *
-2
l ( - 7 ) + 4 (6 )"
1(5) + 4(9)
Multiply th e n u m bers in th e seco n d row o f A by th e n u m bers in th e first

co lu m n o f B, add th e products, and put th e resu lt in th e seco n d row,
first co lu m n o f AB.
1
-7 *
1(5) + 4(9)
-2
3 (5 ) + ( - 2 ) ( 9 )
l ( - 7 ) + 4 (6)"
Multiply th e n u m b ers in th e seco n d row o f A by th e n u m b ers in th e

seco n d co lu m n o f B, add th e p rod ucts, and put th e result in th e secon d
row, seco n d co lu m n o f AB.
1
-7
1(5) + 4(9)
l ( - 7 ) + 4(6)"
-2
3(5) + ( - 2 ) (9)
3 ( - 7 ) + ( -2 )(6 )_
Simplify th e prod uct m atrix.

1(5) + 4(9)
l ( - 7 ) + 4 (6)"
41
17
3(5) + ( - 2 ) (9)
3 ( - 7 ) + (-2 )(6 )_
-3
-3 3
( ^ !! H B S !e g A l g e b r a
at dasszone.com
For th e m a trices A and B in E xam ple 2, n o tice th a t th e p rod uct BTl is n o t th e

sam e as th e product AB.
BTl =
5 -7
-1 6
34
3 -2
27
24
In general, m atrix m u ltip licatio n is n o t com m u tative.
GutDED PRACTKE
3. Find TIB if 71 =
196
Chapter 3
for E xam p le 2
-3
-2
and B =
1
-3
5
-2
Â B
Use matrix operations
EXAMPLE 3
U sin g th e g iv e n m a trice s, ev a iu a te th e e x p ressio n .

4
A=
-1
3*
-2
-3
,B =
,c =
-2
-3
-1
b. AB + /1C
a. /1(B + C)
Soiution
a. /t(B + C) =
b. /IB + /1C =
-1
-2
-1
-2
3*
-1
-3
-2
-2
-3
-3
-1
-14
6 2
-4
-i
-3
1 -2
-2
4
+
-2
8
3
-1
-2
-3
4
-1
13*
"-1 4
-2
-4
"-5
7*
2
00
t__
9 -6 *
MULTiPLiCATiOM PROPERTIES N otice in Exam ple 3 th a ty l{B + C) = ylB + /1C,

w hich is tru e in generai. T h is and oth er p rop erties o f m a trix m u ltip licatio n are
su m m arized below.
REViEW
PROPERTiES
tFor help with properties
of real numbers,
see p. 2.
CONCEPT SUM M ARY

P ro p erties of M atrix M uitipiication
Let /I, B, and C be matrices and let A be a scalar.
Associative Property of Matrix Muitipiication
/1(BC) = (/1B)C
Left Distributive Property
/1(B + C) = /IB + /1C
' !- Right Distributive Property

j
(/I + B)C = /1C + BC
Associative Property of Scaiar Muitipiication
GutDED PRACTICE
1<(/1B) = (M )B = /I (1(B)
for E xam p ie 3
U sin g th e g iv e n m a trice s, e v a iu a te th e ex p re ssio n .

-1
2*
-3
0 ,B =
4
4. yl(B - C)
3
-2
2*
-1
,c =
-4
5. ^1B - zlC
6. - y ( A B )
3 .6
Multiply Matrices
197
COST MATRKES M atrix m u ltip licatio n is u sefu l in b u sin ess ap p lication s b eca u se
an umentory m atrix, w hen m u ltiplied by a cost per item m atrix, resu lts in a total
cost m atrix.
Inventory
C ost per item
Total cost
m atrix
m atrix
m a trix
m Xw
nXp
?n X p
For th e total co st m atrix to b e m ean in g fu l, th e co lu m n lab els for the inventory

m atrix m ust m atch th e row lab els for th e co st per item m atrix.
Use m a trice s to ca icu ia te to ta ) co st

SPORTS Two hockey team s su bm it equipm en t
lists for th e seaso n as show n.
EQUIPMENT LI5T6
Each stick co sts $60, each puck co sts $2,

and each u niform co sts $35. U se m atrix
m u ltip lication to find th e to tal co st o f
equipm ent for each team .
Women's Team
14 stic ks
5 0 pucks
16 uniforms
Soiution
Men's Team
16 stic ks
2 5 pucks
2 0 uniforms
To begin, w rite th e equipm en t lists and the

co sts per item in m atrix form . In order to use
m atrix m u ltip lication, set up th e m a trices so
th at the co lu m n s o f th e equipm en t m atrix
m atch th e rows o f th e co st m atrix.
Sticks
Women s team
Equipment
Pucks Uniforms
Cost
Doiiars
*14
30
18*
Sticks
16
25
20
Pucks
Men s team
Uniforms
*6 0 *
2
35
T he to tal co st o f equipm ent for each team ca n b e found by m ultiplying the

equipm ent m atrix by th e co st m atrix. T h e eq u ip m en t m a trix is 2 X 3 and
th e co st m atrix is 3 X 1. So, th e ir product is a 2 x 1 m atrix.
14
30
18
16
25
20
* 60*
35 _
14(60) + 30(2) + 18(35)
1530
16(60) + 25(2) + 20(35)
1710
The labels for th e product m atrix are show n below.

Totai Cost
Doiiars
Women s team
1530
Men s team
1710
F T h e to tal co st o f equ ip m en t for th e w om en's tea m is $1530, and th e to tal

co st for th e m en's te am is $1710.
GutDED PRACTKE
7.
198
Chapter 3
for Exam p ie 4
WHAT !F? In Exam ple 4, suppose a stick co sts $75, a puck co sts $1, and a
u niform co sts $45. Find th e to tal co st o f eq u ip m en t for ea ch team .
HOMEWORK
KEY
3 6 EXERC!SES
on p. WS6 for Exs. 13, 23. and 41
Exs. 2 ,9 .2 1 .3 5 ,4 1 , and 44
SKKL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T h e prod uct o f m a trices 74 and B is
defined provided th e n u m b er o f ? in 4 is eq u al to th e n u m b er o f ?
in B.
2. + WRITING Suppose 4 and B a r e two m a trices an d A B is d efined . E xplain

how to find th e elem ent in th e first row and first co lu m n o f4 B .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 195
for Exs. 3 -9
MATRIX PRODUCTS State w h eth er th e p ro d u ct 4 B is defined. If so, give the

dim ensions o f AB.
2 X 2, B: 2 X 2
4. A: 3 X 4, B : 4 X 2
5. A 2 x 1 ,B :2 x 2
6. A 1 X 2, B: 2 X 3
7. A 4 x 3, B :2 x 3
8. y4: 2 X 1, B: 1 X 5
3.
9. * MULTIPLE CHOICE If 74 is a 2 X 3 m atrix and B is a 3 X 2 m atrix, w hat are

th e d im en sio n s o f AB?
(g )
10. [ 3
11.
(D ) 2 x 3
-3
*0
-4 *
8*
-5
-2
14.
j17.
-
[ - 2 1]
)
___ t
16.
-1 ]
hJ
12
-4
12 .
-3
-1
5
15.
-3
18.
-2
[4
2*
-4
6
2
-1
-7
-6 ]
-2
-3
10
-4
ERROR ANALYSIS Descri&e an d c o rr e c t th e e rro r in finding th e elem en t in th e

first row an d first co lu m n o f th e m a trix p ro d u ct.
20.
19.
1 -6
3 (7 ) + ( - 1 ) ( 0 )
12
-3
(B)
-1
1 -4
*-
-4
-5
21. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is th e prod uct o f
(A)
2 (4 ) + 1 ( - 6 )
21
1 7
11
12
(C)
and
-2
-1
-3
-4
11
12
-3
(g)
3 .6
-1
C
D ^
on p. 196
for Exs. 10-21
3 X 2
MULTIPLYING MATRICES Find th e p ro d u ct. If th e p ro d u ct is n ot defined, state

th e reaso n .
EXAMPLE 2
(C )
(B ) 3 x 3
2 x 2
Muitipiy Matrices
199
EXAMPLE 3
EVALUATING EXPRESSIONS Using th e given m a trice s, evalu ate th e exp ression .
on p. 197
for Exs. 22-29
A=
-3
-2
,B =
0
4
22. 3AB
1
-2
,C =
-6
1 3
,D =
(2&) - ^ A C
26. B (D + B)
27. (D + E )D
-3
-2
-3
-2
3 4
-1
,E =
24. AB + AC
25. AB - BA
28. -2 (B C )
29. 4 A C + 3 A B
SOLViNG MATRtX EQUATtONS Soive for x an d y.

-2
30.
1 2
0 -2
6
=
19
31.
_ y_
-2
-2
-1
-4
-1 3
F!ND!NG POWERS U sing th e given m a trix , find A^ = AA an d A^ = AAA.
32. A =
1 -1
0
33. A =
-4
2
34. A =
-1
-1 *
-1
2
1
-2
35. * OPEN-ENDED MATH Find two m a trices A and B su ch th a t A ^ B and

AB = BA.
36. CHALLENGE Let A
and B =
, and iet A; b e a scalar. Prove th e
associative property o f sca la r m u ltip licatio n for 2 x 2 m a trices by show ing

th a t k(AB) = (RA)B = A(kB).
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 198
for Exs. 37-42
in E xercises 3 7 an d 3 8 , w rite an inv en to ry m a trix an d a co st p er item m a trix .

Then u se m a trix m u ltiplication to w rite a to ta l co st m a trix .
37. SOFTBALL A so ftb all team need s to buy 12 bats, 45 b alls, and 15 u niform s.
E ach b at co sts $21, each b all co sts $4, and ea ch u n ifo rm co sts $30.
@ B o r n e 7 u to r
38. ART SUPPLIES A teach er is buying supplies for tw o a rt classes. For class 1,
th e teach er buys 24 tu bes o f pain t, 12 bru sh es, and 17 can v ases. For class 2,
th e teach er buys 20 tu b es o f pain t, 14 bru sh es, and 15 can v ases. E ach tu b e of
p ain t co sts $3.35, each bru sh co sts $1.75, and ea ch can v as co sts $4.50.
@ B o r n e T u to r
39. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM Tickets to th e sen io r class play co st $2 for students,

$5 for adults, and $4 for senior citizen s. At Friday n igh t's p erfo rm an ce,
th ere w ere 120 students, 150 adults, and 40 sen io r citiz en s in atten d an ce.
At Saturday n igh t's p erfo rm an ce, th ere w ere 192 stud ents, 215 adults, and
54 sen ior citizen s in atten d an ce. O rganize th e in fo rm a tio n u sing m atrices.
T hen u se m atrix m u ltip licatio n to find th e in co m e from tick et sales for
Friday and Saturday n igh ts' p erfo rm an ces.
200
O = WORKED OUT SOLUTfONS

on p. WS1
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTfCE
40. SUMMER OLYMPICS T h e top th ree co u n tries

in th e fin ai m edal stand ings for th e 2 0 0 4
Su m m er O lym pics w ere th e U nited States,
C hina, an d R ussia. E ach gold m ed al is w orth
3 points, each silver m ed al is w orth 2 poin ts,
and each b ro n ze m edal is w orth 1 point.
O rganize th e in fo rm atio n using m atrices.
How m any p o in ts did each co u n try score?
3P
M e d a !s W o n
Go!d
Sitver
Bronze
USA
35
39
29
China
32
17
14
Russia
27
27
38
4 l ) * SHORT RESPONSE M atrix S gives th e n u m bers o f th ree ty p es o f ca rs sold in

F ebru ary by two car dealers, d ealer A and dealer B. M atrix P gives th e profit
for each ty p e o f ca r sold. W h ich m a trix is defined, SP or P S? Find th is m atrix
and exp lain w hat its elem en ts represent.
M atrix S
A
B
Compact
*2 1
Mid-size
40
33
Fuii-size
15
19
Compact
16*
Profit [$ 6 5 0
M atrix P
Mid-size
Fuii-size
$825
$1050]
42. GRADING Your overall grade in m ath class is a w eighted average o f th ree
co m p on en ts: hom ew ork, qu izzes, an d tests. H om ew ork co u n ts for 20% of
your grade, qu izzes co u n t for 30% , and te sts co u n t for 50% . T h e sp read sh eet
below show s th e grades on hom ew ork, qu izzes, an d tests for five students.
O rganize th e in fo rm atio n using a m atrix, th e n m ultiply th e m a trix by a
m atrix o f w eights to find ea ch stud en t's overall grade.
1
2
3
4
5
6
A
Name
Jea n
Ted
Pat
Al
Matt
B
Homework
82
92
82
74
88
C
Quizzes
88
88
73
75
92
D
Test
86
90
81
78
90
43. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM R esiden ts o f a c e rta in suburb co m m u te to a n earb y

city eith er by driving or by using public tra n sp o rta tio n . E ach year, 20% o f
th o se who drive sw itch to pu blic tra n sp o rta tio n , and 5% o f th o se w ho use
public tra n sp o rta tio n sw itch to driving.
a. T he in fo rm atio n above ca n b e represen ted by th e transition m atrix
r =
i - p
<7
1 -< 7
w here p is th e p ercen t o f co m m u ters w ho sw itch from driving to

p u blic tra n sp o rta tio n and is th e p ercen t o f co m m u ters w ho sw itch
from public tra n sp o rta tio n to driving. (B o th p and <y are exp ressed as
d ecim als.) W rite a tran sitio n m atrix for th e given situ ation .
b. Suppose 5000 co m m u ters drive and 8 0 0 0 co m m u ters tak e public
tran sp o rtatio n . L et M^ b e th e follow ing m atrix:
5000
8000
Find M, = YM^. W hat does th is m atrix represent?
c. Find A%2 = P M ,, M g = 7M ,, and M ^ = PM .,. W h at do th e se m a trices
represent?
3 .6
Muitipiy Matrices
201
44. * EXTENDED RESPONSE Two stud en ts have a b u sin ess seh in g h and m ad e
scarves. T he scarv es co m e in four d ifferent styles: p lain , w ith th e class
year, w ith th e school nam e, and w ith th e school m a sco t. T h e co sts o f
m aking each style o f sc a rf are $10, $15, $20, and $20, respectively. The
p rices o f each style o f sc a rf are $15, $20, $25, and $30, respectively.
a. W rite a 4 X 1 m atrix C th a t gives th e co st o f m ak in g ea ch style o f s c a rf
and a 4 x 1 m atrix P th a t gives th e p rice o f ea ch style o f scarf.
b. The sales for th e first th ree years o f th e b u sin ess are show n below.
Y ear 1: 0 piam , 2 0 class year, /0 0 school nam e, 0 school m ascot
Y ear 2 : 10 plain, 100 class year, 5 0 school nam e, 3 0 school m ascot
Y ear 3 : 2 0 plain, 3 0 0 class year, 100 school nam e, 5 0 school m ascot
W rite a 3 x 4 m atrix 5 th a t gives th e sales for th e first th ree years.
c. Find -SC and SP. W hat do th e se m a trices represent?
d. Find SP - SC. W hat does th is m atrix represent?
45. CHALLENGE M atrixTl is a 90 ro ta tio n a l m atrix.
M atrix B co n ta in s th e co o rd in ates o f th e
v ertices o f th e trian g le show n in th e graph.
7l =
-1
B =
-7
-4
-4
a. Find 711?. Draw th e trian g ie w hose v ertices are

given by 711?.
b. Find th e 180 and 270 ro tatio n s o f th e orig in al
trian g le by using rep eated m u ltip licatio n o f th e
90 ro tatio n al m atrix. W hat are th e co o rd in ates
o f th e v ertices o f th e rotated trian g les?
M !XED REVIEW
G raph th e equation.
46. 3x + y = 6 Ip. 89?
47. 2x - 3y = 7 Ip. 89?
48. x + 4y = 10 Ip. 89?
49. y
50. y = - lx + 4j - 5(1?. 1231
51. y = 2 l x - 2 ] + 7 ip. 123?
6 (p. 1231
W rite an eq u ation of th e line th a t satisfies th e given co n d ition s, (p. 98?

52. slope: 2, passes throu gh (0, - 4 )
53. slop e: 3, p asses th rou gh (5, 2)
54.
slope:
55.
slope:
56.
passes throu gh (4, 8) and (1, 2)
57.
p asses throu gh (8, 8) and (0 ,1 )
passes throu gh (0, -1 )
passes th rou gh (0, 3)
PREVIEW
Soive th e system of iin ear eq u ation s using an y algeb raic m eth od . Ip 160?
Prepare for
Lesson 3.7
in Exs. 58-(
58. 3x + 2y = 5
x + 3y = 13
59.
3x - 5y = 11
2 x + 5y = 24
60.
3x - y = 4
- 2 x + 3y = - 2 6
61. 4x - 3y = 17
2x + 5y = 15
62.
4 x - 2y = 14
- 2 x + y = 7
63.
x + 4y = 4
3 x - 2y = 19
202
3.6, p. 1012
*7 Evaiuate Determinants and

Appiy Cramer sRuie
3 ^ ^
You added, subtracted, and multipiied matrices.

You will evaiuate determ inants of matrices.
So you can find areas of habitats, as in Example 2.
A ssociated w ith each squ are (n x n) m atrix is a real n u m b er ca lled its

d eterm in an t. T h e d eterm in a n t o f a m atrix A is d enoted by det A or by IA
Key V ocabuiary
* d eterm in an t
* C ram er's ru le
* coefficient m a trix
A?/-
K EY CONCEPT
The D eterm inant of a M atrix
Determinant of a 2 x 2 Matrix
det
The determinant of a 2 x 2 matrix is the

difference of the products of the eiements
on the diagonais.
Determinant of a 3 x 3 Matrix
F7BP 7
Repeat th e first two co lu m n s to th e right o f th e d eterm in an t.

Subtract th e su m o f th e red p ro d u cts from th e su m o f th e
biue products.
det
e = (net + b/g
' ^
EXAMPLE 1
- (gee +
A
E vaiu ate d e te rm in a n ts
Evaiuate th e d eterm in a n t o f th e m a trix .

5
*2
b.
-1
4
3
1
-4
-3 *
0
-2
S oiu tion
3 .7
Evaluate D eterm inants and Apply Cramer's Ruie
203
AREA OF A TRiANCLE You ca n u se a d eterm in an t to fin d th e area o f a trian g ie

w hose v ertices are p oints in a co o rd in ate plane.
KEY CONCEPT
Area ofaTriangie
The area o f a trian g le w ith v ertices (x^
and (Xg, y.j) is given by
Xi yi
Area = y *2 ^2
Xg 7s
(x^, y^),
i
i
i
w here th e sym bol in d ica tes th a t th e appropriate

sign shouid be ch o sen to yieid a positive vaiue.
EXAMPLE 2
Find th e a re a o f a tria n g u ia r region
SEA HONS O ff th e co a st o f C alifo rn ia

iies a trian g u iar region o f th e P a cific
O cean w here huge pop u lation s o f sea
lions and seals live. T h e trian g le is
form ed by im ag in ary lin es co n n e ctin g
Bodega Bay, th e F arallon Island s, and
Ano Nuevo Island, as show n. (In th e
map, th e co o rd in ates are m easured in
m iles.) U se a d eterm in an t to estim a te
th e area o f th e region.
-N
Bodega Ba y*
(-1,41)
Francisco
. San
. * .................
Farallon Islands
0).
Pac/f/c Ocea;
Ano Nuevo
. Island
(38,-43)
S o iu tio n
The approxim ate co o rd in ates o f th e v ertices o f th e tria n g u la r region are ( - 1 , 41),
(38, - 4 3 ) , and (0, 0). So, th e area o f th e region is:
Area = y
-1
41
38
-4 3
-1
=
-t-1
1
2 38
1
0
41
1 -1
41
-4 3
1 38
- -43
+1
II
+ 0 + 0) - (0 + 0 +
= 757.5
F T he area o f th e region is abou t 758 squ are m iles.
GuiDED PRACTKE
Evalu ate th e d eterm in an t of th e m a trix .

3
6
-2
1
4 -1
2.
2*
-3
-2
-1
1_
3.
* 10
-2
-1 2
-7
-2
4. Find th e are a o f th e trian g le w ith v ertices A(5, 11), B (9, 2), and C (l, 3).
204
Chapter 3
3*
CRAMER'S RULE You ca n u se d eterm in a n ts to solve a system o f lin e a r equation s.

T he m ethod, called C ram er's ru le and n am ed a fter th e Sw iss m a th em a ticia n
G abriel C ram er (1704-1752), u ses th e co efficien t m a trix o f th e lin e a r system .
L in e a r System
C oefficient M atrix
a x + by = e
a h
cx + dy = /
rf
K EY CONCEPT
C ram er s Ruie for a 2 x 2 System
Let 71 be th e co e fficie n t m atrix o f th is lin ea r system :
a x + by = e
cx + cfy = /
If det A # 0, th e n th e system h as exactly on e solu tion. T h e solu tion is:
e
x =
det A
and
v= -
det A
N otice th a t th e num erators for x and y are th e d eterm in a n ts o f th e m atrices

form ed by rep lacing th e co e fficie n ts o f x and y, respectively, w ith th e colu m n
o f co n stan ts.
Use C ram er s ru !e fo r a 2 x 2 sy stem
EXAMPLE 3
Use C ram er's ru le to soive th is system :

ANOTHER WAY
You can a!so soive the

system in Example 3
using the substitution
method or the
eiimination method you
learned in Lesson 3.2.
9 x + 4y - - 6
3 x 5y = - 2 1
S oiu tion
f
F7RP F
Evaluate th e d eterm in a n t o f th e co e fficie n t m atrix.

9
-5
= - 4 5 - 12 = - 5 7
Apply C ram er's rule b ec a u se th e d eterm in a n t is n ot 0.

-6
-2 1
-5
x =
-5 7
9
3
y =
_ 30 - (-8 4 )
-5 7
114
-5 7
-2
-6
-2 1
-1 8 9 - (-1 8 ) _
-5 7
-57
-171
= 3
-5 7
^ T h e solu tion is (2, 3).

CdffCAf
C heck th is solu tion in th e o rig in al eq u ation s.

9x + 4y
9 ( - 2 ) + 4(3)
- 1 8 + 12
-6
= -6
^ -6
^ -6
= - 6/
3x - 5y = - 2 1
3 ( - 2 ) - 5(3)
-2 1
- 6 - 15 ^ - 2 1
-2 1 = -2 1 /
3.7
Evaiuate D eterm inants and Appiy Cramer's Rule
205
KEY CONCEPT
Cram er s Ru!e for a 3 x 3 System
LetZt be th e co e fficie n t m atrix o f th e iin ea r system show n beiow.
Linear System
SOLVE SYSTEMS
As with Cramer's rule
for a 2 x 2 system, the
numerators for x, y, and
z are the determinants
of the matrices formed
by replacing the
coefficients of x, y, and
z respectiveiy with the
column of constants.
Coefficient [Matrix
a x + by + cz = y
dx + ey + /z = b
gx + by + ;'z = /
a b
d e
g b
zl =
c
/
f
If det ^4 ^ 0, th en th e system h as exactly one soiu tion. T h e soiution is:

j
a y e
e /
det A
<3 & j
d e b
g
and
det A
EXAMPLE 4
z =
det A
So!ve a m u !ti-ste p probtem
CHEMiSTRY T h e atom ic
w eights o f th ree com p ou nd s
are show n. Use a lin e a r system
and C ram er's ru le to find the
atom ic w eights o f carb o n (C),
hydrogen (H), and oxygen ( 0 ).
Compound
Formuia
Atomic weight
Glucose
^6^12^6
180
Carbon dioxide
CO.,
44
Hydrogen peroxide
H ,0,
34
Soiution
^7BP 7
W rite a lin ea r system using th e form ula for ea ch com p ou n d . Let C, # ,

and O rep resen t th e a to m ic w eights o f ca rb o n , hydrogen, and oxygen.
6C + 12H + 6 0 = 180
C
+ 2 0 = 44
2H + 2 0 = 34
FTifPF
FTKAJ
Evaiuate th e d eterm in a n t o f th e co e fficie n t m atrix.

6
12
6 12
0 = (0
0 + 12) - (0 + 24 + 24) = - 3 6
Apply C ram er's rule b eca u se th e d eterm in a n t is n ot 0.
C=
180 12
44
0
34
2
-36
= -4 3 2
-3 6
=
12
6
2
2
6 180 6
1 44 2
0 34 2
H=
=
-3 6
-3 6
-3 6
= 1
0 =
6 12 180
1 0 44
0 2 34
-3 6
-5 7 6
-36
= 16
F T he atom ic w eights o f carb on , hydrogen, and oxygen are 12, 1, and 16,
respectively.
206
Chapter 3
fo r E x am p les 3 an d 4
GUIDED PRACTKE
Use C ram er's ru le to solve th e lin e a r system .

7. 3x - 4y + 2z = 18
4x + y - 5z = - 1 3
6. 4 x + 7y = 2
CO
!
II
1
M
CO
1
5. 3x - 4y = - 1 5
2x + 5y = 13
HOMEWORK
KEY
3 7 EXERCtSES
II
n
+
1
M
c\)
* = STANDARDtZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,2 1 ,2 8 ,3 8 ,4 2 , and 45
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T h e ? o f a 2 x 2 m a trix is th e d ifference
o f th e prod ucts o f th e elem en ts on th e diagonals.
2. * WRITING E xp lain C ram er's ru le and how it is used.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 203
for Exs. 3-21
2 x 2 DETERMINANTS E valu ate th e d e te rm in a n t o f th e m a trix .

3.
2 -1
4 -5
10 - 6
-7
1
0 3
4.
8.
"o
5.
3'
9.
-3
3*
-4
1 -7
9 -3
7
1 -3
6.
10.
-5
12
3 x 3 DETERMINANTS E valu ate th e d e te rm in a n t o f th e m a trix .
-1
12
-5
12
8*
15.
12.
-8
4
--8
'- 4
16.
1 10
1
5
13.
-9 *
12
12
-3
-2
1 -4
"-2
0*
15
-1
7_
17.
1 2
-7
14.
-1 0
18.
6*
-4
1 8
7_
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in evalu atin g th e d e te rm in a n t.

19.
20.
2 0
-1
2 - 3
-3
-3
-3
= 10 + 0 + ( - 5 ) + (3 + 2 4 + 0 )
= -1 5 + 0 + 0 - (-1 5 + 0 - 6 )
= 2 + 27 = 2 9
= -1 5 - (-2 4 ) = 6
21. * MULTtPLE CHOKE W h ich m a trix h as th e g reatest d eterm in an t?

-4
(g )
6 3
5 -3
1 6
(g )
(B )
3 8
3 .7
-1
(B )
-2
Evaluate D eterm inants and Apply Cramer's Rule
EXAMPLE 2
AREA OF A TRtANGLE Find th e a re a o f th e tria n g ie w ith th e given v ertices.
on p. 204
for Exs. 22-28
22 . A (l, 5), B (4, 6), C(7, 3)
( 23 ) A(4, 2), B (4, 8), C(8, 5)
24. A ( -4 , 6), B (0, 3), C(6, 6)
25. A ( - 4 , - 4 ) . B ( - l , 2), C(2, - 6 )
26. A(5, - 4 ) , B (6, 3), C(8, - 1 )
27. A ( - 6 , 1), B ( - 2 , - 6 ) , C(0, 3)
28. * MULTiPLE CHOiCE W hat is th e area o f th e trian g ie w ith v ertices ( - 3 , 4), (6, 3),
and (2, -1 )?
(g)
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
(E)
20
(C)
26
(D)
30
40
USING CRAMER S RULE Use C ram er's ru ie to soive th e iin e a r system .
on pp. 205-206
for Exs. 29-37
29. 3x + 5y = 3
- x + 2y = 10
30. 2 x - y = - 2
x + 2y = 14
31. 5x + y = - 4 0
2 x - 5 y = 11
32. x + y + z = 3
4x - y + 4z = - 1 4
x + 2y - z = 9
33. - x - 2y + 4z = - 2 8
x + y + 2z = -1 1
2x + y - 3z = 30
34. 4x + y + 3z = 7
2x - 5y + 4z = - 1 9
x - y + 2z = - 2
35. 5x - y - 2z = - 6
x + 3y + 4z = 16
2 x - 4y + z = - 1 5
36. x + y + z = - 8
3x - 3y + 2z = - 2 1
- x + 2y - 2z = 11
37. 3x - y + z = 25
- x + 2y - 3z = - 1 7
x + y + z = 21
38. * OPEN-ENOED MATH W rite a 2 X 2 m a trix th a t h as a d eterm in a n t o f 5.

*2
1
-1 *
2
and B =
)
r\j
t
39. CHALLENGE L etA =
a. How is det AB related to det 71 and det B?

b. How is det kA related to det A if A; is a scaiar? Give a n alg eb raic
ju stific a tio n for your answ er.
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 204
for Exs. 40-41
40. BERMUDA TRiANGLE T h e Berm ud a T riangie is a

large trian g u lar region in th e A tlan tic O cean. T h e
trian g le is form ed by im ag in ary lin es co n n e ctin g
Berm uda, Puerto Rico, and M iam i, Florida. (In
th e map, th e co o rd inates are m easu red in m iles.)
Use a d eterm in an t to estim ate th e area o f th e
B erm uda Triangle.
@Bome7ufor
N
Miami (0,0)
W
- S
41. GARDENING You are p lan n in g to tu rn a tria n g u la r region o f your yard into
a garden. T h e v ertices o f th e trian g le are (0, 0), (5, 2), an d (3, 6) w here th e
co o rd in ates are m easured in feet. Find th e area o f th e tria n g u la r region.
@ M M n e 7 u fo r
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 205-206
for Exs. 42-44
208
42. * SHORT RESPONSE T he atten d a n ce at a ro ck co n c e rt w as 6700 people. Th e

tick ets for th e co n cert co st $40 for flo o r seats an d $25 for all o th er seats. T he
to tal in co m e o f tick et sales w as $185,500. W rite a lin e a r system th a t m odels
th is situation. Solve th e system in th ree w ays: using C ram er's rule, using
th e su bstitu tio n m ethod, and using th e elim in a tio n m ethod . Com pare th e
m eth od s, and exp lain w hich one you prefer in th is situ ation .
on p. WS1
, Bermuda
(938,454)
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTtCE
< Puerto Rico

(900,-518)
( 4 3 J MULTI-STEP PROBLEM An ice crea m shop seils th e follow ing sizes o f ice
cream co n es: single scoo p for $.90, double scoo p for $1.20, an d trip le scoop
for $1.60. O ne day, a to ta l o f 120 co n es are sold for $134, as m an y sin g le
scoo p co n es are sold as d ouble-scoop and trip le-sco o p co n es com bin ed .
a. Use a lin ea r system and C ram er's ru le to find how m an y o f ea ch size o f
co n e are sold.
b. T h e n ex t day, th e shop ra ises p rices by 10% . As a resu lt, th e n u m b er o f
each size o f co n e sold falls by 5% . W h at is th e revenue from co n e sales?
44. SCiENCE The ato m ic w eights o f
th re e com p ou n d s are show n in
th e table. U se a lin e a r system and
C ram er's ru le to find th e atom ic
w eights o f flu orin e (P), sod iu m
(Na), and ch lo rin e (Cl).
...................
Formula
Compound
: . ' * * "* ..............

Atomic weight
Sodium fiuoride
FNa
42
Sodium chioride
NaC!
58.5
Chiorine pentafiuoride
C)F,
130.5
45. * EXTENDED RESPONSE In U tah an d Colorado, an

area called th e D in osau r D iam on d is know n for
co n ta in in g m an y d in o sau r fossils. T h e m ap at th e right
shows th e tow ns at th e four v ertices o f th e d iam ond.
T h e co o rd in ates given are m easu red in m iles.
a. Find th e are a o f th e top tria n g u la r region.
b. Find th e are a o f th e bo tto m tria n g u la r region.
c. W h at is th e to ta l area o f th e D in o sau r D iam ond?
d. D escribe an o th er w ay in w h ich you ca n divide th e
D inosau r D iam ond in to tw o tria n g les in order to
find its area.
46. CHALLENGE A farm er is fen cin g o ff a tria n g u la r region
o f a pasture, as show n. T h e area o f th e region should be
5000 squ are feet. T h e farm er has p lan ted th e first two
fen ce p o sts at (0, 0) and (100, 50). He w ants to p lant th e
fin a l p ost along h is n eigh bor's fen ce, w h ich lies on the
ho rizo n tal lin e y = 120. At w hich two p o in ts cou ld th e
farm er p lan t th e fin a l post so th a t th e tria n g u la r region
h as th e desired area?
MtXED REVIEW
Evalu ate th e fu n ctio n for th e given valu e o f x . (p. 72)
47.
/(x ) = x - 1 2 ;/( 8 )
48. /(x ) = 4 x + 8 ;/( 7 )
49. /(x ) = F - 1 0 ;/ ( - 5 )
50.
/(x ) = -x ^ + 2 x ;/ ( 3 )
51. /(x ) = -x ^ - x + 5 ;/( 4 )
52. /(x ) = F - 2x + 4 ; / ( - 2 )
Graph th e system o f lin e a r in eq u alities, (p. 768)

53. x + y > 3
4x + y < 4
PREVIEW
Find th e p ro du ct, (p. 79?)
Prepare for
Lesson 3.8
in Exs. 57-59.
57.
2 -4
6
55. 4 x - 3 y > 1
-x - y > 4
54. 2 x - y > 2
5x - y > 2
-3
1 7
58.
-6 -8
2 -4
E X T R A P R A C T )C E f o r L e s s o n 3 .7 , p. 1012
56. y < - x - 5
y < 3x + 1
59.
-5
10
-2
(g}ÔNUNEQU!Z at classzone.com
209
Use !nverse Matrices

to Soive Linear Systems
You so!ved linear system s using Cramer's ru!e.
You wii) soive iinear system s using inverse matrices.
So you can find how many batches of a recipe to make, as in Ex.
Key Vocabuiary
*identity m a trix
' inverse m atrices
<m a trix of variabies
' m a trix of co n stan ts
The n X n identity m a trix is a m atrix w ith l's on th e m a in d iagonal and 0's

elsew here. If A is any a X n m a trix and 7 is th e a x a id en tity m atrix, th e n 717 = 71
and 7/1 = A
2 x 2 id en tity M atrix
7=
3 x 3 Id en tity M atrix
' 1 0 0*
7=
Two H X n m atrices A and 7? are inverses o f ea ch o th er if th e ir prod uct (in b o th

orders) is th e n X n identity m atrix. T h at is, All = 7 an d 7M = 7. An n x n m a trix A
has an inverse if and only if det A 7 0. T he sym bol for th e in verse o f A is A "\
KEY CONCEPT
A ir
The inverse of a 2 x 2 M atrix

T h e inverse o f th e m atrix A =
i-i
-c
&
1
ad - c&
is
-c
provided ad - ch ^ 0.
Find th e inverse of a 2 x 2 m a trix

3
-8
-2
CutDED PRACTKE
"1
-8
-2
CO
_____
1
15 - 16
ai
l _
in Example 1, you can

check the inverse by
showing that
/M"* = / = /S
Find the inverse of A =
CHECK iNVERSES
-3
fo r E xam p le 1
Find th e inverse o f th e m a trix .

4
2.
-1
5
CO*'
Chapter 3
210
*6
3.
-3
-4 *
-1
-2
So!ve a m a trix eq u atio n
EXAMPLE 2
Solve th e m a trix eq u ation A Y = B for th e 2 x 2 m a trix X .

B
A
2
-7
-1
X =
-2 1
12
-2
Solu tion
B eg in by fin d in g th e inverse o f A.
1--------
CO
N)
t^
To soive th e eq u ation for X, m uitipiy b o th sides o f th e eq u atio n by .A 'o n the /eft.

4
-7
-1
4
1
X =
X =
X =
-21
12
-2
-2
-1
-2
-1
X = A 'B
at classzone.com
GUIDED PRACTICE
fo r E x am p le 2
4. Solve th e m atrix eq u atio n
-4
X =
24
INVERSE OF A 3 x 3 MATRIX T he inverse o f a 3 X 3 m a trix is d ifficu lt to com pute

by hand. A calcu lato r th a t w ill com p u te inverse m a trices is u sefu l in th is case.
EXAMPLE 3
Find th e in verse o f a 3 x 3 m a trix
2 1 -2
Use a grap h in g ca lc u la to r to find th e inverse o f A.

Then use th e ca lcu la to r to verify y ou r resu lt.
^ =.
Solu tion
E nter m a trix A into a g raphing ca lcu la to r an d ca lcu la te A "'. T h en com p u te A A "'
and A "'A to verify th a t you o b ta in th e 3 X 3 id en tity m atrix.
1 EA3EA3-1
EE1
to
t'
0
03
03
133
t
L
J
3 .8
Use Inverse M atrices to Solve Linear System s
211
CutDED PRACTtCE
for Exam p ie 3
U se a graph in g ca ic u ia to r to find th e inverse o f th e m a trix ^4. C heck th e resu lt

by show ing th a t A A "' = 7 an d A"*A = 7.
5. A =
" 2
-2
-2
12 - 4
-6
0*
-3
6. A =
5*
1 5
*2
7. A =
1 -2 *
_4
KEY CONCEPT
Using an inverse M atrix to Soive a Linear System
FTBf 7
Write th e system as a m a trix e q u atio n A X = 73. T h e m atrix A is

th e co e fficie n t m atrix, X is th e m a trix of variab les, and 3 is the
m a trix o f co n stan ts.
^7B B ^
Find th e inverse o f m a trix A.
.fTPf <? Muitipiy each side o f A X = 7? by A"* on the /e/7 to find th e soiution
X = A *'B .
So!ve a tin e a r sy stem

Use an inverse m a trix to solve th e lin e a r system .
2x - 3y = 19
x + 4y = - 7
Equation 1
Equation 2
Solution
SOLVE SYSTEM S
You can use the method

shown in Example 4
if ,4 has an inverse, if
<4 does not have an
inverse, then the system
has either no soiution
or infinitely many
solutions.
W rite th e lin e a r system as a m a trix eq u atio n A X = 73.

co e fficie n t
m atrix (A)
^7BBB
*2
-3
m atrix o f
co n sta n ts (73)
19
_y_
-7
Find th e inverse o f m a trix A.

4
-1
1
01
1
)
00
A -' =
-fTBPJ
m atrix o f
v ariab les (X)
4
11
1
11
3
11
2
11 _
Muitipiy th e m atrix o f co n sta n ts by A 'o n th e left.
X = A "'B =
4
11
3
11
1
11
2
11
19
-7
-3
^ T h e solution o f th e system is (5, - 3 ) .

<W Bdf 2(5) - 3 ( - 3 ) = 10 + 9 = 19 /
s ts a A tp p h ra
212
Chapter 3
at classzone.com
4 ( - 3 ) = 5 - 12 = - 7 /
Sotve a m u tti-step proM em
EXAMPLE 5
GIFTS A co m p an y sells th ree ty p es o f m ovie gift b ask ets. A b a sic b ask et w ith
2 m ovie p asses an d 1 package o f m icrow ave p o p corn co sts $15.50. A m edium
bask et w ith 2 m ovie p asses, 2 packages o f p o p corn , and 1 DVD co sts $37.
A super bask et w ith 4 m ovie p asses, 3 p ackages o f p o p corn , an d 2 DVDs costs
$72.50. Find th e co st o f ea ch item in th e gift b askets.
S o iu tio n
ANOTHER WAY
For an alternative
the Problem Solving
Workshop.
Write v erbal m od els for th e situation.
Cost of
basic basket
Cost of
2 * movie pass
Cost of
popcorn
Cost of
2 * movie pass
+ 2-
Cost of
popcorn
Cost of
DVD
Cost of
medium basket
Equation2
Cost of
4 * movie pass
+ 3-
Cost of
popcorn
+ 2-
Cost of
DVD
Cost of
super basket
Equation3
Equation 1
W rite a system o f eq u atio n s. L et m b e th e co st o f a m ovie pass,

p b e th e co st o f a package o f p op corn , and d b e th e co st o f a DVD.
2m + p = 15.50
2m + 2p + d = 37.00
4m + 3p + 2d = 7 2.50
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
F7ZP <? Rew rite th e system as a m a trix eq u ation .

*2
1 0*
m
P
d
*1 5 .5 0 *
=
37.00
72.50
Enter th e co e fficie n t m atrix A and th e m a trix o f co n sta n ts B into a

graphing calcu lato r. T h en find th e solu tion X =
^ A m ovie pass co sts $7, a package o f p op corn co sts $1.50, and a DVD co sts $20.
GUIDED PRACTICE
Use an inverse m a trix to soive th e iin e a r system .

8. 4x + y = 10
3x + 5y = - 1
9. 2x y = 6
6x - 3y = - 1 8
10. 3x - y = - 5
- 4 x + 2y = 8
11. WHAT IF In Exam ple 5, how does th e an sw er ch an g e if a b a sic b ask et costs

$17, a m ed iu m b ask et co sts $35, and a su per b a sk et co sts $69?
3 .8
213
3.8 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Exs. 2,1 2 ,3 4 ,4 1 , and 46
Ex. 45
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Id entify th e m a trix o f v ariab les and
the m atrix o f co n sta n ts in th e m atrix eq u ation .
"-1
2*
_y_
-2
2. * WRITING E xplain how to find th e inverse o f a 2 X 2 m a trix 4 w here

det 4 # 0.
on p. 210
for Exs. 3-12
FINDING INVERSES Find the inverse of th e m a trix .

[
-5
e[
L -i
7.
r -4
-6
8.
L 4
11.
4.
on p. 211
for Exs. 13-18
on p. 211
for Exs. 19-24
- 22
-1 2
20
9.
13.
5
3
-1 0
-3
X =
6.
-2 4
60
-6
30
= 6
-1
-3
10
(E)
10.
-7
-9
4
3
5*
6
-4
-4
30
-1
-6
10
-3
-1
-3
-1
-2 4
12
(B)
3 -1 0
10
-3
-1
-1
-1
14.
17.
-2
X=
3*
15.
-2
3 - 1 0
X =
18.
-i
o'
6 4
-5
X=
X =
3 -1
4
*1
1 -2 *
0
20. 4 =
2*
4_
1 -1
12
-5
CO
o'
04
i)
04
04
t
CO
21. 4 =
-2
-1
0 -6
FINDING INVERSES Use a graphing ca icu ia to r to find th e inverse o f m a t r i x 4 .

C heck th e resuit by show ing th a t 4 4 " * = 7 an d 4 * 4 = 7.
'- 2
Chapter 3
-r
1 5
(B)
2 3
X=
1 2
19. 4 =
214
SOLVING EQUATIONS Soive th e m a trix eq u ation .
16.
EXAMPLE 3
5.
* MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is th e inverse o f th e m atrix
(5)
EXAMPLE 2
3
4
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and

co rrect th e error in fin d in g th e
inverse o f th e m atrix
12.
-2
-3
t!
EXAMPLE 1
2*
-2
10
-1
5*
-2
-1
SYSTEMS OF TWO EQUATtONS Use an inverse m a trix to soive th e iin e a r system .
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 212
for Exs. 25-34
2 5 J 4x - y = 10
-7x - 2y = - 2 5
26. 4x + 7y = - 1 6
2x + 3y = - 4
27. 3x - 2y = 5
6x - 5y - 14
28. x - y = 4
9x - lOy = 45
29. - 2 x - 9y = - 2
4 x + 16y = 8
30. 2 x - 7y = - 6
- x + 5y = 3
31. 6x + y = - 2
x + 3y = 25
32. 2 x + y = - 2
2x + 5y = 38
33. 5x + 7y = 20
3x + 5y = 16
34.
(?)
EXAMPLES
on p. 213
for Exs. 35-40
3x - 5y = - 2 6
- x + 2y = 10
* MULTtPLE CHOKE W hat is th e soiution

o f th e system show n?
(3 ,7 )
( B ) ( 7 ,- 1 )
(g )
(B )
( -2 ,4 )
(68, 110)
SYSTEMS OF THREE EQUATIONS Use a n inverse m a trix an d a grap h in g ca ic u ia to r

to soive th e iin e a r system .
35. x - y - 3z = 2
5x + 2y + z = - 1 7
-3 x - y = 8
36. - 3 x + y - 8z = 18
x - 2y + z = 11
2x - 2y + 5z = - 1 7
37. 2 x + 4y + 5z = 5
x + 2y + 3z = 4
5x - 4y - 2z = - 3
38. 4 x - y - z = - 2 0
6x - z = - 2 7
x + 4y + 5z = 23
39. 3x + 2y - z = 14
- x - 5y + 4z = - 4 8
4x + y + z = 2
40. 6 x + y + 2z = 11
x - y + z = -5
- x + 4y - z = 14
41.
OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a 2 X 2 m a trix th a t h as no inverse.
42.
CHALLENGE Solve th e lin e a r system u sin g th e given in verse o f th e

co e fficie n t m atrix.
2rc + 5x
2x + y 4nt + 8x
3tc + 6x
- 4y
7z =
- 7y
- 5y
+ 6z = 0
52
+ 14z = - 2 5
+ lOz = - 1 6
"-1 0
27
-2
-1 6
18
-2
-1 7
20
-1
-7
-2 9
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLES
4 and 5
on pp. 212-213
for Exs. 43-48
43. AVIATION A p iiot h as 200 hours o f flight tim e

in sin g le-en g in e airp lan es an d tw in -en g in e
airp lan es. R enting a sin g le-en g in e airp la n e
co sts $6 0 per hour, and ren tin g a tw in -en g in e
airp lan e co sts $240 per hour. T h e pilot has
sp en t $21,000 on airp lan e ren tals. U se an
inverse m atrix to find how m any hours th e
piiot h as flow n each ty p e o f airp lan e.
@ M M !)C?M tor
44. BASKETBALL D uring th e 2 0 0 3 -2 0 0 4 NBA season , D irk N ow itzki o f th e

D allas M avericks m ade a to tal o f 976 shots and scored 1680 points. His shots
co n sisted o f 3-p o in t field goals, 2-p o in t field goals, an d 1-point free throw s.
He m ade 135 m ore 2-p o in t field goals th a n free throw s. Use a n inverse m atrix
to find how m any o f each ty p e o f shot he m ade.
@MMne7i/for
3 .8
215
45. ^ MULT!PLE REPRESENTAT!ONS A cook in g cla ss w an ts to use up 8 cups

o f b u tterm ilk and 11 eggs by bak in g rolls and m u ffin s to freeze. A b a tch of
rolls u ses 2 cups o f b u tterm ilk and 3 eggs. A b a tch o f m u ffin s u ses 1 cup of
bu tterm ilk and 1 egg.
a. Writing a System W rite a system o f eq u atio n s for th is situ ation .
b. Writing a M atrix Equation W rite th e system o f eq u atio n s from p art (a) as
a m atrix eq u atio n A X = B.
c. Soiving a System Use an inverse m a trix to solve th e system o f equation s.
How m any b atch es o f each recip e should th e class m ake?
46. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A com p any sells p arty platters w ith varying
asso rtm en ts o f m eats and ch eeses. A b a sic platter w ith 2 ch e ese s and 3 m eats
co sts $18, a m edium platter w ith 3 ch e ese s an d 5 m eats co sts $28, and a
super platter w ith 7 ch e ese s and 10 m eats co sts $6 0 .
a. W rite and solve a system o f eq u atio n s using th e in fo rm a tio n about th e
b asic platter and th e m edium platter.
b. W rite and solve a system o f eq u atio n s using th e in fo rm atio n about the
m edium p latter and th e super platter.
c. Compare th e resu lts from p arts (a) and (b) and m ake a co n je c tu re about
why there is a d iscrep ancy.
( 47 !) NUTRtTtON T he tabie show s th e calo ries, fat, and carb oh y d rates per oun ce
for th ree brand s o f cereal. How m any o u n ces o f ea ch bran d should be
co m b in ed to get 500 calo ries, 3 g ram s o f fat, and 100 gram s o f carboh yd rates?
R ound your answ ers to th e n ea rest ten th o f a n o u n ce.
Cerea)
Ca!ories
Fat
Carbohydrates
Bran Crunchies
78
1g
22 g
Toasted Oats
104
Og
25.5 g
Whole Wheat Flakes
198
0.6 g
23.8 g
48. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You need 9 squ are feet o f glass m o sa ic tile s
to d ecorate a w all o f your k itch en . You w ant th e area o f th e red tiles
to eq u al th e co m b in ed area o f th e yellow an d blue tiles. T h e co st o f
a sh eet o f glass tiles having an area o f 0.75 squ are foo t is $ 6 .5 0 for
red, $4.50 for yellow, and $8.5 0 for blue. You have $ 8 0 to spend.
a. W rite a system o f eq u atio n s to rep resen t th is situation.
b. Rew rite th e system as a m atrix eq uation.
c. Use an inverse m atrix to find how m any sh eets o f ea ch color tile
you should buy.
49. ( 3 GEOMETRY T h e co lu m n s o f m a trix T below give th e co o rd in ates
o f th e vertices o f a trian g le. M atrix A is a tra n sfo rm a tio n m atrix.
0
-1
T=
1 3
1 4
2
Mosaic tiies
a. Find AT and AAT T h en draw th e o rig in al tria n g le and th e two

tran sfo rm ed trian g les. W h at tra n sfo rm a tio n does A represent?
b. D escribe how to u se m a trices to o b ta in th e orig in al tria n g le represen ted
by T from th e tran sfo rm ed trian g le represen ted by AAT
216
Q = WORKED-OUT SOLUTiONS
on p. WS1
= STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULT!PLE
REPRESENTATiONS
50. CHALLENGE V erify th e form ula on page 210 for th e inverse o f a 2 X 2 m a trix
by show ing th a t AB = 7 and BTl = 7 for th e m a trices 71 an d B given below.
71 =
B =
-B
-c
ad - cB
MtXED REV!EW
PREVtEW
Prepare for
Lesson 4.1
in Exs. 51-56.
G raph th e eq u ation o r inequality.

51. y = - 5 x + 3 (p. 89)
52. y = ^ x + 2 (p. 891
53. y = - I x - 2 Ip. 891

O
54. y > 2 l% l (p. 1321
55. y < jx - 2 j Ip. 1321
56. y < - 2 j x + ll Ip. 1321
Teil w h eth er x an d y have a positive co rre la tio n , a negative co rre la tio n , o r

ap p roxim ately no co rrelatio n , ip. 1131
57.
58.
'7
59.
-y
JC
Soive th e m a trix eq u ation for x an d y. ip. 1871

60.
4x1
18
6]
r 5
-2 0
^ l_3y
61.
-3 x
-9
13
-5
12
-2 0
_ -5 y
16
18
11
U!Z /o r ie&MMS 3 .6 -3 .S
U sing th e given m a trice s, evalu ate th e exp ression , ip. 1951

1
-4
1. 2T1B
-3
1
,C =
-6
-1
2. ylB + TIC
3. /!(B + C)
4. (B - T 1 ) C
E valu ate th e d eterm in an t of th e m a trix , ip. 2031
5.
1 0 - 2 *
6.
-3
2 - 1 5 *
7.
-2
-3
3 - 1
U se a n inverse m a trix to solve th e lin e a r system , ip. 2101

8. x + 3y = - 2
2x + 7y = 6
11. 3 x - y = - 4
2x - 2y = 8
9. 3 x - 4y = 5
2x 3y = 3
12. 7x + 4y = 6
5x + 3y = - 2 5
10. - 3 x + 2y = - 1 3
6x - 5y = 24
13. 4 x + y = - 2
6x + y = 18
14. BOATING You are m ak in g a tria n g u la r sail for a sa ilb o a t. T h e v ertices o f the
sail are (0, 2), (1 2 ,2 ), and (12, 26) w here th e co o rd in a tes are m easu red in feet.
Find th e are a o f th e sail. (p. 2031
ONHNE QUIZ at dasszone.com
217
F72P 7 W rite a iin ea r system and th e n w rite an au gm ented m atrix.
15.5
2m + p = 15.5
1 0
2m + 2p + d = 37
37
4m + 3p + 2d = 72.5
72.5
third
Add - 2 tim es th e first row to th e th
ird row.
1 0
( - 2 ) ^ + R3
15.5
37
1 2
41.5
J Add - 1 tim es th e first row to th e seco n d row.

' 2
1 0
15.5
21.5
1 2
41.5
F72P4 Add - 1 tim es th e secon d row to th e th ird row.

*2
( - l ) R'2, + IT
"3
1 0
1 5 .5 *
21.5
_0 0 1
20
FTBf F M ultiply th e first row by 0.5.

0.5R
" 1 0.5 0 7.75*

0
1 21.5
_0
20 _
T h e th ird row o f th e m a trix tells you th a t d = 20. Su b stitu te 20 for d in th e

eq u ation for th e second row, p + d = 21.5, to o b ta in p + 20 = 21.5, or p = 1.5.
T hen su bstitu te 1.5 for p in th e eq u ation for th e first row, m + 0.5p = 7.75, to
o b tain m + 0.5(1.5) = 7.75, or m = 7.
F A m ovie pass co sts $7, a package o f p o p co rn co sts $1.50, and a DVD co sts $20.
PRACTtCE
1. WHAT )F? In th e problem on page 218, suppose
a b asic bask et co sts $17.75, a m ed iu m bask et
co sts $34.50, and a super bask et co sts $67.25.
Use an augm ented m atrix to find th e co st of
each item .
2. FINANCE You have $18,000 to invest. You w ant
an overall an n u al retu rn o f 8% . T h e exp ected
an n u al retu rn s are 10% for a stock fund, 7%
for a bond fund, and 5% for a m on ey m arket
fund. You w ant to invest as m uch in stocks as
in bond s and th e m oney m arket com bin ed .
Use an augm ented m atrix to find how m uch
to invest in each fund.
3. B!RDSEED A pet store sells 20 pounds of

b ird seed for $10.85. T h e b ird seed is m ade from
tw o kin d s o f seed s, su n flow er seed s and th istle
seed s. Su n flow er seed s co st $ .3 4 per pound
and th istle seed s co st $.79 per pound. Use an
au gm ented m atrix to find how m any pounds of
ea ch v ariety are in th e m ixtu re.
4. REASONtNG Solve th e given system using an
au gm ented m atrix . W h at ca n you say ab o u t th e
system 's solu tion(s)?
x - 2y + 4z = - 1 0
5x + y - z = 24
3x 6y + 12z = 30
Using Alternative Methods
219
! ^ ! X E D
R E V !E W q f P r o f y /e y n S o f y in (y
Lessons 3 .5 -3 8
1. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM T h e co st (in th o u san d s
of doilars) o f a 30 secon d co m m ercial on two
cab ie TV netw orks is show n below for two
cities. T h e co st varies based on w hen th e
co m m ercial airs: d aytim e (D), prim e tim e (P),
and late night (L).
Costs in City A
D
Network 1
4.5
2.5
Network 2
5.5
2.5
C osts in City B
D
Network 1
6.5
3.25
Network 2
8.5
3.25
4. SHORT RESPONSE A store has th ree

d ep a rtm en ts: clo th in g (C), housew ares (H),
and electro n ics (E). M atrix A show s th e to tal
sales (in dollars) for two salespeop le, M ary
and M ark, in ea ch d ep artm en t. M atrix B shows
th e co m m issio n on sales in ea ch d ep artm en t.
W h ich m a trix is defined, AB or BA? Find th is
m a trix and exp lain w hat its elem en ts represent.
M atrix A
Mary
270*
[3 %
*175
370
225
200
255
5%
8% ]
5. EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e ato m ic w eights o f

th ree com p ou n d s are show n in th e table.
Compound
Formula
Atomic weight
HNO3
63
Nitrous oxide
NÔ
44
Water
HÔ
18
a. O rganize th is in fo rm atio n using two

m atrices A and B th a t give th e co sts for
city A and city B, respectively.
Nitric acid
b. Find B - A and d escrib e w hat each elem en t

in B - A represents.
c. Next year, all o f th e co sts w ill in crease by
10%. W rite two m atrices th a t give next
y ear's co sts for th e two cities.
a. W rite a lin ea r system using th e form ula for

ea ch com p ou nd . Let H, IV, and O rep resen t
th e ato m ic w eights o f hydrogen, nitrogen,
and oxygen, respectively.
2. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A person h as 85 co in s in

nickels, dim es, and qu arters w ith a com bin ed
value o f $13.25. T here are tw ice as m any
qu arters as dim es.
b. W rite th e co e ffic ie n t m atrix for th e system

and evaluate its d eterm in an t.
a. W rite a system o f eq u atio n s th at m odels th is

situation.
b. W rite th e system from p art (a) as a m atrix
eq u ation A X = B.
c. Use an inverse m atrix to find th e n u m ber o f
each type o f coin.
3. OPEN-ENDED C onsider th e follow ing m atrices.
A=
B =
*7
5*
3
CD
(N
a. W rite a 2 X 2 m atrix C su ch th a t C # A but

det C = det A.
b. W rite a 3 X 3 m atrix D such th at D ^ B but
det D = det B.
220
M atrix B
Mark
Chapter 3
c. C an you u se C ram er's ru le to solve th e

system ? If so, find th e ato m ic w eights o f
hydrogen, n itrogen , and oxygen. If not,
ex p lain why not.
6. CRiDDED ANSWER A
^ ^
farm er h arv ests h is crops
and receives $ 2 .3 5 per
bu sh el o f co rn , $ 5.40 per
bu sh el o f soyb ean s, and
$ 3 .6 0 per b u sh el o f w heat.
T h e farm er h arv ests a
to ta l o f 1700 b u sh els o f
crop s and receiv es a to tal
o f $4837. T h e am o u n t o f
co rn h arv ested is 3 .25 tim es
th e co m b in ed am o u n t o f
so y b ean s and w heat harvested . How
m an y b u sh els o f w heat w ere harvested?
CHAPTER SUMMARY
B/G /DE^S
So!ving Systems of Equations Using a Variety of Methods
When to use
Method
The equations have oniy two variables and

are given in a form that is easy to graph.
Graphing: Graph each equation in the
system. A point where the graphs intersect

is a soiution.
One of the variabies in the system has a

coefficient of 1 or -1.
Substitution: Soive one equation for one
of the variabies and substitute into the

other equation(s).
Eiimination: Muitipiy equations by
constants, then add the revised equations
to eiiminate a variabie.
None of the variabies in the system have a

coefficient of 1 or -1.
Cramer's ruie: Use determinants to find
The determinant of the coefficient matrix is

not zero.
the soiution.
The determinant of the coefficient matrix is

not zero.
inverse m atrices: Write the system as a
matrix equation AX = B. Muitipiy each side

by A"i on the ieft to obtain the soiution
X - A^B.
Graphing Systems of Equations and inequaiities
System of equations
with 1 soiution
System of equations
with many soiutions
'
System of
inequaiities
System of equations
with no soiution
y*_
TV
y
k
^
intersecting iines
Coinciding iines
Shaded region
Paraiiei iines
Using Matrices
Addition, subtraction, and
scaiar muitipiication
inverse m atrices
Matrix
muitipiication
&
a b
c d
a
c d
e
3
/
d
fra frb*
frc
b+/
d+ b
d L9
a- e
c- g
b -/
ae + bg
a / + bb
d -d
ce + dg
cf + db
c d
a+ e
c+ g
"J
, then
J
!^l
-b
-c
ad - cb
(7
or
d -b
-c
Chapter Sum m ary
221
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ H o m e 7 M fo r
d asszon e.com
- Multi-Language Glossary
R F y /F tV K E V W C 4 R U M R V
- system o f tw o linear eq u ation s
in tw o v ariabies, p. 753
- linear equ ation in th ree

v ariables, p. 778
- equal matrices, p. 787
-so lu tio n o f a s y s t e m o f tinear

equations, p. 753
- system o f th re e linear
eq u atio n s in th re e variables,
p. 778
* scalar multiplication, p. 788
* consistent, inconsistent,
independent, d ep endent, p. 754
- scalar, p. 788
- determinant, p. 203
- substitution m ethod , p. 760
* solution o f a system o f th re e
linear equations, p. 778
- Cramer's rule, p. 205
-elim in atio n m ethod ,p. 767
- ordered triple, p. 778
- system o f iinear inequalities in

tw o variables, p. 768
- m atrix, p. 787
- identity matrix, inverse

matrices, p. 270
- dim ensions, e lem e n ts o f a

m atrix, p. 787
- matrix of constants, p. 272
- solution, graph o f a system o f

inequaiities, p. 768
- coefficient matrix, p. 205
-matrix of variables,p. 272
VOCABULARY EXERCtSES
1. Copy and com p lete: A system o f lin ea r eq u atio n s w ith at ieast one solution is
w hile a system w ith no soiution is ? .
? .
2. Copy and com p lete: A solu tion (x, y, z) o f a system o f lin ea r eq u atio n s in th ree
variables is called a(n) ? .
3. WRITING ExpZam w hen th e prod uct o f two m a trices is defined.
RF1/7EW FJMMRtFS 4/VD FXFRC/SFS

Use the review exam ples and exercises below to ch eck your u nd erstan d in g of
th e co n cep ts you have learn ed in ea ch lesson o f C hap ter 3.
Soive Linear Systems by Graphing
pp. 453-153
Graph th e system and estim ate th e solution. C heck th e soiution aigebraicaliy.

3x + y = 3
4 x + 3y = - 1
Equation 1
Equation 2
G raph b o th equation s. From th e graph, th e lin es appear

to in tersect at (2, - 3 ) . You ca n ch eck th is algebraically.
3(2) + ( - 3 ) = 3 /
Equation 1 checks.
4(2) + 3 ( - 3 ) = - 1 /
Equation 2 checks.
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLE t
on p. 153
for Exs. 4 - 6
222
Chapter 3
Graph th e system and e stim ate th e soiution. C heck th e solution algeb raically.
4. 2x y = 9
x + 3y=8
5. 2x 3y =
x + y = -6
6. 3x + y = 6
-x + 2y =12
@M)me7ufor
d a sszo n e.co m
Soive Linear Systems Aigebraicaiiy
p p .4 6 0 -4 6 7

2 x + 5y = 8
4x + 3 y = - 1 2
Equation 1
Equat!on2
M ultiply E qu atio n 1 by - 2 so th a t th e co e fficie n ts o f x d iffer only in sign.

2x + 5y = 8
x -2
4x + 3 y = - 1 2
- 4 x - lOy = - 1 6
; #
4x +
Add th e revised eq u atio n s an d solve for y.
3y = - 1 2
-7 y = -2 8
y=4
Su bstitu te th e value o f y into o n e o f th e orig in al eq u atio n s an d solve for x.

2x + 5(4) = 8
Substitute 4 for y in Equation 1.
2x = - 1 2
x = -6
Subtract 5(4) = 20 from each side,

^ T h e solu tion is ( - 6 , 4).
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
2and3
on pp. 161-162
for Exs. 7-10

3x + 2y = 5
- 2 x + 3y = 27
8. 3 x + 5y = 5
2 x -3 y = 1 6
9. 2x + 3y = 9
- 3 x + y = 25
10. FUEL COSTS T h e co st o f 14 gallon s o f regu lar g asolin e and 10 gallon s of

p rem iu m g asolin e is $46.68. P rem iu m co sts $ .3 0 m ore per gallon th a n
regular. W hat is th e co st per gallon o f ea ch ty p e o f gasoline?
Graph Systems of LinearJnequatities
p p .4 6 8 -473
G raph th e system of lin e a r in eq u alities.

3x-y<4
x + y> 1
inequaiity 1
inequaiity 2
G raph each in eq u ality in th e system . U se a d ifferen t co lo r for

each half-p lan e. T h en id entify th e region th a t is co m m o n to
b o th graphs. It is th e region th a t is shaded purple.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 168
for Exs. 11-13
Graph th e system of lin e a r ineq u alities.

11. 4 x + y < 1
x + 2 y < 5
12. 2 x + 3 y > 6
2x -y <8
13. x + 3 y > 5
-x + 2y<4
Chapter Review
223
CHAPTER REVtEW
Sotve Systems of Linear Equations in Three Variabies
pp. 173-185
Solve th e system .
2 x + y + 3z = 5
- x + 3y + z = - 1 4
3 x - y - 2 z = 11
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
Rew rite th e system as a lin ea r system in two variables. Add - 3 tim es E qu atio n 1 to
Equation 2. T h en add E qu ation 1 an d E qu ation 3.
- 6 x - 3y - 9z = - 1 5
- x + 3y + z = - 1 4
2x + y + 3z = 5
3x - y - 2z = 11
-7 x
5x
- 8z = - 2 9
z = 16
Solve th e new lin ear system for b o th o f its v ariables.

- 7 x - 8z = - 2 9
40x + 8z = 128
33x
Add new Equation 1 to

8 times new Equation 2.
= 99
x = 3
z = 1
Soive for x.
Substitute into new Equation 1 or 2 to find z.
Su bstitu ting x = 3 and z = 1 into one o f th e o rig in al eq u atio n s and solving fo ry

gives y = - 4 . T h e solu tion is (3, - 4 , 1).
EXERC!SES
EXAMPLES
1 and 4
on pp. 179-181
for Exs. 14-17
Solve th e system .
14. x - y + z = 10
4 x + y - 2z = 15
- 3 x + 5y - z = - 1 8
15. 6 x - y + 4z = 6
- x - 3y + z = 31
2x + 2y - 5z = - 4 2
16. 5 x + y - z = 40
x + 7y + 4z = 44
- x + 3y + z = 16
17. MUSiC F ifteen ban d m em b ers from a sch o o l w ere selected to play in the
state orch estra. Tw ice as m an y stu d en ts w ho play a w ind in stru m en t were
selected as stud ents w ho play a strin g or p ercu ssio n in stru m en t com bin ed .
O f th e students selected , one fifth play a strin g in stru m en t. How m an y o f th e
students selected play each ty p e o f in stru m en t?
Perform Basic Matrix Operations
pp. 187-193
P erfo rm th e ind icated op eration .
b. 4
224
Chapter 3
-l'
-5
2*
*4 + ( - 5 )
- 1 + 2*
-1
1*
-3
2 + (-3 )
5 + 1
-1
0*
*4 (-2 )
4(3)
4(0)*
-8
4(5)
12
20
@M)me7tvfor
ctasszone.com
EXEROSES
! EXAMPLES
:2an d 3
Perf<rrm th e ind tcated o] leratio n .
: on pp. 188-189
! for Exs. 18-23
18.
/I _C
2
-1
-7
20 .
22. - 3
-2
19.
21.
23. 8
-1
-3
-1
-2
-4
-1
-2
-8
-9
* 8 4
-1
5
6
-2
Muttipty Matrices
2
F in d A B ifA =
2
AB =
-3 *
-1
- 3 * I-
-1
p p .1 9 5 -2 0 2
an d B
-2
* 2 ( - 2 ) + (-3 ) (3 )
-=
2(3) + ( - 3 ) ( i f
- l ( - 2 ) + 0(3)
- 1 ( 3 ) + 0(1)
4 ( 3 ) + 5(1)
4 ( - 2 ) + 5(3)
-13
-3
17
EXEROSES
EXAMPLES
2and4
Fin d th e p ro du ct.
on pp. 196-198
for Exs. 2 4 -2 8
24. [ - 1
26.
-l]
-6
25.
-9
5 -2
12
27.
11
-5
-3
-2
6 -3
0 - 1
28. MANUFACTURiNG A co m p an y m a n u fa ctu res th ree m od els o f fla t-scree n

color TVs: a 19 in ch m odel, a 27 in ch m odel, an d a 32 in ch m odel. T h e TVs are
shipped to tw o w arehou ses. T h e n u m b ers o f u n its ship ped to ea ch w arehou se
are given in m atrix A, and th e p rices o f th e m od els are given in m atrix B. W rite
a m atrix th a t gives th e to tal value o f th e TVs in ea ch w arehou se.
M atrix A
19 in.
M atrix B
27 in.
32 in.
Price
Warehouse 1
5,000
6,000
8,000
19 inch
* $ 1 0 9 .9 9 *
Warehouse 2
4,000
10,000
5,000
27 inch
$319.99
32 inch
$549.99
Chapter Review
225
CHAPTER REV!EW
Eva!uate Determinants and Appty Cramer s Ruie
Evalu ate th e d eterm in an t of

2
pp. 203 209
= 2(7) - 5(1) = 14 - 5 = 9
EXERC!SES
: EXAMPLES
j 1 and 2
Eval uate th e d eterm in an t o f th e m at]rix.
: on pp. 203-204
! for Exs. 29-32
29.
30.
31.
1 6
32. SCHOOL SP!R)T You are m akin g a iarge tria n g u la r p e n n a n t for your school
football team . T h e v ertices o f th e trian g le are (0, 0), (0, 50), an d (70, 20)
w here th e co o rd in ates are m easu red in in ch es. How m an y squ are
of
m aterial w ill you need to m ake th e p en n ant?
Use inverse Matrices to Soive Linear Systems
Use an inverse m a trix to soive th e

lin ear system a t th e righ t.
pp. 2 1 0 -2 1 7
x - 2y = 14
2x + y = 8
W rite th e lin ear system as a m atrix eq u atio n /IX = B.

*1
-2*
14
_y_
Find th e inverse o f th e co e fficie n t m a trix /!.
1_
1
1 - (-4 )
1 2*
-2
0.2
0.4
- 0 .4
0.2
T h en m ultiply th e m atrix o f co n sta n ts by /I * on th e left.
X = ^ B
0.2
0.4
*14"
- 0 .4
0.2
6
-4
_y_
^ T h e solution o f th e system is (6, - 4 ) .
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 212
for Exs. 33-35
226
Chapter 3
U se an inverse m a trix to soive th e lin e a r system .

33. x + 4y = 11
2x 5y = 9
34. 3x + y = - 1
- x + 2 y = 12
35. 3 x + 2 y = -1 1
4 x - 3y = 8
CHAPTER TEST
G raph th e lin e a r system and e stim a te th e solution. Th en ch eck th e solution
algebraically.
1. 4x + y = 5
3x - y = 2
4. 3x y = 12
3. 2 x - 3y = 15
2. x + 2y = - 6
- 6 x - 2y = - 1 4
- x + 8y = - 4
y = -3
Graph th e system of lin ear ineq u alities.

5. 2x + y < 6
8. 3 x + 4 y > 12^-^y
7. x - 2 y < - 1 4
6. x - 3 y > 9
y > -2
y < 2 lx j + 5
y ^ 1^1
Solve th e system using an y algeb raic m eth od .

9. 3x + y = - 9
x - 2y = - 1 0
12. x - y + z = - 3
2 x y + 5z = 4
4 x + 2y - z = 2
10. 2 x + 3y = - 2
4 x + 7y = - 6
11. x + 4y = - 2 6
- 5 x - 2y = - 1 4
13. x + y + z = 3
- x + 3y + 2z =
5y + z = 2
14. 2 x - 5y - z = 17
x + y + 3z = 19
4 x + 6y + z = 20
Use th e given m a trice s to evalu ate th e exp ression , if possible. If n ot possible,

state th e reason .
1 -2
A=
-3
,B =
3
-1
5
0
,c =
8*
-6
10
15
,D =
-1
-2 *
-1
,E =
4 - 1 3
6
-2
15. 2A + B
16. C - 3 B
17. A - 2D
18. 4D + E
19. AC
20. DE
21. (A + B )D
22. A(C - B)
E valu ate th e d eterm in an t of th e m a trix .
23.
3
4
-2
1
24.
L-
-4
-1
25.
" -1
-3
-2
1*
*2
-3
26.
-1 *
Use an inverse m a trix to solve th e lin e a r system .

27. 3x + 4y = 6
4 x + 5y = 7
28
2x - 7y = - 3 6
x - 3y = - 1 6
29. 5x + 3y = - 5
- 9 x - 6y = 12
30. 3 x .+ 2y = 15
- x + 4y = - 3 3
31. FINANCE A to tal o f $15,000 is invested in two co rp orate bon d s th a t pay 5%

and 7% sim pie an n u al interest. T h e in vestor w ants to ea rn $ 8 8 0 in in terest
per year from th e bonds. How m uch should b e invested in ea ch bond?
32. TICKET SALES For th e open in g day o f a carn iv al, 800 ad m issio n tick ets
w ere sold. T he receip ts to taled $3775. Tickets for ch ild ren co st $3 each,
tick ets for adults co st $8 each , and tick ets for sen io r citiz en s co st $5 each.
T here w ere tw ice as m an y ch ild ren 's tick ets sold as adult tick ets. How
m any o f each ty p e o f tick et w ere sold?
33. BOATING On a ce rta in river, a m o to rb o at ca n travel 34 m iles per h our w ith
th e cu rren t and 28 m iles per h our a g ain st th e cu rren t. Find th e speed of
th e m o to rb o at in still w ater and th e sp eed o f th e cu rren t.
Chapter Test
227
* s * -* ^ * < T E S T PR EPA R A H O N
MULTIPLE CHOKE QUESTIONS

If you have d ifficu lty solving a m u ltiple ch o ice problem directly, you m ay b e able
to use another approach to elim in ate in co rrect answ er ch o ices and o b ta in th e
co rrect answer.
PROBLEM 1
On a tread m ill, you jo g at 6 m iles per h our an d sp rin t at 8 m iles per hour.
You cover 3 ^ m iles in ^ hour. How long did you spend at ea ch activity?
(?)
25 m inu tes jogging, 5 m inu tes sprinting
(B)
20 m inu tes joggin g, 10 m inu tes sprin tin g
(B )
10 m inu tes jogging, 20 m in u tes sprintin g
(D ) 5 m inu tes jogging, 25 m inu tes sp rinting
METHOD 1
METHOD 2
SOLVE DIRECTLY W rite and solve a lin ear system.
EHMiMATE CHOKES A n oth er m eth od is to

elim in a te in co rrect an sw er ch o ices by con sid erin g
w hat h ap p en s if you jo g th e en tire tim e or sprint
th e en tire tim e.
F7TA 7 Write a system o f equation s. Let x be the

jogging tim e and y be th e sprin tin g tim e.
6x + 8y = 3 ^
Equationl
x + y = y
Equation2
^TiF^ 7 Find th e d ista n ce you cover if you spend

th e en tire tim e jo gg in g or th e en tire tim e
sprinting.
If you jog th e en tire tim e, th e n you cover
.fTiff 2
Soive E qu ation 2 for y to get y = y - x.
.fTZP<? Substitute ^ - x for y in E qu ation 1 and

solve for x.
B eca u se 3 y is clo ser to 3 th a n to 4, you
-2 x + 4 = 3^
m u st spend m ore tim e jo gg in g th a n

sp rin tin g. So, you c a n elim in a te ch o ices
C and D.
^7<FA 4 Substitute th e value o f x into revised

Equation 2 and solve for y.
= i - i = i
2
3
6
You sprint for ^ hour, or 10 m inu tes.

D
F T he co rrect answ er is B. (A) (B)

Chapter 3
^7B P 2 Caicuiate th e d ista n ce s for th e rem ain in g

ch o ices. Use th e fa ct th a t 5 m in * y y h.
C h o ice A: 6 - y f + 8 - - L = . ^ = 3 -L m iles
You jo g for ^ hour, or 20 m inu tes.
228
If you sp rin t th e en tire tim e, th e n you cover

8 * y = 4 m ile s .
6x + 8 ^ - x i = 3^-
y = i- X
2
6 - y = 3 m ile s .
(B )
(D)
12
C h o ic e B : 6 . ^
12
+ 8 .^
12
= 3 lm ile s
F T h e co rrect answ er is B. ( ? ) ( B ) ( B ) (D )
W hat is th e inverse o f A =
(g )
-3
-7
"2
'- 2
-1 *
(g )
(g )
-1 "
METHOD 1
METHOD 2
SOLVE DtRECTLY Find th e inverse o f m atrix A by

using th e form ula below.
ELUVHNATE CHOKES U se th e fa ct th a t A ^ A = f t o
elim in a te in c o rre c t an sw er ch o ices.
7 l-' =
-h *
-c
M ultiply th e m a trix in ea ch an sw er ch o ice by

m atrix 71. You c a n stop as so o n as you realize th at
th e prod uct A"*A is n o t th e id entity m atrix.
<2
T he inverse o f A =
-3
-7
1
3(6) - ( - 7 ) ( - 3 )
1
18 - 21
is:
1 0
C h o ice A:
C h o ice B:
" 2
-3
7
_3
-7
6
7
-3
7
3
-7
-2
-3
7
3
-7
-2
-1
t-
10
C h o ice C:
-1
C h o ice D
^ The co rrect answ er is D. (A ) ( B ) ( g ) ( g )
^ T h e co rre ct answ er is D. ( g ) ( B ) ( g ) ( g )
PRACTICE
E xp lain w h y y o u ca n e iim in a te th e h ig h lig h te d a n s w e r ch o ice.
(g )
( 3 ,- 2 ,1 )
4
Y =
*4
-1 0 *
-6
1
CO
N3
(g )
!
'
(g )
CD
- 6 *
CD
-5
'
(g )
*3
( 1 ,3 ,- 2 )
'
2. W hat is th e solution o f th e m atrix equation ?
(g )
4^
(B)X(-1.2,- 3 )
( 1 ,- 2 ,3 )
CO
(g )
x + y + z = 2
2x - 3y + z = 11
x + 2y - 3z = 12
'
1. W hat is th e solution o f th e system ?
(g )X
0
0
229
MULHPLE CHOKE
1. The two to p -sellin g DVDs o f 2003 grossed a
com bin ed total o f $600.9 m illio n . T he to p
selling DVD grossed $39.9 m illio n m ore th a n
th e DVD ranked second. How m uch did the
top -selling DVD gross?
(A ) $240.6 m illion
(B )
$280.5 m illion
(g )
$320.4 m illion
6. A driver's ed u catio n program co n sists o f a to ta l

of 46 hours o f classro o m in stru ctio n , driving,
and ob serv atio n . You m ust spend 3 tim es as
m uch tim e in th e classroom as driving, and
4 hours longer driving th a n observ in g. How
m u ch tim e do you spend driving?
(A )
6 hours
(B )
10hours
(g)
14 hours
(D)
30 hours
7. W hat is th e solu tion o f th e lin ea r system ?
(D ) $561 m illion
2x 3y = 9
2. W h ich system has (0, 4) as a solution?

(A ) x + y = 4
.x - y = 4
(B )
2x + y = - 4
x - 2y = 8
(g )
(g)
-x + y = 4
3x - 2y = 12
3.x + 2 y = 8
% - 4y = - 1 6
3. W hich system o f in eq u alities is graphed below?
(5 )
(6 ,6 )
(g)
(9-3)
(g)
No solution
(g)
In fin itely m an y solutions
8. W h ich set o f v ertices form s a trian g le having

th e sam e area as th e trian g le w ith v ertices
(1, - 5 ) , (2, 3), an d (12, 2)?
'
2
(g)
^1 '
y>x
2x; +
M
(g ) y < x
3x +
y = -^ + 2
- 1
3y < 6
+Z
- 1
?y > 6
(B ) y < x - 1
2x + 3y > 6
^ J?
(D ) y > j r - 1
3 x + 2y < 6
V < - V 2 yT
4. You are buying scarves and gloves as g ifts for

fam ily m em bers. E ach sc a rf co sts $3 less th a n
each p air o f gloves. A p air o f gloves co sts $9.
You buy 8 item s for $66. How m any scarves did
(g )
(B )
(g )
(D) 6
5. W hat is th e solution o f th e m atrix equation?

2
-3
-5
X =
-1
( - 1 ,5 ) , (2 ,3 ), ( - 1 2 , 2)
(B) (0,0), (6, 6), (8,6)
(g)
( 1, 1), (8 , 1), (- 2 , - 8 )
(g)
( - 1 ,0 ) , (5, 9), (8 ,0 )
9. M ad eline paid $19.43 for 6 packages o f bulbs

for her flow er garden. T h e co st o f 1 package o f
ea ch ty p e o f bulb is show n. She bought tw ice
as m an y p ackages o f phlox bu lbs as lily bu lbs.
How m an y packages o f lily bu lb s did she buy?
Peony bulbs
Phlox bulbs
Lily bulbs
$3.99
$2.61
$2.24
(g )
None
(B )
1 package
(g )
2 packages
(g )
3 packages
10. W h ich m atrix h as no inverse?
2 -2
(g)
15
20
37
Chapter 3
(g)
' a*
a*
)
230
cc
<r\
1
(E)
(B )
-2 0
-2 8
6
(g )
(g)
(E )
-2
3
4*
6
(B)
-6
-9
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ctasszone.com
GR!DDED ANSWER
SHORT RESPONSE
11. W hat is th e y -co o rd in ate o f th e soiu tion o f th e

lin ear system ?
15. T h e m a trix gives th e record s o f th e top four

tea m s in th e N ational H ockey League for the
2 0 0 3 -2 0 0 4 reg u lar season . Two p oin ts are
aw arded for ea ch w in (W ), 1 p o in t for each tie
(T), 0 p o in ts for ea ch loss (L), and 1 p oin t for
ea ch o vertim e loss (OL). How m an y p oin ts did
ea ch tea m earn ? Exp/am .
2x - 5y = - 1 0
x + 4y = 21
12. T he solution o f th e lin ear system is ( - 1 , - 2 , z).
W hat is th e value o f z?
x + 2y + 2z = 7
2 x -3 y -z = -2
4x + y 3z = 16
Detroit *48
W hat is th e d eterm in an t o f th e m atrix?

r1
4
2
14.
-5
-1
5x
0*
3
" 3
4y
-1 *
17
-2
-1 0
T OL
21
11
Tampa Bay
46
22
San Jose
43
21
12
Boston
41
19
15
16. A seco n d -ru n m ovie th e a te r sells m atin ee

tick ets for $4 on w eekdays b efore 6 P.M. The
th ea ter sells regu lar tick ets for $6 on w eekends
and on w eekdays a fter 6 P.M. In one week, the
th ea ter ea rn ed $6000. T h e th e a te r sold 890
m ore regu lar tick ets th a n m a tin ee tick ets. How
m any o f ea ch type o f tick et w ere sold? Exp/am .
For th e m atrix eq u ation , w hat is th e value

o f x + 4y?
-2
l"
8
EXTENDED RESPONSE
17.
T he table shows U.S. co n su m er spending on video gam es and at th e box

o ffice (in dollars per person per year) for th e y ears 1996 to 2002.
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
Video games
11.5
16.5
18.5
24.5
24.7
26.9
30.5
Box office
27.1
28.9
31.2
33.1
32.5
35.5
39.7
a. A pproxim ate th e b est-fittin g lin e for th e video gam e data.

b. A pproxim ate th e b est-fittin g lin e for th e box o ffice data.
c. U se th e best-fittin g lin es to estim ate th e y ear w hen co n su m er spending on
video gam es w ill ca tch up to co n su m er spen din g at th e box o ffice. Explain
how you found your answ er.
18.
A trian g le has an area o f 100 squ are u nits. Its v ertices

are (0, 0), (20, 0), and (x, y).
a. W rite an eq u ation involving a d eterm in a n t th at you
ca n use to find th e co o rd in ates o f th e u nknow n vertex.
b. Solve th e eq uation. Show all o f your steps.
c. W hat does your answ er tell you abou t th e
co o rd inates o f th e u nkn ow n vertex?
231
CUMULATIVE REVIEW
Sim plify th e exp ression , (p. 10)
1. 3x^ - 8x + 12x - 5x^ + 3x
2. 15x - 6x + lOy - 3y + 4x
3. 3(x + 2) - 4 F + 3 x + 9
Soive th e equ ation . C heck y o u r solution.

4.
6x - 7 = - 2 x + 9 (p.18)
5. 4(x - 3) = 16x + 18 (p. 18)
6. I x + 3 = - ^ x - ^ p . 181
7.
Ix + 3 l = 5 (p. 81)
8. l 4 x - l [ = 2 7 ^ . 8 1 )
9.
j 9 - 2 x l = 41%?. 81)
Soive th e inequality. Then grap h th e solution.

10.
6(x - 4) > 2x + 8 (p. 4 !)
11. 3 < x - 2 < 8 (p. 411
12. 2x < - 6 or x + 2 > 5 ip. 411
13.
jx - 4 1 < 5 (p. 811
14. jx + 3 1 > 15 (p. 811
15.
16x + 1 1 < 23 ip. 811
Find th e slope of th e line p assin g th ro u g h th e given p oin ts. Then tell w heth er
th e line rises, /b iis, is h orizo n tal, o r is rerficn i. ip. 821
16. (3, 2), ( - 1 , - 5 )
17. ( - 7 ,4 ) , ( 5 , - 3 )
18. ( - 4 , - 6 ) , ( - 4 , 4)
t9 . 1 - ^ . 3 ) . ( , 3
Graph th e eq u ation o r inequality.

20. y = 3x + 5 ip. 891
21. x = - 6 ip. 891
22. - x + 4y = 16 ip. 891
23. y = 2 lx l ip. 1231
24. y = lx - 3l ip. 1231
25. y = - 4 l x l + 5ip . 1231
26. y < x - 7 ip. 1321
27. 2x + y > 1 ip. 1321
28. 2 x - 5 y > - 1 5 ip. 1321
G raph th e relation. T hen tell w h eth er th e relatio n is a fu n ctio n , ip. 721

29.
71
-4
-1
T1
-2
0
I
0
I
2
T "1
4
30.
-2
-3
-2
Solve th e system using an y algeb raic m eth od .

31. 4 x - 3y = 32
- 2 x + y = - 1 4 ip. 1601
32. 5x - 2y = - 4
3 x + 6y = 36 %?. 1601
33. x - y + 2z = - 4
3 x + y - 4z = - 6
2 x + 3y + z = 9 ip. 1781
Use th e given m atrice s to evalu ate th e exp ression , ip. 1981

A=
-2
1 4
34. B - 371
,B =
-1 *
,c =
35. 2(71 + B) - C
"-4
-7
8*
12
1 0 - 4
,D =
-2
36. ( C - A ) B
-1
37. (B + C)D
Find th e inverse of th e m a trix , (p. 2101

6
-3
-4
40.
-2
41.
42. CITY PARK A trian g u lar sectio n o f a city park is b ein g tu rn ed in to a

playground. T he trian g le's v ertices are (0, 0), (1 5 ,1 0 ), an d (8, 25) w here th e
co o rd inates are m easu red in yards. Find th e area o f th e playground, (p. 203)
232
Cumuiative Review: Chapters 1 - 3
CO
4 3
39.
5 4
LC
38.
-8
43. BASEBALL T he P yth ago rean T h eorem o f B a seb a il is a form ula for
approxim ating a team 's ratio o f w ins to gam es played. L et R b e th e nu m ber
o f ru n s th e te a m scores during th e season , A b e th e n u m b er o f ru n s allow ed
to opponents, W b e th e n u m b er o f w ins, an d T b e th e to ta l n u m b er of
gam es played. T h en th e form ula below ap proxim ates th e team 's ratio o f
w ins to gam es played, (p. 26)
R ^+yf
a. Solve th e form ula for tV.

b. In 2004 th e B o sto n Red Sox scored 949 ru n s and allow ed 768 ru n s. How
m any o f its 162 gam es would you estim a te th e tea m won? Com pare your
answ er to th e team 's a ctu a l n u m b er o f w ins, w hich w as 98.
44. HiGHWAY DRIVING A sp ort u tility veh icle has a 21 gallon gas tan k . On a
long highw ay trip, gas is u sed at a rate o f approxim ately 4 g allon s per hour.
A ssum e th e gas ta n k is fu ll at th e sta rt o f th e trip. (p. 72)
a. W rite a fu n ctio n giving th e n u m b er o f gallons g o f gasolin e in th e ta n k
after traveling for f hours.
b. G raph th e fu n c tio n from p a rt (a).
c. Id entify th e d om ain and range o f th e fu n ctio n from p a rt (a ).
45. COMMiSSiON A real estate agent's co m m issio n c v aries d irectly w ith th e
sellin g p rice p o f a house. An agent m ade $3 9 0 0 in co m m issio n a fter sellin g
a $78,000 house. W rite an eq u atio n th a t gives c as a fu n ctio n o f p. P red ict
th e agent's co m m issio n if th e sellin g p rice o f a h ouse is $ 1 25,000. (p. 107)
46. WASTE RECOVERY T h e tab le show s th e am o u n t o f m aterial (in m illio n s of
tons) recovered from solid w aste in th e U nited States from 1994 to 2001.
M ake a scatte r plot o f th e data and approxim ate th e b est-fittin g line.
P red ict th e am o u n t o f m aterial th at w ill b e recovered from solid w aste in
2010. (p. 113)
Years since 1994, f
Recovered m ateria!, m
50.6
54.9
57.3
59.4
61.1
64.8
67.7
68.0
47. WElGHTHFTiNG RECORDS T h e m en's world w eigh tliftin g record s for th e

105-kg-and-over w eight category are show n in th e table. T h e co m b in ed lift
is th e su m o f th e sn atch lift and th e clea n and jerk lift. Let s b e th e w eight
lifted in th e sn atch and lety b e th e w eight lifted in th e cle a n and jerk. W rite
and graph a system o f in eq u a lities to d escrib e th e w eights a n a th lete could
lift to break th e record s for b o th th e sn atch and co m b in ed lifts, bu t n ot th e
clea n and jerk lift. (p. 168)
Men s 105+ kg Wor!d W eight!ifting Records
Snatch
C!ean and Jerk
Combined
213.0
263.0
472.5
233
a Quadratic Functions
m and Factoring
4.1
Graph Quadratic Functions in Standard Form
4.2
Graph Quadratic Functions in V ertex or Intercept Form
4.3
Soive x^ + hx + c = 0 by Factoring
4.4
Soive ox^ + bx + c = 0 by Factoring
4.5
Soive Quadratic Equations by Finding Square Roots
4.6
P erform O perations with Compiex Numbers
4.7
Compiete the Square
4.8
Use the Quadratic Form uia and the D iscrim inant
4.9
Graph and Soive Quadratic inequaiities
4.10
W rite Quadratic Functions and Models
Se/dre
In previous chapters, you learned the following skills, w hich you'll use in
Chapter 4: evaluating expressions, graphing functions, and solving equations.
Prerequisite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
'y
2)
Copy and com piete the statem en t.

1. The x-in tercep t o f the line shown is
? .
2. The y -in tercep t of the line shown is
? .
)3 ,0)
SK!LLS CHECK
Evaluate th e expression w hen x = - 3. ^Review p. 70/o r 4 .7 ,4 .7J
3. - 5 x ^ + 1
4. x x 8
6. - 3 ( x - 7 r + 2
5. (x + 4 f
Graph the function and label the vertex. ^Review p. 723 /o r4 .2 J

7.
y = Ix I + 2
8. y = l x - 3 l
9. y = - 2 l x l
10. y = l x - 5 l + 4
Solve the equation. ^Reviewp. 78 /o r 4 .3 ,4.4J

11.
x + 8 = 0
12.
3 x -5 = 0
13.
2 x + l= x
@ ^ 0 7 7 7 c7 u fo r Prerequisite skills practice at dasszone.com
234
14. 4 ( x - 3 ) = x + 9
Non/
C hapter Sum m ary on page 317. You will also use the key vocabulary listed below.
Big ideas
^
Graphing and writing quadratic functions in severai forms

Soiving quadratic equations using a variety of methods
Performing operations with square roots and com piex numbers
KEY VOCABULARY
* standard form of a
quadratic function, p. 236
* parabola, p. 236
- vertex form, p. 245
- intercept form, p. 246
* quadratic equation, p. 253
- root of an equation, p. 253

- zero of a function, p. 254
- square root, p. 266
- compiex number, p. 276
- imaginary number, p. 276
"
W hy?
' competing the square,

p. 284
' quadratic formula, p. 292
' discriminant, p. 294
' best-fitting quadratic
model, p. 377
You can use quadratic functions to m odel the heights o f projectiles. For exam ple,
the height o f a baseball h it by a b atter can b e m odeled by a quadratic function.
Algebra
The anim ation illustrated below for Exam ple 7 on page 287 helps you answ er this
question: How does changing the ball speed and hitting angle affect the m axim um
height o f a baseball?
4.
A quadratic function models the height of
a b a se b a liin flig h t.
^
"
R e w rite the function in ve rtex form to find

the maximum height o fthe ball.
3Sisg A tcehra at classzone.com
Other animations for Chapter 4 : p a g es 2 3 8 , 2 4 7 , 2 6 9 , 2 7 9 , 3 0 0 , an d 3 1 7
/< 1 Graph Quadratic Functions

* in Standard Form
You graphed iinear functions.

You wiii graph quadratic functions.
So you can m ode! sports revenue, a s in Exampie 5.
Key Vocabutary
* q u ad ratic fun ction
* p arab oia
* v ertex
* a xis of sy m m etry
* m in im um vaiue
A q u ad ratic fu n ction is a fu n ctio n th a t ca n b e w ritten in th e stan d ard form

y = ax^ + hx + c w here a ^ 0. T h e graph o f a q u ad ratic fu n ctio n is a p arab ola.
KEY CONCEPT
P aren t Function for Q uadratic Functions
* m a xim u m vaiue
The p aren t fu n ctio n for th e fam ily o f ail q u ad ratic fu n ctio n s is /(x ) = x^. T he
graph o f/(x ) = x^ is th e p a ra b o la show n below.
The axis of symmetry
divides the paraboia into
mirror images and passes
through the vertex.
The iowest or highest

point on a paraboia is
the vertex. The vertex
for /(x) = x^ is (0,0).
F o r/(x ) = x^, and for any qu ad ratic fu n ctio n g(x) = ax^ + &x + c w here & = 0,
th e v ertex lies on th e y -axis an d th e ax is o f sy m m etry is x = 0.
G raph a fu n ctio n o f th e fo rm y =
Graph y = 2x^. C om p are th e grap h w ith th e g rap h o fy = x^.
S o iu tio n
7
SKETCH A GRAPH
Choose vaiues of x on
both sides of the axis of
symmetry x = 0.
M ake a tabie o f values for y = 2x^.

X
-2
-1
P!ot th e p oints from th e table.

Draw a sm o o th cu rve th rou gh th e poin ts.
Com pare th e graphs o fy = 2x^ a n d y = x^.
B o th open up and have th e sam e v ertex and
axis o f sym m etry. T he graph o fy = 2x^ is
narrow er th a n th e graph o fy = x^.
236
Chapter 4
EXAMPLE 2
G ra p h y =
Graph a function o fth e form y = nx^ + c

+ 3. C o m p a re th e g ra p h w ith th e g ra p h o f y = x '.
Soiution
;7 E ? 7
SKETCH A GRAPH
Choose vaiues of x that
are multiples of 2 so
that the values o fy will
be integers.
1 ^2
Make a tabie o f values for y = - yX'
3.
-4
-2
-5
-5
'y
^ '
M i? ;
M E ?J
7 =
'
M E? <7
\ / y =
= - F
y = x '. B o th graphs have th e sam e ax is o f
sym m etry. However, th e graph o fy =
+ 3 o p en s down and is
wider th a n th e graph o f y = x . Aiso, its v ertex is 3 u n its higher.
GutDED PRACTKE
G raph th e fu n ctio n . C o m p a re th e g ra p h w ith th e g ra p h o f y = x ' .

1. y = - 4 x '
2. y = - x ' - 5
3.
/(x) = j x '
GRAPmNG ANY QUADRATK FUNCTiON You ca n use th e follow ing p rop erties to
graph any q u ad ratic fu n ctio n y = a x ' + hx + c, in clu d in g a fu n ctio n w here h ^ 0.
KEY CONCEPT
P ro p erties of th e Graph of y = o x ^ + h x + c
y = ox^ + bx + c, a < 0
y - ox + bx + c, a > 0
C h aracteristics o f th e graph o f y = a x ' + hx + c:

* T h e graph op en s up if a > 0 an d open s down if a < 0.
* T h e graph is n arrow er th a n th e graph o f y = x ' if Ia I > 1 and w ider if Ia I < 1.
* T h e axis o f sy m m etry is x = and th e vertex h as x -co o rd in a te
2a
&
.
2a
* The y -in tercep t is c. So, th e p o in t (0, c) is on th e p arab o la.
4.1
Graph Q uadratic Functions in Standard Form
237
Graph a function of the form y =
- EXAMPLE 3
Graph y =
+ hr + c
- 8 x + 6.
Solution
7
Identify th e co e fficie n ts o f th e fu n ctio n . T h e co e fficie n ts are a = 2,

h - - 8 , and c = 6. B eca u se a > 0, th e p arab o ia open s up.
Find th e vertex. C aicu iate th e x-co o rd in ate.
AVOID ERRORS
( - 8)
2a
Be sure to include
the negative sign
before the fraction
when calculating the
x-coordinate of the
vertex.
-y
= 2
2(2)
a xis of
sym m etry
X =
T h en find th e y -co o rd in a te o f th e vertex.
y = 2 ( 2 f - 8(2) + 6 = - 2
So, th e vertex is (2, - 2 ) . Plot th is point.
vertex
2)
.fU ff <? Draw th e axis o f sy m m etry x = 2.

4
.W2PF
identify th e y -in tercep t c, w hich is 6. Plot th e

p o in t (0, 6). T h en re flect th is p o in t in th e axis
o f sy m m etry to piot an o th er point, (4, 6).
Evaluate th e fu n ctio n for an o th er vaiue o f x,
su ch as x = 1.
y = 2 (1 )2 _ g ( ^
+ 6 = o
Plot th e point (1, 0) an d its re fiectio n (3, 0) in

th e axis o f sym m etry.
d
Draw a p araboia th rou gh th e plotted points.

Algebra
at classzone.com
GUIDED PRACTICE
fo r E xam p le 3
Graph th e fu n ction . Label th e v e rte x an d a x is o f sy m m etry .

4. y = x - 2x - 1
5. y = 2x2 + 6x + 3
6. /(x ) =
1 x 2 - 5x
KEY CONCEPT
Minimum and M axim um Values
Words
For y = ax2 + hx + c, th e vertex's y -co o rd in a te is th e m in im u m value

o f th e fu n ctio n if a > 0 and th e m a x im u m value if a < 0.
Graphs
238
Chapter 4
Find th e m inim um o r m a x im u m vaiue
EXAMPLE 4
Tell w h eth er th e fu n ction y = 3%^ - 18x + 2 0 h as a nunhwMm twine o r a

MM&ritMMtM enine. Then find th e m in im u m o r m a x im u m value.
Soiution
B ecau se a > 0, th e fu n ctio n h as a m in im u m value.
To find it, ca lcu la te th e co o rd in ates o f th e vertex.
*
(-1 8 )
= 3
2(3)
2a
+ 20 = - 7
y = 3 (3 f _
F T he m in im u m value is y = - 7 . You c a n ch eck th e

answ er on a graphing calcu lator.
Soive a m u iti-ste p probiem
EXAMPLE 5
CO-CARTS A g o -ca rt track h as abou t 380 racers per w eek

and ch arges each racer $35 to race. T he ow ner estim a tes
th a t th ere w ill b e 20 m ore racers per w eek for every $1
red u ction in th e p rice per racer. How ca n th e ow ner o f th e
g o -ca rt track m ax im iz e w eekly revenue?
Soiution
.fTEP 7
Define th e v ariables. Let x rep resen t th e p rice

red u ction and R(x) rep resen t th e w eekly revenue.
F ffP f
Write a verbal m odel. T h en w rite and sim p lify a qu ad ratic fu n ctio n .

Price
(doiiars/racer)
Revenue
(doliars)
iNTERPRET
FUNCTiONS
Notice that o = - 2 0 < 0,
so the revenue function
has a maximum value.
Attendance
(racers)
+
R (x)
(35 - x)
RM
13,300 + 700x - 3 8 0 x - 2 0 ^
R(x)
- 2 0 x 2 + ^ O x + 13,300
(3 8 0 + 20x)
Find th e co o rd in a tes (x, R(x)) o f th e v ertex.

x =
&
2a
320
2 ( - 20)
= 8
Find x-coordinate.
R (8) = -2 0 (8 ) 2 + 3 2 0 (8 ) + 13,300 = 14,580
Evaiuate R(8).
F T h e vertex is (8, 14,580), w hich m ean s th e ow ner should redu ce th e p rice per
racer by $ 8 to in crea se th e w eekly revenue to $14,580.
CutDED PRACTKE
7. Find th e m in im u m value o fy = 4 x
+ 16x - 3.
8. WHAT )F? In Exam ple 5, suppose ea ch $1 red u ctio n in th e p rice per racer
brings in 40 m ore racers per w eek. How c a n w eekly revenue b e m axim ized ?
4.1
239
41 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
*
^

Exs. 2 ,3 9 ,4 0 ,4 3 ,5 3 ,5 8 , and 60
= MULTtPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 59
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: T h e graph o f a q u ad ratic fu n ctio n is
called a(n) ? .
2. * WRITING D eserv e how to d eterm in e w h eth er a qu ad ratic fu n ctio n has a
m in im u m value or a m axim u m value.
EXAMPLE 1
3. y = 4x
X
-2
-1
-2
-1
-4
-2
-6
-3
I!
on p. 236
for Exs. 3-12
USING A TABLE Copy an d com p lete th e table of valu es for th e fu n ction .
x2
X
y
p
............
MAKING A GRAPH G raph th e fu n ction . C om pare th e grap h w ith th e g rap h of

y = *2.
7. y = 3*2
9. y = - 2 x 2
8. y = 5x2
10. y =
11. /(X ) = 1 x 2
12. g(x) = - 1 x 2
EXAMPLE 2
13. y = 5%2 + i
14. y = 4x2 + ^
1 5 .)/(x )
on p. 237
for Exs. 13-18
16. ^g(x) = - 2 x 2 _ ^
17. /(x ) = ^ x 2 - 5
18. g(x) = - 1 x 2 - 2
x2 + 2
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in an aly zin g th e g rap h of

y = 4x 2 + 2 4 ^ - 7
20.
19.
The x-coordinate of the vertex is:
b - 24
2a
2(4)
The y-intercept of the

graph is the value of c,
which is 7.
EXAMPLE 3
MAKING A GRAPH G raph the fu n ction . Label th e v e rte x an d a xis o f sy m m etry.
on p. 238
for Exs. 21-32
21. y = x2 + 2 x + 1
22. y = 3x2 - 6x + 4
23. y = - 4 x 2 + gx + 2
24. y = - 2 x 2 - 6x + 3
25. g(x)
26. /(x ) = - 6 x 2
27. y = ^ x 2 - 3x + 6
28. y
^
30. /(x ) = y x 2 + x - 3
31. y = ^ x 2 - 4 x + 5
^
5
240
Chapter 4
2x- 1
- ^ x 2 - 4x - 1
4
29. g(x) = - ^ x 2 + 2 x + 2
32. y = - ^ 2 - x - 4
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 239
for Exs. 3 3 -3 8
M)N!MUMS OR MAXtMUMS Tell w h eth er th e fu n ction h as a WMHMMMH! e a iu e o r a

mnxirMMm r/afMe. Then find th e m in im u m o r m a x im u m vaiue.
33.
y = -6 *2 - l
34. y = 9x2 + 7
36. g(x) = - 3 x 2 + ig x _ 5
= 2x2 + 8 x + 7
gg
( 3 7 ) / M = y x 2 + 6x + 4
38. y ^ - ^ 2 - 7x + 2
39. * MULTIPLE CHOiCE W hat is th e e ffect on th e graph o f th e fu n ctio n

y = x2 + 2 w hen it is ch anged to y = x2 - 3?
(A ) The graph w idens.
(B )
(C )
(D ) T h e v ertex m oves dow n th e y-axis.
T he graph op en s down.
T h e graph narrow s.
40. * MULHPLE CHOKE W h ich fu n ctio n h as th e w idest graph?

( g ) y = 2x 2
(g ) y = x 2
y ^ __^2
( g ) y = 0.5x2
)DENT!FY!NG COEFFiCiENTS in E x e rcise s 41 an d 4 2 , identify th e vaiu es o f a , &,

and c for th e q u ad ratic fu n ction .
41. T h e p ath o f a b ask etb all th row n at a n angle o f 45 c a n b e m od eled by
y = - 0 .0 2 x 2 + ^ + g
42. T he path o f a shot put released at an angle o f 35 c a n b e m odeled by
y = 0.01x2 + 0.7x + 6 .
43. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite th ree d ifferen t q u ad ratic fu n ctio n s w hose graphs
have th e lin e x = 4 as an axis o f sy m m etry b u t have d ifferen t y -in tercep ts.
MATCHING In E xercises 4 4 - 4 6 , m a tch th e eq u ation w ith its grap h .
46. y = 0 .5 x
44. y = 0.5x - 2x
- 2x + 3
MAKtNG A GRAPH G raph th e fu n ction . Label th e v e rte x an d a x is o f sy m m etry .

47.
/(x ) = 0.1x2 + 2
50. y = 0.25x2 - 1.5x + 3

53.
48. g(x) = - 0 .5 x 2 _ 5
51. /(x ) = 4.2x2 + 6 x - 1
y - 0.3x2 + g^. _ ^
52. g(x) = 1.75x2 - 2.5
* SHORT RESPONSE T h e p oin ts (2, 3) and ( - 4 , 3) lie on th e graph o f a

qu ad ratic fu n ctio n . Explain how th e se p o in ts ca n b e u sed to find an eq u ation
o f th e axis o f sym m etry. T h en w rite a n eq u atio n o f th e ax is o f sym m etry.
; 54. CHALLENGE For th e graph o f y = a x 2 + hx + c, show th a t th e y -co o rd in a te o f

the vertex is
+ c.
4a
4.1
241
1*R0BLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 5
55. ONHNE MUStC An o n iin e m usic store selis abou t 4 0 0 0 songs ea ch day w hen it
charges $1 per song. For each $ .05 in crea se in p rice, abou t 80 few er songs per
day are sold. Use th e v erbal m odel and qu ad ratic fu n c tio n to fin d how th e
store ca n m ax im ize daily revenue.
on p. 239
for Exs. 55 -5 8
Revenue
(doiiars)
Sates
(songs)
(4 0 0 0 - 80%)
(1 + 0.05%)
R(%)
@ M M n e 7 u to r
Price
(doiiars/song)
56. DiGiTAL CAMERAS An electro n ics store sells abou t 70 o f a new m odel o f
digital cam era per m onth at a p rice o f $ 3 2 0 each . For ea ch $20 d ecrease
in price, about 5 m ore cam eras per m on th are sold. W rite a fu n ctio n th at
m odels th e situation. T h en tell how th e store c a n m a x im iz e m on th ly revenue
from sales o f th e cam era.
@ M v n p lH f(W
^ 7 ^ GOLDEN GATE BRIDGE E ach cab le jo in in g th e two tow ers on th e G olden Gate
Bridge can be m odeled by th e fu n ctio n
y = 9 ^ - - i W
where % and y are m easu red in feet. W hat is th e h eight h above th e road o f
a cab le at its low est point?
58. * SHORT RESPONSE A w ood land ju m p in g m ou se hops along a p arab o lic

p ath given by y = 0.2%^ + 1.3% w here % is th e m ou se's h o riz o n ta l p osition
(in feet) and y is th e corresp on d in g h eight (in feet). C an th e m ou se ju m p over
a fen ce th at is 3 feet high? Explain.
59. 4 MULTIPLE REPRESENTAT!ONS A co m m u n ity th e a te r sells about
150 tick ets to a play each w eek w hen it ch arges $20 per ticket. For ea ch
$1 d ecrease in price, abou t 10 m ore tick ets per w eek are sold. T h e th ea ter
has fixed exp en ses o f $1500 per week.
a. Writing a Modei W rite a verbal m odel and a q u ad ratic fu n ctio n to
rep resent th e th eater's w eekly profit.
b. Making a Tabie M ake a table o f values for th e q u ad ratic fu n ctio n .
c. Drawing a Graph U se th e tab le to graph th e qu ad ratic fu n ctio n . T h en
u se th e graph to find how th e th ea ter ca n m a x im iz e w eekly profit.
242
= WORKED-OUT SOLUTtONS
on p. WS1
=STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
60. * EXTENDED RESPONSE In 1971, astron au t A lan Shepard h it a golf ba ll on

th e m oon. T h e p ath o f a golf b a h hit at a n angle o f 45 and w ith a speed of
100 feet per seco n d ca n be m odeled by
w here % is th e b all's h o rizo n tal p o sitio n (in feet), y is th e co rresp o n d in g

height (in feet), and g is th e a ccelera tio n due to gravity (in feet per seco n d
squared).
a. Mode) Use th e in fo rm atio n in th e d iagram to w rite fu n ctio n s for th e
path s o f a golf ball h it on E a rth and a golf b a ll hit on th e m oon.
GRAPmNG
CALCULATOR
b. Graphing Caicuiator G raph th e fu n ctio n s from p a rt (a) on a graphing

calcu lator. How far does th e golf b a ll travel on E arth ? on th e m oon?
In part (b), use

the calculator's
zero feature
to answer the
questions.
c. interpret Compare th e d ista n ce s traveled by a golf b a ll on E a rth and on

th e m oon. Your answ er should inclu d e th e follow ing:
* a ca lcu la tio n o f th e ratio o f th e d ista n ce s traveled
* a d iscu ssio n o f how th e d ista n ce s and values o f g are related
61. CHALLENGE Lifeguards at a b each
w ant to rope o ff a rectan g u la r
sw im m ing sectio n . T hey have P feet
o f rope w ith buoys. In term s o f P,
w hat is th e m ax im u m area th a t th e
sw im m ing sectio n c a n have?
M!XED REVIEW________________________________________________________
Solve th e eq u ation , (p. 18)
PREVtEW
Prepare for
Lesson 4.2
in Exs. 68-73.
62.
x - 3 = 0
63.
3x + 4 = 0
64. - 9 x + 7 = - 4 x - 5
65.
5x - 2 = - 2 x + 12
66.
0.7x + 3 = 0 .2 x - 2
67.
0.4x = - 0 .5 x - 5
Graph th e fu n ction , (p. 123)

68.
y = lx - 5]
69.
y = - lx + 2l
70.
y = 3 lx - ll
71.
y = - 4 j x + ll
72.
/(x ) = 2 jx - 3l + 6
73.
g(x) = - 5 j x + 4 j - 1
74.
AVERAGE SPEED You are driving on a road trip. At 9 :0 0 A .M ., you are

3 40 m iles w est o f N ashville. At 2 :0 0 P.M ., you are 70 m iles w est o f N ashville.
Find your average speed, (p. 82)
E X T R A P R A C T t C E for Lesson 4.1, p. 1013
O N U N E Q U tZ at classzone.com
243
c%3%rACT!V!TY
@ M M n ?7 M fo r
ciasszone.com
Keystrokes
4.1 Find Maximum and

Minimum Vaiues
0 7 ^ How can you use a grap h in g caicu iator to find th e m a xim u m or
m inim um vaiue of a function?
Find th e m axim u m vaiue of a function

Find th e m axim u m vaiue o fy = - 2 x ^ - lOx - 5 an d th e vaiu e of x w here it
o ccu rs.
I27BP7) (?r&/pA
21
Graph th e given fu n ctio n and select

the f7mxn?!M7?t feature.
I2 7 5 P JI CAcoM
Move th e cu rso r to th e ieft o f th e

m axim u m point. Press
Awttaf
Move th e cu rso r to th e right o f th e

m axim u m point. Press
Put th e cu rso r approxim ately on

th e m axim u m p oin t. Press
....................
Right Bound?
X= - 1.4893 Y=5.4572
^ T he m axim u m vaiue o f th e fu n ctio n is y = 7.5 and o ccu rs at x = - 2 .5 .
Teii w heth er th e fu n ction h as a m axim u m naiue o r a m iuim um naiue. Then find

th e m axim u m o r m in im u m vaiu e and th e vaiue o f x w here it o ccu rs .
244
1. y = x - 6x + 4
2 . /(x) = x
4. y = 0.5x^ + 0.8x - 2
5. /t (x) = yX^ - 3x + 2
Chapter 4
3x + 3
3. y = - 3 x
+ 9x + 2
6. y = - ^ x ^ + 6x - 5
O
/!
Graph Quadratic Functions

in Vertex or intercept Form
You graphed quadratic functions in standard form.
You wiii graph quadratic functions in v ertex form or intercept form .
So you can find th e height o f a jump, as in Ex. 51.
Key V ocabuiary
* v e rte x fo rm
* in tercep t fo rm
In L esson 4.1, you learn ed th a t th e stand ard form o f a q u ad ratic fu n c tio n is

y=
+ hx + c w here a + 0. A nother u sefu l form o f a q u ad ratic fu n ctio n
Is th e v erte x form , y = a (x - h f + A.
KEY CONCEPT
A v %)%/*
Graph of V ertex Form y = o(x - h)^ + k

^
T h e graph o fy = a (x - h)2 + A; is th e
p arab o la y = ax2 tran sla ted h o rizo n tally
h u n its and v ertically A; u n its.
1 C h aracteristics o f th e graph o f
^ y = a ( x - h ) 2 + A;:
^
\
\
\
y=ax\
* T h e vertex is (h, A;).
-*-------
(0,0)
* T h e ax is o f sy m m etry is x = h.
* The graph opens up if a > 0 and down if % < 0.
EXAMPLE 1
G raph y =
\ /
Y
/
/
/ f a(x Ap + A
yiA.A)
----------------------- A
*
G raph a q u a d ra tic fu n ctio n in v e rte x fo rm

+ 2)^ + 5.
Sotution
.Miff 7
identify th e co n sta n ts a =
h = - 2 , and
A; = 5. B ecau se a < 0, th e p arab o ia open s down.

Piot th e vertex (h, A;) = ( - 2 , 5) and draw th e
axis o f sy m m etry x = - 2 .
J
Evaiuate th e fu n ctio n for two values o f x.
ve rtex
( - -2 ,5 )
a xis of
sym m e try
x =
2
+
-
x = 0: y = - ^ ( 0 + 2 f + 5 = 4
x = 2: y = - 1 ( 2 + 2)2 + 5 = 1
Plot th e p o in ts (0, 4) and (2, 1) and th eir
re flectio n s in th e axis o f sym m etry.
4
Draw a p arab o la th rou gh th e plotted poin ts.
4 .2
Graph Q uadratic Functions in V ertex or intercept Form
245
Use a q u a d ra tic m ode) in v e rte x form

CiViL ENGiNEERiNG The T acom a
Narrows Bridge in W ash in g ton has
tw o tow ers th a t each rise 307 feet
above th e roadw ay and are co n n e cte d
by su sp ension cab ies as show n. E ach
cab ie can be m odeied by th e fu n ctio n
i
y = 7000 (x - 1400)2 + 27
w here x and y are m easu red in feet.
W hat is th e d istan ce rf betw een th e
two towers?
A?ye,?/?
S o iu tio n
The vertex o f th e p arabo la is (1400, 27). So, a cab le's low est poin t is 1400 feet from
th e left tow er show n above. B ecau se th e heights o f th e tw o tow ers are th e sam e,
th e sy m m etry o f th e p arab o la im plies th a t th e v ertex is also 1400 feet from th e
right tower. So, th e d istan ce betw een th e two tow ers is d = 2(1400) = 2800 feet.
GmDED PRACTICE
G raph th e fu n ction . Label th e v e rte x an d a x is o f sy m m etry .

1. y = (x + 2 r - 3
4.
2. y = - ( x - 1 ) 2 + 5
3- /(x ) = I ( x - 3)2 - 4
WHAT <F? Suppose an a rc h ite ct designs a bridge w ith ca b les th a t c a n be

m odeled by y =
(x - 1400)2 + 27 w here x and y are m easu red in feet.
Com pare th is fu n ctio n 's graph to th e graph o f th e fu n ctio n in Exam ple 2.
iNTERCEPT FORM If th e graph o f a qu ad ratic fu n ctio n has at least one x-in tercep t,
th en th e fu n ctio n ca n be represen ted in in tercep t form , y = n(x - p)(x - ^).
KEY CONCEPT
Graph of in tercep t Form y = o (x - p )(x - q)
C h aracteristics o f th e graph o f y = n(x - p)(x - <7):
* The x -in tercep ts are p and
* Th e axis o f sy m m etry is halfw ay
betw een (p, 0) and (p, 0). It has
p + <7
eq u ation x =
- .
T he graph opens up if a > 0 and
opens down if a < 0 .
246
Chapter 4
f EXAMPLE 3
G raph a q u a d ra tic fu n ctio n in in te rce p t fo rm
G rap h y = 2 (x + 3 )(x - 1).

S olu tion
AVOtD ERRORS
Identify th e x -in tercep ts. B eca u se p = - 3

and g = 1, th e x -in tercep ts o ccu r at th e
poin ts ( - 3 , 0) and (1, 0).
Remember that the

x-intercepts for a
quadratic function
written in the form
y = o(x - p)(x - g) are
p and g, not -p and -g.
Find th e co o rd in ates o f th e vertex.
x = P + <7 _ - 3 + 1
2
-1
1) = - 8
y = 2 (-l + 3 )(-l
So, th e vertex is ( -1 ,
-8 ).
FTiFP <? Draw a p arab ola th rou gh th e v ertex and

th e p o in ts w here th e x -in tercep ts occur.
Algebra
at dasszone.com
Use a q u a d ra tic fu n ction in in te rce p t fo rm

FOOTBALL T h e p ath o f a placekicked fo o tb all ca n
b e m odeled by th e fu n c tio n y = -0 .0 2 6 x (x - 46)
w here x is th e h o rizo n tal d ista n ce (in yards) and
y is th e corresp on d in g height (in yards).
a. How far is th e foo tb all kicked?
b. W hat is th e foo tb all's m ax im u m height?
S olu tion
a. Rew rite th e fu n ctio n a s y = - 0 .0 2 6 ( x - 0)(x - 46). B eca u se p = 0 and
g = 46, you know th e x -in te rce p ts are 0 and 46. So, you ca n conclu de
th a t th e fo o tb all is kicked a d ista n ce o f 46 yards.
b. To find th e foo tball's m axim u m height, ca lcu la te th e co o rd in ates of
th e vertex.
y = - 0 .0 2 6 ( 2 3 )( 2 3 - 46) = 13.8
T h e m ax im u m height is th e y -co o rd in ate o f th e vertex, or about
13.8 yards.
GutDED PRACTtCE
Graph th e fu n ction . Label th e v e rte x , a x is of sy m m etry , an d x in tercep ts.

5.
8.
y = (x - 3)(x - 7)
6. /(x ) = 2(x - 4)(x + 1)
7. y = - ( x + l)(x - 5)
WHAT !F? In Exam ple 4, w hat is th e m a x im u m h eight o f th e fo o tb a ll if the

foo tball's p ath ca n b e m odeled by th e fu n c tio n y = -0 .0 2 5 x (x - 50)?
4 .2
247
FOiL METHOD You can ch an ge q u ad ratic fu n ctio n s from in tercep t form or vertex
form to stand ard form by m uitipiying aig eb raic exp ression s. One m eth od for
m uitipiying two expressions ea ch co n ta in in g two term s is FOIL.
KEY CONCEPT
FOiL Method
Words
To m uitipiy tw o expression s th at each co n ta in two term s, add the

prod ucts o f th e First term s, th e O uter term s, th e in n e r term s, and
th e L ast term s.
Exampie
(x + 4) (x + 7) = %2
EXAMPLE 5
REViEW FOiL
7x
4x
2 8 = x 2 + l l x + 28
Change from in te rce p t fo rm to sta n d a rd form
W rite y = - 2 ( x + 5 )(x - 8) in sta n d a rd form .
For heip with using

the FOIL method, see
p. 985.
y = - 2 ( x + 5)(x - 8)
<3
Write originai function.
= -2 (x ^ - 8x + 5x - 40)
Muitipiy using FOiL.
= -2 (x ^ - 3 x - 40)
Combine iike terms.
= - 2 x ^ + 6x + 80
Change from v e rte x fo rm to sta n d a rd form
W rite /(x ) = 4 (x - 1 ) 2 + 9 in sta n d a rd form .

/(x ) = 4(x - l f + 9
= 4 ( x - l ) ( x - 1) + 9
Rewrite (x - Ip .
= 4(x^ - x - x + l ) + 9
= 4(x^ - 2 x + 1) + 9
Combine iike terms.
= 4 F - 8x + 4 + 9
= 4x2 _
Combine iike terms.
GU!DED PRACTtCE
for Exam p ies 5 and 6
248
Chapter 4
i?
+
10. y =
9. y = - ( x - 2)(x - 7)
K
1
W rite th e q u ad ratic fu n ction in sta n d a rd form .

3)
11. /(x ) = 2(x + 5)(x + 4)
12. y = - 7 ( x - 6)(x + 1)
13. y = - 3 ( x + 5)2 - 1
14. g(x) = 6(x - 4)2 - 10
15. /(x ) = - ( x + 2)2 + 4
16. y = 2 ( x - 3)2 + 9
HOMEWORK
KEY
4 2 EXERC!SES
Exs. 2 ,1 2 ,2 2 ,4 9 ,5 4 , and 55
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: A q u ad ratic fu n c tio n in th e form
y =
- h f + A; is in ? form .
2. * WRITING Expiain how to fin d a qu ad ratic fu n ctio n 's m ax im u m value or
m in im u m value w hen th e fu n ctio n is given in in tercep t form .
EXAMPLE 1
GRAPHING WtTH VERTEX FORM G raph th e fu n ction . Label th e v e rte x an d a xis of
on p 245
for Exs. 3-12
sy m m etry.
3.
y = (x - 3)
4.
y = (x-+ 4)2
5.
/(x ) = - ( x + 3)2 + 5
6.
y = 3 (x -7 f- 1
7.
g(x) = - 4 ( x - 2 ) 2 + 4
8.
y = 2 (x + 1 )2 -3
9.
/(x ) = - 2 ( x - l)^ - 5
11.
y = y (x - 3) + 2
10.
y = y(x + 2)2 + 1
12. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is th e v ertex o f th e graph o f th e fu n ctio n

y = 3(x + 2 ) 2 - 5 ?
(g )
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 247
for Exs. 13-23
( 2 ,- 5 )
(B ) ( - 2 , - 5 )
(g )
(-5 ,2 )
(g )
( 5 ,- 2 )
GRAPH!NG WITH INTERCEPT FORM Graph th e fu n ction . Label th e v ertex, a x is of

sy m m etry, and x -in tercep ts.
13. y = (x + 3)(x - 3)
14. y = (x + l)(x - 3)
15. y = 3(xA- 2)(x + 6)
16. /(x ) = 2(x - 5)(x - 1)
17. y = - ( x - 4)(x + 6)
18. g(x) = - 4 ( x + 3)(x + 7)
lfh )y = (x + l)(x + 2)
20. /(x ) = - 2 ( x - 3)(x + 4)
21. y = 4 ( x - 7)(x + 2)
22. IE MULTIPLE CHOtCE W hat is th e vertex o f th e graph o f th e fu n ctio n

y = - ( x - 6)(x + 4)?
(g )
(1,25)
(g )
( -1 ,2 1 )
23. ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and co rrect

th e error in an aly zin g th e graph o f th e
fu n ctio n y = 5(x - 2)(x + 3).
EXAMPLES
5and6
on p. 248
for Exs. 24-32
(g )
(-6 ,4 )
(g )
( 6 ,- 4 )
The x-in tercep ts of th e graph

are 2 and 3.
WR1T!NG IN STANDARD FORM W rite th e q u a d ra tic fu n ction in sta n d a rd form .

24. y = (x + 4)(x + 3)
25. y = (x - 5)(x + 3)
27. y = - 3 ( x - 2 ) ( x - 4 )
2 8 . /(x ) = (x + 5 ) 2 - 2
30. g(x) = - ( x + 6) + 10
31. y = 5(x + 3 r - 4
26. h(x) = 4 (x + l)(x - 6)

( 29) y = ( x - 3)2 + 6
32. /(x ) = 12(x - 1)2 + 4
MtNlMUM OR MAXIMUM VALUES Find th e m in im u m valu e o r th e m a x im u m

vaiue o f th e fu n ction .
33. y = 3 ( x - 3 ) 2 - 4
36. /(x ) = 3 (x + 10) (x
! 39. y = 8 x (x + 15)
34.
8)
2 _ 1 0
g(x) = - 4 ( x + 6)^
- 12
otr
35. yT, = 15(x - 2 5 )'
130
37., y = - ( x - 36) (x + 18)
38. y = - 1 2 x ( x - 9)
40.
y = 2(x - 3 )(x - 6)
41. g(x) = - 5 ( x + 9)(x - 4)
4 .2
249
42. GRAPHtNG CALCULATOR Consider th e fu n ctio n y = rt(x - A)2 + A: w here

a = 1, A = 3, and A = - 2 . P red ict th e effect o f ea ch ch an g e in a, A, or A
d escribed in p arts (a )-(c ). Use a graph in g ca icu la to r to ch eck your p red iction
by graphing th e o riginai and revised fu n ctio n s in th e sam e co o rd in ate piane.
a.
a ch an g es to - 3
b.
A ch an g es to - 1
c. A ch an g es to 2
MAKING A GRAPH Graph th e fu n ction . Labei th e v e rte x an d a x is o f sym m etry.

43. y = 5(x - 2.25)2 - 2.75
44. g(x) = - 8 (x + 3.2)2 + 6.4
45. y = - 0 .2 5 ( x - 5.2)2 + 8.5
46.
47. /(x ) = - ^ ( x + 5) (x + 8 )
48. g(x) = ^ j x - ^ ) (x - ^ }
y = -^ (x - 1 )' + ^
49. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite two d ifferent qu ad ratic fu n ctio n s in in tercep t

form w hose graphs have axis o f sy m m etry x = 3.
50. CHALLENGE W rite y = a (x A)2 + A a n d y = a (x p )(x (?) in stand ard
form . Know ing th e vertex o f th e graph o f y = ax^ + Ax + c o ccu rs at x =
show th at th e vertex o f th e graph o fy = a (x - A f + A o ccu rs at x = A and th at
the vertex o f th e graph o f y = a (x - p) (x - <7) o ccu rs at x = ^
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
51. BIOLOGY The fu n ctio n y = - 0 .0 3 ( x - 14)2 + 6 m odeis th e ju m p o f a
red kangaroo w here x is th e h o rizo n tal d ista n ce (in feet) and y is th e
corresp ond in g height (in feet). W hat is th e kangaroo's m axim u m height?
How long is th e kangaroo's jum p?
EXAMPLES
2 and 4
on pp. 246-247
for Exs. 51-54
@ M M ne7M t0f
52.
CIVIL ENG!NEER1NG T he arch o f th e G ateshead M illen n iu m Bridge form s a

p arabola w ith eq u atio n y = 0.016(x - 52.5)2
^ w here x is th e h o rizo n tal
d istan ce (in m eters) from th e arch's left end and y is th e d ista n ce (in m eters)
from the b ase o f th e arch. W hat is th e w idth o f th e arch?
@M)me7ufor
(53^ MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A lthough a fo o tb a ll field ap pears to b e flat, its

su rface is actu ally shaped like a p arab o la so th a t rain ru n s o ff to both
sides. T he cross sectio n o f a field w ith sy n th etic tu rf c a n b e m odeled by
y = - 0 .0 0 0 2 3 4 x (x - 160)
w here x and y are m easured in feet,
O
250
a.
W hat is th e field's width?
b.
W hat is th e m axim u m height o f th e field's su rface?
= WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
surface of
football field
54. * SHORT RESPONSE A ju m p on a pogo

stick w ith a co n v en tion ai spring c a n b e
m o d e l e d b y y = - 0 . 5 ( x - 6 f + 18, a n d a
ju m p on a pogo stick w ith a bow spring ca n
b e m odeled b y y = -1 .1 7 (x + 42, w here
x and y are m easu red in in ch es. Compare
th e m ax im u m heights o f th e ju m p s on th e
tw o pogo sticks. W h ich co n sta n ts in th e
fu n ctio n s a ffe ct th e m ax im u m heights of
th e jum p s? W hich do not?
_
.E
g
g
=^
0
2
4
6
8
10
Horizonta) position (in.)
12*
55. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A k ern el o f p o p corn co n ta in s w ater th a t expand s

w hen th e kernel is heated, cau sin g it to pop. T h e eq u atio n s below give
th e "popping volu m e" y (in cu b ic ce n tim eters per gram ) o f p o p co rn w ith
m oistu re co n ten t x (as a percen t o f th e popcorn 's w eight).
H ot-air popping: y = -0 .7 6 1 (x - 5 .52)(x - 22.6)
H ot-oil popping: y = 0 .652(x - 5 .35)(x 21.8)
a. interpret For h o t-air popping, w hat m oistu re co n ten t m a x im iz es popping
volum e? W hat is th e m ax im u m volum e?
b. interpret For hot-oil popping, w hat m oistu re co n ten t m a x im iz es popping
volum e? W hat is th e m axim u m volum e?
c. Graphing Caicuiator Graph th e fu n ctio n s in th e sam e co o rd in a te plane.
W hat are th e dom ain and range o f ea ch fu n ctio n in th is situation ? Exp/am
how you d eterm in ed th e d om ain and range.
CHALLENGE Flying fish u se th e ir p e cto ra l fin s like airp la n e
w ings to glide throu gh th e air. Suppose a flyin g fish
reach es a m ax im u m height o f 5 feet a fter flyin g a
ho rizo n tal d ista n ce o f 33 feet. W rite a qu ad ratic
fu n ctio n y = a (x - b)^ + A; th at m odels th e flight
path, assu m in g th e fish leaves th e w ater at (0, 0).
Describe how ch an g in g th e value o f a , h, or A:
affe cts th e fligh t path.
M !XED REV!EW
PREViEW
Soive the eq u ation.
Prepare for
Lesson 4.3
in Exs. 57-64.
57. x - 5 = 0 (p. 18)
58. 2x + 3 = 0 (p. 18)
59. 23x - 14 = - 5 x - 7 (p. 18)
60. - 5 ( 3 x + 4) = 17x + 2 (p. 18)
61. I x - 9l = 16 (p.51)
62.
]4x + 9 l = 27 (p. 51)
63.
64.
13 - 5x1 = 7fp.51)
j7 - 2 x j = 1 (p. 5!)
Use th e given m a trice s to p erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n , if possibie. If n ot

possible, state th e reason .
A=
-1
-5
.B =
-6
,C=
-1
-2
,D =
1 -2
3 - 1 5
65. 2A + B (p. 187)
66.
3 (B + C) (p. 187)
67. D - 4 E ( p . 187)
68. AB (p. 19?)
69.
A(B - C) (p. 195)
70. 4 (CD) fo. 1951
E X T R A P R A C T )C E f o r L e s s o n 4 .2 , p. 1013
O N L I N E Q U I Z at classzone.com
251
/]
3 Soive x^ + bx + c = 0
by Factoring
You graphed quadratic functions.
You wiii soive quadratic equations.
So you can doubie th e area o f a picnic site, as in Ex. 4 2 .
Key Vocabulary
m onom ial
binom ial
trin om ial
q u ad ratic equation
ro ot of an equation
A m o n om ial is an expression th at is eith er a num ber, a v ariable, or th e prod uct o f

a n u m ber and one or m ore variables. A b in om ial, su ch as x + 4, is th e sum o f two
m on om ials. A trin o m ial, su ch as x^ + l l x + 28, is th e sum o f th ree m on om ials.
You know how to u se FOIL to w rite (x + 4)(x + 7) as x^ + l l x + 28. You ca n use
factorin g to w rite a trin o m ia l as a product o f b in o m ials. To factor x^ + hx + c, find
integers m and n such that:
zero of a function
x^ + &x + c = (x + m) (x + n)
= x^ + (m + n )x +
So, th e sum o f m and n m u st eq u al h and th e product o f m and n m u st eq u al c.
EXAMPLE 1
F a cto r trin o m ia !s o f th e fo rm x ^ + b x + c
F a cto r the expression.

a.
x^ - 9x + 20
b. x + 3 x - 12
S o lu tio n
a.
AVOID ERRORS
When factoring
x^ + bx + c where c > 0,
you must choose factors
x + m and x + n such
that m and n have the
same sign.
You w ant x^ - 9x + 20 = (x + m )(x + n) w here mn = 20 an d tn + n = - 9 .

Factors of 20: m, n
Sum of factors: m + n
1 ,2 0
-1 , -2 0
2 ,1 0
-2 , -1 0
4, 5
- 4 ,- 5
21
-2 1
12
-1 2
-9
^ N otice th a t m = - 4 an d n = - 5 . So, x^ - 9 x + 20 = (x - 4)(x - 5).

b.
You w ant x^ + 3x - 12 = (x + m )(x + w) w here mn = - 1 2 and m + n = 3.

Factors of - 1 2 : m, n
Sum of factors: m + n
-1 , 12
1, -1 2
-2 , 6
2 ,-6
-3 , 4
3, - 4
11
-11
-4
-1
F N otice th a t th ere are no factors m and n su ch th a t m + n = 3.

So, x^ + 3x - 12 ca n n o t b e factored.
CutDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p le 1
F a cto r th e exp ression . If th e exp ression ca n n o t be facto red , say so.

1.
252
Chapter 4
x^ - 3x - 18
2.
- 3n + 9
3.
+ 2 r - 63
FACTOMNG SPECtAL PRODUCTS F acto rin g q u ad ratic exp ression s o ften involves
tria l and error. However, som e expression s are easy to factor b eca u se th ey follow
sp ecial patterns.
KEY CONCEPT
"
Specia! Factoring P attern s
Pattern Name
Pattern
Example
"
Difference of Two Squares
a ' - b ' = (a + b )(a - b)
x ' - 4 = (x + 2) (x - 2)
a ' + 2 a b + b ' = (a + b ) '
x ' + 6x + 9 = (x + 3 ) '
a ' - 2 a b + b ' = (a - b ) '
x ' - 4x + 4 = (x - 2 ) '
* Perfect Square Trinomial
F a cto r w ith specia) p a tte rn s

F a cto r th e exp ression .
a. x ' - 49 = x ' - y2
Difference of two squares
= (x + 7 ) ( x - 7)
b. d ' + 12d + 36 = d ' + 2(d )(6) + 6 '
Perfect square trinomiai
= (d + 6 ) '
c. z ' - 26z + 169 = z ' - 2(z)(13) + 1 3 '
= (z - 1 3 )'
GUiDED PRACTtCE
fo r E x am p le 2
F a cto r th e expression .
6.
5. q ' - 100
4. x ' - 9
y ' + 16y + 64
7. to' - 18to + 81
SOLViNG QUADRATiC EQUATiONS You c a n use facto rin g to solve c e rta in

<7Madradc equations. A q u a d ra tic eq u ation in one v ariab le ca n be w ritten in
th e form a x ' + bx + c = 0 w here a # 0. T h is is ca lled th e sta n d a rd form o f the
eq u ation . T h e solu tions o f a q u ad ratic eq u atio n are called th e ro o ts o f th e
eq u ation . If th e left side o f a x ' + bx + c = 0 c a n b e factored , th e n th e eq u ation
c a n be solved using th e zero product property.
KEY CONCEPT
Zero Product P ro p erty
Words
If th e prod uct o f tw o exp ression s is zero, th en one or b o th of

th e expression s eq u al zero.
Aigebra
If A and B are expression s and AB = 0, th e n A = 0 or B = 0.
Example
If (x + 5)(x + 2) = 0, th e n x + 5 = 0 o r x + 2 = 0. T h a t is, x = 5
or x = - 2 .
4 .3
Soive x ' + bx + c = 0 by Factoring
253
1 EXAMPLE 3
UNDERSTAND
ANSWER CHOKES
Sometimes a
standardized test
question may ask for
the so/u&'on set of an
equation. The answer
choices wiii be given in
the format {a, &}.
W hat a re th e ro o ts o f th e eq u ation
- 5x - 36 = 0?
(g )
(g )
- 4 ,- 9
(B )
4 ,-9
- 4 ,9
(g )
4, 9
Soiution
x^ - 5x - 36 = 0
(x - 9) (x + 4)
= 0
Factor.
x - 9 = 0 or
x = 9
x + 4
or
= 0
Zero product property

Soive for x.
x = -4
^ T h e co rrect answ er is C. (S ) (B) (C) (D)
Use a quadratic equation as a mode!
EXAMPLE 4
NATURE PRESERVE A tow n has a n atu re preserve w ith a

rectan g u lar fieid th a t m easu res 600 m eters by 4 0 0 m eters. T he
tow n w ants to double th e area o f th e fieid by adding land as
show n. Find th e new d im en sion s o f th e fieid.
400 m
Originai
fieid
600 m
Soiution
New area
(square meters)
2 (6 0 0 ) (400)
New length
(meters)
New width
(meters)
( 6 0 0 + x)
(4 0 0 + x)
480,0 0 0
= 240,000 + lOOOx + x^
0 = x^ +
lOOOx - 240,000
0 = ( x - 2 0 0 ) ( x + 1200)
x - 200 = 0
or
x = 200 or
x +
1200 = 0
x = -1 2 0 0
Additionai iand

Write in standard form.
Factor.
Soive for x.
^ R eject th e negative value, - 1 2 0 0 . T h e field's len gth and w idth should ea ch be

in creased by 200 m eters. Th e new d im en sio n s are 800 m eters by 600 m eters.
GutDED PRACTtCE
8. Solve th e eq u ation x^ - x - 42 = 0.
9. WHAT )F? In Exam ple 4, suppose th e field in itia lly m easu res
1000 m eters by 300 m eters. Find th e new d im en sio n s o f th e field.
ZEROS OF A FUNCTiON In L esson 4.2, you learn ed th a t th e x -in tercep ts o f th e

graph o f y = a (x - p)(x - q) are p and q. B eca u se th e fu n ctio n 's value is zero when
x = p and w hen x = q, th e nu m b ers p and q are also ca lled ze ro s o f th e fu n ctio n .
254
Chapter 4
EXAMPLE 5
UNDERSTAND
REPRESENTADONS
if a reat number it is
a zero of the function
y = ox^ + bx + c, then
b is an x-intercept
of this function's
graph and ft is aiso a
root of the equation
ux^ + bx + c = 0.
Find th e z e ro s of q u a d ra tic fu n ctio n s
Find th e zero s of th e fu n ction by rew ritin g th e fu n ctio n in in te rce p t form .

a.
y = x^ - x - 12
b. y = x^ +
12x + 36
Soiution
a.
y = x^ - x - 12
= (x + 3) (x - 4)
Factor.
T he zeros o f th e fu n ctio n are - 3 and 4.

G raph y = x^ - x - 12. T h e graph
p asses throu gh ( - 3 , 0) and (4, 0).
b. y = x^ + 12x + 36
= (x + 6) (x + 6)

Factor.
T he zero o f th e fu n ctio n is - 6 .
G raph y = x^ + 12x + 36. T he graph
p asses th rou gh ( - 6 , 0).
GUIDED PRACTKE
for E xam p ie 5
Find th e zero s o f th e fu n ction by rew ritin g th e fu n ction in in te rce p t form .

10.
y = x2 + 5 x - 1 4
11. y = x ^ - 7 x - 3 0
HOMEWORK
KEY
4 3 EXERC!SES
1 2 ./ ( x ) = x ^ - 1 0 x + 2 5

on p. WS8 for Exs. 33.47. and 67
* = STANDARD!ZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,4 1 ,5 6 ,5 8 ,6 3 , and 71
Ex. 68
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY W hat is a zero o f a fu n ctio n y = /(x )?
2. * WRITING F xp bnn th e d ifferen ce b etw een a m on om ial, a b in o m ial, and a
trin o m iai. Give an exam ple o f ea ch ty p e o f expression.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 252
for Exs. 3-14
FACTORING F a cto r th e exp ression , if th e exp ression ca n n o t be facto red , say so.
3. x + 6x + 5
4. x - 7x + 10
5.
- 13n + 22
6.
+ 15r + 56
7.
8.
llry + 28
9.
+ 3b - 40
12. < ^ - 9 c - 1 8
+ 2p + 4
10. F - 4x - 12
11. x^ 7x - 18
13. x^ + 9x - 36
14.
4 .3
+ 8m - 65
Soive x^ + bx + c = 0 by Factoring
255
EXAMPLE 2
FACTORING WITH SPECIAL PATTERNS F a c to r th e exp ression .
on p. 253
for Exs. 15-23
15. F - 36
16.
17. ^2 - 24x + 144
- gi
18.
- 16 f + 64
19. *2 + 8x + 16
20.
+ 28 c + 196
21.
+ 14n + 49
22. ^ - 26s + 169
23.
- 121
EXAMPLE 3
SOLVING EQUATiONS Solve th e equ ation .
on p. 254
for Exs. 24-41
24.
%2 - s x + 12 = 0
25. F - l l x + 30 = 0
26. F + 2x - 35 = 0
27.
^ - 49 = Q
28. &2 - 6& + 9 = 0
29. c2 + 5 c + 4 = 0
30.
^ - 6n = 0
31. ^ + i0 f + 25 = 0
32.
34. 7-2 + 2 r = 80
35. M2 = -9M
( 33 ) z2 - 3z = 54
36.
77:2 ^
gy
1^
_ 4g = ^.2
- 16m + 48 = 0
_g^, + 28 = y2
gg
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rr e c t th e e rro r in solving th e eq u ation .

39.
40.
x2 x 6 = 0
x^ + 7x + 6 = 14
(x - 2)(x + 3) = O
(x + 6 )(x + 1) = 14
x2 = 0
x= 2
41.
^ MULTIPLE CHOKE
(g )
7 ,-9
(?)
o rx + 3 = 0
or
x = 3
/
/ \
* + 6 = 14
or x + 1 = 14
x= S
or
x = 13
W hat are th e roots o f th e eq u atio n x2 + 2 x - 63 = 0?

- 7 ,- 9
(?)
- 7 ,9
'
(?)
7 ,9
EXAMPLE 4
WR!T!NG EQUATIONS W rite an eq u ation th a t you c a n soive to find th e valu e of x .
on p. 254
for Exs. 42-43
42. A re ctan g u lar p icn ic site m easu res 24 feet by 10 feet. You w an t to double th e
site's area by adding th e sam e d ista n ce x to th e len g th and th e w idth.
43. A re ctan g u lar p erform ing p iatform in a park m easu res 10 feet by 12 feet. You
w ant to tripie th e platform 's area by adding th e sam e d ista n ce x to th e len gth
and th e w idth.
FINDING ZEROS Find th e zero s of th e fu n ction by rew ritin g th e fu n ction in
in tercep t form .
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 255
for Exs. 44-55
44. y = x2 +
6x +
( 47^) y = x2 +
7x -
50. y = x2 -
64
8
30
53. g(x) = x2 + 19x + 84

56.
- 1 1 ,- 5
46. y = x2 - 4 x - 32
48. /(x ) - x2 + l l x
49. g(x) = x2 - 8x
51. y = x2 - 25
52. -/(x) = x2 - 12x - 45
54. y = x2 + 2 2 x + 121
* MULTIPLE CHOKE
(g )
45. y = x2 - 8x + 16
(?)
55. y = x2 + 2x + 1
W h at are th e zeros o f/(x ) = x2 + 6x - 55?

- 1 1 ,5
(?)
- 5 ,1 1
( ? ) 5 ,1 1
57. REASONING W rite a qu ad ratic eq u atio n o f th e form x2 + bx + c = 0 th a t has

roots 8 and 11.
58. * SHORT RESPONSE For w hat in tegers & ca n th e expression x2 + bx + 7 b e
factored? Exp/mr:.
O
256
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
I GEOMETRY Find th e valu e o f x .

59. A rea o f re cta n g le = 36
60. A rea o f re cta n g le = 84
x+ 2
x+ 7
x+ 5
61. A r e a o ftria n g le = 42
62. Area o f trapezoid = 32

x+ 6
x+ 3
2x+8
x+ 2
63. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ctio n w ith zeros th a t are

eq u id istan t from 10 on a n u m b er line.
64. CHALLENGE Is th ere a form ula for factorin g th e snm o f tw o squ ares? You w ill
investigate th is q u estio n in p arts (a) and (b).
a. C onsider th e su m o f two squ ares x^ + 16. If th is su m c a n b e factored ,
th e n th ere are in tegers m and n su ch th a t x^ + 16 = (x + m) (x + n ). W rite
two eq u atio n s th at nt and n m u st satisfy.
b. Show th a t th ere are no in tegers m and n th a t satisfy b o th eq u atio n s
you w rote in p art (a). W h at c a n you conclude?
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 254
for Exs. 6 5 -6 7
65. SKATE PARK A city's skate park is a re cta n g le 100 feet long by
50 feet wide. T h e city w ants to triple th e area o f th e skate park by
adding th e sam e d ista n ce x to th e len gth and th e w idth. W rite
and solve an eq u atio n to find th e value o f x. W h at are th e new
d im ension s o f th e skate park?
@ H o rn e7M fo r
66. ZOO A re cta n g u la r en clo su re at a zoo is 35 feet long by 18 feet wide. T h e zoo
w ants to double th e area o f th e en clo su re by adding th e sam e d ista n ce x to
th e len gth and th e w idth. W rite and solve a n eq u atio n to find th e value o f x.
W hat are th e new d im en sio n s o f th e enclosu re?
@ H ofH P7utO f
67^ MULT) STEP PROBLEM A m u seu m h a s a ca fe w ith a

re ctan g u lar patio. T h e m u seu m w ants to add 4 6 4 squ are
feet to th e are a o f th e patio by exp an d in g th e existin g
patio as show n.
a. Find th e area o f th e ex istin g patio.
b. W rite a verbal m odel and an eq u atio n th a t you ca n
use to find th e value o f x.
existing
patio
c. Solve your eq u atio n . By w hat d ista n ce x should th e

length and th e w idth o f th e patio b e expanded?
4 .3
Solve x^ + hx + c = 0 by Factoring
257
68 .
1 1 1
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Use th e d iagram show n.

a. Writing an Expression W rite a q u ad ratic trin o m ia l th a t represen ts
th e area o f th e diagram .
b. Describing a Modei F acto r th e exp ression from p a rt (a). E xplain how
th e diagram m odels th e factorizatio n .
c. Drawing a Diagram Draw a diagram th at m odels th e factorizatio n
x2 + 8x + 15 = (x + 5)(x + 3).
69. SCHOOL FAIR At last y ear's school fair, an 18 foo t by 15 foot recta n g u la r
sectio n o f land w as roped o ff for a d unking b o o th . T h e len gth and w idth
o f th e sectio n w ill each be in crea sed by x feet for th is y ear's fa ir in order to
triple th e o rigin al area. W rite and solve a n eq u atio n to find th e value o f x.
W hat is th e len gth o f rope need ed to en clo se th e new sectio n ?
70. RECREATION CENTER A re cta n g u la r deck for a re cre a tio n cen ter is 21 feet
long by 20 feet wide. Its area is to b e halved by su b tra ctin g th e sam e d istan ce
x from th e len gth and th e w idth. W rite and solve an eq u atio n to find the
value o f x. W hat are th e deck's new d im en sion s?
71. * SHORT RESPONSE A squ are garden h as sides th a t are 10 feet long. A
gardener w ants to double th e area o f th e garden by adding th e sam e d istan ce
x to th e len gth and th e w idth. W rite an eq u atio n th a t x m u st satisfy. C an you
solve th e eq u atio n you w rote by factorin g? E xp lain w hy or why not.
72. CHALLENGE A grocery store w ants to double
th e area o f its parkin g lot by exp an d in g th e
existin g lot as show n. By w hat d ista n ce x
should th e lot be expanded?
M!XED REV!EW
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 4.4
in Exs. 73-!
Solve the equ ation .

73. 2x - 1 = 0 ip. 18)
74. 3 x + 4 = 0 (p. 18)
75. - 8 x + 7 = 0 ip. 18)
76. 6x + 5 = 0 ip. 18)
77. 4 x - 5 = 0 ip. 18)
78. 3x + 1 = 0 ip. 18)
79.
80.
81.
I x - 6 l = 7 ip.51)
l2x - 5l = 1 0 ip.51)
14 - 3x1 = 8 ip. 51)
G raph th e fu n ction .
82. y = 3x - 1 ip. 89)
83. /(x ) = - j-x + 2 ip. 89)
84. y = lx 41 4 ip. 1231
85. y = y ! x + ll + 2ip. 1231
86. y = -2 x 2 + gx + ? ^ 2361
87. g(x) = - 2 ( x + l)^ - 4 ip. 2451
88. / M = (x + 4)(x - 2) ip. 2451
89. y = - ( x - 3)(x - 7) ip.2451
90. PARK DESIGN A city p lans to place a playground in a tria n g u la r region o f

a park. T he v ertices o f th e tria n g le are (0, 0), (14, 3), and (6, 25) w here the
co o rd in ates are given in feet. Find th e a re a o f th e tria n g u la r region, ip. 203)
258
O N L !N E Q U !Z at ciasszone.com
So!ve ox^ + bx + c = 0
by Factoring
You used factoring to soive equations o f th e form x^ + bx + c = 0.
You wiii use factoring to soive eq uations o f th e form trx^ + bx + c = o.
So you can m axim ize a shop's revenue, as in Ex. 6 4.
Key Vocabuiary
* m onom ial, p. 252
To factor ax^ + bx + c w hen a ^ 1, find in tegers A;, A, at, and a su ch that:
^ .2 +
+ ??) =
+ (Aa + Antjx + a m
So, A and Am ust be facto rs o f a, and nr an d a m u st b e facto rs o f c.
EXAMPLE 1
F a cto r o x ^ + b x + c w h e re c > 0
F a cto r 5x^ - 17x + 6.
You w ant 5x^ - 17x + 6 = (Ax + at) (Ax + a) w here A and Aare facto rs o f 5 and at
and a are facto rs o f 6. You ca n a ssu m e th a t A and Aare positive and A > A. B ecau se
ara > 0, ar and a have th e sam e sign. So, at and a m u st b o th b e negative b eca u se
th e co e fficie n t o f x, -1 7 , is negative.
A,1
5, 1
5, 1
m, n
-6 , -1
-1, - 6
(Ax + m)(lx + n)
(5x - 6)(x - 1)
(5x - 1)(x - 6)
(5x - 3)(x - 2)
(5x-2)(x-3)
ox^ + bx + r
5x2 _
5x2 _ gix + g
5x2 _ igx + g
5x2- 17X +6
5, 1
t
When factoring
ox^ + bx + c where
a > 0, it is customary to
choose factors Ax + m
and Ax + a such that A
and Aare positive.
Solution
FACTOR
EXPRESSIONS
5,1
-2 , -3
F T he co rrect facto rizatio n is 5x^ - 17x + 6 = (5x - 2)(x - 3).
EXAMPLE
F a cto r a x ^ + b x + c w h e re c < 0
F a cto r 3x^ + 2 0 x - 7.
Solution
You w ant 3x^ + 2 0 x - 7 = (Ax + a :) (Ax + a) w here A and Aare factors o f 3 and nr
and a are facto rs o f - 7 . B eca u se ara < 0, nr and a have opposite signs.
A,/
3,1
3,1
3, 1
3,1
at, n
7, -1
- 1 ,7
-7 , 1
1, - 7
(3x + 7)(x - 1)
( 3 x - l) ( x + 7)
(3x - 7)(x + 1)
(3x + 1)(x - 7)
3x2 + 4x - 7
3x2 + 20x - 7
3x2 _ 4x _ 7
3x2 _ 20x - 7
(Ax + m)(/x + a)
0X 2 +
+ f
F T h e c o r r e c t fa c to r iz a tio n is 3x^ + 2 0 x 7 = (3 x 1) (x + 7 ).
4 .4
Soive nx^ + bx + c = 0 by Factoring
259
GUIDED PRACTKE
F a cto r th e exp ression . If th e exp ression ca n n o t be facto red , say so.

1. 7x2 _ 2Qx - 3
2. 5z2 + 16z + 3
3. 2u?2 + m + 3
4. 3x2 + 5x - 12
5. 4i/2 + 12u + 5
6. 4x2 - 9x + 2
FACTORING SPECIAL PRODUCTS If th e values o f <7 an d c in

+ hx + c are p e rfe ct
squares, ch eck to see w heth er you ca n u se one o f th e sp e cia l factorin g p attern s
from L esson 4.3 to factor th e expression.
( EXAMPLE 3
F a cto r with^specia) p a tte rn s

a. 9x^ - 64 = ( 3 x f - 8^
= ( 3 x + 8 ) ( 3 x - 8)
b. 4 / + 20y + 25 = ( 2 y f + 2(2y)(5) + 5^
= (2y + 5)2
c. 36tf2 - 12m + 1 = (6m)2 - 2 (6m )(l) + f
= (6m - l)^
GUIDED PRACTKE
for E xam p ie 3

7. 16x2 - 1
9. 4r2 - 2 8 r + 49
8. 9y2 + 12y + 4
10. 25^2 - 80s + 64
11. 49z2 + 42z + 9
12. 36^2 - 9
FACTORtNG OUT MONOMIALS W h en facto rin g a n expression, first ch eck to see

w h ether th e term s have a co m m o n m o n o m ial factor.
F a cto r o u t m o n o m iats first

AVO!D ERRORS
a.
Be sure to factor out

the common monomial
from all of the terms of
the expression, not just
the first term.
5x2 _ 45 = 5^2 _
b.
= 2 ( 3 r ? - 4 ) ( ^ - 1)
= 5(x + 3 ) ( x - 3)
c.
d.
-5 z 2 + 20z = - 5 z ( z - 4)
GUiDED PRACTKE
6r/2 - 14^ + s = 2(3r/2 - 7ry + 4)
12p2 - 21p + 3 = 3(4p2 - 7p + 1)
fo r E xam p ie 4
260
Chapter 4
13. 3^2 - 24
14. 8f2 + 381 - 10
16. 12x^ - 2 8 x - 24
17. -1 6 n ^
12n
15. 6x2 + 2 4 x + 15
18. 6z2 + 33z + 36
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS As you saw in L esso n 4.3, if th e ie ft side o f the

qu ad ratic eq u atio n
+ &x + c = 0 ca n b e factored , th e n th e eq u atio n ca n be
solved using th e zero product property.
So!ve q u ad ratic eq u ation s
EXAMPLE
Solve (a) 3%2 + lOx - 8 = 0 an d (b) 5p2 - l6 p + 15 = 4p - 5.

a.
3x + lOx - 8 = 0
( 3 x - 2 ) ( x + 4) = 0
Factor.
3 x -2 = 0
or
x = -
or
b. 5p - 16p + 15 = 4p - 5
x + 4 = 0
x = -4
p2 4p + 4 = 0
(p - 2)^ = 0
if the square of an
expression is zero, then
the expression itseif
must be zero.
Factor.
p - 2 = 0
p = 2
EXAMPLE 6
Soive for x.
5p2 - 20p + 20 = 0
INTERPRET
EQUATIONS
Soive for p.
Use a q u a d ra tic eq u atio n a s a m ode)
QUILTS You have m ade a re cta n g u la r quilt

th a t is 5 feet by 4 feet. You w an t to use th e
rem ain in g 10 squ are feet o f fab ric to add a
d ecorative border o f u n iform w idth to the
quilt. W hat should th e w idth o f th e qu ilt's
bord er be?
4 + 2x
-5 + 2x-
Solution
W rite a verbal m odel. T h en w rite an eq u ation .
Area of
border
(square feet)
10
Area of quiit
and border
(square feet)
Area of
-
quiit
(square feet)
= (5 + 2 x )(4 + 2x) -
(5) (4)
10 = 20 + 18x + 4x2 _ 20
0 = 4x2 + ^
0 = 2x2
2x

_ 5
0 = ( 2 x - l)(x + 5)
Factor.
1= 0
or
x = l
2
or
x + 5 = 0
x = -5
Soive for x.
1
F R eject th e negative value, - 5 . T he border's w id th should b e ^ ft. or 6 in.
4 .4
Soive ox2 + &x + c = 0 by Factoring
FACTORING AND ZEROS To find th e m axim u m or m in im u m

fu n ctio n , you ca n first use factorin g to w rite th e fu n ctio n in
y = a (x - p)(x - <7). B ecau se th e fu n ctio n 's vertex lies on th e
p+ o
x = ^ , th e m axim u m or m in im u m o ccu rs at th e rmerage
EXAMPLE 7
value o f a qu ad ratic
in tercep t form
axis o f sy m m etry
o f th e zeros p and r?.
So!ve a m u !ti-ste p prob !em
MAGAZINES A m onth ly teen m agazin e has

28,000 su b scrib ers w hen it ch arges $10 per
an n u al su bscrip tio n . For ea ch $1 in crease
in price, th e m ag azin e loses about
2000 su bscribers. How m uch should the
m agazin e charge to m ax im ize an n u a l
revenue? W hat is th e m axim u m
a n n u al revenue?
S o lu tio n
7
D efine th e variables. Let x rep resen t th e p rice in crea se

and R(x) rep resen t th e a n n u a l revenue.
W rite a verbal m odel. T h en w rite and sim p lify a qu ad ratic fu n ctio n .

Annuai
revenue
(doiiars)
Number of
subscribers
(peopie)
Subscription
price
(doiiars/person)
#
R(x)
= (2 8 ,0 0 0 - 2 0 0 0 x ) -
R(x)
= ( - 2 0 0 0 x + 28,000) (x + 10)
RM
= - 2 0 0 0 ( x - 14) ( x + 10)
(10 + x)
identify th e zeros and find th e ir average. Find how m uch each

su bscrip tio n should co st to m a x im iz e a n n u al revenue.
T he zeros o f th e revenue fu n ctio n are 14 and - 1 0 . T h e average o f th e
zeros is ^ ^ = 2. To m a x im iz e revenue, ea ch su b scrip tio n
should co st $10 + $ 2 = $12.
.fTEP 4
Find th e m ax im u m a n n u a l revenue.
R (2) = - 2 0 0 0 ( 2 - 14)(2 + 10) = $ 2 8 8 ,0 0 0
F T he m agazin e should charge $12 per su b scrip tio n to m a x im iz e a n n u a l revenue.

T he m axim u m an n u al revenue is $ 2 88,000.
CuiDED PRACTKE
fo r E x am p ies 5 ,6 , an d 7
19.
22.
262
Chapter 4
6x2 - 3x - 63 = 0
20. 12x^ + 7x + 2 = x + 8
21. 7x^ + 70x + 175 = 0
WHAT IF? In Exam ple 7, suppose th e m ag azin e in itia lly ch arges $11 per
an n u al su bscrip tion. How m u ch should th e m ag azin e ch arge to m axim ize
an n u al revenue? W hat is th e m axim u m a n n u al revenue?
HOMEWORK
KEY
4.4 EXERC!SES
Exs. 2 ,1 2 ,6 4 ,6 5 , and 67
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY W hat is th e g reatest co m m o n m o n o m ia l fa cto r o f th e term s of
th e expression 12x 2 + 8 x + 20 ?
2. A WRITING DxpAat'a how th e values o f a and c in ax^ + bx + c help you
d eterm in e w heth er you ca n use a p e rfe ct squ are trin o m ia i facto rin g pattern.
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on p. 259
for Exs. 3-12
FACTORING F a cto r th e exp ression . If th e exp ression ca n n o t be facto red , say so.
3. 2x^ + 5x + 3
4. 3a^ + 7a + 4
5. 4?*2 + 5 r + 1
6. 6p2 + 5 p + 1
7. llz ^ + 2z - 9
8. 15x^ - 2 x - 8
9. 4y2 - 5 y - 4
10. Mar^ + at - 3
11. 9 r f - 1 3 d - 10
12 . * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h ich factorizatio n o f 5x^ + 14x - 3 is co rrect?
(A )
(5 x -3 )(x + l)
(g ) ( 5 x + l ) ( x - 3 )
(g )
5 ( x - l ) ( x + 3)
(D ) ( 5 x - l ) ( x + 3)
EXAMPLE 3
FACTORING WITH SPECIAL PATTERNS F a cto r th e exp ression .
on p. 260
for Exs. 13-21
13 . 9x^ _ ^
16 . 165
4^2 _ 25
+ 85+1
19 . 9p2 -
I2p + 4
1 5 . 49a^ - 16
1 7 . 49x2 + 70x + 25
18 . 64a-2 + 144m + 81
20. 25f2 - 3 0 1 + 9
2 1 . 36x2 - 8 4 x + 49
EXAMPLE 4
FACTORING MONOMIALS FIRST F a cto r th e exp ression .
on p. 260
for Exs. 22-31
2 2 . 12x2 _
4^ . _ 4Q
23 . 18z2 + 36z + 16
24 . 32t+ - 2
2 5. 6a2 - 2 4 a
26. 12at - 3 6 a t + 27
2 7 ^ 20x^ + 124x + 24
28. 2 1 X2 _ yy^. _ 2 g
29.
-36a2 + 4 8 a - 15
3 1 . ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and co rrect
30. -8 y 2 + 28y - 60
4x2 _ 3 6 = 4.^2 - 3 6 )
th e error in factorin g th e expression.
= 4 (x + 6 )(x 6 )
EXAMPLE 5
SOLVING EQUATIONS Solve th e eq u ation .
on p. 261
for Exs. 32-40
3 2 . 16x2 - 1 = 0
3 3 . Ilq 2 - 44 = 0
34 . 14s2 - 21s = 0
3 5. 45a2 + 10a = 0
36. 4x2 - 20x + 25 = 0
3 7 . 4p2 + 12p + 9 = 0
38. 15x2 + 7x - 2 = 0
3 9 3 6r2 - 7r - 5 = 0
40. 36z2 + 96z + 15 = 0
EXAMPLE 7
on p. 262
for Exs. 41-49
FINDING ZEROS Find th e zero s o f th e fu n ction by rew ritin g th e fu n ction in

in tercep t form .
4 1 . y = 4x2 _ ^
44. /(x ) = 3x
3x
4 7 . y = 15x2 - 5x - 20
g(x) = 3 ^ _ gx + 5
45. y = l l x
- 19x 6
48. y = 18x2 - 6 x - 4
4 .4
4 3 . y = 5x2
27x - 18
46. y = 16x - 2 x - 5
49. g(x) = 12x2 _j_
_ y
Solve ax2 + bx + c = 0 by Factoring
263
(g g GEOMETRY Find th e vaiu e of x.

50.
Area o f squ are = 36
51. Area o f recta n g ie = 30
52. Area o f trian g le = 115
T
2x
2x
3x+ 1
5x-2
SOLVING EQUATtONS Soive th e eq u ation .

53.
2x^ - 4 x - 8 = - F + x
54. 24x^ + 8x + 2 = 5 - 6x
55. 18x^ - 2 2 x = 28
56.
13x^ + 21x = 5x^ + 22
57. x = 4x^ 15x
58. (x + 8)^ = 16 - x^ + 9x
CHALLENGE F a cto r the exp ression .

59.
2x^ - 5x^ + 3x
60. 8x^ - 8x^ - 6x^
61. 9 x " - 4 x
PROBLEM SOLVING
62. ARTS AND CRAFTS You have a re cta n g u la r stain ed glass w indow th at
m easu res 2 feet by 1 foot. You have 4 squ are feet o f glass w ith w hich to m ake
a border o f u n iform w idth around th e window. W hat should th e w idth o f th e
border be?
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 261
for Exs. 62 63
@ M M H e7ufO f
63.) URBAN PLANNiNG You have ju st plan ted a

re ctan g u lar flow er bed o f red roses in a city park.
You w ant to plant a border o f yellow roses around
th e flow er bed as show n. B eca u se you bough t th e
sam e n u m ber o f red and yellow roses, th e areas
o f th e border and flow er bed w ill b e equal. W hat
should th e w idth o f th e border o f yellow ro ses be?
T utor
EXAMPLE 7
64. tk MULTIPLE CHOICE A su rfbo ard shop sells 45 su rfb o a rd s per m o n th w hen
it charges $500 per su rfboard . For ea ch $20 d ecrea se in price, th e store
sells 5 m ore su rfb o ard s per m onth. How m u ch should th e shop ch arge per
su rfbo ard in order to m ax im iz e m on th ly revenue?
on p. 262
for Exs. 64-65
(A )
$340
( g ) $492
(C ) $ 5 0 8
(g )
$660
65. tk SHORT RESPONSE A restau ra n t sells abou t 330 san d w ich es ea ch day at a
p rice o f $6 each. For each $.25 d ecrease in price, 15 m ore san d w iches are sold
per day. How m u ch should th e resta u ra n t ch arge to m a x im iz e daily revenue?
Explm't! each step o f your solution. W h at is th e m a x im u m daily revenue?
66. PA!NT!NGS You place a m at around a 25 in ch by 21 in ch
pain ting as show n. T h e m at is tw ice as w ide at th e left and
right o f th e p ain ting as it is at th e top and b o tto m o f th e
painting. T he area o f th e m at is 714 squ are in ch es. How wide
is th e m at at th e left and right o f th e painting? at th e top and
bo tto m o f th e painting?
264
= WORKED-OUT SOLUT!ONS
on p. WS1
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
67. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A U.S. P ostal Serv ice guideline

states th a t for a re cta n g u la r package like th e on e show n,
th e sum o f th e len gth and th e g irth ca n n o t exceed
108 in ch es. Suppose th a t for one su ch package, the
length is 36 in ch es and th e g irth is as large as possible.
a. W hat is th e g irth o f th e package?
b. W rite an exp ression for th e package's w idth w in term s o f h.
W rite an eq u atio n giving th e package's volum e V in term s o f h
c. W hat height and w idth m ax im ize th e volum e o f th e package?
W hat is th e m ax im u m volum e? E xplain how you found it.
68. CHALLENGE R ecall from geom etry th e th eo rem about
th e products o f th e len gth s o f seg m ents o f tw o chords
th at in tersect in th e in terio r o f a circle. U se th is
th e o rem to fin d th e value o f x in th e diagram .
M)XED REV!EW
S o lve th e eq u a tio n , ip. 181
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 4.5
in Exs. 69-74.
69. 11 + 12x = 3(4x + 7)
70. 6x - 19 = 5(3 + 2%)
71. - 9 ( 5 x + 3) = 9 x - 42
72. 6 ( x - 7) = 1 5 ( 2 * - 4)
73. 9 ( x - 3) = 3 ( 5 x - 17)
74. 4 ( 3 x - 11) = 3(11 - x ) + x
S o lve th e sy stem o f lin e a r e q u a tio n s u sin g C ra m e r's ru ie . (p. 203)

75. 4x + 9y = - 1 4
3x + 5y = - 7
76. 8x + 5y = - 2
2x + 3y = 14
77. 5 x - 8y = - 5 0
2 x 3y = - 2 5
G rap h th e fu n ctio n .
78. y = x^ - 3x - 18 (p. 236)
79. /(x ) = 2x2 + l l x + 5 (p. 236)
80. y = 3 ( x + 6 ) 2 - 2 (p.243)
81. g(x) = (x + 4)(x - 5) (p. 245)
Q U !Z /or Lessons 4 .7 -4 .4
G rap h th e fu n ctio n . L abel th e v e rte x a n d a x is o f sy m m e try , (p. 236)
1. y = x2 6x + 14
2. y = 2x2 _j_ g^. + ^
= 3^2 ^ g^- _ 5
W rite th e q u a d ra tic fu n c tio n in sta n d a rd fo rm . (p. 243)

4. y = (x 4) (x 8)
5. g(x) = - 2 ( x + 3)(x - 7)
6. y = 5(x + 6 ) 2 - 2
7. x2 + 9x + 20 = 0 (p. 232)
8. rh - l l n + 24 = 0(p.232)
9. z2 - 3z - 40 = 0 (p. 232)
10. 5^2 - 14s - 3 = 0 (p. 239)
11. 7%2 - 30 a + 8 = 0(p.239)
S o lve th e eq u a tio n .
12. 4x2 + 2Qx + 25 = 0 (p. 239)
13. DVD PLAYERS A store sells abou t 50 o f a new m odel o f DVD player per m onth
at a p rice o f $140 each. For each $10 d ecrease in price, about 5 m ore DVD
players per m o n th are sold. How m uch should th e store ch arge in order to
m ax im ize m o n th ly revenue? W h at is th e m a x im u m m o n th ly revenue? (p. 239)
E X T R A P R A C T !C E for Lesson 4.4, p. 1013
O N H N E Q U !Z at classzone.com
265
/!
C Sotve Quadratic Equations by

Finding Square Roots
You soived quadratic equations by factoring.
You wiii solve quadratic equations by finding square roots.
So you can soive probiem s about astronom y, as in Ex. 39.
Key Vocabuiary
A nu m ber r is a sq u are ro o t o f a n u m b er s if
< sq u are ro o t
* rad ical
< rad ican d
* ratio n alizin g the
d en om in ator
* conjugates
= s. A positive n u m b er 5 has two
squ are roots, w ritten as Vs and Vs. For exam ple, b eca u se 3^ = 9 and (3)^ = 9,
th e two squ are roots o f 9 are V9 = 3 and - V 9 = - 3 . T h e positive squ are root o f a
nu m b er is also called th e prin cip al squ are root.
T he expression Vs is called a rad ical. T he sym bol \
is a rad ical sign, and the
n u m ber s b en e a th th e rad ical sign is th e ra d ica n d o f th e expression.
KEY CONCEPT
Prop erties of Square Roots (a > 0, b > 0)
Product Property
Vob = Va - V&
Example
Quotient Property
J =
Example
y^
V18 = V9 * V2 = 3V2
V2
V25
SIMPLIFYING SQUARE ROOTS You c a n u se th e p ro p erties above to sim plify

expressions co n ta in in g squ are roots. A sq u a re-ro o t exp ression is sim plified if:
* no rad icand has a p erfect-sq u are factor o th er th a n 1, and
* there is no rad ical in a d en om in ator
EXAMPLE 1
Use p ro p e rtie s of sq u a re ro o ts
Sim plify th e expression.

USE A CALCULATOR
You can use a caiculator
to approximate Vs
when s is not a perfect
square. For example,
\ 80 - 8.944.
b. V6 - V21 = V l26 = V9 - V l4 = 3V l4
a. V80 = V l6 - V5 = 4V5
. V4 _ 2
c.
V81
CutDED PRACTICE
V7
y?
V l6
fo r E xam p le 1
266
Chapter 4
1. V27
2. V98
c
^
VV
f6 4
f iv
3. VlO . V l5
4. V8 - V28
R
f36
RATiONALiZiNG THE DENOMINATOR

Suppose th e d en o m in ato r o f a fractio n
Form of the
denom inator
h as th e form Vb, a + Vb, or a - Vb w here

a and & are ratio n al num bers. Th e table
shows how to elim in ate th e rad ical
from th e d enom inator. T h is is called
r a tio n a liz in g th e d en o m in ato r.
Muitipiy num erator

and denominator by:
Vb
0 + Vb
0 - Vb
a - Vb
a + Vb
T he expressions a + Vb and a - Vb are

called co n ju g a tes of each other. T h eir
product is alw ays a ratio n al num ber.
R ationatize d e n o m in a to rs o f fra ctio n s
EXAMPLE 2
S im p lify (a) J a n d (b)

7 + V2
Soiution
' 7 + V2
V2
V'5
V2
V2
V2
CO
V5
co
a. H r =
7 + V2
49
7 - .V 2
21 - 3 V2
7 V2 + 7 V2 - 2
_ 21 - 3 V2
VK)
47
SOLViNG QUADRATiC EQUATiONS You ca n u se squ are roots to solve som e types
o f q u ad ratic eq u ation s. For exam ple, if s > 0, th en th e eq u atio n x^ = s h as two
real-n u m b er solu tions: x = Vs and x = -V s . T h ese solu tion s are o ften w ritten in
cond ensed form as x = V s (read as "plus or m inu s th e squ are root o f s").
EXAMPLE 3
Soive a q u a d ra tic eq u atio n
Solve 3x^ + 5 = 41.
II
^2 .t_
E -= 41
î
+ 5
36
x ' = 12
AVOiD ERRORS
W hen solving an
equation o f th e form
= s w here s > 0,
m ake sure to find
both the positive and
negative solutions.
x = V l2

Take square roots of each side.
X =
V 4 -
Product property
X =
+2 V 3
Simpiify.
F The solu tion s are 2V3 and 2 V 3 .

CME&T C heck th e solu tions by su b stitu tin g th em into th e orig in al equation.
3x^ + 5 = 41
3x^ + 5 = 41
3(2V 3)^ + 5 ^ 41
3 (-2 V 3 T + 5 ^ 4 1
3(12) + 5 ^ 41
3(12) + 5 ^=41
41 = 41 /
41 = 41 ^
4 .5
Solve Quadratic Equations by Finding Square Roots
267
S tand ard ized T est P ra ctice
EXAMPLE
W hat a re th e so lu tio n s o f th e e q u a tio n i. (z + 3)2 = 7?

5
(A )
- 3 8 ,3 2
(B )
- 3 - 5 V 7 , - 3 + 5V7
(g )
- 3 - V35, - 3 + V35
(B )
- 3 - ^ .- 3
5
+ #
Solu tion
+ 3)2 = 7
(z + 3)2 = 35
Multiply each side by 5.

z + 3 = V 3 5
z = - 3 V35
T he soiu tions are - 3 + V35 and - 3 - V35.

^ T h e co rrect answ er is C. (S ) (B) (c ) (g)
GutDED PRACTtCE
fo r E xam p ies 2 , 3 , an d 4
S im p iify th e ex p ressio n .
12 .
11.
13.
-6
14.
7 - V5
4 + V il
15.
-1
9 + V7
16.
<21
4
- V3
S olve th e eq u a tio n .
18. z - " - 7 = 29
MODELING DROPPED OBJECTS W hen an

o b je ct is dropped, its height h (in feet)
above th e ground after f seco n d s ca n be
m odeled by th e fu n ctio n
h = -1 6 f2 + hQ
w here
is th e o b ject's in itia l height
(in feet). The graph o f h = 16f2 + 200,
representing th e h eight o f a n o b je ct
dropped from an in itia l height o f 200 feet,
is show n at th e right.
T he m odel h = -1 6 f2 +
assu m es th at
th e force o f air re sista n ce on th e o b je ct is
negligible. Also, th is m odel w orks only on
E arth. For p lan ets w ith stronger or w eaker
gravity, d ifferent m odels are used (see
E xercise 39).
268
Chapter 4
Q uadratic Functions and Factoring
19. 3 ( x - 2 ) 2 = 40
a a a a g a
5 * 2 = gp
a :
17.
M ode) a dropped o b ject w ith a q u a d ra tic function^
EXAMPLE 5
SCIENCE COMPETITION For a scien ce co m p etitio n ,

stud ents m u st design a co n ta in e r th a t prevents a n egg
from break in g w hen dropped from a h eight o f 50 feet.
How long does th e co n ta in e r tak e to h it th e ground?
ANOTHER WAY
S olu tion

in Example 5, turn
to page 272 for the
h = -1 6 f'
hg
Write height function.
0 = -1 6 P
50
Substitute 0 for h and 50 for

- 5 0 = -1 6 P
Problem Solving
Workshop.
50 _ f2
16
Divide each side by - 1 6 .
+ f50 - f
" V 16

Use a caicuiator.
1 .8 = f
After a successfui egg drop
F R eject th e negative solution, - 1 .8 , b eca u se tim e m u st b e positive.

T he co n tain e r w ill fa ll for abou t 1.8 secon d s b efo re it h its th e ground.
at classzone.com
CutDED PRACTICE
20.
for E xam p le 5
WHAT IF? In E xam ple 5, suppose th e egg co n ta in e r is d ropped from a height

o f 30 feet. How long does th e co n ta in e r tak e to h it th e ground?
HOMEWORK
KEY
4 5 EXEROSES
IE = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 19, 34, 35, 36, 40, and 41
SK!LL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY In th e exp ression V72, w hat is 72 called ?
2. IF WRITING E xplain w hat it m e a n s to "ra tio n a liz e th e d en o m in ato r"
o f a qu o tien t co n ta in in g squ are roots.
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on pp. 266-267
for Exs. 3-20
SIMPLIFYING RADICAL EXPRESSIONS Sim plify th e exp ression .
3. \ 28
4. V192
5. V l5 0
7. 4\ 6 - V6
8. 5V24 - 3VH)
9.
11.
15.
12.
13.
\T2
V3
2
1 - V3
16.
5 + V6
4 .5
6. V3 - V27
10.
f35
S36
fltf
? 11
14.
V2
4 + V5
18.
3 + V7
2 - v 10
Solve Q uadratic Equations by Finding Square Roots
269
19.
* MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is a com p ieteiy sim plified exp ression for \ 108?
(A ) 2V27
( g ) 3V12
(g )
6V3
(D )
10V8
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in sim plifying th e exp ression
o r soiving th e equation.
20 .
21.
5x^ = 4 0 5
V 9 6 - V 4 - \ 24
= 51
= 2V24
x = 9
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 267-268
for Exs. 21-34
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATiONS Soive th e eq u ation .

22. $2 = 169
^ = 50
24.
4p2 = 448
27d - 3 ^ 2 = -2 1 3
25.
6 z^ = 150
26.
28.
7r^ - 10 = 25
29.
31.
4(x - i f = 8
32.
34.
%2 = 84
23.
- 6 = -2
7(x - 4)2 - 18 = 10
30.
+ 8=15
33.
2(x + 2)2 - 5 = 8
MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat are th e solu tion s o f 3 (x -t- 2 r + 4 = 13?

(g )
-5 , 1
(B )
- 1 ,5
(g )
-2 V 3
(g )
2 + V3
35. * SHORT RESPONSE D escribe two d ifferen t m eth o d s for solving th e eq u ation
%2 - 4 = 0. Include th e steps for ea ch m ethod .
36. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite an eq u ation o f th e form %2 = s th a t h as (a) two
real solutions, (b) exactly one real solution, and (c) no real solutions.
37. CHALLENGE Solve th e eq u atio n n (x + b)2 = c in term s o f a, b, and c.
EX AMPLE 5
on p. 269
for Exs. 3 8 -3 9
38. CUFF DIViNG A c iiff diver dives o ff a c liff 40 feet

above water. W rite an eq u atio n giving th e diver's
}
height b (in feet) above th e w ater a fter f second s.
How long is th e diver in th e air?
@ M M ne7M for
39. ASTRONOMY On any p ianet, th e height b (in feet) o f a fallin g o b je ct f secon d s

after it is dropped can be m odeied by b = - y f
+ b w here b^ is th e o b ject's
in itia l height (in feet) and g is th e a ccelera tio n (in feet per seco n d squared)
due to th e p lanet's gravity. For ea ch p lan et in th e table, find th e tim e it tak es
for a rock dropped from a height o f 150 feet to hit th e su rface.
Planet
g (ft/sec^)
@ M M n e lH fo r
270
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
Pluto
32
12
76
30
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
40. * SHORT RESPONSE T h e eq u ation h = 0.0195^ gives th e h eight h (in feet) of

th e iargest o ce a n w aves w hen th e w ind speed is s k nots. Com pare th e w ind
speed s requ ired to generate 5 foot w aves and 20 foot w aves.
( 41) * EXTENDED RESPONSE You w ant to tra n sfo rm a squ are gravei parking
iot w ith 10 foot sides into a circu la r lot. You w ant th e circle to have th e
sam e area as th e squ are so th at you do n o t have to buy an y ad d ition al
gravel.
10 ft
10ft
a. Model W rite an eq u atio n you c a n u se to fin d th e rad iu s r o f th e

circu la r lot.
b. Soive W hat should th e radius o f th e circu la r lot be?
c. Generalize In general, if a squ are has sides o f len gth s, w hat is th e radius
r o f a circle w ith th e sam e area? /u sf^ y your answ er algebraically.
42. BICYCLING T h e air re sista n ce R (in pounds)
on a racing cy clist is given by th e eq u ation
R = 0.00829^2 w here s is th e b icy cle's speed
(in m iles per hour).
a. W hat is th e speed o f a racin g cy clist who
ex p erien ces 5 pound s o f air resistan ce?
b. W hat happens to th e air re sista n ce if the
cy clist's speed doubles? /Msti/y your answ er
algebraically.
43. CHALLENGE For a sw im m in g p ool w ith a re cta n g u la r b ase, T o rricelli's law
im plies th a t th e height h o f w ater in th e pool f seco n d s a fter it b eg in s
d rain in g is given by h =
f w here (a n d tv are th e pool's

/tv
/
length and w idth, <%is th e d iam eter o f th e d rain , an d ftp is th e w ater's in itia l
height. (All m easu rem en ts are in in ch es.) In term s o f 1, tv, d, and Rg, w hat is
th e tim e required to d rain th e pool w hen it is com p letely filled?
MtXED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Evalu ate th e pow er, (p. 70)
Prepare for
Lesson 4.6
inExs.44-!
44. (-5)2
45. (-4 )2
46. ( -8 )2
47. (-13)2
48. - 3 2
49. - i f
50. -1 5 2
51. -72
Solve the eq u ation o r inequality.

52.
x - 8 = 2(p.78)
53. 3 x + 4 = 1 3 ( p . 78)
54. 2 x - 1 = 6x + 3 (p. 78)
55.
x + 9 > 5 (p. 47)
56.
-7 x - 15 > 6 (p. 47)
57. 3 - 6 x < 23 - lOx (p. 47)
58.
] x + 12l = 5(p.57)
59
- 2 + 3x1 = 10 (p. 57)
60.
i x + 9 ] > 4 (p. 57)
In E xercises 61 an d 6 2 , (a) draw a s c a tte r plot o f th e d a ta , (b) ap p ro x im a te the

best-fittin g line, an d (c) e s tim a te y w h e n x = 2 0 . (p. 773)
61.
-4
-3
28
33
39
E X T R A P R A C T tC E f o r L e s s o n 4 .5 , p. 1013
62.
120
91
58
31
O N L I N E Q U tZ atclasszon e.com
271
" '"9 ALTERNATIVE METHODS

LESSON 4.5
Another !Mny to SoAve Exnmpfe 5 , po<ye 2 6 S
MULTtPLE REPRESENTAT!ONS In Exam ple 5 on page 269, you solved a qu ad ratic
eq u atio n by fin d in g squ are roots. You ca n also solve a qu ad ratic eq u atio n using a
table or a graph.
SCtENCE COMPETITION For a scien ce co m p etitio n , stud en ts m ust design a

co n tain e r th a t prevents an egg from b reak in g w hen dropped from a h eight
o f 50 feet. How long does th e co n ta in e r tak e to h it th e ground?
METHOD
Using a Tabie One alternativ e approach is to w rite a qu ad ratic eq u atio n an d th e n

use a table o f values to solve th e eq u ation . You ca n u se a graphing ca lcu la to r to
m ake th e table.
7 Write an eq u atio n th a t m od els th e situ ation using th e h eight fu n ctio n
h = -1 6 ^ +
h = -1 6 ^ +
0 = -16 f2 + 50
Substitute 0 for h and 50 for h
Enter the fu n ctio n y = -1 6 x ^ + 50 into

a graphing calcu lator. N ote th a t tim e is
now represen ted by x and height is now
represented by y.
^7 ?^ <? Make a table o f values for th e fu n ctio n .

Set th e table so th a t th e x-values sta rt
at 0 and in crea se in in crem en ts o f 0.1.
Tiff 4 Scroii throu gh th e tab le to find th e tim e x at

w hich th e height y o f th e co n ta in e r is 0 feet.
The tabie shows that y = 0

between x = 1.7 and x = 1.8
because y has a change of sign.
^ T h e co n tain e r h its th e ground b etw een 1.7 and
1.8 secon d s after it is dropped.
272
Chapter 4
TABLE SETUP
TbtStart=0
A T b t = . 1 ______
I n d p n t : ETtTTt Ask
D e p e n d : bUTT! A sk
X
1. 5
1 .6
1 .7
1.9
X= 1 . 8
Y1
14
9 . 04
3.76
-1 .84
-7.76
====a=====^
Using a Graph A nother approach is to w rite a q u ad ratic eq u atio n and th en use a

graph to soive th e eq uation. You c a n u se a g raphing ca lcu la to r to m ake th e graph.
.Wiff 7 W rite an eq u atio n th a t m odels th e situ atio n using th e h eigh t fu n ctio n
b = -1 6 f2 + bg.
b = -16 f2 + b(,
0 = - 1 6 ^ + 50
Substitute 0 for b and 50 for h.
FTiFP^ Enter th e fu n ctio n y = -1 6 x 2 + gQ

a graphing calcu lato r. Note th a t tim e is
now represented by x and height is now
rep resented byy.
YiB-16X2+50
Y2 =
Y3 =
Y4 =
Y5 =
Y6 =
'
Y7 =
F 7P P J Graph th e height fu n ctio n . Adjust the

view ing w indow so th a t you c a n see
th e p oint w here th e graph cro sses th e
positive x -a x is. Find th e positive x-value
for w hich y = 0 using th e zero featu re.
T h e graph show s th a t y = 0 w hen x = 1.8.
F T h e co n tain e r h its th e ground abou t 1.8 secon d s
after it is dropped.
SOLVING EQUATIONS Solve th e q u ad ratic eq u ation

using a table an d using a graph .
1. 2x2 - I2 x + 10 = 0
2. x2 + 7x + 12 = 0
3. 9x2 - 30x + 25 = 0
4. 7x2 - 3 = 0
5. x2 + 3x - 6 = 0
6. WHAT IF? How long does it tak e for an egg
co n tain er to h it th e ground w hen dropped from
a height o f 100 feet? Find th e answ er using a
table and using a graph.
7. WIND PRESSURE T he p ressu re P (in pounds
per squ are foot) from w ind biow ing at s m iles
per hour is given by P = 0 . 00256 ^ . W h at w ind
speed produces a pressure o f 30 lb/ft2? Solve
th is problem using a table and u sing a graph.
8. BIRDS A bird flyin g at a h eight o f 30 feet ca rries

a sh ellfish . T h e bird drops th e sh ellfish to break
it and get th e food inside. How long does it take
for th e sh ellfish to h it th e ground? Find the
answ er using a tab le and using a graph.
9. DROPPED OBJECT You are dropping a b all
from a w indow 29 feet above th e ground to
your friend who w ill ca tch it 4 feet above the
ground. How long is th e b all in th e air before
your friend ca tch e s it? Solve th is problem using
a ta b le an d using a graph.
10. REASONtNG Pxpbrbr how to u se th e fab/e
featu re o f a g raphing ca lcu la to r to approxim ate
th e solu tion o f th e problem on page 272 to
th e n ea rest h u n d red th o f a secon d . Use th is
p ro ced u re to find th e approxim ate solution.
Using Attemative Methods
273
MHXED REV!EW
STATE TEST PRACTICE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 4.1-4.5
1. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM A p in eco n e falls from a
tree bran ch th a t is 20 feet above th e ground.
a. W rite a fu n ctio n th a t m odels th e height o f
th e pinecone as it fails.
b. Graph th e fu n ctio n .
c. After how m any second s does th e p in eco n e
hit the ground?
SHORT RESPONSE You are creatin g a m etal

border o f u n ifo rm w idth for a w all m irro r th at
is 20 in ch es by 24 in ch es. You have 416 squ are
in ch es o f m eta l to use. W rite and solve an
eq u atio n to find th e border's w idth. D oes
d oubling th e w idth requ ire exactly tw ice as
m u ch m etal? Explain.
d. W hat are th e d om ain and range o f th e

function?
24 in.
2. MULT! STEP PROBLEM Som e h arb o r police

d epartm ents have fire-fig h tin g b o ats w ith
w ater can n o n s. T he b o ats are used to fight fires
th at o ccu r w ith in th e harbor.
5. EXTENDED RESPONSE A pizza shop sells about

80 slices o f pizza ea ch day during lu n ch w hen
it ch arges $2 per slice. For each $ .2 5 in crea se
in price, abou t 5 few er slices are sold each day
d uring lu n ch .
a. W rite a fu n c tio n th a t gives th e p izza shop's
revenue R if th ere are x p rice in creases.
a. T he fu n ctio n y = - 0 . 0 0 3 5 x ( x - 143.9)
m odels th e p ath o f w ater sh ot by a w ater
can n o n w here x is th e h o rizo n tal d istan ce
(in feet) and y is th e corresp on d in g height
(in feet). W hat are th e d om ain and range o f
th is fu n ction ?
b. How far does th e w ater ca n n o n shoot?
c. W hat is th e m axim u m height o f th e w ater?
EXTENDED RESPONSE The diagonal o f the
screen on a laptop com p uter m easu res
15 inches. The ratio o f th e screen's w idth w
to its height R is 4 : 3 .
a. W rite an expression for re in term s o f R.
b. Use th e P yth ago rean th eo rem and th e result
from p art (a) to w rite an eq u atio n th a t you
can use to find R.
c. Solve th e eq u atio n from p art (b). Explain
why you m u st re je ct one o f th e solutions.
d. W hat are th e height, w idth, and are a o f the
laptop screen?
274
Chapter 4
b. W hat value o f x m a x im iz es R? E xp lain the

m e a n in g o f your an sw er in th is situation.
c. R epeat p a rts (a) an d (b) u sin g th e equivalent
assu m p tio n th a t ea ch $ .2 5 decrease in p rice
resu lts in 5 more slices b ein g sold. W hy do
you o b ta in a negative x-value in p a rt (b)?
6. GR!DDED ANSWER You have a re cta n g u la r
vegetable garden th a t m easu res 42 feet by
8 feet. You w an t to double th e area o f th e
garden by exp an d in g th e len gth an d w idth as
show n. Find th e value o f x.
42 ft
-
*1
.3 33333
333333
3 3 3 3 33
: 3 3 3 3 33
8ft
7. OPEN-ENDED W rite th ree d ifferen t qu ad ratic

fu n ctio n s in stand ard form w hose graphs have
a vertex o f ( - 3 , 2).
/]
^
Perform Operations
with Compiex Numbers
You p e rfo rm e d o p e ra tio n s w ith reai n u m b ers.
You wiii p e rfo rm o p e ra tio n s w ith c o m p le x n u m b ers.
S o you c a n so iv e p ro b iem s invoiving fra c ta is, a s in Exs. 7 0 - 7 3 .
Key Vocabulary
* im ag in ary u n it i
* com p lex n u m b er
* im ag in ary n u m b er
* com p lex conjugates
* com p iex piane
* absoiute vaiue o f a
com p iex n um ber
Not ail qu ad ratic eq u atio n s have real-n u m b er solutions. For exam ple, j r = - 1
has no real-n u m b er solu tions b eca u se th e squ are o f any real n u m b er x is never a
negative num ber.
To overcom e th is problem , m a th em a ticia n s crea ted an expand ed system of
nu m bers using th e im ag in a ry u n i t :, defin ed as f = \ - 1 . N ote th a t
= - 1 . The
im agin ary u n i t : ca n be u sed to w rite th e squ are root o f rtny n egative num ber.
KEY CONCEPT
A ir
< The Square Root of a Negative Number

Example
1 Property
1. If r is a positive real num ber, th e n V ^ r = iV r.
V ^ 3 = ;'V3
2. By P rop erty (1), it follow s th a t (:V r)^ = - r .
( :V 3 f =
. 3 = -3
So!ve a q u a d ra tic eq u atio n

Soive 2*2 + 11 = - 37 .
+ 11 = - 3 7
= -4 8
= -2 4
x = V-24
Take square roots of each side,
x = :V 2 4
Write in terms of i.
x = 2 : V6
Simplify radical.
^ T he solu tion s are 2tV 6 and - 2 : V6.
GUtDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p le 1
Soive th e eq u ation .
1. x^ = - 1 3
2. x^ = - 3 8
3. x^ + 11 = 3
4. x 2 - 8 = - 3 6
5. 3x^ - 7 =
6. 5x2 + 33 = 3
4 .6
Perform O perations with Com piex Numbers
COMPLEX NUMBERS A co m p iex n u m b er w ritten

in stan d ard form is a n u m b er a + hi w here a and
& are real num bers. The n u m b er a is th e rea/ p a rf
o f th e com plex num ber, and th e n u m b er hi is the
im aginary parr.
Com piex N um bers (u + hi)

Rea)
Numbers
(a + Oi)
imaginary
Numbers
(a + hi h ^ 0)
2 + 3i
If h ^ 0, th e n a + hi is an im a g in a ry num ber.
If a = 0 and b # 0, th e n a + hi is a p u re im a g in a ry
num ber. T he d iagram shows how d ifferent typ es
o f com plex n u m bers are related.
5 - 5i
Pure
imaginary
Numbers
(0 + hi h # 0)
Two com p lex n u m bers a + hi and c + di are eq u al
if and only if a = c and b = d. For exam ple, if
x + yi = 5 - 3i, th e n x = 5 an d y = - 3 .
-4 i
6i
KEY CONCEPT
Sums and Differences of Compiex Numbers
To add (or su btract) two com p lex n u m bers, add (or su b tract) th e ir real p arts
and th e ir im ag in ary p arts separately.
Sum of com piex numbers:
(a + hi) + (c + di) = (a + c) + (b + <T)i
Difference of com piex num bers:
(a + hi) - (c + di) = (a - c) + (b - d) i
Add and s u b tra c t co m p ie x n u m b ers

W rite th e exp ression as a co m p iex n u m b er in sta n d a rd form .
a. (8 - i) + (5 + 4i)
b. (7 - 6i) - (3 - 6i)
c. 10 - (6 + 7i) + 4i
S o iu tio n
a. (8 i) + (5 + 4i) = (8 + 5) + (1 + 4 )i
= 13 +
b.
c.
3i
(7- 6i) - (3 - 6i) = (7 - 3) + ( - 6

+ 6 )i
Definition of compiex subtraction
= 4 + Oi
Simpiify.
= 4
10- (6 + 7i) + 4 i = [(10 - 6) -
7i] + 4 i
Definition of compiex subtraction
= (4 -
7i)
4i
Simpiify.
= 4 +
(7
4 )i
Definition of compiex addition
= 4 3i
CutDED PRACTiCE
Definition of compiex addition
for Exam p ie 2
W rite th e expression as a co m p iex n u m b er in sta n d a rd form .

7.
276
Chapter 4
(9 - i) + ( - 6 + 7i)
8. (3 + 7i) - (8 - 2i)
9. - 4 - (1 + i) - (5 + 9i)
EXAMPLE 3
Use addition o f co m p iex n u m b ers in re a ! iife
ELECTRICITY C ircuit co m p on en ts su ch as resistors, in d u ctors, and cap acitors

all oppose th e flow o f cu rren t. T h is o pposition is ca lle d resistance for resistors
and reactance for ind u ctors and cap acito rs. A circu it's to ta l o pposition to
cu rren t flow is im pedance. All o f th e se q u a n tities are m easu red in oh m s (Q).
READING
Note that while a

component's resistance
or reactance is a reai
number, its impedance
is a complex number.
Component
and symbol
Resistor
Inductor
50
AM-
Capacitor
dMMMb
30:
Resistance
or reactance
Impedance
ti
-G
-(g)A lte rn a tin g c u rre n t so urce
T h e table shows th e relation sh ip betw een a co m p o n en t's re sista n ce or

re a cta n c e and its co n trib u tio n to im p ed an ce. A series circa it is also show n w ith
th e re sista n ce or re a cta n c e o f each co m p on en t labeled.
T he im p ed an ce for a series circu it is th e sum o f th e im p ed a n ces for th e
individual com p on en ts. Find th e im p ed a n ce o f th e circu it show n above.
Soiution
T h e resistor has a re sista n ce o f 5 ohm s, so its im p ed a n ce is 5 oh m s. Th e ind u ctor
has a re a cta n c e o f 3 ohm s, so its im p ed a n ce is 3i ohm s. T h e ca p a cito r has a
re a cta n c e o f 4 ohm s, so its im p ed a n ce is - 4 : ohm s.
Im p ed an ce o f circu it = 5 + 3 : + ( - 4 : )
= 5 :'
Add the individual impedances.

Simpiify.
^ T he im p ed an ce o f th e circu it is 5 - : ohm s.
MULTIPLYING COMPLEX NUMBERS To m ultiply tw o com p lex n u m bers, use the

d istribu tive property or th e FOIL m eth od ju st as you do w hen m ultiplying real
n u m bers or alg ebraic expressions.
EXAMPLE 4
M uitipiy co m p lex n u m b ers
W rite th e exp ression as a co m p iex n u m b er in sta n d a rd form .

a. 4: ( - 6 + :')
b. (9 - 2:) ( - 4 + 7:)
Soiution
a.
AVOID ERRORS
4 : ( - 6 + :) = - 2 4 : + 4:'^ Distributive property

= -2 4 : + 4 (-l)
When simplifying an
expression that invoives
complex numbers, be
sure to simplify to -1.
b.
Use ^ = - 1 .
= -2 4 : - 4
Simpiify.
= 4 - 2 4 :
(9 - 2:) ( - 4 + 7:) = - 3 6 + 6 3: + 8 : - 1 4 :^
= 36 +
71: 14(1)

Simpiify and use
= -1 .
= -3 6 + 7 1 : + 1 4
Simpiify.
= - 2 2 + 71:
4 .6
Perform O perations with Complex Numbers
277
COMPLEX CONJUGATES Two com p lex nu m b ers o f th e form a + hi an d a - hi are

called com p lex conjugates. T h e prod uct o f com p lex co n ju g ates is alw ays a real
num ber. For exam ple, (2 + 4/) (2 - 4/J = 4 - 8/ + 8 i + 16 = 20. You c a n u se th is
fact to w rite th e qu otient o f two com p lex nu m b ers in stan d ard form .
Divide co m p iex n u m b ers
EXAMPLE 5
W rite th e q u otien t ^ ^ in sta n d a rd form .

1-4/
REWRITE
QUOTIENTS
When a quotient has
an imaginary number
in the denominator,
rewrite the denominator
as a rea! number so
you can express the
quotient in standard
form.
7 + 5i _ 7 + 5i
1 - 4i
1 - 4i
Muitipiy numerator and denominator by

1 + 4/, the compiex conjugate of 1 - 4i.
1 + 4i
1 + 4i
_ 7 + 28i + 5i + 20/^
1 + 4i - 4i - 16/^
_ 7 + 33i + 2 0 ( - l )
1 - 1 6 (-1 )
Simpiify and use /^ = 1.
= - 1 3 + 33i
17
Simpiify.
= - 1 3 + 3317
17
CutDED PRACTKE
10. WHAT !F? In Exam ple 3, w hat is th e im p ed a n ce o f th e circu it if th e given

cap acito r is replaced w ith one having a re a cta n c e o f 7 ohm s?
W rite th e exp ression as a co m p lex n u m b er in sta n d a rd form .
11. Z(9 - /)
12. (3 + Z)(5 - /)
13.
^
1+ :
14.
3-2:
COMPLEX PLANE Just as every real n u m b er corresp on d s to a poin t on th e real

n u m ber line, every com plex n u m b er co rresp o n d s to a poin t in th e com p lex
plane. As show n in th e next exam ple, th e com p lex plane has a h o rizo n tal axis
called th e rea/ ax/s an d a v ertica l ax is ca lled th e /m ag/nary ax/s.
(jEXAMPLE 6
P !o t co m p tex n u m b ers
Plot th e co m p lex n u m b ers in th e sam e co m p lex p lane.

a. 3 2/
b. 2 + 4/
c. 3/
d. 4 3/
Solution
a. To plot 3 - 2/, start at th e origin, m ove 3 u n its to
th e right, and th e n m ove 2 u n its down.
/7T3R MRry
? + 4
3/
b. To plot - 2 + 4/, start at th e origin, m ove 2 u n its

to th e left, and th e n m ove 4 u n its up.
c. To plot 3/, start at th e origin an d m ove 3 u n its up.

d. To plot - 4 - 3/, sta rt at th e origin, m ove 4 u nits
to th e left, and th en m ove 3 u n its down.
278
Chapter 4
3*
4 -3 /
'
KEY CONCEPT
A)/* %?%/-
Absoiute Vaiue of a Complex Number

{
T h e absolute valu e of a com p lex nu m ber
z = u + Rl, denoted I zl , is a non n egative
}:
real nu m ber defin ed as Izl = Va^ + R^.
{
^
Thi s is th e d ista n ce b etw een z an d th e

th e origin in th e com p lex plane.
EXAMPLE 7
._____
Find ab so iu te v a tu e s o f c o m p ie x n u m b ers
Find th e absolute valu e of (a) - 4 + 31 an d (b) - 3 1 .

a.
I - 4 + 3;'l = V ( - 4 f + 32 = V25 = 5
b. l - 3 i l = lo + (-31)1 = V o ^ + ( - 3 f = V9 = 3
Algebra
CuiDED PRACTICE
at classzone.com
Plot th e co m p lex n u m b ers in th e sam e co m p lex p lane. Then find th e absolute

value of each co m p lex n um ber.
15. 4 - 1
16. - 3 - 4;'
4 6 EXERCiSES
17. 2 + 5:
HOMEWORK
KEY
18. -4 1

Exs. 2,21, 50, 60, 69, and 74
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY W hat is th e com p lex co n ju g ate o f a - Rl?
2. * WRtTtNG Is every com p lex n u m b er a n im ag in ary n um ber? Explain.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 275
for Exs. 3-11
SOLV)NG QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Solve th e eq u ation .

4.
6 . ^ - 22 = -112
7. 2x2 + 31 = 9
9. 6f2 + 5 = 2f2 + 1
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 276
for Exs. 12-21
5. z^ + 8 = 4
3. x^ = - 2 8
= -6 2 4
10. 3p2 + 7 = -9 p 2 + q
8. 9 - 4y2 = 57
- 5 ( n - 3)
10
ADD)NG AND SUBTRACTING W rite th e exp ression as a co m p lex n u m b er in

stan d ard form .
12.
(6 - 31) + (5 + 41)
13.
(9 + 81) + (8 - 91)
14.
( - 2 - 61) - (4 - 61)
15.
( - 1 + 1) - (7 - 51)
16.
(8 + 201) - ( - 8 + 121)
17.
(8 - 51) - (-1 1 + 41)
18.
(10 - 21) + (-1 1 - 71)
19.
(14 + 31) + (7 + 61)
20.
( - 1 + 41) + ( - 9 - 21)
4 .6
Perform O perations with Com plex Numbers
279
2 1 . ^MULTIPLE CHOKE W h a t is t h e s t a n d a r d f o r m o f t h e e x p r e s s io n
(2 + 3;) - (7 + 4;')?
(g )
(g )
-4
(E )
- 5 + 7;
- 5 - ;
(D )
5 + ;
EXAMPLES
4 and 5
MULTlPLYtNG AND DIVtDING W rite th e exp ression as a co m p iex n u m b er in

stan d ard form .
on pp. 277-278
for Exs. 22-33
22. 6 ;(3 + 2;)
23. - ; ( 4 - 8 ; )
24. (5 - 7;') ( - 4 - 3;)
2 5. ( - 2 + 5 ; ) ( - l + 4;')
26. (-1 - 5 ; ) ( - l + 5;)
2 7 . (8 - 3;')(8 + 3;)
28.
3 1.
7i
6;
8+ :
3 - ;
4 + 9;'
32.
12;
2 - 5;
30
7 + 4;
2 - 3;
33.
3;
-1
6;
5 + 9;
EXAMPLE 6
PLOTTING COMPLEX NUMBERS Plot th e n u m b ers in th e sam e co m p iex piane.
on p. 278
for Exs. 34-41
34. 1 + 2;
35. - 5 + 3;
36.
-6 ;
3 7 . 4;
38. - 7 - ;
39. 5 - 5 ;
40.
4 1. - 2
EXAMPLE 7
F)ND!NG ABSOLUTE VALUE Find th e absoiute vaiue o f th e co m p lex num ber.
on p. 279
for Exs. 42-50
42. 4 + 3;
4 3 . - 3 + 10;
4 4.
46. - 8 ;
4 7 .4 ;
4 8 .- 4 +
10 -
7;
4 5. - 1 - 6;
4 9 . 7 + 7;
50. ^ MULTIPLE CHOKE W h a t is t h e a b s o iu t e v a iu e o f 9 + 12;'?

(g )
(B )
15
(C )
108
(g )
225
STANDARD FORM W rite th e exp ression as a co m p iex n u m b er in stan d ard form .

51.
- 8 - (3 + 2;') - (9 - 4;)
54 . (1 - 9 ;)(1 - 4;) (4 - 3;)
5 2 . (3 +
55.
2;) + (5 - ;) + 6;
(5 - 2;) + (5 + 3:)
53 . 5;'(3 +
56 .
(l + ; ') - ( 2 - 4 ; )
2;)(8 + 3;)
(10 + 4;) - (3 - 2;)

( 6 - 7 :) (l-2 ;)
ERROR ANALYStS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in sim plifying th e exp ression .

57.
58.
(1 + 2 i)(4 - i)
= 4 - i + ai -
2 - 3i
2^
=
= V ^5
= -2i^ + 7i + 4
= iV 5
59. ADDITIVE AND MULTIPLICATIVE INVERSES T h e a d d i t i v e in v e r s e o f a c o m p ie x

n u m b e r z is a c o m p ie x n u m b e r z^ s u c h t h a t z + z^ = 0. T h e m u lt ip ii c a t iv e
in v e r s e o f z is a c o m p ie x n u m b e r z ^ s u c h t h a t z - z ^ = 1. F in d t h e a d d it iv e
a n d m u it ip ii c a t iv e in v e r s e s o f e a c h c o m p ie x n u m b e r .
a. z = 2 + ;
60.
c. z = - l + 3 ;
OPEN-ENDED MATH F in d t w o i m a g i n a r y n u m b e r s w h o s e s u m is a r e a l
n u m b e r . H o w a r e t h e i m a g i n a r y n u m b e r s r e ia te d ?
CHALLENGE W rite th e exp ression as a co m p iex n u m b er in sta n d a rd form .

6 1.
280
a + b;
c+ d;
62.
O = WORKED-OUT SOLUT)ONS
on p. WS1
a -b ;
c-d ;
63.
a + b;
c-d ;
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
64.
a -b ;
c+ d;
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 277
for Exs. 6 5 -6 7
CIRCUITS In E xercises 6 5 - 6 7 , ea ch co m p o n en t o f th e circ u it h as b een iabeied

w ith its re sistan ce o r re a c ta n c e . Find th e im p ed an ce o f th e circu it.
66.
65.
60
14 0
-^M r-
:6Q
*1
:7 0
90
@H<Mne7Mfor
12 0
-A W -
- d W '80
80
10 o
68. VISUAL THINKING T h e g r a p h s h o w s h o w y o u c a n g e o m e t r i c a l l y

a d d t w o c o m p l e x n u m b e r s (in t h is c a s e , 4 + i a n d 2 + 5 :) t o f in d
t h e ir s u m (in t h i s c a s e , 6 + 6 :). F in d e a c h o f t h e f o llo w i n g s u m s b y
d r a w in g a g ra p h .
a. (5 + :) + (1 + 4:)
b. ( - 7 + 3:') + (2 - 2:')
c. (3 - 2:') + (-1 - :)
d. (4 + 2:) + ( - 5 - 3:)
69. * SHORT RESPONSE M a k e a t a b le t h a t s h o w s t h e p o w e r s o f : f r o m ^ to

in t h e f ir s t r o w a n d t h e s im p lif i e d f o r m s o f t h e s e p o w e r s in t h e s e c o n d
ro w . D e s c r ib e t h e p a t t e r n y o u o b s e r v e i n t h e t a b le . V e r if y t h a t t h e p a t t e r n
c o n t i n u e s b y e v a l u a t i n g t h e n e x t f o u r p o w e r s o f :.
In E xercises 7 0 - 7 3 , u se th e exam p le below to d eterm in e w h eth er th e co m p lex

n u m b er c belongs to th e M andelbrot set. /Msfi/y y o u r answ er.
Investigate th e M andelbrot set

C o n s id e r t h e f u n c t i o n / ( z ) = z^ + c a n d t h i s i n f i n i t e lis t o f
c o m p le x n u m b e r s : Zg = 0, z^ = /(Z g), z^ = / ( ^ ) , Zg = / ( Z g ) ,. .
I f t h e a b s o lu t e v a l u e s o f Zp, z ^ Zg, Z g ,. . . a r e a ll le s s t h a n
s o m e f ix e d n u m b e r N , t h e n c b e lo n g s to t h e M a n d e lb r o t set.
I f t h e a b s o lu t e v a l u e s b e c o m e i n f i n i t e l y la r g e , t h e n c d o e s
n o t b e lo n g to t h e M a n d e lb r o t s e t.
The Mandelbrot set is

the black region in the
complex plane above.
T e ll w h e t h e r c = 1 + :' b e lo n g s to t h e M a n d e lb r o t s e t.
Solution
L e t / ( z ) = z^ + (1 + :).
Zp = "
!z l = 0
Z) = /(O ) = ( f + (1 + t) = 1 + :
Zg ^ (1 + :) (1
I ^ 1.41
:)^ + (1 + :) =
1 + 3:
Zg = / ( I + 3 :) = (1 + 3 : f + (1 + :)
[Zgl = 3 .16
= - 7 + 7 : Iz^] - 9.90
z^ = / ( - 7 + 7 :) = ( - 7 + 7 : ' f + (1 + :) = 1 - 9 7 :
Iz^l = 97.0
^ B e c a u s e t h e a b s o lu t e v a l u e s a r e b e c o m i n g i n f i n i t e l y la r g e , c = 1 + : d o e s
n o t b e lo n g to t h e M a n d e lb r o t s e t.
70. c = :
71.
c = -1 + :
72. c = - 1
4 .6
73. c = -0 .5 :
Perform O perations with Com piex Numbers
281
74 . * SHORT RESPONSE E v a lu a t e V ^ 4 . V ^ 2 5 a n d V lO O . D o e s t h e r u le
Vu - Vh =
o n p a g e 2 6 6 h o ld w h e n a a n d h a r e n e g a t i v e n u m b e r s ?
7 5 . PARALLEL CIRCUITS In a p a m / M c ir c u it, t h e r e is m o r e t h a n o n e p a t h w a y

t h r o u g h w h i c h c u r r e n t c a n flo w . T o f i n d t h e im p e d a n c e Z o f a p a r a l l e l c ir c u it
w i t h t w o p a t h w a y s , f ir s t c a l c u l a t e t h e i m p e d a n c e s Z^ a n d Z^ o f t h e p a t h w a y s
s e p a r a t e l y b y t r e a t i n g e a c h p a t h w a y a s a s e r ie s c ir c u it . T h e n a p p ly t h is
f o r m u la :
W h a t is t h e i m p e d a n c e o f e a c h p a r a lle l c ir c u it s h o w n b e lo w ?
76 . CHALLENGE / u iiu .sets, lik e t h e M a n d e lb r o t s e t s h o w n o n

p a g e 2 8 1, a r e f r a c t a l s d e f in e d o n t h e c o m p l e x p la n e . F o r e v e r y
c o m p le x n u m b e r c, t h e r e is a n a s s o c i a t e d J u lia s e t d e t e r m in e d
b y t h e f u n c t i o n / ( z ) = z^ + c.
F o r e x a m p le , t h e J u lia s e t c o r r e s p o n d in g to c = 1 + 1 is
d e t e r m in e d b y t h e f u n c t i o n / ( z ) = z^ + 1 + i. A n u m b e r Zg is a
m e m b e r o f t h i s J u lia s e t i f t h e a b s o lu t e v a lu e s o f t h e n u m b e r s
z^ = /(z^ ), Zg = / ( z ^ , Zg = / ( Z g ) ,. . . a r e a ll le s s t h a n s o m e f ix e d
n u m b e r N , a n d z is n o t a m e m b e r i f t h e s e a b s o lu t e v a l u e s g r o w
A Jutia set
i n f i n it e l y la r g e .
T e ll w h e t h e r t h e g iv e n n u m b e r Zg b e lo n g s to t h e J u lia s e t a s s o c ia t e d
w i t h t h e f u n c t i o n / ( z ) = z^ + 1 + :.
a. Zg = ;
b. z = 1
c. Zg = 2 i
d. Zg = 2 + 3;'
MtXED REVtEW
Tell w h eth er th e relatio n is a fu n ction . E xp lain , ip. 72)
77.
(5, - 3 ) , (0, 3 ), ( - 2 , 0), (2, 0), ( - 5 , - 3 )
78.
( - 3 , 1), (2, - 2 ) , (3, - 1 ) , (1, - 1 ) , (3, 0)
79 .
(0, - 4 ) , (1, 2), ( - 1 , - 4 ) , (2, 3), (1, - 5 )
80.
(2, 6), (5, 6), ( - 1 , 4), ( - 3 , 5), ( - 2 , 3)

8 1.
5
-2
-4
6
0
1
83.
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 4.7
in Exs. 85-90.
282
9
-8
ip. 787)
82.
84.
ip. 795)
-3
-5
-1
-1
-1
ip. 787)
-3
ip. MSI
Solve th e equation.
85. 3x2 - 3^ - 36 = 0 ip. 259)
86. 2x^ - 9 x + 4 = 0 ip. 259)
87. 6x2 = gg ^ 266)
88. Mx^ = ^ ^ 266)
89. 2x^ - 8 = 42 ip. 266)
90. 3x2 + 13 = 121 ip. 266)
E X T R A P R A C T tC E f o r L e s s o n 4 .6 , p. 1013
O N U N E Q U tZ a tc ia s s z o n e .c o m
'" ^ '^ A
T !V
!T Y
4.7 Using Aigebra Tiies

to Compiete the Square
M A TERfA LS * algeb ra tiles
------------------------
How can you use aigeb ra tiies to co m p iete th e sq u are for a

quadratic exp ression ?
I f y o u a r e g iv e n a n e x p r e s s io n o f t h e f o r m x^ + b x , y o u c a n a d d a c o n s t a n t c to
t h e e x p r e s s io n s o t h a t t h e r e s u lt x^ + b x + c is a p e r f e c t s q u a r e t r in o m ia l. T h is
p r o c e s s is c a l l e d c o m p le t in g th e s q u a re .
Com piete th e sq u are fo r th e exp ression x^ + 6 x
!!!
i^^ nn
ann
nnn
M e atyvwM M
Me
M M e A e%(KM-e
U s e a lg e b r a t i le s to m o d e l t h e
A r r a n g e t h e t ile s in a s q u a r e .
F in d t h e n u m b e r o f l - t i l e s
e x p r e s s io n x^ + 6 x . Y o u w ili
Y o u w a n t t h e le n g t h a n d w id t h
n e e d e d to c o m p le t e t h e s q u a r e .
n e e d to u s e o n e x ^ -tile a n d s ix
o f t h e s q u a r e to b e e q u a l. Y o u r
B y a d d in g n in e 1 - tile s , y o u c a n
x - t ile s fo r t h i s e x p r e s s io n .
a r r a n g e m e n t w i l l b e i n c o m p le t e
s e e t h a t x^ + 6 x + 9 is e q u a l to
(x + 3)2.
in o n e o f t h e c o r n e r s .
RAW C O N C L U S i O N S
Use y ou r ob servation s to co m p iete th e se e xercises
1 . C o p y a n d c o m p le t e t h e t a b le a t t h e r ig h t b y
Compieting the Square
f o l lo w i n g t h e s te p s a b o v e .
Expression
Number of 1-tiies
needed to compiete
the square
Expression
written as a
square
x^ + 2x + _?_
x^ + 4x + _?_
x^ + 6x + _?_
x^ + 6x + 9
= (x + 3)'
c o e f f ic ie n t s o f x in t h e e x p r e s s io n s fr o m
x^ + 8x + _?_
t h e f ir s t c o lu m n ?
x^ + 10x + JL
2. L o o k fo r p a t t e r n s in t h e la s t c o lu m n o f
y o u r t a b le . C o n s id e r t h e g e n e r a l s t a t e m e n t
x^ + b x + c = (x + d)^.
a. H o w is d r e la t e d to & in e a c h c a s e ?
b. H o w is c r e la t e d to d in e a c h c a s e ?
c. H o w c a n y o u o b t a i n t h e n u m b e r s in t h e
t a b le 's s e c o n d c o l u m n d i r e c t l y f r o m t h e
4 .7
Com plete the Square
283
y Comp!ete the Square

You sotved quadratic equations by finding square roots.
You wiii soive quadratic equations by compieting the square.
So you can find a basebaii's maximum height, as in Exampie 7.
Key Vocabulary
In L e s s o n 4 .5 , y o u s o iv e d e q u a t io n s o f t h e f o r m x^ = k b y f i n d i n g s q u a r e r o o ts .
T h is m e t h o d a ls o w o r k s i f o n e s id e o f a n e q u a t i o n is a p e r f e c t s q u a r e t r in o m ia l.
< com pieting the

square
So!ve a quadratic equation by finding square roots

Solve x^ - 8 x + 16 = 25.
ANOTHER WAY
You can aiso find the
solutions by writing
the given equation as
- 8x - 9 = 0 and
so lvin g this equation
by factoring.
x^ - 8 x + 16 = 25
(x - 4 f = 2 5
x - 4 = 5
x = 4 + 5
F T h e s o lu t io n s a r e 4 + 5

Write ieft side as a binomiai squared.
Soive for x.
9 and 4 - 5 = -1 .
PERFECT SQUARES I n E x a m p le 1, t h e t r i n o m i a l x^ - 8 x + 16 is a p e r f e c t s q u a r e
b e c a u s e it e q u a l s (x - 4)^. S o m e t im e s y o u n e e d to a d d a t e r m to a n e x p r e s s io n
x^ + &x to m a k e it a s q u a r e . T h is p r o c e s s is c a l l e d co m p letin g th e sq u are.
K EY CONCEPT
Completing th e Square
Words T o c o m p le t e t h e s q u a r e fo r t h e e x p r e s s io n x^ + &x, a d d (y
Diagrams In e a c h d ia g r a m , t h e c o m b i n e d a r e a o f t h e s h a d e d r e g io n s
is x^ + &x. A d d i n g ! ^ I c o m p le t e s t h e s q u a r e in t h e s e c o n d d ia g r a m .
"T "
!
i
\2 i
284
Chapter 4
2A
2/
2/
Make a perfect square trinomia!
E X A MP L E 2
Find th e value of c th a t m ak es
+ 16% + c a p e rfe ct sq u are trin o m ia l.
T hen w rite th e exp ression as th e sq u are o f a b in om ial.
Solu tion
f
Find h a l f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f x .
^ ^
Square t h e r e s u lt o f S te p 1.
8^ = 64
Replace c w i t h t h e r e s u lt o f S te p 2.
*2
8x
8x
64
+ 1 6 x + 64
^ T h e t r i n o m i a l x^ + 1 6 x + c is a p e r f e c t s q u a r e w h e n c = 64.
T h e n x^ + 1 6 x + 6 4 = (x + 8 )(x + 8) = (x + 8 f .
GU!OED PRACT!CE
Soive th e eq u ation by finding sq u are ro ots.

1.
+ 6 x + 9 = 36
2. x^ -
lO x + 2 5
=1
3. x^ - 2 4 x + 14 4 = 100
Find th e vaiu e o f c th a t m ak es th e exp ression a p erfect sq u are trin o m ia i.

Then w rite th e exp ression as th e sq u are o f a b in om ial.
4. x^ + 1 4 x + c
5. x^ + 2 2 x + c
6. x^ 9 x + c
SOLVtNG EQUATIONS T h e m e t h o d o f c o m p l e t in g t h e s q u a r e c a n b e u s e d to
s o lv e a n y q u a d r a t ic e q u a t io n . W h e n y o u c o m p le t e a s q u a r e a s p a r t o f s o lv i n g
a n e q u a t io n , y o u m u s t a d d t h e s a m e n u m b e r t o b o th s id e s o f t h e e q u a t io n .
Sotve o x^ +
EXAMPLE
bx
c=
0 when a = 1
Soive x^ - 1 2x + 4 = 0 by co m p letin g th e sq u are.

x^ -
12 x + 4 = 0
x^ -
Write ieft side in the form x^ + f,x.
12 x = - 4
- 12 x + 36 = - 4 + 36
(x - 6)2 =
x - 6 =
32
+V 32
x = 6
REVIEW RADtCALS
For help with

simplifying square
roots, see p. 266.
Add ) ^ ^ j = (-6 )2 = 36 to each side.
V32
x = 6 4V2
Soive for x.
Simpiify: \ 32 = \ 16 - \ 2 = 4\ 2
^ T h e s o lu t io n s a r e 6 + 4 V 2 a n d 6 4 V 2 .
Y o u c a n u s e a lg e b r a o r a g r a p h .
111 < t\
Algebra S u b s t it u t e e a c h s o lu t io n in t h e o r i g in a l
e q u a t io n to v e r i f y t h a t it is c o r r e c t .
Graph U s e a g r a p h i n g c a l c u la t o r to g r a p h
y = x^ - 1 2 x + 4. T h e x - in t e r c e p t s a r e
Zero
X=11. 556854 Y=0
a b o u t 0.34 = 6 - 4 V 2 a n d 1 1 .6 6 = 6 + 4 V 2 .
4 .7
285
So!ve
+ hz + c = 0 when a ^ 1
Solve 2jc^ + 8 x + 14 = 0 by co m p letin g th e sq u are.

2x^ + 8x + 14 = 0
+ 4x + 7 =
x^ + 4 x =
-t- 4A xv +
4xr 2 +
Divide each side by the coefficient of x^.
-7
Write ieft side in the form x^ + bx.
4= = -- 77 +-t-4 A
A A W If -A j f =- 2^ =^ 4, to each side.
Add
Write ieft side as a binomiai squared,
(x + 2)^ = - 3
Take square roots of each side,
x + 2 = V -3
x = 2 V 3
Soive for x.
x =
Write in terms of the imaginary unit i.
- 2 r'V3
^ T h e s o lu t io n s a r e - 2 + ;\ 3 a n d - 2 - ;'V 3 .

The a re a of th e recta n g le show n is
7 2 sq u are u n its. W hat is th e valu e o f x ?
EL!M!NATE CHOICES
You can eliminate

choices A and D
because the side
iengths are negative
when x = -6 .
3x
(3 ) - 6
(g )
(C )
(D )
- 6 or 4
8.48
x+ 2
Solution
U s e t h e f o r m u la fo r t h e a r e a o f a r e c t a n g le to w r it e a n e q u a t io n .
Length x Width = Area
3 x ( x + 2) = 72
3x^ + gx = 72
x
Divide each side by the coefficient of x^.
+ 2 x = 24
x2 + 2 x + 1 = 2 4 + 1
Add
= l to each side
(x + 1)2 = 2 5
x + 1 = 5
x = -1 5
Soive for x.
So , x = - 1 + 5 = 4 o r x = - 1 - 5 = - 6 . Y o u c a n r e j e c t x = - 6 b e c a u s e t h e s id e
l e n g t h s w o u ld b e - 1 8 a n d - 4 , a n d s id e le n g t h s c a n n o t b e n e g a t iv e .
^ T h e v a lu e o f x is 4. T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is B.
CutDED PRACTICE
<3) (B) (E) (E)
for E xam p les 3 , 4 , and 5
Solve th e eq u ation by com p letin g th e sq u are.

7 . x2 + 6 x + 4 = 0
10. 3x2 + i 2 x - 18 = 0
286
Chapter 4
8. x2 - lO x + 8 = 0
11. 6 x ( x + 8) = 12
9. 2^2 - 4 n - 14 = 0
12. 4 p ( p - 2) = 100
VERTEX FORM R e c a ll f r o m L e s s o n 4 .2 t h a t t h e v e r t e x f o r m o f a q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n
is y = a ( x - h f + A; w h e r e (h, A;) is t h e v e r t e x o f t h e f u n c t i o n 's g r a p h . T o w r it e a
q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n in v e r t e x f o r m , u s e c o m p l e t i n g t h e s q u a r e .
Write a quadratic function in vertex form
EXAMPLE 6
W rite y = x^ - lOx + 2 2 in v e rte x form . Then identify th e ve rte x ,

y
y + ? =
25 =
y +
y + 25 =
y =
*2
Write originai function,
i o x + 22
Prepare to compiete the square.
(x^ - lO x + ? ) + 22
Add l ^
10 x + 2 5 ) + 22
(x^ -
(-5 )^
25 to each side.
(x - 5)^ + 22
Write x^ - 10x + 25 as a binomiai squared,
(x - 5)^ - 3
Soive fory.
F T h e v e r t e x f o r m o f t h e f u n c t i o n i s y = (x - 5)^ - 3. T h e v e r t e x is (5, - 3 ) .
Find the maximum vaiue of a quadratic function
EXAMPLE 7
^
BASEBALL T h e h e ig h t y (in fe e t) o f a b a s e b a ll
f s e c o n d s a f t e r it is h it is g iv e n b y t h is f u n c t io n :
y = - 1 6 ^ + 961 + 3
F in d t h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e b a s e b a ll .
S oiution
T h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e b a s e b a ll is t h e
y -c o o r d in a te o f th e v e r te x o f th e p a r a b o la w ith
t h e g iv e n e q u a t io n .
y+
AVOiD ERRORS
When you complete the

square, be sure to add
(-16)(9) = -1 4 4 to each
side, not just 9.
y +
16 1
y =
-1 6 ( f2
( - 1 6 ) ( ? ) = -1 6 ( f2 (-1 6 )(9 ) - -1 6 ( f2
y -
+ 961 + 3
61) + Factor
3
- 1 6 from first two terms.
61 + ? ) +Prepare
3
to compiete the square.
6 t + 9) Add
+ 3 (-16)(9) to each side.
144 = - 1 6 ( 1 - 3 r + 3
y = - 1 6 ( f - 3 r + 147
Write f^ - 6f + 9 as a binomiai squared.

Soive for y.
F T h e v e r t e x is ( 3 ,1 4 7 ) , s o t h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e b a s e b a ll is 14 7 fe e t .
^ B iB t S t s g A ig e b r a
at dasszone.com
GutDED PRACTICE
fo r Ex a m p les 6 and 7
W rite th e q u ad ratic fu n ction in v e rte x form . T hen identify th e v e rte x .

13. y = x^ - 8 x + 17
14. y = x^ + 6 x + 3
15. / (x ) = x^ - 4 x - 4
16. WHAT IF? I n E x a m p le 7, s u p p o s e t h e h e i g h t o f t h e b a s e b a ll is g i v e n b y

y = 161^ + 801 + 2. F in d t h e m a x i m u m h e i g h t o f t h e b a s e b a ll .
4 .7
287
HOMEWORK
KEY
4 7 EXERC!SES
*

Exs. 2 ,1 2 ,3 4 ,5 8 ,5 9 , and 67
= MULTIPLE REPRESENTATtONS
Ex. 66
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY W h a t is t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a b i n o m i a i a n d a t r in o m ia l?
2. * WRITING D e s c r ib e w h a t c o m p l e t in g t h e s q u a r e m e a n s f o r a n e x p r e s s io n
o f t h e fo r m
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 284
for Exs. 3-12
SOLVING BY SQUARE ROOTS Solve th e eq u ation by finding sq u are ro ots.

3. x^ + 4 x + 4 = 9
4. x^ + lO x + 2 5 = 64
5.
6.
7 . x^ - 2 2 x + 12 1 = 13
8 . x^ - 1 8 x + 81 = 5
2 m + 1 = 144
9. ^ + 8 f + 16 = 45
+ 167: + 64 = 36
11. 9x2 _
10. 4u^ + 4 u + 1 = 75
+ 4 ^ = _ -3
12 . * MULTIPLE CHOtCE W h a t a r e t h e s o lu t io n s o f x^ - 4 x + 4 = - 1 ?
(g )
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 285
for Exs. 13-21
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 285-286
for Exs. 22-34
(g )
-2
(g )
(D )
-3 , -1
1, 3
FINDING C Find th e vaiue o f c th at m ak es th e exp ression a p erfect sq u are

trin o m ial. Then w rite the exp ression as th e sq u are of a b in om iai.
13 . x^ + 6 x + c
14 . x^ + 1 2 x + c
15 . x^
24x + c
16 . x^ - 3 0 x + c
1 7 . x^ - 2 x + c
18 . x^
50x + c
19 . x^ + 7 x + c
20 . x^ - 1 3 x + c
2 1. x
- x
COMPLETING THE SQUARE Soive th e eq u ation by co m p letin g th e sq u are.

24 . x2 + 6 x 3 = 0
8 x = -1
22. x^ + 4 x = 10
23. x^
2 5 . x^ + 1 2 x + 18 = 0
26 . x-" - 1 8 x + 86 = 0
27?) x2 - 2 x + 2 5 = 0
28. 2 ^
29 . 3x2 + ^ 2 x = - 2 4
30. 4x2 - 40 X - 12 = 0
3 2 . 7f2 + 2 8 f + 5 6 = 0
3 3 . 6r2 + 6 r + 12 = 0
+ 16 b = - 1 2
3 1 . 3^2 + 6 s + 9 = 0
34 . -<E MULTIPLE CHOKE W h a t a r e t h e s o lu t io n s o f x2 + lO x + 8 = - 5 ?
(A ) 5 + 2 V 3
(B ) 5 4 V 3
EXAMPLE 5
w S GEOMETRY Find th e vaiue of x .
on p. 286
for Exs. 35-38
35. A r e a o f r e c t a n g le = 50
(g )
-5
2V 3
(g )
- 5 + 4V3
3 6 . A r e a o f p a r a l le l o g r a m = 48
x + 10
x+ 6
3 7 . A r e a o f t r ia n g le = 40
38.
A r e a o f t r a p e z o id = 20
3x- 1
x+ 4
288
Chapter 4
x+ 9
FINDING THE VERTEX In E xercises 3 9 and 4 0 , u se co m p letin g th e

sq u are to find the v e rte x o f th e given fu n ction 's grap h . Then teii
w hat th e v e rte x rep resen ts.
39.
A t B u c k i n g h a m F o u n t a in i n C h ic a g o , t h e w a t e r 's h e ig h t b (in fe e t)
a b o v e t h e m a in n o z z l e c a n b e m o d e le d b y b = - 16 ^ + 8 9 .6 t w h e r e
f is t h e t im e (in s e c o n d s ) s i n c e t h e w a t e r h a s le f t t h e n o z z le .
40. W h e n y o u w a l k x m e t e r s p e r m in u t e , y o u r r a t e y o f e n e r g y u s e (in
c a l o r i e s p e r m in u t e ) c a n b e m o d e l e d b y y = 0.0085x2 1 .5 x + 120.
Buckingham Fountain
: EXAMPLES
j 6 and 7
WRITING !N VERTEX FORM W rite th e q u a d ra tic fu n ction in v e rte x

form . Then identify th e v ertex.
-s on p. 287
: for Exs. 4 1 -4 9
4 1. y =
- 8 x + 19
4 4.
y = x^ + 2 0 x + 90
4 7.
y = 2x^ + 24 x + 2 5
4 2. y = x^ - 4 x -
4 3 . y = x^ + 1 2 x + 37
( 4 5 ) / ( x ) = x ^ - 3x + 4
46. g ( x ) = x ^ + 7 x + 2
48. y = 5x^ + lO x + 7
49. y = 2x^ - 2 8 x + 99
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rr e c t th e e rro r in soiving th e eq u ation .

50.
51.
4x^ + 24x - 11 = 0
+ 10x + 13 = 0
x^ + 10x = -13
4(x^ + 6x) = 11
x^ + 10x + 25 = -13 + 25
4(x2 + 6 x + 9 ) = 11 + 9
4 (x + 3)2 = 2 0
(x + 5)2 = 12
(x + 3)2 = 5
x + 5 = +V12
x = - 5 V l2
x = - 5 4V3
x + 3 = \ 5
/
\
= -3 \ 5
COMPLETING THE SQUARE Solve th e eq u ation by co m p ietin g th e sq u are.

52.
x^ + 9 x + 20 = 0
53 . x^ + 3 x + 14 = 0
55.
3x2 + x = 2 x - 6
gg
Q^2 _
54 . 7 ^ + 10 q = 2 ^ + 155
g = Q 2x
5 7 . 0.4r-2 + 0 .7 a = 0 .3 a - 2
58. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W r ite a q u a d r a t ic e q u a t io n w i t h r e a l- n u m b e r

s o lu t io n s t h a t c a n b e s o lv e d b y c o m p le t in g t h e s q u a r e b u t n o t b y f a c t o r in g .
59 . * SHORT RESPONSE In t h i s e x e r c is e , y o u w i l l in v e s t ig a t e t h e g r a p h i c a l
e f f e c t o f c o m p le t in g t h e s q u a r e .
a. G r a p h e a c h p a i r o f f u n c t i o n s in t h e s a m e c o o r d in a t e p la n e .
y = x2 + 2 x
y = x2 + 4 x
y=
x2 - 6 x
y=
y= (x
y=
(x - 3)2
(x + 1)2
+ 2)2
b. C o m p a r e t h e g r a p h s o f y = x2 + b x a n d y = (x + y j . W h a t h a p p e n s to
th e g r a p h o f y = x2 + b x w h e n y o u c o m p le t e t h e s q u a r e ?
60. REASONING F o r w h a t v a lu e ( s ) o f b d o e s x2 + b x +
^2/
= b have
e x a c t ly 1 r e a l s o lu t io n ? 2 r e a l s o lu t io n s ? 2 i m a g i n a r y s o lu t io n s ?
61.
CHALLENGE S o lv e x2 + b x + c = 0 b y c o m p le t in g t h e s q u a r e . Y o u r a n s w e r
w i ll b e a n e x p r e s s io n fo r x in t e r m s o f b a n d c.
4 .7
Com plete th e Square
289
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 7
62. DRUM MAJOR W h il e m a r c h i n g , a d r u m m a jo r t o s s e s a b a t o n in to t h e a ir a n d
on p. 287
c a t c h e s it. T h e h e ig h t h (in fe e t) o f t h e b a t o n a f t e r f s e c o n d s c a n b e m o d e le d
for Exs. 6 2 -6 5
b y h = 16 ^ + 3 2 f + 6. F in d t h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e b a to n .
@ H o m e !H to r
63. VOLLEYBALL T h e h e ig h t h (in fe e t) o f a v o i i e y b a i i f s e c o n d s a f t e r it is h it c a n

b e m o d e le d b y h = 16f^ + 4 8 f + 4. F in d t h e v o ll e y b a ll 's m a x i m u m h e ig h t .
@ M )m e 7 u f o r
64. SKATEBOARD REVENUE A s k a t e b o a r d s h o p

s e lls a b o u t 50 s k a t e b o a r d s p e r w e e k fo r t h e
p r ic e a d v e r t is e d . F o r e a c h $ 1 d e c r e a s e in
p r ic e , a b o u t 1 m o r e s k a t e b o a r d p e r w e e k is
s o ld . T h e s h o p 's r e v e n u e c a n b e m o d e le d b y
y = (70 - x )(5 0 + x ). U s e v e r t e x f o r m to f in d
h o w t h e s h o p c a n m a x i m iz e w e e k l y r e v e n u e
Quality
tk a te b o a rd t
fo r $ 7 0
65^ VtDEO CAME REVENUE A s to r e s e lls a b o u t 40 v i d e o g a m e s y s t e m s e a c h

m o n t h w h e n it c h a r g e s $200 p e r s y s t e m . F o r e a c h $10 i n c r e a s e in p r ic e ,
a b o u t 1 le s s s y s t e m p e r m o n t h is s o ld . T h e s t o r e 's r e v e n u e c a n b e m o d e le d
b y y = (200 + 10 x)(40 x ). U s e v e r t e x f o r m to f in d h o w t h e s t o r e c a n
m a x i m iz e m o n t h l y r e v e n u e .
66.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTAHONS T h e p a t h o f a b a l l t h r o w n b y a s o f t b a l l
p la y e r c a n b e m o d e le d b y t h e f u n c t i o n
y = -O .O llO x ^ + 1 .2 3 x + 5.50
w h e r e x is t h e s o f t b a ll's h o r i z o n t a l p o s it io n (in fe e t) a n d y is t h e
c o r r e s p o n d in g h e ig h t (in fe e t).
a. Rewriting a Function W r ite t h e g iv e n f u n c t i o n in v e r t e x fo r m .
b. Making a Tabie M a k e a t a b le o f v a lu e s fo r t h e f u n c t i o n . I n c lu d e v a l u e s o f
x f r o m 0 to 120 in i n c r e m e n t s o f 10.
c. Drawing a Graph U s e y o u r t a b le to g r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n . W h a t is t h e
m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e s o ft b a ll? F lo w f a r d o e s it t r a y e l?
* EXTENDED RESPONSE Y o u r s c h o o l is a d d i n g a r e c t a n g u l a r o u t d o o r e a t i n g
s e c t i o n a lo n g p a r t o f a 70 f o o t s id e o f t h e s c h o o l. T h e e a t i n g s e c t i o n w i l l b e
e n c l o s e d b y a f e n c e a l o n g it s t h r e e o p e n s id e s .
T h e s c h o o l h a s 120 f e e t o f f e n c i n g a n d
p la n s to u s e 150 0 s q u a r e f e e t o f la n d
fo r t h e e a t i n g s e c t io n .
a. W r ite a n e q u a t io n fo r t h e a r e a
o f t h e e a t in g s e c t io n .
b. S o lv e t h e e q u a t io n . E x p / a m
w h y y o u m u s t r e je c t o n e o f
t h e s o lu t io n s .
c. W h a t a r e t h e d im e n s io n s o f
1 2 0 -2 *
section
t h e e a t in g s e c t io n ?
290
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
68. (g g CHALLENGE I n y o u r p o t t e r y c la s s , y o u a r e g iv e n a
GEOMETRY
REViEW
lu m p o f c la y w i t h a v o l u m e o f 200 c u b ic c e n t im e t e r s a n d
The volume of
clay equals the
difference of the
volumes of two
cylinders.
a r e a s k e d to m a k e a c y l i n d r i c a l p e n c i l h o ld e r . T h e p e n c il
h o ld e r s h o u ld b e 9 c e n t im e t e r s h i g h a n d h a v e a n in n e r
r a d iu s o f 3 c e n t im e t e r s . W h a t t h ic k n e s s x s h o u ld y o u r
p e n c il h o ld e r h a v e i f y o u w a n t to u s e a ll o f t h e c la y ?
3 cm
xcm
x
xc m
Top view
Side view
M!XED REV!EW
PREVtEW
Prepare for
Lesson 4.8
in Exs. 69-74.
E valu ate
- 4%c for th e given vaiu es o f a , b, an d c. (p. !C)
69. a = 2, b = 7, c = 5
70. a = 1, b = 6, c = 9
71. % = 4, b = - 1 , c = 3
72. a = 3, b = 2, c = - 6
73. a = - 4 , b = 2, c = - 7
74. a = - 5 , b = 3, c = 2
W rite an eq u ation o f th e iine th a t p asses th ro u g h th e given p oin ts, (p. 98)

75. (2, 5), (4, 9)
76.
(3, - 1 ) , (6, - 3 )
77. ( - 4 , - 4 ) , ( - 1 , 2)
78. ( - 2 , 4), (1, - 2 )
79.
( - 1 , - 5 ) , (1, 1)
80. (6, 3 ), (8, 4)
G raph th e system of in eq ualities, (p. 168)

82. x > 0
81. x > 2
84. 4 x + y > 3
83. 3 x - 2 y < 8
2x + y > 0
x + y <4
y<3
2x - 3y < 6
QU!Z /o r Lessons 4 .5 - 4 7
Solve th e equ ation .
1 . 4x2 = 64 (p. 266)
2. 3 ( p - 1 ) 2 = 15 (p. 266)
3. 1 6 (m + 5)2 = 8 (p. 266)
4. - 2 z 2 _ 42 4 (p. 275)
5. s2 + 12 = 9 fp. 275)
6. 7x2 - 4 = - 6 ^ 2 7 5 )
Write th e exp ression as a co m p lex n u m b er in sta n d a rd form . (p. 275)

7. (5 - 3i) + ( - 2 + 57)
10. (8 - 3 7 )(-6 - 107)
8. ( - 2 + 9z) - (7 + 8z')
11 .
4f
9. 31(7 - 9z')
, , , 3
12 .
Ilf
27
8 + 5f
W rite th e q u ad ratic fu n ction in v e rte x fo rm . Then identify th e v e rte x , (p. 284)

13. y = x2 - 4 x
16. g (x ) = x2 - 2 x - 7
14. y = x2 + 1 4 x + 4 5
15. / (x ) = x2 - lO x + 17
17. y = x2 + x + 1
18. y = x2 + 9 x + 19
19. FALLING OBJECT A s t u d e n t d r o p s a b a l l f r o m a s c h o o l r o o f 4 5 f e e t a b o v e

g r o u n d . H o w l o n g is t h e b a l l in t h e a ir? (p. 266)
O N U N E Q U !Z atclasszone.c
291
Use the Quadratic Formuta

and the Discriminant
You solved quadratic equations by completing the square.
You wili soive quadratic equations using the quadratic formuia.
So you can mode) the heights of thrown objects, as in Example 5.
Key Vocabulary
In L e s s o n 4.7, y o u s o lv e d q u a d r a t ic e q u a t io n s b y c o m p i e t i n g t h e s q u a r e fo r e a c h
* q u ad ratic form u ia
* d iscrim in an t
e q u a t io n s e p a ra te ly . B y c o m p ie t i n g t h e s q u a r e o n c e fo r t h e g e n e r a l e q u a t i o n
^
+ b x + c = 0, y o u c a n d e v e lo p a f o r m u i a t h a t g iv e s t h e s o lu t io n s o f a n y
q u a d r a t ic e q u a t io n . (S e e E x e r c is e 67.) T h e f o r m u ia fo r t h e s o iu t io n s is c a li e d t h e
q u ad ratic form ula.
K EY CONCEPT
The Quadratic Form uia
L e t a , b, a n d c b e r e a i n u m b e r s s u c h t h a t a # 0. T h e s o iu t io n s o f t h e q u a d r a t ic
e q u a t io n ax^ + b x + c = 0 a r e x =
Sotve an equation with two rea! sotutions
( EXAMPLE 1
Soive
AVOtD ERRORS
Remember to write the

quadratic equation in
standard form before
applying the quadratic
formuia.
- b Vb^ - 4 ac
2a
+ 3x = 2.
x^ + 3 x = 2
+ 3x 2 = 0
- b Vb^ 4 a c
2a
x =
x =
- 3 + \ / 3 2 -4 (l)( -2 )
2 ( 1)
-3 V 1 7
^ T h e s o lu t io n s a r e x =
- 3 + V l7
Quadratic formuia
a = 1,b = 3 , c = - 2
Simpiify.
0 .5 6 a n d x =
G r a p h y = x^ + 3 x - 2 a n d n o t e t h a t
t h e x - in t e r c e p t s a r e a b o u t 0 .5 6 a n d
a b o u t - 3 .5 6 . v '
292
Chapter 4
-3 - \ 17
-3 .5 6 .
^ E S E B E ^ ^ ^ So)ve an equation with one rea!so)ution

Solve 25 *2 - i 8 x = 12% 9.
25*2 - 18% = 1 2 x - 9
ANOTHER WAY
You can also use
factoring to so lve this
equation b e ca u se the
25%2 - 30% + 9 = 0
%=
left side factors as

(5x - 3 )'.
30 + V (-3 0 )2 - 4(25)(9)
o=25,b=-30,c=9
2(25)
30 + yÔ
50
Simpiify.
Simpiify.
%=
R T h e s o lu t io n is .
5
G r a p h y = 25%2 - 30% + 9 a n d n o t e t h a t
t h e o n l y x - in t e r c e p t is 0.6 =
Soive an equation with imaginary soiutions
EXAMPLE 3
Solve %2 + 4 x = 5.
-x
%2 + 4 x = 5
+ 4x - 5 = 0
x =
x =
- 4 + V 42 - 4 ( - l ) ( - 5 )
2 (-l)
-4 + V^4
Simpiify.
-2
- 4 + 2f
Rewrite using the imaginary unit i.
-2
Simpiify.
x = 2 i
R T h e s o lu t io n s a r e 2 +
(M W Af
<?= -1 ,i ? = 4 , c = - 5
and 2 -
G r a p h y = %2 + 4 x 5. T h e r e a r e n o
x - in t e r c e p t s . S o , t h e o r i g in a l e q u a t i o n h a s
n o r e a l s o lu t io n s . T h e a lg e b r a ic c h e c k fo r
t h e i m a g i n a r y s o lu t io n 2 + :' is s h o w n .
- ( 2 + i f + 4 (2 + i) = 5
- 3 - 41 + 8 + 4: ^ 5
5 = 5 /
GutOED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p les 1 , 2 , and 3
U se th e q u ad ratic fo rm u la to solve th e eq u ation .

1. %2 = 6 x - 4
2. 4 x - 10% = 2 x - 9
4 .8
3.
7x - 5x
- 4 = 2x + 3
Use the Q uadratic Formula and th e Discriminant
293
DiSCRiMiNANT In t h e q u a d r a t ic f o r m u la , t h e e x p r e s s io n &2 - 4 a c is c a ll e d
t h e d iscrim in an t o f t h e a s s o c ia t e d e q u a t io n
+ ^
- b Vb^ - 4 a c
+ ^ = Q.
discriminant
2a
Y o u c a n u s e t h e d i s c r i m in a n t o f a q u a d r a t ic e q u a t io n to d e t e r m in e t h e
e q u a t io n 's n u m b e r a n d t y p e o f s o lu t io n s .
K EY CONCEPT
Using th e Discrim inant of a x ^ + h x + c = 0
Vaiue of
discriminant
&2 - 4ac > 0
- 4oc = 0
Two reai
solutions
Number and type

of soiutions
One real
solution
Graph of
y=
+ bx + c
[ 7
\!
Two x-in tercepts
EXAMPLE 4
- 4oc < 0
Two imaginary
solutions
.A
One x-ititercept
No x-intercept
Use the discriminant
Find th e d iscrim in an t o f th e q u ad ratic eq u ation an d give th e n u m b er and

typ e o f soiutions o f th e eq u ation .
a.
- 8 x + 17 = 0
b.
- 8 x + 16 = 0
c.
- 8 x + 15 = 0
Soiution
Equation
Discriminant
+ bx + c = 0
a.
- 8 x + 17 = 0
b.
c.
4uc
Soiution(s)
x =
- 6 V'b^ - 4 a c
2a
(-8 )^ -4 (1)(17 ) = - 4
T w o im a g i n a r y : 4 r
x2 - 8 x + 16 = 0
(-8 )'
4 (1)(16 ) = 0
O n e r e a l: 4
x^ - 8 x + 15 = 0
(-8 f
4 (1)(15 ) = 4
T w o r e a l: 3, 5
CUiDED PRACTiCE
for Exam p ie 4
Find th e d iscrim in an t of th e q u a d ra tic eq u ation an d give th e n u m b er an d typ e

of solutions o f th e eq u ation .
4.
2x^ + 4 x - 4 = 0
7. 7 x
294
Chapter 4
- 2x = 5
5 . 3x^
1 2 x + 12 = 0
8. 4 x2 + 3 ^ + 12 = 3 - 3 x
6. 8x2 _
9. 3 x - 5 x
11
+ 1 = 6 - 7x
MODEUNG LAUNCHED OBJECTS In L e s s o n 4 .5 , t h e f u n c t i o n 7t = - 1 6 f ^ + 7^

w a s u s e d to m o d e l t h e h e ig h t o f a d r o p p e d o b je c t . F o r a n o b j e c t t h a t is la u n c h e d
o r fhroM/M, a n e x t r a t e r m
m u s t b e a d d e d to t h e m o d e i to a c c o u n t fo r t h e
o b je c t 's in it ia i v e r t i c a l v e i o c i t y
(in f e e t p e r s e c o n d ) . R e c a ll t h a t h is t h e
h e ig h t (in fe e t), f is t h e t im e in m o t io n (in s e c o n d s ) , a n d
is t h e i n it i a i h e ig h t
(in fe e t).
h = - 16^ + hp
Object is dropped.
h = -1 6 f^ + Ogf + hg
Object is iaunched or thrown.
A s s h o w n b e lo w , t h e v a lu e o f Ug c a n b e p o s it iv e , n e g a t iv e , o r z e r o d e p e n d in g o n
w h e t h e r t h e o b j e c t is l a u n c h e d u p w a r d , d o w n w a r d , o r p a r a l l e l to t h e g r o u n d .
"o >
" .< 0
v. = 0
So!ve a vertica! motion probiem
EXAMPLE
JUGGUNG A j u g g l e r t o s s e s a b a l l in to t h e a ir. T h e b a ll le a v e s t h e ju g g le r 's h a n d

4 f e e t a b o v e t h e g r o u n d a n d h a s a n in i t i a l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f 40 f e e t p e r s e c o n d .
T h e j u g g le r c a t c h e s t h e b a l l w h e n it f a lls b a c k to a h e ig h t o f 3 fe e t . H o w lo n g is
t h e b a l l in t h e a ir?
Soiution
B e c a u s e t h e b a l l is t h r o w n , u s e t h e m o d e l h = - 1 6 f ^ + r^ f +
T o f in d h o w
lo n g t h e b a l l is in t h e a ir, s o lv e fo r f w h e n h = 3.
fr = - 1 6 ^ + Ugt + &Q
Write height mode).
3 = - 1 6 ^ + 40r + 4
Substitute 3 for h, 4 0 for
0 = -1 6 f^ + 40f + 1
- 4 0 + \/40^ - 4 ( - 1 6 ) ( l )
t = ------------ -------- f = -4 0 ^ 6 6 4
f = - 0 .0 2 5 or
Quadratrc formuia
2 (-16 )
simpiify.
Use a caicuiator.
2 .5
^ R e je c t t h e s o lu t io n - 0 .0 2 5 b e c a u s e t h e b a ll's t im e in t h e a ir c a n n o t
b e n e g a t iv e . S o , t h e b a ll is in t h e a ir fo r a b o u t 2 .5 s e c o n d s .
CutDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p ie 5
10. WHAT !F? In E x a m p le 5, s u p p o s e t h e b a ll le a v e s t h e j u g g l e r 's h a n d w i t h a n

i n it i a l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f 50 f e e t p e r s e c o n d . H o w lo n g is t h e b a l l in t h e a ir?
4 .8
Use the Quadratic Formula and th e Discriminant
295
4 8 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
*

Exs. 2, 12, 51, 55, 62, 69, 72, and 73
SKILL PRACTKE
1 . VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p ie t e : Y o u c a n u s e t h e
o f a q u a d r a t ic
e q u a t io n to d e t e r m in e t h e e q u a t io n 's n u m b e r a n d t y p e o f s o iu t io n s .
2 . * WRITING D e s c r ib e a r e a i- iif e s it u a t io n i n w h i c h y o u c a n u s e t h e m o d e l
h = - 16 ^ + r/gf + bg b u t n o t t h e m o d e l h = - 1 6 t ^ + hp.
EXAMPLES
1,2,and3
on pp. 292-293
for Exs. 3-30
EQUATIONS !N STANDARD FORM Use th e q u ad ratic fo rm u la to soive th e

equation.
3. F - 4 x - 5 = 0
4.
6.
7. 8 ^
x - 16x + 7 = 0
9. 4*2 - 8 x + 1 = 0
12.
10.
- 6x + 7 = 0
- 8m + 2 = 0
+ 4n + 11 = 0
5. ^ + 8f + 19 = 0
8.
5p2 - lOp + 24 = 0
11. 3 ^ - 8 r - 9 = 0
MULTIPLE CHOKE W h a t a r e t h e c o m p ie x s o lu t io n s o f t h e e q u a t io n
*.2
2x^
- 16x + 50 = 0?
(A ) 4 + 3i, 4 - 3i
(B ) 4 + 12i, 4 - 12i
(g )
(D) 16 + 12 i, 16 - 12 i
16 + 3i, 16 - 3i
EQUATIONS NOT !N STANDARD FORM Use th e q u a d ra tic fo rm u la to soive th e

equation.
13. 3 u / - 12m = -1 2
14. x + 6 x = -1 5
15.
16. -3y2 = 6y - 10
17. 3 - 8 n - 5 ^ = 2t7
18. 7x - 5 + 12x^ = - 3 x
20. 6 - 2t^ = 9f + 15
21. 4 + 9n - 3n^ = 2 - n
19.) 4x^
x - 7x
= -1 4 - 3s
SOLVING USING TWO METHODS Solve th e eq u ation u sin g th e q u a d ra tic form u la.
Then solve the eq u ation by facto rin g to ch eck y o u r solution (s).
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 294
for Exs. 31-39
+ 15z + 24 = - 3 2
23. x'" - 5x + 10 = 4
24. n r + 5m - 99 = 3m
25. s^ - s - 3 = s
26. r2 - 4r + 8 = 5r
27. 3x^ + yx _ 24 = 13x
28. 45x + 57x + 1 = 5
29. 5p2 + 40p + 100 = 25
30. 9 ^ - 42n - 162 = 21n
22.
USING THE DISCRIMINANT Find th e d iscrim in a n t of th e q u a d ra tic eq u ation and

give th e n u m b er an d typ e o f solutions o f th e eq u ation .
31. x - 8 x + 1 6 = 0
32. s^ + 7s + 11 = 0
33. 8p2 + 8p + 3 = 0
34. -4M/2 + m - 14 = 0
35. 5x2 + 20x + 21 = 0
36. 8 z - 10 = z2 - 7z + 3
37. 8 ^ 4n + 2 = 5n 11
38. 5x2 _j_
39^ 7r2 - 5 = 2r + 9r2
= l l x - 3x2
SOLVING QUADRATIC EQUATIONS Solve th e eq u ation using an y m eth od .
296
Chapter 4
40. 16f2 - 7f = 17f - 9
41. 7x - 3x2 = 35 + 2 x^ + 2x
42. 4(x - 1)2 = 6 x + 2
43. 25 - 16r+ = 12n(n + 5)
44. y 2 - 6 y = ^ y - 9
45. 3x2 +
46. l.l(3 .4 x - 2.3)2 = ^ g
4 7 . 19 .2 5 = - 8 . 5 ( 2 r - 1.75)2
4 8 . 4 .5 = 1 .5 (3 .2 5 - s p
- 4 = 5x
ERROR ANALYStS D escribe a n d c o rre c t th e e rro r in soiving th e equ ation .

50.
49.
3x2 + 6x + 15 = 0
x =
-6 + \ 6^ - 4(3)(15)
x =
2(3)
-6
-6
- 4(1)(5)
^ (1 )
_ 6 V4
-6 V-144
+ 6x + & = 2
12
-6 2
6
= - 2 or - 4
= 1 or 3
5 1 . * SHORT RESPONSE F o r a q u a d r a t i c e q u a t io n
+ b x + c = 0 w ith tw o re a i
s o iu tio n s , s h o w t h a t t h e m e a n o f t h e s o lu t io n s is
H o w is t h i s f a c t
r e la te d to t h e s y m m e t r y o f t h e g r a p h o f y = ax^ + b x + c?
VISUAL TH)NK!NG in E xercises 5 2 - 5 4 , th e grap h o f a q u ad ratic fu n ction

y = ax^ + bx + c is show n. Teli w h eth er th e d iscrim in a n t of ax^ + bx + c = 0 is
positive, uegafice, o r zero.
54.
55.
MULTtPLE CHOiCE W h a t is t h e v a l u e o f c i f t h e d i s c r i m in a n t o f
2x2 + 5 x + c = 0 is _ 2 3 ?
(A )
-2 3
(C )
( )
(D )
14
THE CONSTANT TERM U se th e d iscrim in a n t to find ail vaiu es of c for w hich th e

eq u ation h as (a) tw o re a i solutions, (b) o ne re a i solution, an d (c) two im a g in a ry
soiutions.
56 . x2 - 4 x + c = 0
5 7 . x2 + 8 x + c = 0
58 . - x 2 + 1 6 x + c = 0
59 . 3 F + 2 4 x + c = 0
60. - 4 x 2 -
6 1 . x2 - x + c = 0
lO x + c = 0
62. f t OPEN-ENDED MATH W r it e a q u a d r a t ic e q u a t io n in s t a n d a r d f o r m t h a t h a s

a d i s c r i m in a n t o f - 1 0 .
WRtUNG EQUATIONS W rite a q u ad ratic eq u ation in th e fo rm ox^ + bx + c = 0

such th a t c = 4 an d th e eq u ation h as th e given soiutions.
6 3. - 4 a n d 3
64.
and - 1
65. - 1 + f a n d - 1 - :
66. REASONtNG S h o w t h a t t h e r e is n o q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n <3x2 +
^= Q
t h a t a , b, a n d c a r e r e a l n u m b e r s a n d 3 : a n d - 2 ; a r e s o lu t io n s .
6 7 . CHALLENGE D e r iv e t h e q u a d r a t ic f o r m u la b y c o m p l e t i n g t h e s q u a r e to s o iv e
t h e g e n e r a l q u a d r a t i c e q u a t io n #x2 + b x + c = 0.
4 .8
Use th e Q uadratic Formula and th e Discriminant
297
^PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 295
68. FOOTBALL In a f o o t b a l l g a m e , a d e fe n s iv e p ia y e r j u m p s u p to b lo c k a p a s s b y
}
t h e o p p o s in g t e a m 's q u a r t e r b a c k . T h e p la y e r b a t s t h e b a l l d o w n w a r d w i t h
for Exs. 6 8 -6 9
h is h a n d a t a n i n it ia i v e r t ic a l v e l o c i t y o f - 5 0 f e e t p e r s e c o n d w h e n t h e b a ll is
7 fe e t a b o v e t h e g r o u n d . H o w lo n g d o t h e d e fe n s iv e p la y e r 's t e a m m a t e s h a v e
to in t e r c e p t t h e b a ii b e fo r e it h its t h e g r o u n d ?
@ M M H e7 u fw
69.
* MULTIPLE CHOtCE F o r t h e p e r io d 1 9 9 0 -2 0 0 2 , t h e n u m b e r S (in t h o u s a n d s )

o f c e l lu la r t e le p h o n e s u b s c r ib e r s in t h e U n it e d S t a te s c a n b e m o d e le d b y
S = 858t^ + 1 4 1 2 f + 4982 w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1990. In w h a t
y e a r d id t h e n u m b e r o f s u b s c r ib e r s r e a c h 50 m illio n ?
(g )
19 9 1
@MMT!e7MfOf
(g )
1992
(g )
199 6
(D ) 2000
70. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A s t u n t m o t o r c y c li s t m a k e s a j u m p f r o m o n e r a m p

20 f e e t o f f t h e g r o u n d to a n o t h e r r a m p 20 f e e t o f f t h e g r o u n d . T h e ju m p
b e t w e e n t h e r a m p s c a n b e m o d e ie d b y v =
+ 20 w h e r e x is t h e
640
4
h o r iz o n ta l d i s t a n c e (in fe e t) a n d y is t h e h e ig h t a b o v e t h e g r o u n d (in fe e t).
a . W h a t is t h e m o t o r c y c le 's h e ig h t r w h e n it la n d s o n t h e r a m p ?
b. W h a t is t h e d i s t a n c e cf b e t w e e n t h e r a m p s ?
c. W h a t is t h e h o r i z o n t a l d i s t a n c e h t h e m o t o r c y c le h a s t r a v e le d w h e n it
r e a c h e s its m a x im u m h e ig h t?
d. W h a t is t h e m o t o r c y c le 's m a x i m u m h e ig h t A; a b o v e t h e g r o u n d ?
( 7 l ) B)OLOGY T h e n u m b e r S o f a n t s p e c ie s in K y le C a n y o n , N e v a d a , c a n b e
m o d e le d b y t h e f u n c t i o n S = - 0 .0 0 0 0 1 3 ^ + 0 .0 4 2 E - 2 1 w h e r e T is th e
e le v a t io n (in m e te r s ) . P r e d ic t t h e e le v a t io n ( s ) a t w h i c h y o u w o u ld e x p e c t to
f i n d 10 s p e c ie s o f a n ts .
72.
* SHORT RESPONSE A c it y p la n n e r w a n t s to c r e a t e
a d ja c e n t s e c t io n s fo r a t h l e t ic s a n d p ic n ic s i n t h e y a r d
o f a y o u t h c e n te r . T h e s e c t io n s w i li b e r e c t a n g u la r
a n d w i l l b e s u r r o u n d e d b y f e n c in g a s s h o w n . T h e r e
is 900 f e e t o f f e n c i n g a v a ila b ie . E a c h s e c t i o n s h o u id
h a v e a n a r e a o f 12,000 s q u a r e fe e t.
a.
S h o w t h a t tc = 300 -
b.
F in d t h e p o s s ib le d im e n s io n s o f e a c h s e c t io n .
O = WORKED OUT SOLUT!ONS

298
on p. WS1
* =STANDAROtZED
TEST PRACTKE
Picnic
section
73 .
* EXTENDED RESPONSE Y o u c a n m o d e l t h e p o s i t i o n (x, y) o f a m o v in g

o b j e c t u s in g a p a i r o f p a r a m e t r ic e q u a t io n s . S u c h e q u a t io n s g iv e x a n d y in
t e r m s o f a t h i r d v a r ia b l e f t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t im e . F o r e x a m p le , s u p p o s e t h a t
w h e n a b a s k e t b a ll p la y e r a t t e m p t s a f r e e t h r o w , t h e p a t h o f t h e b a s k e t b a ll
c a n b e m o d e le d b y t h e p a r a m e t r i c e q u a t i o n s
x = 20f
y = -1 6 f^ + 2 1 f + 6
w h e r e x a n d y a r e m e a s u r e d in fe e t , t is m e a s u r e d i n s e c o n d s , a n d t h e p la y e r 's
f e e t a r e a t (0, 0).
a. Evaluate M a k e a t a b le o f v a lu e s g i v i n g t h e p o s i t io n (x, y) o f t h e
b a s k e t b a ll a ft e r 0, 0.2 5, 0.5, 0.75, a n d 1 s e c o n d .
b. Graph U s e y o u r t a b le f r o m p a r t (a) to g r a p h t h e p a r a m e t r i c e q u a t io n s .
c. Solve T h e p o s it io n o f t h e b a s k e t b a l l r im is (15, 10 ). T h e t o p o f t h e
b a c k b o a r d is (15, 12 ). D o e s t h e p la y e r m a k e t h e f r e e t h r o w ? E x p la in .
CHALLENGE T h e S t r a t o s p h e r e T o w e r in L a s V e g a s is 9 2 1 f e e t t a ll
a n d h a s a " n e e d le " a t its t o p t h a t e x t e n d s e v e n h i g h e r in to t h e a ir.
A t h r ill r id e c a l l e d t h e B ig S h o t c a t a p u l t s r id e r s 160 f e e t u p t h e
n e e d le a n d t h e n le t s t h e m f a l l b a c k to t h e l a u n c h i n g p a d .
a. T h e h e ig h t h (in fe e t) o f a r id e r o n t h e B ig S h o t c a n b e
m o d e le d b y h = - 1 6 ^ + r^ f + 9 2 1 w h e r e f is t h e e la p s e d
t im e (in s e c o n d s ) a f t e r l a u n c h a n d
is t h e in i t i a l v e r t i c a l
v e lo c i t y (in fe e t p e r s e c o n d ) . F in d ^ u s in g t h e f a c t t h a t t h e
m a x im u m v a lu e o f h is 92 1 + 160 = 1081 fe e t.
b. A b r o c h u r e fo r t h e B ig S h o t s t a t e s t h a t t h e r id e u p t h e
n e e d le t a k e s t w o s e c o n d s . C o m p a r e t h i s t i m e w i t h t h e t im e
g iv e n b y t h e m o d e l h = - 1 6 t ^ +
+ 921 w h ere
is t h e
v a l u e y o u f o u n d in p a r t (a). D is c u s s t h e m o d e l's a c c u r a c y .
MtXED REV)EW
Find th e slope of th e lin e p assin g th ro u g h th e given p oin ts. Th en teii w heth er
th e iine rises,
is h orizo n tal, o r is eerficai. (p. 82)
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 4.9
in Exs. 8 1-8 6 .
75. ( 2 , - 7 ) , (4 ,9 )
76. ( - 8 , 3 ) , ( 4 , - 5 )
(M(M)
79. ( - 1 , 0 ) , ( - 1 , 5 )
7 7 . ( - 3 , - 2 ) , (6, - 2 )
G raph th e in eq u aiity or eq u ation in a co o rd in a te plane.

81. y < 10 (p. 132)
82. 8 x - 4 y < - 1 6 (p. 132)
83.
I x + 3y > 8 (p. 132)
84. y > - ^ x - 7 (p. 132)
85.
y = 3(x + l)(x + 2) (p. 243)
86.
y = - 2 ( x - 3 )(x - 1) ip. 243)
8 7 . HANG-GHDtNG S u p p o s e t h a t f m in u t e s a ft e r b e g i n n i n g a d e s c e n t , a h a n g
g lid e r h a s a n a l t it u d e a (in fe e t) g iv e n b y t h e m o d e l a = 2000 - 2501. W h a t is
t h e h e ig h t o f t h e h a n g g lid e r p r io r t o t h e d e s c e n t? H o w l o n g d o e s it t a k e t h e
h a n g g lid e r to r e a c h t h e g r o u n d ? (p. 72)
O N U N E Q U ! Z at dasszone.com
299
/ ] Q Graph and So!ve

^
Quadratic inequaiities
You graphed and soived iinear inequaiities.
You wiii graph and soive quadratic inequaiities.
So you can mode] the strength of a rope, as in Exampie 2
Key V o cab u lary
A quadratic inequality in two variables c a n b e w r it t e n in o n e o f th e f o lio w in g fo rm s :
* q u ad ratic ineq u ality

in two variables
* q u ad ratic inequality
in one variable
^ ^
bx + c
y < ax^ + b x + c
y > ax^ + b x + c
y > ax^ + b x + c
T h e g r a p h o f a n y s u c h i n e q u a l i t y c o n s is t s o f a li s o iu t io n s (x, y) o f t h e in e q u a li t y ,
KEY CONCEPT
A)/*
Graph y > x^ + 3 x 4.
Solu tion
AVOID ERRORS
Be sure to use a dashed

parabola if the symbol
is > or < and a soiid
parabola if the symbo)
is > or <.
F72 P 7
G ra p h y = x^ + 3 x - 4. B e c a u s e t h e i n e q u a l i t y
s y m b o l is >, m a k e t h e p a r a b o l a d a s h e d .
Test a p o in t in s id e t h e p a r a b o la , s u c h a s (0, 0).

y > x^ + 3 x - 4
0 > ( f + 3 (0 ) - 4
0 > -4 /
S o , (0, 0) is a s o lu t io n o f t h e i n e q u a lit y .
S h a d e t h e r e g io n in s id e t h e p a r a b o la .
^ S im a tS g A ig e b r a
300
Chapter 4
at dasszone.com
'y
*
(0, 0) /
/
i
/
\
/
\
\
/
\ /
Use a quadratic inequaiity in rea! iife
EXAMPLE 2
RAPPELUNG A m a n i l a r o p e u s e d fo r r a p p e l l i n g d o w n a c l i f f c a n s a f e ly s u p p o r t a
w e ig h t IV (in p o u n d s ) p r o v id e d
W < 1 4 8 0 ;f
w h e r e d is t h e r o p e 's d ia m e t e r (in in c h e s ) . G r a p h t h e i n e q u a lit y .
Soiution
G r a p h fV = 1 4 8 0 ^ fo r n o n n e g a t i v e v a lu e s o f
B e c a u s e t h e i n e q u a l i t y s y m b o l is <, m a k e t h e
p a r a b o la s o lid . T e s t a p o in t i n s id e t h e p a r a b o la ,
s u c h a s (1, 2000).
iV < 1480^2
2 0 0 0 < 1480(1)2
2000 < 1 4 8 0 /
Diameter (in.)
B e c a u s e (1, 2000) is n o t a s o lu t io n , s h a d e t h e
r e g io n b e lo w t h e p a r a b o la .
SYSTEMS OF QUADRATiC iNEQUALiTiES G r a p h in g a s y ste m o f q u a d r a t ic

in e q u a l it ie s is s im il a r to g r a p h i n g a s y s t e m o f i i n e a r i n e q u a l it ie s . F ir s t g r a p h
e a c h i n e q u a l i t y in t h e s y s t e m . T h e n i d e n t if y t h e r e g io n in t h e c o o r d in a t e p la n e
c o m m o n to a ll o f t h e g r a p h s . T h is r e g io n is c a l l e d t h e g r a p h o f th e sy ste m .
Graph a system of quadratic inequaiities

G raph th e system o f q u a d ra tic ineq u alities.
-*2 + 4
yy>Aj2-2x-3
inequality 1
inequaiity 2
Soiution
M iff?
G ra p h y < -% 2 + 4 .T h e g r a p h is t h e
r e d r e g io n in s id e a n d i n c lu d in g t h e
p a r a b o la y =
M iff F
G ra p h y
+ 4.
> 3^ - 2 ^ - 3 . T h e g r a p h is t h e
b lu e r e g io n i n s id e (b u t n o t in c lu d in g )
t h e p a r a b o la y = ^
.M iff <?
- 2% - 3.
identify t h e purpie region w h e r e t h e

t w o g r a p h s o v e r la p . T h is r e g io n is t h e
g r a p h o f th e sy ste m .
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r Exam p ies 1 , 2 , and 3
G raph th e inequaiity.
1.
y > ^2 + 2 x - 8
2. y < 2 x 2 - 3 x + 1
3. y < -J T + 4 x + 2
4 . G ra p h th e sy s te m o f in e q u a litie s c o n s is tin g o f y > %2 a n d y < x2 + 5.
4 .9
Graph and Solve Quadratic inequalities
301
ONE-VARIABLE INEQUALITIES A q u a d ra tic in eq u ality in one v ariab ie c a n b e

w r it t e n in o n e o f t h e f o llo w in g fo r m s :
ax^ + &x + c < 0
^2 +
ax^ + b x + c < 0
ax^ + &x + c > 0
Y o u c a n s o lv e q u a d r a t ic in e q u a l i t ie s u s in g t a b le s , g r a p h s , o r a lg e b r a ic m e t h o d s .
Sotve a quadratic inequaiity using a tabte

Soive x^ + x < 6 using a tabie.
Soiu tion
R e w r it e t h e in e q u a li t y a s x^ + x - 6 < 0. T h e n m a k e a t a b le o f v a lu e s .
MAKE A TABLE
To give the exact

solution, your table
needs to include the
x-values for which the
value of the quadratic
expression is 0.
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
x^ + x - 6
14
-4
-6
-6
-4
14
N o t ic e t h a t x^ + x - 6 < 0 w h e n t h e v a l u e s o f x a r e b e t w e e n - 3 a n d 2, in c lu s iv e .
^ T h e s o lu t io n o f t h e i n e q u a l i t y is - 3 < x < 2.
GRAPmNG TO SOLVE INEQUALITIES A n o t h e r w a y to s o lv e ax^ + &x + c < 0 is to

f ir s t g r a p h t h e r e la t e d f u n c t io n y = ax^ + h x + c. T h e n , b e c a u s e t h e i n e q u a li t y
s y m b o l is <, i d e n t i f y t h e x - v a lu e s fo r w h i c h t h e g r a p h lie s M o t e t h e x - a x is . Y o u
c a n u s e a s im il a r p r o c e d u r e to s o lv e q u a d r a t ic i n e q u a l i t ie s t h a t in v o lv e <, >, o r >.
EXAMPLE
Sotve a quadratic inequaiity by graphing
Solve 2x^ + x - 4 > 0 by graphing.

S olution
T h e s o lu t io n c o n s is t s o f t h e x - v a lu e s fo r w h i c h t h e g r a p h o f y = 2x^ + x - 4
lie s o n o r a b o v e t h e x - a x i s . F in d t h e g r a p h 's x - in t e r c e p t s b y l e t t in g y = 0 a n d
u s in g t h e q u a d r a t i c f o r m u la to s o lv e fo r x .
0 = 2x^ + x - 4
_ - l+ \ f-4 ( 2 ) (-4 )
^ _
-1 V33
x = 1.19 o r x
1.69
S k e t c h a p a r a b o l a t h a t o p e n s u p a n d h a s 1.19 a n d - 1 . 6 9 a s x - in t e r c e p t s . T h e
g r a p h lie s o n o r a b o v e t h e x - a x is to t h e le f t o f ( a n d in c lu d in g ) x = - 1 . 6 9 a n d to
t h e r ig h t o f (a n d in c lu d in g ) x = 1.19 .
! ^ T h e s o lu t io n o f t h e i n e q u a l i t y is a p p r o x i m a t e l y x < - 1 . 6 9 o r x > 1.19 .
CutDED PRACTtCE
5.
302
Chapter 4
S o lv e t h e i n e q u a l i t y 2x^ + 2 x < 3 u s in g a t a b le a n d u s in g a g r a p h .
EXAMPLE 6
Use a quadratic <nequa!ity as a mode!
ROBOTICS T h e n u m b e r T o f t e a m s t h a t h a v e
p a r t ic ip a t e d in a r o b o t - b u i ld in g c o m p e t it io n fo r
h i g h s c h o o l s t u d e n t s c a n b e m o d e le d b y
7*(x) = 7 .5 1* 2 _ ^ 4 ^. + 3 g Q o < * < 9
w h e r e * is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 19 9 2 . F o r w h a t
y e a r s w a s t h e n u m b e r o f t e a m s g r e a t e r t h a n 100 ?
Solution
Y o u w a n t to f in d t h e v a l u e s o f * fo r w h ic h :
T(x) > 100

7 . 5 1 F _ i g 4^. + 35 g ^ iQ g
7 .5 1* 2 _ i g 4 ^ - g s > g
G r a p h y = 7 .5 1* 2 _ ^g 4 ^ _ g g
^ e d o m a in
0 < * < 9. T h e g r a p h 's * - in t e r c e p t is a b o u t 4 .2 .

T h e g r a p h lie s a b o v e t h e x - a x is w h e n 4 .2 < * < 9.
^ T h e r e w e r e m o r e t h a n 100 t e a m s p a r t i c i p a t i n g in t h e y e a r s 19 9 7 -2 0 0 1.
So!ve a quadratic inequaiity a!gebraica!!y
EXAMPLE
Solve *2 - 2 * > 15 algeb raically.
Solution
F irs t, w r i t e a n d s o lv e t h e e q u a t io n o b t a i n e d b y r e p l a c in g > w i t h = .
*2 - 2 * = 15
*2 - 2 * - 15 = 0
(* + 3) (* - 5) = 0
* = - 3 or * = 5
Write equation that corresponds to originai inequaiity.

Factor.
T h e n u m b e r s - 3 a n d 5 a r e t h e c r it ic a l * - n a ia e s o f t h e i n e q u a l i t y *2 - 2 * > 15.
P lo t - 3 a n d 5 o n a n u m b e r lin e , u s i n g o p e n d o t s b e c a u s e t h e v a l u e s d o n o t
s a t is f y t h e i n e q u a lit y . T h e c r i t i c a l * - v a l u e s p a r t it i o n t h e n u m b e r li n e in to t h r e e
in t e r v a ls . T e s t a n * - v a lu e in e a c h in t e r v a l to s e e i f it s a t is f ie s t h e in e q u a lit y .
- * I----------- 1---------+ -------- 1----------1-------1----------- 1-------- 1------------- i----------1-------4 -----------I------1
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
T est * = - 4 :
(-4)2-2(-4) =24 > 1 5 /
T e s t* = l:
T e st* = 6:
f - 2(1) = - 1 7 - 1 5
62 - 2 (6 ) = 24 > 1 5 /
^ T h e s o lu t io n is * < 3 o r * > 5.
GUIDED PRACTICE
6 . ROBOTICS U s e t h e i n f o r m a t io n in E x a m p le 6 t o d e t e r m in e i n w h a t y e a r s at
le a s t 200 t e a m s p a r t ic i p a t e d in t h e r o b o t - b u i ld in g c o m p e t i t i o n .
7 . S o lv e t h e i n e q u a l i t y 2*2 - 7 * > 4 a lg e b r a ic a lly .
4 .9
Graph and Soive Q uadratic inequaiities
303
4 9 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
O = WORKED OUT SOLUTiONS

Exs. 2 ,4 4 ,4 5 ,6 8 , and 73
Ex. 74
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY G iv e a n e x a m p le o f a q u a d r a t i c i n e q u a i i t y i n o n e v a r ia b le
a n d a n e x a m p ie o f a q u a d r a t ic i n e q u a i i t y in t w o v a r ia b le s .
2. * WRITING E x p la in h o w t o s o lv e x^ + 6x - 8 < 0 u s i n g a t a b le , b y g r a p h in g ,
a n d a lg e b r a ic a lly .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 300
for Exs. 3 -1 9
MATCHiNG iNEQUALiTiES WITH GRAPHS M atch th e ineq u ality w ith its graph.
3. y < x ^ + 4 x + 3
4. y > - x
'y
A.
\
/
f
'
+ 4x
5. y < x
^y
4
/
\
t
y'
C.
/
/
/
.r
- 4x + 3
/
/
\ 2/
GRAPHING QUADRATiC iNEQUALiTiES G raph th e inequality.

6. y < - x ^
8. y > x ^ - 9
7. y > 4 x ^
10. y < x ^ + 4 x - 5
11. y > x^ + 7x + 12
12 . y < - x ^ + 3 x + 10
13 . y > 2x^ + 5 x - 7
14 . y > - 2 x ^ + 9 x - 4
15 . y < 4x^ - 3 x - 5
16 . y > O .lx^ - x + 1.2
9. y < x ^ + 5 x
17X + 3 x + 1
ERROR ANALYSiS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in grap h in g y > x^ + 2.

18.
19 .
EXAMPLE 3
GRAPHiNG SYSTEMS G raph th e system o f in eq u alities.
on p. 301
for Exs. 2 0 -2 5
20 . y > 2 x^
y < -x
21. y > - 5 x ^
1
y > 3x^ - 2
23. y < -x ^ + 4 x - 4
y < 2x
24. y > 3x^ + 3 x - 5
y < - x ^ + 5 x + 10
EXAMPLE 4
SOLViNG USiNG A TABLE Solve th e in eq u ality using a table.
on p. 302
for Exs. 2 6 -3 4
26. x^ - 5 x < 0
304
Chapter 4
22. y > x
- 4
y < -2 x ^ + 7 x + 4
2 5 . y > x^ - 3 x - 6
y > 2x^ + 7 x + 6
2 7. x^ + 2 x - 3 > 0
28. x^ + 3 x < 10
3 1 . x^ 1 0 x < 16
29. x
- 2x > 8
30. - x
32. x
- 4 x > 12
33. 3 x ^ - 6 x - 2 < 7
+ 1 5 x - 50 > 0
34. 2 x ^ - 6 x - 9 > l l
EXAMPLES
on p. 302
for Exs. 3 5 -4 3
SOLVING BY GRAPHING Solve th e in eq u ality by graph in g.

35. x
- 6x < 0
36. x^ + 8x < - 7
37. x^ - 4 x + 2 > 0
38.
+ 6x + 3 > 0
39!) 3x2 + 2 x - 8 < 0
40. 3x^ + ^
_ 3< 1
42. "
43. 4x2 _ ^
_ y^
4 1 . - 6x
4 4. *
+ 1 9 x > 10
+ 4x > 1
MULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e s o lu t io n o f 3x^ - x - 4 > 0?
($ )
x < - lo r x >
(C )
(S)
x < - o r x > 1
45. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e solution of 2x2 + a x < gg?

(A )
x<-8orx>3.5
( B)
-8<x<3.5
( C)
x<0orx>4.5
( D)
0<x<4.5
EXAMPLE 7
SOLVING ALGEBRAICALLY Solve th e in eq u ality algeb raically.
on p. 303
for Exs. 4 6 - 5 7
46. 4x2 < 25
47. x2 + lOx + 9 < 0
48. x
49. 3 x
50.
2x2 - 5 x - 3 < 0
51.
4x2 + g x - 2 1 > 0
52. - 4 x 2 - x + 3 < 0
53.
5x2 - 6 x - 2 < 0
54.
- 3 x 2 + lO x > - 2
55. - 2 x ^ - 7 x > 4
56.
3x2 a 1 < i5 x
57.
6x2 - 5 > g^.
1 3 x > 10
l l x > -2 8
58. GRAPHING CALCULATOR In t h i s e x e r c is e , y o u w i ii u s e a d if f e r e n t g r a p h ic a l

m e t h o d to s o lv e E x a m p le 6 o n p a g e 303.
a. E n te r t h e e q u a t io n s y = 7 .5 1x 2 _ i g 4 ^ + 35 g
y = i g g in to a
g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r .
b. G r a p h t h e e q u a t i o n s f r o m p a r t (a) fo r 0 < x < 9 a n d 0 < y < 300.

c. U s e t h e in te r s e c t f e a t u r e to f i n d t h e p o in t w h e r e t h e g r a p h s in t e r s e c t .
d. D u r in g w h a t y e a r s w a s t h e n u m b e r o f p a r t i c i p a t i n g t e a m s g r e a t e r t h a n
100 ? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
CHOOSING A METHOD Solve th e ineq u ality using a n y m eth od .

59. 8 x 2 - 3 x + l < 10
60. 4x2 + l l x + 3 > - 3
61. - x 2 - 2 x - l > 2
62. - 3 x 2 + 4 x - 5 < 2
63. x
64. 2x2
65. 3 x2 - 2 x + 1 < - x 2 + 1
66. 5x2
- 7x + 4 > 5 x - 2
x 7 < 3x
4x
67. 6 x
9x 1 > - 3 x + 1
- 5x + 2 < -3 x
68 . * OPEN-ENDED MATH W r ite a q u a d r a t ic i n e q u a l i t y i n o n e v a r ia b le t h a t h a s a

s o lu t io n o f x < 2 o r x > 5.
69. CHALLENGE T h e a r e a 7l o f t h e r e g io n b o u n d e d b y a
p a r a b o la a n d a h o r i z o n t a l l in e is g iv e n b y 71 = ^ itit
w h e r e & a n d it a r e a s d e f i n e d in t h e d ia g r a m . F in d t h e a r e a
o f t h e r e g io n d e t e r m in e d b y e a c h p a i r o f i n e q u a l it ie s .
a . y < - x"2
y >0
4x
b. y > x 2
y^3
4x - 5
4 .9
Graph and Soive Quadratic inequalities
305
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EXAMPLE 2
70.
ENG)NEER!NG A w i r e r o p e c a n s a f e t y s u p p o r t a w e ig h t IV (in p o u n d s )
on p. 301
p r o v id e d W < 8000d^ w h e r e d is t h e r o p e 's d i a m e t e r (in in c h e s ) . G r a p h
for Exs. 70 71
t h e in e q u a lit y .
@ M v n e 7 ir fo r
7 1 . WOODWORKING A h a r d w o o d s h e l f in a w o o d e n b o o k c a s e c a n s a f e l y s u p p o r t
a w e ig h t IV (in p o u n d s ) p r o v id e d I V < 115 x 2 w h e r e x is t h e s h e lf's t h ic k n e s s (in
in c h e s ) . G r a p h t h e i n e q u a lit y .
@ M )m e !M fo r
EXAMPLE 6
7 2 . ARCHITECTURE T h e a r c h o f t h e S y d n e y H a r b o r B r id g e in S y d n e y , A u s t r a lia ,
on p. 303
c a n b e m o d e le d b y y = - 0 .0 0 2 1 1 x 2 + 1 . 0 6 x w h e r e x i s t h e d i s t a n c e (in m e te r s )
for Exs. 7 2 -7 4
f r o m t h e le ft p y lo n s a n d y is t h e h e ig h t (in m e te r s ) o f t h e a r c h a b o v e t h e
w a t e r . F o r w h a t d i s t a n c e s x is t h e a r c h a b o v e t h e ro a d ?
A SHORT RESPONSE T h e le n g t h T (in m illim e t e r s ) o f t h e l a r v a e o f t h e b la c k

p o r g y f is h c a n b e m o d e le d b y
T(x) = 0.00170x2 + 0 .1 4 5 x + 2 .3 5 , 0 < x < 40
w h e r e x is t h e a g e (in d a y s ) o f t h e la r v a e . W r ite a n d s o lv e a n i n e q u a l i t y to f in d
a t w h a t a g e s a la r v a e 's l e n g t h t e n d s to b e g r e a t e r t h a n 10 m il l im e t e r s . F x p b z m
h o w t h e g iv e n d o m a in a f f e c t s t h e s o lu t io n .
74 .
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATtONS A s t u d y f o u n d t h a t a d r iv e r 's r e a c t io n t im e

A (x ) to a u d io s t im u l i a n d h is o r h e r r e a c t i o n t im e V(x) to v i s u a l s t i m u li ( b o t h
in m il lis e c o n d s ) c a n b e m o d e le d b y
A (x ) = 0.0 051x2 - 0 .3 1 9 x + 15 , 16 < x < 70
V(x) = 0.005x2 - 0 .2 3 x + 22, 16 < x < 70
w h e r e x is t h e d r iv e r 's a g e (in y e a r s ) .
a. Writing an inequaiity W r ite a n i n e q u a l i t y t h a t y o u c a n u s e to f in d t h e
x - v a lu e s fo r w h i c h A (x) is le s s t h a n V (x).
b. Making a Tabie U s e a t a b le to f in d t h e s o lu t io n o f t h e i n e q u a l i t y
fr o m p a r t (a). Y o u r t a b le s h o u ld c o n t a i n x - v a lu e s f r o m 16 to 70 in
in c r e m e n t s o f 6.
c. Drawing a Graph C h e c k t h e s o iu t io n y o u f o u n d in p a r t (b) b y u s in g
a g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to s o lv e t h e i n e q u a l i t y A (x) < V(x) g r a p h ic a lly .
D e s c r ib e h o w y o u u s e d t h e d o m a in 16 < x < 70 to d e t e r m in e a r e a s o n a b le
s o lu t io n .
d. interpret B a s e d o n y o u r r e s u lt s f r o m p a r t s (b) a n d (c), d o y o u t h i n k a

d r iv e r w o u ld r e a c t m o r e q u i c k ly to a t r a f f i c lig h t c h a n g i n g f r o m g r e e n to
y e l l o w o r to t h e s ir e n o f a n a p p r o a c h in g a m b u l a n c e ? E x p b z m .
306
O = WORKED OUT SOLUT!ONS

on p. WS1
* = STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTtPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
75. SOCCER T h e p a t h o f a s o c c e r b a h k ic k e d f r o m t h e g r o u n d c a n b e m o d e ie d b y
y = -0 .0 5 4 0 x 2 + i 43 X
w h e r e x is t h e h o r i z o n t a l d is t a n c e (in fe e t) f r o m w h e r e t h e b a l i w a s k ic k e d
a n d y is t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g h e ig h t (in fe e t).
a. A s o c c e r g o a i is 8 f e e t h ig h . W r ite a n d s o lv e a n i n e q u a i i t y to f in d a t w h a t
v a lu e s o f x t h e b a l i is l o w e n o u g h to g o in t o t h e g o a l.
b. A s o c c e r p la y e r k ic k s t h e b a l l t o w a r d t h e g o a l f r o m a d i s t a n c e o f 15 f e e t
a w a y . N o o n e is b l o c k i n g t h e g o a l. W ill t h e p la y e r s c o r e a g o a l? E x p M m
y o u r r e a s o n in g .
76. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A t r u c k t h a t is 11 f e e t t a ll a n d

7 f e e t w id e is t r a v e l in g u n d e r a n a r c h . T h e a r c h c a n
b e m o d e le d b y
EN TRA N CE
y = 0.0 625x2 + 1 .2 5 x + 5 .7 5
w h e r e x a n d y a r e m e a s u r e d in f e e t .
a. W ill t h e t r u c k fit u n d e r t h e a r c h ? E xplm 'tt y o u r

r e a s o n in g .
b. W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m w i d t h t h a t a t r u c k 1 1 f e e t
t a ll c a n h a v e a n d s t ill m a k e it u n d e r t h e a r c h ?
c. W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t t h a t a t r u c k 7 f e e t
w id e c a n h a v e a n d s t ill m a k e it u n d e r t h e a r c h ?
77. CHALLENGE F o r c l e a r b lu e ic e o n l a k e s a n d p o n d s , t h e m a x i m u m w e i g h t tc
(in to n s ) t h a t t h e ic e c a n s u p p o r t is g iv e n b y
tp(x) = 0 . 1 x 2 _ Q 3 ^. _ ^
w h e r e x is t h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e ic e (in i n c h e s ) .
a. Calculate W h a t t h i c k n e s s e s o f ic e c a n s u p p o r t a w e i g h t o f 20 to n s ?
b. Interpret E x p / a m h o w y o u c a n u s e t h e g r a p h o f rc(x) to d e t e r m in e t h e
m i n i m u m x - v a lu e in t h e d o m a in fo r w h i c h t h e f u n c t i o n g iv e s m e a n i n g f u l
r e s u lt s .
M !XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 4.10 in
Exs. 87-92.
78.
y = 3 x + 7 (p. 89)
79.
/ (x ) = - 4 x + 5 (p. 89)
8 1.
y=
82.
y = l x + 6l -
84.
/ (x ) = x2 + 4 x + 3 (p. 236)
l x - 2) (p. 123)
85.
1 (p. 123)
y = 2x2 - 9 x + 4 (p. 236)
80.
y = y k l (p. 123)
83. g (x ) = x2 - 8 (p. 236)

86. y = -Lx2 - 2 x + 1 (p. 236)
Solve th e system o f eq uations. (P- 178)

8 7.
90.
x + y + z = -2
88.
89.
x + y + z = 3
4x + 2y + z = - 6
4x + 2y + z = 3
2x + 3y z = -8
x + y + z = -3
z = 3
z = 4
16 x + 4 y + z = 0
x + y + z = 8
91.
92. x + y + z = 1
x + y + z = 5
y + z = 1
9x - 3y + z = 0
2x 3y + 3z = 9
x -
4 x - 2 y + z = 1
- x + 7 y - z = 11
3x + y + 3z = 3
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson 4.9,
p. 1013
ONUNE QU)Z
at dasszone.com
'""^F Â C T !V !T Y
@Nome7i/fof
ctasszone.com
Keystrokes
4 .1 0 Modeting Data with a Quadratic Function

MATERI ALS -compass
- 5 0 pennies -graphingcaicuiator
How can you fit a quad ratic function to a se t o f d a ta ?
Coiiect and m ode! quad ratic d ata
D r a w f iv e c ir c le s u s i n g a
R e c o r d y o u r r e s u lt s fr o m
c o m p a s s . U s e d ia m e t e r s o f
S te p 1 in a t a b le lik e t h e o n e
1 in c h , 2 i n c h e s , 3 in c h e s ,
s h o w n a t t h e r ig h t. A ls o ,
Diameter of
circie(in.),x
Number of
pennies,y
4 in c h e s , a n d 5 in c h e s . P ia c e
r e c o r d t h e n u m b e r o f p e n n ie s
a s m a n y p e n n ie s a s y o u c a n
t h a t w o u l d fit in a c i r c le w i t h a
d i a m e t e r o f 0 in c h .
in e a c h c ir c le , m a k i n g s u r e
t h a t e a c h p e n n y is c o m p le t e ly
w it h in t h e c ir c le .
E n te r t h e d a t a y o u c o l l e c t e d
D is p la y t h e d a t a in a s c a t t e r
U s e t h e q u a d r a t i c re g re ssio n
in to t w o lis t s o f a g r a p h in g
p lo t. N o t ic e t h a t t h e p o in t s
f e a t u r e to f i n d a q u a d r a t ic
c a lc u la to r .
a p p e a r to lie o n a p a r a b o la .
m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a .
L1
L2
0
1
2
3
4
L 1 ( 1 ) = :Q
L
_________
EDIT !<M<M TESTS

1:1-Var S tats
2:2-Var Stats
3 : Med- Med
4:LinReg(ax+b)
BlQuadRea
6 i C u b i c Re g
J
^
Use your observation s to co m p iete th e se ex e rcise s
1. G r a p h y o u r m o d e l f r o m S te p 5 o n t h e s a m e s c r e e n a s t h e s c a t t e r p lo t.
D e s c r ib e h o w w e l l t h e m o d e l fit s t h e d a ta .
2. U s e y o u r m o d e l f r o m S te p 5 to p r e d ic t t h e n u m b e r o f p e n n i e s t h a t w i l l
fit in a c ir c le w i t h a d ia m e t e r o f 6 in c h e s . C h e c k y o u r p r e d i c t io n b y
d r a w in g a c ir c le w i t h a d ia m e t e r o f 6 in c h e s a n d f i l l i n g it w i t h p e n n ie s .
3 . E x p la in w h y y o u w o u ld e x p e c t t h e n u m b e r o f p e n n i e s t h a t f it in s id e
a c ir c le to b e a q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n o f t h e c ir c le 's d ia m e t e r .
4. T h e d ia m e t e r o f a p e n n y is 0 .75 in c h . U s e t h is f a c t to w r i t e a q u a d r a t ic
f u n c t i o n g i v i n g a n u p p e r lim i t E o n t h e n u m b e r o f p e n n i e s t h a t c a n fit
in s id e a c ir c le w i t h d ia m e t e r x in c h e s .
308
Chapter 4
4.10
Write Quadratic
Functions and Modeis
You wrote linear functions and modeis.
You wili write quadratic functions and modeis.
So you can mode! the cross section of paraboiic dishes, as
Key Vocabulary
* best-fitting
q u ad ratic modei
I n L e s s o n s 4 .1 a n d 4 .2 , y o u l e a r n e d h o w to g r a p h q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n s . In t h is
le s s o n , y o u w i ll w r it e q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n s g iv e n in f o r m a t i o n a b o u t t h e ir g r a p h s .
EXAMPLE 1
Write a quadratic function in vertex form
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction for th e p a ra b o ia show n.

Soiution
U s e v e r t e x f o r m b e c a u s e t h e v e r t e x is g iv e n ,
y = a(X y = a (x
+ A;
Vertex form
1)2 - 2
Substitute 1 for h and - 2 for fr.
U s e t h e o t h e r g iv e n p o in t , (3, 2), to f in d a .
2 = a ( 3 - l)^ - 2
Substitute 3 for x and 2 fory.
2 = 4a - 2
Simpiify coefficient of o.
1 = a
Soive for a.
^ A q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n fo r t h e p a r a b o la is y = (x - 1)2 - 2.
EXAMPLE 2
Write a quadratic function in intercept form
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction for th e p a ra b o ia show n.

Soiu tion
U s e in t e r c e p t f o r m b e c a u s e t h e x - in t e r c e p t s a r e g iv e n ,
y = a ( x - p ) ( x - q)
intercept form
y = a ( x + l) ( x - 4)
Substitute -1 for p and 4 for q.
U s e t h e o t h e r g i v e n p o in t , (3, 2), t o f in d a .
AVOiD ERRORS
Be sure to substitute
the x-intercepts and
the coordinates of
the given point for
the correct letters in
y = o(x - p)(x - <7).
2 = a ( 3 + 1 )(3 - 4)
Substitute 3 f o r x and 2 fory.
2 = -4 a
Simpiify coefficient of a.
* 2 = "
Soive for a.
^ A q u a d ra tic fu n c tio n fo r th e p a ra b o la is y = *
4 .1 0
1) (x - 4 ).
W rite Q uadratic Functions and M odels
309
Write a quadratic function in standard form
EXAMPLE 3
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction in sta n d a rd form for th e p a ra b o ia th at passes

th rou gh th e points ( - 1 , - 3 ) , (0, - 4 ) , an d ( 2 , 6 ) .
Soiution
FTBf 7
Substitute t h e c o o r d in a t e s o f e a c h p o in t in t o y = ax^ + b x + c to o b t a in
t h e s y s t e m o f t h r e e l in e a r e q u a t io n s s h o w n b e lo w .
- 3 = a (- l) 2 + b ( - l) + c
Substitute -1 fo rxan d - 3 f o r y .
3 = a b + c
Equation 1
- 4 = a (0 )2 + b (0 ) +
Equation 2
-4 = c
6 = a (2 )2 + b (2 ) +
Substitute 2 for x and 6 for y.

Equation 3
6 = 4 a + 2b + c
REViEW SYSTEMS
OF EQUATiONS
Substitute 0 f or xa nd - 4 f o r y .
Rewrite t h e s y s t e m o f t h r e e e q u a t io n s in S te p 1 a s a s y s t e m o f t w o
e q u a t io n s b y s u b s t it u t i n g - 4 fo r c in E q u a t io n s 1 a n d 3.
For help with solving

systems of linear
equations in three
variables, see p. 178.
a - b + c = 3
Equation 1
a - b - 4 = -3
Substitute - 4 for c.
a - b = 1
4a + 2b + c = 6
Equation 3
4a + 2b - 4 = 6
Substitute - 4 for c.
4a + 2b =
FTiEP J
Revised Equation 1
Revised Equation 3
10
Solve t h e s y s t e m c o n s i s t in g o f r e v i s e d E q u a t io n s 1 a n d 3. U s e t h e
e lim in a t io n m e t h o d .
a - b = l
4 a + 2 b = 10
x 2
2 a -2 b = 2
4 a + 2 b = 10
6 a = 12
a = 2
S o 2 - b = 1, w h i c h m e a n s b = 1.
T h e s o lu t io n is a = 2, b = 1, a n d c = 4.
F A q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n fo r t h e p a r a b o l a is y = 2x^ + x - 4.
CutDED PRACTKE
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction w hose graph h as th e given ch a ra c te ris tics .

1.
v e r t e x : (4, - 5 )
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (2, - 1 )
2. v e r t e x : ( - 3 , 1)
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (0, - 8 )
3. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 2 , 5
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (6, 2)
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction in stan d ard form for th e p a ra b o la th a t passes

th rou gh th e given points.
4.
310
Chapter 4
( - 1 , 5), (0, - 1 ) , (2, 11)
5. ( - 2 , - 1 ) , (0, 3 ), (4, 1)
6. ( - 1 , 0), (1, - 2 ) , (2, - 1 5 )
QUADRATIC REGRESSiON In C h a p t e r 2, y o u u s e d a g r a p h i n g c a lc u l a t o r to p e r fo r m
l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n o n a d a t a s e t i n o r d e r t o f in d a l i n e a r m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a . A
g r a p h in g c a l c u l a t o r c a n a ls o b e u s e d to p e r f o r m q u a d r a t ic re g re s s io n . T h e m o d e l
g iv e n b y q u a d r a t ic r e g r e s s io n is c a l l e d t h e b est-fittin g q u a d ra tic m odel.
EXAMPLE 4
Sotve a multi-step problem
PUMPKiN TOSSiNG A p u m p k in t o s s in g c o n t e s t is h e ld e a c h
y e a r in M o r t o n , I llin o is , w h e r e p e o p le c o m p e t e to s e e w h o s e
c a t a p u l t w i l l s e n d p u m p k in s t h e f a r t h e s t . O n e c a t a p u l t
la u n c h e s p u m p k in s fro m 25 fe e t a b o v e th e g r o u n d at a
s p e e d o f 12 5 fe e t p e r s e c o n d . T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e h o r i z o n t a l
d is t a n c e s (in fe e t) t h e p u m p k in s t r a v e l w h e n l a u n c h e d at
d if f e r e n t a n g le s . U s e a g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r t o f in d t h e
b e s t - f it t in g q u a d r a t ic m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
S oiution
.P75P7
E n ter t h e d a t a in t o t w o l is t s
M ake a s c a t t e r p lo t o f t h e
o f a g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r .
d a t a . N o t e t h a t t h e p o in t s
s h o w a p a r a b o lic tre n d .
f
,
t
u
L2
30
462
40
509
501
50
60
437
70
Lz(6)=323
L
72P J
U se t h e q u a d r a t ic r e g r e s s io n
C h eck h o w w e l l t h e m o d e l
f e a t u r e to f in d t h e b e s t-
fits t h e d a t a b y g r a p h in g t h e
f it t in g q u a d r a t ic m o d e l fo r
m o d e l a n d t h e d a t a in t h e
t h e d a ta .
s a m e v i e w i n g w in d o w .
QuadReg
y = a x 2 + bx + c
a = - . 2614285714
b=22.59142857
c = 2 3 .02857143
L
^ T h e b e s t - f it t in g q u a d r a t i c m o d e l is y = - 0 .2 6 1 x ^ + 2 2 .6 x + 23.0.
CUiDED PRACTKE
for E xam p le 4
7 . PUMPKiN TOSSiNG I n E x a m p le 4, a t w h a t a n g le d o e s t h e p u m p k i n t r a v e l t h e
fa r t h e s t ? E x p la in h o w y o u f o u n d y o u r a n s w e r .
4 .1 0
W rite Q uadratic Functions and M odeis
311
HOMEWORK
KEY
410 EXERCISES
* =STANDARD!ZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2,1 5 ,1 6 ,4 3 ,4 4 , and 51
Ex. 50
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p ie t e : W h e n y o u p e r f o r m q u a d r a t i c r e g r e s s io n
o n a s e t o f d a t a , t h e q u a d r a t ic m o d e i o b t a in e d is c a l i e d t h e
? .
2. * WRITING D e s c r ib e h o w to w r it e a n e q u a t io n o f a p a r a b o l a i f y o u k n o w
t h r e e p o in t s o n t h e p a r a b o ia t h a t a r e n o t t h e v e r t e x o r x - in t e r c e p t s .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 309
for Exs. 3-15
WRITING !N VERTEX FORM W rite a q u a d ra tic fu n ction in v e rte x form for the
p arab o la shown.
WRITING IN VERTEX FORM W rite a q u a d ra tic fu n ctio n in v e rte x form w hose

graph has th e given v e rte x and p asses th ro u g h th e given p oin t.
6. v e r t e x : ( - 4 , 1)
7 . v e r t e x : (1, 6)
p o in t : ( - 2 , 5)
8. v e r te x : (5, - 4 )
p o in t : ( - 1 , 2)
9. v e r t e x : ( - 3 , 3)
p o in t : (1, 20)
10. v e r t e x : (5, 0)
p o in t : (1, - 1 )
11. v e r t e x : ( - 4 , - 2 )
p o in t : (2, - 2 7 )
p o in t : (0, 30)
13. v e r t e x : ( - 1 , - 4 )
12 . v e r t e x : (2, 1)
p o in t : (4, - 2 )
14. v e r t e x : (3, 5)
p o in t : (2, 1)
p o in t : (7, - 3 )
15. Ik MULTIPLE CHOICE T h e v e r t e x o f a p a r a b o l a is (5, - 3 ) a n d a n o t h e r p o in t o n

t h e p a r a b o l a is (1, 5 ). W h ic h p o in t is a ls o o n t h e p a r a b o ia ?
(g )
EXAMPLE 2
16.
(0 ,3 )
(g )
( - 1 ,9 )
(C )
( - 1 ,1 5 )
(D )
(7 ,7 )
1k MULTiPLE CHOKE T h e x - i n t e r c e p t s o f a p a r a b o i a a r e 4 a n d 7 a n d a n o t h e r
p o in t o n t h e p a r a b o la is (2, - 2 0 ) . W h i c h p o in t is a ls o o n t h e p a r a b o ia ?
on p. 309
for Exs. 16-26
(g )
( 1 ,2 1 )
(g )
( 8 ,- 4 )
(g )
( 5 ,- 4 0 )
(g )
( 5 ,4 )
WRITING !N tNTERCEPT FORM W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction in in te rce p t form for

th e p arab o ia shown.
17.
(i
/
/
-
^
*1 *
4
312
Chapter 4
WRITING )N tNTERCEPT FORM W rite a q u a d ra tic fu n ction in in te rce p t form

w hose grap h h as the given x-in te rce p ts an d p asses th ro u g h th e given point.
20. x - in t e r c e p t s : 2, 5
21. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 3 , 0
p o in t : (4, - 2 )
22. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 1 , 4
p o in t : (2, 10)
p o in t : (2, 4)
23. x - in t e r c e p t s : 3, 7
24. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 5 , - 1
p o in t : (6, - 9 )
p o in t : ( - 7 , - 2 4 )
25. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 6 , 3
p o in t: (0, - 9 )
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in w ritin g a q u a d ra tic fu n ction

w hose graph h as th e given x-in te rce p ts o r v e rte x an d p asses th ro u g h th e given
point.
27. v e r t e x : (2, 3); p o in t : (1, 5)
26. x - in t e r c e p t s : 4, - 3 ; p o in t : (5, - 5 )
y = a(x - 5 )(x + 5)
y = a(x - 2 )(x - 3 )
- 3 = a (4 - 5 )(4 + 5)
5 = a(1 - 2)(1 - 3 )
-3 = -9 a
5 = 2a
^ . = a, s o y = ^ ( x - 2 )(x - 3)
1 = a, s o y = ^ ( x - 5 )(x + 5 )
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 310
for Exs. 2 8 -3 9
WR)T!NG )[Q STANDARD FORM W rite a q u a d ra tic fu n ction in sta n d a rd form for
th e p arab o ia show n.
29.
'X
30.
/ (2,6)
.
1 - 3 ,4
\
\
2
\
2
(- 6 - 2 ) U < - 4 , - 2 !)
/
( 2
(0 - 2)
/
) - 4 , -6) 1
1
]
WRtTtNG <N STANDARD FORM W rite a q u a d ra tic fu n ctio n in sta n d a rd fo rm for

th e p arab ola th a t p asses th ro u g h th e given points.
31.
( - 4 . - 3 ) , ( 0 , - 2 ) , ( 1 ,7 )
34.
( - 1 , - 1 ) , (1, 11 ), (3, 7)
37.
( - 2 , - 1 3 ) , (2, 3 ), (4, 5)
32. ( - 2 , - 4 ) , ( 0 , - 1 0 ) , ( 3 , - 7 )
( 3 5 ) ( - 1 , 9), (1, 1), (3, 17)
38. ( - 6 , 2 9 ), ( - 4 , 12 ), (2, - 3 )
33. ( - 2 , 4 ) , ( 0 ,5 ) , ( 1 , - 1 1 )
36. ( - 6 , - 1 ) , ( - 3 , - 4 ) , (3, 8)
39. ( - 3 , - 2 ) , (3, 10), (6, - 2 )
WRITtNG QUADRATIC FUNCTtONS W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction w hose grap h h as

th e given ch a ra c te ris tics .
40.
p a s s e s th ro u g h :
( - 0 . 5 , - 1 ) , (2, 8), (1 1, 25)
41. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 1 1 , 3
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (1, - 1 9 2 )
42. v e r t e x : (4.5, 7.25)

p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (7, - 3 )
43. * OPEN-ENDED MATH D r a w a p a r a b o ia t h a t p a s s e s t h r o u g h ( - 2 , 3 ). W r it e a

f u n c t i o n fo r t h e p a r a b o i a in s t a n d a r d fo r m , i n t e r c e p t f o r m , a n d v e r t e x fo r m .
44. * SHORT RESPONSE S u p p o s e y o u a r e g i v e n a s e t o f d a t a p a i r s (x, y ) . D e s c r ib e

h o w y o u c a n u s e r a t io s to d e t e r m in e w h e t h e r t h e d a t a c a n b e m o d e le d b y a
q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m y = nx^.
4 5. CHALLENGE F in d a f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m y = ax^ + b x + c w h o s e g r a p h p a s s e s
t h r o u g h (1, 4), (3, 16 ), a n d (7, 14 ). E x p la in w h a t t h e m o d e l t e lls y o u a b o u t
t h e p o in t s .
4 .1 0
W rite Q uadratic Functions and Modeis
313
EXAMPLES
land3
on pp. 3 0 9 -3 10
for Exs. 4 6 - 4 7
46. ANTENNA DiSH T h r e e p o in t s o n t h e p a r a b o ia f o r m e d b y

t h e c r o s s s e c t io n o f a n a n t e n n a d is h a r e (0, 4), (2, 3 .2 5 ),
a n d (5, 3 .0 6 2 5). W r ite a q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n t h a t m o d e is
t h e c r o s s s e c t io n .
@ H o m e 7 u tO f
4 7. FOOTBALL T w o p o in t s o n t h e p a r a b o i i c p a t h o f a k i c k e d f o o t b a ii a r e (0, 0)
a n d t h e v e r t e x (20, 15 ). W r ite a q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n t h a t m o d e ls t h e p a th .
@M)rne7ufor
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 311
for Exs. 4 8 -5 0
48. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM T h e b a r g r a p h s h o w s t h e
Yearly Time on the internet
a verage n u m b e r o f h o u rs p e r p e rso n p e r y e a r sp en t
o n t h e I n t e r n e t in t h e U n it e d S t a te s fo r t h e y e a r s
134
1 9 9 7 -2 0 0 1.
a. U s e a g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to c r e a t e a s c a t t e r p lo t.
* 3
b. U s e t h e q u a d r a t i c r e g r e s s io n f e a t u r e o f t h e
<
c a l c u la t o r to f in d t h e b e s t - f it t in g q u a d r a t ic
m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
<
c. U s e y o u r m o d e l f r o m p a r t (b) to p r e d ic t t h e
<
a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f h o u r s a p e r s o n w i ll s p e n d o n
<
<
1997
1998
1999
)
MM
2001
t h e I n t e r n e t in 2010.
RUNNiNC T h e t a b le s h o w s h o w w i n d a f f e c t s a r u n n e r 's p e r f o r m a n c e
in t h e 200 m e t e r d a s h . P o s it iv e w in d s p e e d s c o r r e s p o n d to t a il w i n d s ,
a n d n e g a t iv e w i n d s p e e d s c o r r e s p o n d to h e a d w i n d s . T h e c h a n g e f i n
f i n i s h i n g t im e is t h e d if f e r e n c e b e w e e n t h e r u n n e r 's t im e w h e n
t h e w i n d s p e e d is 5 a n d t h e r u n n e r 's t i m e w h e n t h e r e is n o w in d .
a. U s e a g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to f in d t h e b e s t - f it t in g q u a d r a t i c m o d e l.
b. P r e d ic t t h e c h a n g e in f i n i s h i n g t im e w h e n t h e w i n d s p e e d is 10 m / s e c .
50. <%F MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e n u m b e r o f U .S .
h o u s e h o ld s (in m illio n s ) w i t h c o lo r t e le v is io n s f r o m 19 70 t h r o u g h 2000.
Years since 1970
10
15
20
25
30
Househoids with
coior TVs (miHions)
21
47
63
78
90
94
101
a. Drawing a Graph M a k e a s c a t t e r p lo t o f t h e d a t a . D r a w t h e p a r a b o l a t h a t
y o u t h i n k b e s t fit s t h e d a ta .
b. Writing a Function E s t im a t e t h e c o o r d in a t e s o f t h r e e p o in t s o n t h e
p a r a b o la . U s e t h e p o in t s to w r i t e a q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n fo r t h e d a t a .
c. Making a Tabie U s e y o u r f u n c t i o n fr o m p a r t (b) to m a k e a t a b le o f d a t a
fo r t h e y e a r s lis t e d in t h e o r ig in a l t a b le a b o v e . C o m p a r e t h e n u m b e r s o f
h o u s e h o ld s g iv e n b y y o u r f u n c t i o n w i t h t h e n u m b e r s in t h e o r ig i n a l t a b le .
314
onp.WSI
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATiONS
51. * MULTIPLE CHOICE T h e G a r a b it V ia d u c t in F r a n c e h a s a p a r a b o iic a r c h a s

p a r t o f its s u p p o r t . T h r e e p o in t s o n t h e p a r a b o i a t h a t m o d e is t h e a r c h a r e
(0, 0), (40, 3 8 .2 ), a n d (16 5, 0) w h e r e x a n d y a r e m e a s u r e d i n m e te r s . W h ic h
p o in t is a is o o n t h e p a r a b o ia ?
(A )
( 1 0 ,- 1 1 . 8 4 )
(g )
(2 6 .7 4 ,2 5 )
(g )
(8 0 ,5 1 .9 5 )
(g )
(1 2 5 ,4 5 )
52. CHALLENGE L e t R b e t h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f r e g io n s in t o w h i c h
a c ir c ie c a n b e d i v id e d u s i n g n c h o r d s . F o r e x a m p le , t h e d i a g r a m
s h o w s t h a t R = 4 w h e n n = 2. C o p y a n d c o m p le t e t h e t a b le . T h e n
w r it e a q u a d r a t i c m o d e l g i v i n g R a s a f u n c t i o n o f n.
M!XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Evalu ate th e exp ression for th e given value of th e variab le, (p. 10)
Prepare for
Lesson 5.1
in Exs. 53-58.
53. x^ 3 w h e n x = 5
54. 3a^ 10 w h e n a = 1
55. x^ w h e n x = - 2
56. 4u^ - 15 w h e n u = 3
57.
58. - y ^ + 2 y + 5 w h e n y = 2
+ 3y - 5 w h en y = 5
Solve th e system of lin ear eq u ation s, (jp. 160)

61. 3 x + 4 y = - 1
60. 3 x + 7 y = 1
59. 4 x + 5 y = 18
x + 2 y = 15
2 x + 6y = - 3 1
4 x + 5 y = 23
63. 4 x + 5 y = 2
62. 3 x + y = 10
- x + 2 y = 20
64. 2 x + 3 y = - 1
3 x + 2 y = 33
lO x + 7 y = - 1
Q U !Z /or Wessons 4.S-4.T 0

Use th e q u ad ratic form u la to solve th e eq u ation , (p. 292)
1. x
- 4x + 5 = 0
2. 2 x
- 8x + 1 = 0
3. 3 x + 5 x + 4 = 0
G raph th e inequality, (p. 300)

4. y < - 3 x 2
5. y > - x
+ 2x
6. y > - x
+ 2x + 3
Solve the inequality, (p. 300)

7. 0 > x^ + 5
9. 2 x + 2 > - 5 x
8. 1 2 < x - 7 x
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction w hose grap h h as th e given ch a ra c te ris tics , (p. 309)
11. x - i n t e r c e p t s : 3, 5
10. v e r t e x : (5, 7)
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (3, 11)
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (7, - 4 0 )
12. p a s s e s t h r o u g h :
( - 1 , 2), (4, - 2 3 ) , (2, - 7 )
1 3 . SPORTS A p e r s o n t h r o w s a b a s e b a ll in t o t h e a ir w i t h a n i n i t i a l v e r t i c a l
v e l o c i t y o f 30 f e e t p e r s e c o n d a n d t h e n le t s t h e b a l l h it t h e g r o u n d . T h e b a l l
is r e le a s e d 5 f e e t a b o v e t h e g r o u n d . H o w lo n g is t h e b a ll in t h e a ir? (p. 292)
EXTRA PRACT!CE
for Lessor) 4.10, p. 1013
315
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 4.6-4.10
1. MULT! STEP PROBLEM Y o u a r e p la y i n g a la w n
4. OPEN-ENDED N a m e t h r e e d if f e r e n t c o m p le x
v e r s io n o f t ic - t a c - t o e in w h i c h y o u t o s s b e a n
n u m b e r s w i t h a n a b s o lu t e v a lu e o f 2 5 . T h e n
b a g s o n to a la r g e b o a r d . O n e o f y o u r t o s s e s c a n
p lo t y o u r a n s w e r s in t h e s a m e c o m p le x p la n e .
b e m o d e le d b y y = - 0 .1 2 x ^ + 1.2.x + 2 w h e r e x
is t h e b e a n b a g 's h o r i z o n t a l p o s it io n (in fe e t)
a n d y is t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g h e ig h t (in f e e t ) .
5 . CRtDDED ANSWER W h a t is t h e p r o d u c t o f
5 - 9 i a n d its c o m p le x c o n ju g a te ?
a. W r ite t h e g iv e n f u n c t i o n in v e r t e x fo r m .
6. SHORT RESPONSE T h e d ia g r a m s h o w s a d e s ig n
b. G r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n .
f o r a h a n g i n g g la s s la m p . W r ite a q u a d r a t ic
c. W h a t is t h e b e a n b a g 's m a x im u m h e ig h t?
f u n c t i o n t h a t m o d e ls t h e p a r a b o l ic c r o s s
s e c t i o n o f t h e la m p . E x p la in h o w y o u c a n v e r i f y
2. MULT!-STEP PROBLEM A m u s ic s to r e s e lls
t h a t y o u r m o d e l is c o r r e c t .
a b o u t 40 o f a n e w m o d e l o f d r u m p e r m o n t h at
a p r ic e o f $ 12 0 e a c h . F o r e a c h $ 5 d e c r e a s e in
p r ic e , a b o u t 2 m o r e d r u m s p e r m o n t h a r e s o ld .
(0,
0)
7 . EXTENDED RESPONSE Y o u t h r o w a b a l l to y o u r
f r ie n d . T h e b a l l le a v e s y o u r h a n d 5 f e e t a b o v e
a. W r ite a f u n c t i o n t h a t m o d e ls t h e s to r e 's
r e v e n u e f r o m s a le s o f t h e n e w d r u m m o d e l.
b. W r ite a n in e q u a l i t y y o u c a n u s e to f in d t h e
p r ic e s t h a t r e s u lt in r e v e n u e s o v e r $4830.
c . S o lv e t h e in e q u a l i t y f r o m p a r t (b)
a lg e b r a i c a l ly a n d g r a p h ic a lly .
3 . EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e
a v e r a g e p r ic e o f a V C R f r o m 1998 t h r o u g h 2003.
t h e g r o u n d a n d h a s a n i n it ia l v e r t i c a l v e lo c i t y
o f 50 f e e t p e r s e c o n d . Y o u r f r ie n d c a t c h e s t h e
b a l l w h e n it f a l l s to a h e ig h t o f 3 fe e t.
a. W r ite a f u n c t i o n t h a t g iv e s t h e b a ll's h e ig h t it
(in fe e t) 1 s e c o n d s a ft e r y o u t h r o w it.
b. F lo w l o n g is t h e b a l l in t h e a ir?
c. D e s c r ib e t h r e e m e t h o d s y o u c o u l d u s e
t o f in d t h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e b a ll.
T h e n f i n d t h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t u s i n g e a c h
Years sinte 1998, f
**..
Price (do!!ars),p
133
m e th o d .
102
d e s ig n in g n o t e p a p e r w it h
81
p a p e r 's t o p a n d le ft s id e s
71
61
61
U s e a g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to f i n d t h e
b e s t - f it t in g q u a d r a t ic m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
5 in.
8. SHORT RESPONSE Y o u a r e
Jill Smith
a s o lid s t r ip e a l o n g t h e
a s s h o w n . T h e s t r ip e s
w i ll t a k e u p o n e t h i r d o f
8 in.
th e a re a o f th e p ap er. T h e
p a p e r m e a s u r e s 5 in c h e s
b y 8 in c h e s . W h a t w i ll t h e
w i d t h x o f t h e s t r ip e s b e ?
E x p la in w h y y o u m u s t
r e je c t o n e o f t h e s o lu t io n s .
G r a p h t h e m o d e l a n d t h e d a t a t o g e th e r .
c. D o y o u t h i n k t h i s m o d e l w i l l g iv e a g o o d
e s t im a t e o f t h e p r i c e o f a V C R in 2010?
E x p la in .
316
Chapter 4
CRtDDED ANSWER W h a t is t h e d i s c r i m in a n t
o f t h e e q u a t io n 3x^ + 5 x - 2 = 0?
CHAPTER SUMMARY
ctasszone.com
B/G /DM S
%
%?%/*
Graphing and Writing Quadratic Functions in Severai Forms
(Q
Y o u c a n g r a p h o r w r i t e a q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n in s t a n d a r d fo r m , v e r t e x fo r m , o r
in t e r c e p t fo r m .
Standard form
information about quadratic function
Equation
Form
y = ax^ + bx + c
* The x-coordinate of the vertex is
2a
* The axis of symmetry is x =

Vertex form
y = o(x - h)^ + k
* The vertex is (h, k).

* The axis of symmetry is x = b.
Intercept form
y = o(x - p)(x - q)
* The x-intercepts are p and q.

p+ q
* The axis of the symmetry is x = -.
Soiving Quadratic Equations Using a Variety of Methods
/% e a ( l ^
T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l d if f e r e n t m e t h o d s y o u c a n u s e to s o lv e a q u a d r a t ic e q u a t io n .
Equation contains:
5x2 - 45 = o
Isoiate the x^-term. Then take

square roots of each side.
Factorable trinomial
x^ - 5x + 6 = 0
Factor the trinomiai. Then use

the zero product property.
Unfactorable trinomial
x^ - 8x + 35 = 0
Compiete the square, or

use the quadratic formuia.
Binomiai without x-term
Method
Exampie
Perform ing Operations with Square Roots and Compiex Numbers

Y o u c a n u s e t h e f o l lo w i n g p r o p e r t ie s to s i m p l i f y e x p r e s s io n s i n v o l v i n g s q u a r e
r o o t s o r c o m p le x n u m b e r s .
Square
roots
If a > 0 and b > 0, then Vab = Vo - Vb and
Compiex
numbers
* The imaginary unit / is defined as = V - 1 , so that
Sb
yp
= - 1.
* if r is a positive real number, then V ^r = fVr and (/Vr)^ = -r.

* (a + b/') + (c + d<) = (a + c) + (b + d)f
* (a + bl) - (c + df) = (a - c) + (b - d)f
* a + bf = Va^ + b^
Chapter Sum m ary
317
CHAPTER REV!EW
AH
@ M w n e7M fo r
dasszone.com
-M ulti-Language G lossary
* V ocabulary practice
R EW EM ^R EV W G ^ R U E ^ R V
- q u ad ratic fu n ction, p. 236
- sta n d a rd fo rm o f a q u ad ratic
e q u a tio n , p. 253
- im ag in ary n u m b er,
p.
276
- sta n d ard fo rm o f a q u ad ratic

fu n ctio n , p. 236
* ro o t o f an e q u a tio n , p. 253
- p a ra b o la , p. 236
- z e r o o f a f u n c t i o n ,p. 254
- v e rte x , p. 236
- sq u a re ro o t, p. 266
* a x is o f sy m m e try , p. 236
* rad ical, rad ican d ,
- m inim um , m a x im u m valu e,
p. 238
- ratio n alizin g th e d en o m in a to r,
p. 267
- v e r t e x f o r m , p. 245
* co n ju g a te s, p. 267
- in tercep t fo rm , p. 246
- im a g in a ry unit f, p. 275
* m o n o m ial, binom ial, trinom ial,
- c o m p le x n u m b er, p. 276
- q u a d ra tic ineq uality in tw o

v ariab les, p. 300
* q u ad ratic e q u atio n , p. 253
- sta n d a rd fo rm o f a c o m p le x
n um ber, p. 276
- q u a d ra tic ineq uality in o n e

v ariab le, p. 302
p. 252
p.
266
- pure im ag in ary n u m b er,
p.
276
- co m p le x c o n ju g a te s, p. 278
- c o m p le x p lan e, p. 278
- ab so lu te v alu e o f a c o m p le x
num ber, p. 279
* co m p le tin g th e sq u are,
p. 284
- q u ad ratic fo rm u la, p. 292

- d iscrim in an t, p. 294
' b est-fitting q u ad ratic m o d el, p. 37?
VOCABULARY EXERC!SES
1. WRiTiNG G iv e n a q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n in s t a n d a r d f o r m , e x p l a in h o w to d e t e r m in e
w h e t h e r t h e f u n c t i o n h a s a m a x i m u m v a l u e o r a m i n i m u m v a lu e .
2. C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A (n )
is a c o m p l e x n u m b e r a + b ; w h e r e a = 0 a n d b ^ 0.
3. C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m y = a ( x - b)^ + b is w r it t e n in
? .
4. G iv e a n e x a m p le o f a q u a d r a t ic e q u a t i o n t h a t h a s a n e g a t i v e d is c r im in a n t .
REV/EW EX4MREES 4/VD EXERC/SES

U s e t h e r e v ie w e x a m p le s a n d e x e r c is e s b e lo w to c h e c k y o u r u n d e r s t a n d in g o f
t h e c o n c e p t s y o u h a v e l e a r n e d in e a c h le s s o n o f C h a p t e r 4.
Graph Quadratic Functions in Standard Form
Graph y = - x ^ - 4 x - 5.
B e c a u s e a < 0, t h e p a r a b o l a o p e n s d o w n . F in d a n d p lo t t h e v e r t e x
( - 2 , - 1 ) . D r a w t h e a x is o f s y m m e t r y x = - 2 . P lo t t h e y - in t e r c e p t
a t (0, - 5 ) , a n d p lo t its r e f l e c t i o n ( - 4 , - 5 ) in t h e a x is o f s y m m e t r y .
P lo t t w o o t h e r p o in t s : (1, 2) a n d it s r e f l e c t i o n (3, 2) i n t h e
a x i s o f s y m m e t r y . D r a w a p a r a b o la t h r o u g h t h e p lo t t e d p o in t s .
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 238
for Exs. 5-7
318
Chapter 4
EXERCISES
Graph th e fu n ction . Labei th e v erte x an d a xis o f sy m m etry.
5. y = x^ + 2 x - 3
6. y = 3 x ^ + 1 2 x 7
7 .' / ( x ) = - x ^ - 2 x - 6
@ H o m e7u fo r
d asszon e.com
Graph Quadratic Functions in Vertex or intercept Form pp. 245 25/
G rap h y = (x - 4 )(x + 2 ).
I d e n t if y t h e x - in t e r c e p t s . T h e q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n is in
i n t e r c e p t f o r m y = n ( x - p ) ( x - q) w h e r e n = 1, p = 4,
a n d q = - 2 . P lo t t h e x - in t e r c e p t s a t (4, 0) a n d ( - 2 , 0).
F in d t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f t h e v e r t e x .
. . _ P
+ < 7_ .4 + (-2 )
y=
(1 - 4 ) ( 1 + 2 ) = - 9
P lo t t h e v e r t e x a t (1, - 9 ) . D r a w a p a r a b o la
t h r o u g h t h e p lo t t e d p o in t s a s s h o w n .
EXERC!SES
EXAMPLES 1,
3, and 4
on pp. 245-247
for Exs. 8-14
G r^ph th e fu n ction . Label th e v e rte x an d a xis o f sy m m etry .

9. g (x ) = (x + 3) (x - 2)
8. y = (x - l) ( x + 5)
1 2 . / (x ) = (x + 6)2 + 8
H . y = (x - 2)2 + 3
10 . y = 3 ( x + l) ( x 6)
13. y = - 2 ( x + 8 ) 2 - 3
14. BiOLOGY A f le a 's j u m p c a n b e m o d e le d b y t h e f u n c t i o n y = 0 .0 7 3 x (x 33)

w h e r e x is t h e h o r iz o n t a l d i s t a n c e (in c e n t im e t e r s ) a n d y is t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g
h e ig h t (in c e n t im e t e r s ) . H o w f a r d i d t h e f l e a ju m p ? W h a t w a s t h e f le a 's
m a x i m u m h e ig h t?
So!ve x^ + bx + c = 0 by Factoring
pp. 2 5 2 -2 5 8
Solve x^ 13x 4 8 = 0.
U s e f a c t o r in g to s o lv e fo r x .
x2 -
1 3 x - 48 = 0
Factor.
(x - 1 6 )(x + 3) = 0
x - 16 = 0o r
x = 16
x +
3 =0
or
x = -3

Soive for x.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3
Solve the eq u ation .
on p. 254
for Exs. 15-21
15. x2 + 5 x = 0
16 . z2 = 6 3 z
17. $2 - 6 s - 2 7 = 0
18. R;2 + 1 2 k - 4 5 = 0
19. x2 + 18x = 81
20. r?2 + 5 n = 24
21.
URBAN PLANNING A c i t y w a n t s to d o u b le t h e a r e a o f a r e c t a n g u l a r
p la y g r o u n d t h a t is 72 f e e t b y 48 f e e t b y a d d i n g t h e s a m e d i s t a n c e x to t h e
le n g t h a n d t h e w id t h . W r ite a n d s o lv e a n e q u a t i o n to f in d t h e v a lu e o f x .
Chapter Review
319
CHAPTER REVIEW
So!ve ox^ + bx + c = 0 by Factoring
p p .2 5 9 -2 6 4
Solve - 3 0 ^ + 9 x + 12 = 0.
-3 0 x 2 + 9 x + 12 = 0
Divide each side by - 3 .
10x2 - 3 x - 4 = 0
Factor.
( 5 x - 4 )(2 x + 1) = 0
5.x - 4 = 0
or
x = ^-
or
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 261
for Exs. 22-24
2x + 1 = 0
Soive for x.
^ " 2
EXERC!SES
22 . 16 = 3 8 r - 12r^
2 3 . 3x^ - 2 4 x - 48 = 0
24. 2 0 ^ - 13 a - 21 = 0
Soive Quadratic Equations by Finding Square Roots
pp. 266 271
Solve 4 (x - 7)2 = 8 0 .
4 (x - 7 f = 80
(x-7)
2 _
20
x - 7 = V20
x = 7 2V5

Add 7 to each side and simpiify.
EXERC!SES
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 267-268
for Exs. 25-28
2 5 . 3x2 ^ ]Qg
26. 5y2 + 4 = 14
2 7 . 3 ( p + 1)2 = 81
28. GEOGRAPHY T h e t o t a l s u r f a c e a r e a o f E a r t h is 510,000,000 s q u a r e

k ilo m e t e r s . U s e t h e f o r m u la S = 4 ^ 2 , w h i c h g i v e s t h e s u r f a c e a r e a o f
a s p h e r e w i t h r a d iu s r, to f in d t h e r a d iu s o f E a r t h .
Perform Operations with Compiex Numbers
W rite (6 - 4 :)(1 - 3 :) as a co m p lex n u m b er in sta n d a rd form .

(6 - 4:')(1 - 3:') = 6 - 18: -
320
Chapter 4
4: + 12:'2
= 6 - 2 2 : + 12 ( - 1 )
Simpiify and use
= - 6 - 22:
= -i.
p p .2 7 5 -2 8 2
@ H o m e 7 u fo r
dasszon e.com
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
2,4,and5
on pp. 276-278
for Exs. 29-34

29. - 9 ; ( 2 - ; ' )
32. ( 8 - 6 : ) +
(7 + 4;)
30. (5 + ; ) ( 4 - 2 ; )
3 1 . (2 - 5 ;) (2 + 5;')
33. ( 2 - 3 ; ) - ( 6 - 5 ; )
34.
Compiete the Square
Soive

Write ieft side in the form x^ + hx.
- 8x = - 1 3
8 x + 1 6 = - 1 3 + 16
Add
(x - 4)2 = 3
x -4
= (*4 )2 = 16 to each side.
= V3
Soive for x.
x = 4V3
on pp. 285-286
for Exs. 35-37
pp. 2 8 4 -2 9 1
- 8 x + 13 = 0 by co m p ietin g th e sq u are.
8 x+ 13 = 0
EXAMPLES
3and4
4;
-3 + 6;
EXERCISES
Soive th e eq u ation by co m p ietin g th e sq u are.
3 5 .\ x 2 - 6 x - 1 5 - ^ 8 ^
3 6. 3x2 - 1 2 x + 1 " ^ 3 ^
37. ^
+ 3x - 1 = 0
Use the Quadratic Formuia and the Discriminant
p p .2 9 2 -2 9 9
Soive 3x2 + g x = 2.
3x
3x
+ 6 x = 2
+ 6x + 2 = 0
-6 V 6 2 -4 (3 )(2 )
2(3)
X =
-3V3
Use o = 3, b = 6, and c = 2 in quadratic formuia.

Simpiify.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1 , 2 , 3 , and S
on pp. 2 9 2 -2 9 5
for Exs. 3 8 -4 1
Use th e q u ad ratic fo rm u ia to soive th e equ ation .

38. x^
4x - 3 = 0
39. 9 x = - 6 x - l
40. 6x2 _
4 1 . VOLLEYBALL A p e r s o n s p ik e s a v o l l e y b a l l o v e r a n e t w h e n t h e b a l l is 9 f e e t
a b o v e t h e g r o u n d . T h e v o i le y b a l l h a s a n i n it ia l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f 40 fe e t
p e r s e c o n d . T h e v o l l e y b a l l is a llo w e d to f a ll to t h e g r o u n d . H o w lo n g is t h e
b a l l in t h e a ir a f t e r it is s p ik e d ?
Chapter Review
321
CHAPTER REV!EW
Graph and So!ve Quadratic inequaiities
p p .3 0 0 - 3 0 7
Solve 2x^ + 2 x + 5 < 0.

T h e s o lu t io n c o n s i s t s o f t h e x - v a lu e s fo r w h i c h t h e g r a p h o f y = - 2 x ^ + 2 x + 5
lie s o n o r b e lo w t h e x - a x is . F in d t h e g r a p h 's x - in t e r c e p t s b y le t t i n g y = 0 a n d u s in g
t h e q u a d r a t ic f o r m u la to s o lv e fo r x .
'y
- 2 + V2^ - 4 (-2 )(5 )

2 ( - 2)
/
- 2 + V44
-4
-l V lT
-1.1 6 *
-1 .16 o r x = 2 .16
S k e t c h a p a r a b o la t h a t o p e n s d o w n a n d h a s - 1 . 1 6
2.16
-
a n d 2 .1 6 a s x - in t e r c e p t s . T h e s o lu t io n o f t h e
i n e q u a l i t y is a p p r o x i m a t e l y x < - 1 . 1 6 o r x > 2 .16 .
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 302
for Exs. 4 2 -4 4
EXERCISES
Solve th e inequ ality by graphing.
4 2. 2 x
llx + 5 < 0
43. -x ^ + 4 x + 3 > 0
4 4. I x ^ + 3 x - 6 > 0
Write Quadratic Functions and Modeis
p p .3 0 9 -3 1 5
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction for the p a ra b o la show n.

B e c a u s e y o u a r e g iv e n t h e x - in t e r c e p t s p = - 3 a n d q = 2,
u s e t h e in t e r c e p t f o r m y = %(x - p ) ( x - q) = n ( x + 3 )(x - 2).
U s e t h e o t h e r g iv e n p o in t , (1, - 2 ) , to f i n d a .
- 2 = a ( l + 3 )(1 - 2)
Substitute 1 fo rx a n d - 2 fory.
-2 = -4 a
Simpiify coefficient of a.
Soive for o.
^ A q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n fo r t h e p a r a b o la is y
(x + 3) (x - 2).
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on p. 309
for Exs. 4 5 -4 8
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction w hose graph h as th e given ch a ra c te ris tics .

4 5. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 3 , 2
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (3, 12)
(5, 2 ), (0, 2), (8, - 6 )
4 7 . v e r t e x : (2, 7)
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (4, 2)
SOCCER T h e p a r a b o l ic p a t h o f a s o c c e r b a l l t h a t is k ic k e d f r o m t h e g r o u n d
p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e p o in t (0, 0) a n d h a s v e r t e x (12 , 7) w h e r e t h e c o o r d in a t e s
a r e in fe e t. W r ite a q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n t h a t m o d e ls t h e s o c c e r b a l l's p a t h .
322
Chapter 4
CHAPTER TEST
Graph th e fu n ction . Labei th e v e rte x an d a x is of sy m m etry .
1.
y = *2 - 8x - 20
2. y = - ( x + 3)2 + 5
3.
/(x) = 2 (x + 4 )(x - 2)
4.
x2 - l l x + 30
5. z2 + 2 z -
15
6.
7^ - 64
7.
2 ^ + 7s - 15
8. 9x2 +
+ 25
9.
6 ^ + 2 3 1 + 20
Soive the eq u ation.

10. x 2 - 3 x - 4 0
= 0
11. r 2 - 1 3 r + 42 = 0
1 2 .2 ^ 2 + 1 3 ^ - 7 = 0
13. 10y2 + l l y -
6 = 0
14. 2 (m - 7)2 = 16
15. (x + 2)2 - 12 = 36

16.
(3 + 4:') - (2 - 5:)
17. (2 - 7:)(1 + 2:')
18.
^ ^
3:
Solve the equ ation by com p letin g th e sq u are.

19.
20. x2 - lO x - 7 = 0
x2 + 4 x - 14 = 0
21. 4x2 + 8 x + 3 = 0
Use th e q u ad ratic form u la to solve th e eq u ation .

22.
3x2 + iQx - 5 = 0
23. 2x2 - x + 6 = 0
24. 5x2 + 2 x + 5 = 0
26. y < x2 + 4 x 2 1
27. y > x2 + 5 x + 50
Graph th e inequality.
25. y > x2 - 8
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction w hose grap h h as th e given ch a ra c te ris tics .

28.
29. v e r t e x : ( - 3 , - 2 )
x - in t e r c e p t s : - 7 , - 3
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : ( - 1 , 12)
(4, 8 ), (7, - 4 ) , (8 , 0)
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (1, - 1 0 )
31. ASPECT RATIO T h e u s p e c f m h o o f a w i d e s c r e e n T V

is t h e r a t io o f t h e s c r e e n 's w i d t h to it s h e ig h t , o r
16 : 9. W h a t a r e t h e w i d t h a n d t h e h e ig h t o f a 32 in c h
w i d e s c r e e n T V ? (Him.- U s e t h e P y t h a g o r e a n t h e o r e m
a n d t h e f a c t t h a t T V s i z e s s u c h a s 32 i n c h e s r e f e r to t h e
ie n g t h o f t h e s c r e e n 's d ia g o n a l.)
32. WOOD STRENGTH T h e d a t a s h o w h o w t h e s t r e n g t h o f D o u g la s f ir w o o d is

r e la t e d to t h e p e r c e n t m o i s t u r e i n t h e w o o d . T h e s t r e n g t h v a l u e fo r w o o d
w i t h 2 % m o i s t u r e is d e f in e d to b e 1. A ll o t h e r s t r e n g t h v a lu e s a r e r e la t iv e
to t h is v a lu e . (F o r e x a m p le , w o o d w i t h 4 % m o is t u r e is 9 7 .9 % a s s t r o n g
a s w o o d w i t h 2 % m o is t u r e .) U s e t h e q u a d r a t ic r e g r e s s io n f e a t u r e o f a
g r a p h in g c a l c u l a t o r to f in d t h e b e s t - f i t t in g q u a d r a t ic m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
Percent moisture, m
10
Strength, s
0.979
0.850
0.774
0.714
Percent moisture, m
12
14
16
18
20
0.643
0.589
0.535
0.494
0.458
Strength, s
Chapter Test
323
" TEST PREPARATION

CONTEXT-BASED
S o m e o f t h e in f o r m a t io n y o u n e e d to s o iv e a c o n t e x t - b a s e d m u it ip ie c h o ic e
q u e s t io n m a y a p p e a r in a t a b le , a d ia g r a m , o r a g r a p h .
(J P R O B L E M l
T h e a r e a o f t h e s h a d e d r e g i o n is
56 s q u a r e m e te r s . W h a t is t h e h e ig h t
o f t h e t r a p e z o id ?
($ )
3 m e te rs
(g )
4 m e te rs
(5 )
6 m e te rs
(g )
7 .5 m e t e r s
/
/
A
x+2
2*
3x+ 2
8m
\
<
13 m
Plan
INTERPRET THE DIAGRAM Y o u k n o w t h e a r e a o f t h e s h a d e d r e g io n . U s e t h e
d i a g r a m to f in d t h e a r e a o f t h e r e c t a n g le , a n d w r it e a n e x p r e s s io n fo r t h e a r e a o f
t h e t r a p e z o id . T h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e s e t w o a r e a s is t h e a r e a o f t h e s h a d e d r e g io n .
Solution
.M Tf 7
Find expressions for the

two areas.
A rea of recta n g le :
A rea of trap ezoid :

A = y(&i + &2)h
= 13 (8 )
= 2-[(x + 2) + (3 x
= 104 m^
= I(2 *)(4 x
2)](2x)
4)
= x ( 4 x + 4)
= 4%2 + 4 x
Write an equation for

the area of the shaded
region and soive by
factoring.
A r e a o f s h a d e d r e g io n = A r e a o f r e c t a n g l e - A r e a o f t r a p e z o i d
56 = 104 - (4^2 + 4 x)
- 4 8 = -4 % 2 - 4 x
4%2 + 4 x - 4 8 = 0
%2 + x - 1 2 = 0
( x - 3 ) ( x + 4) = 0
x = 3 o rx =
Find the possible heights.
Substitute.
Factor.
T h e h e ig h t o f t h e t r a p e z o id is g iv e n b y t h e e x p r e s s io n 2%. T h e r e fo r e , t h e p o s s ib le
h e ig h t s a r e 2 (3) = 6 m e t e r s a n d 2 ( - 4 ) = - 8 m e te r s .
F7PP 4
.............,*...............................p B e c a u s e h e ig h t c a n n o t b e n e g a t iv e , t h e h e ig h t o f t h e t r a p e z o i d is 6 m e te r s .
Reject the negative

height.
324
Chapter 4
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C. (A ) ( 5 ) (C ) ( S )
( PROBLEM 2
T h e h e ig h t h (in fe e t) o f a lo b b e d t e n n is b a l l
a f t e r f s e c o n d s is s h o w n b y t h e g r a p h . W h a t is
t h e i n it i a l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e t e n n is b a ll?
(A )
3 fe e t/ se c o n d
( B ) 16 f e e t / s e c o n d
(C )
3 7.5 f e e t / s e c o n d
(5 )
47 fe e t/ s e c o n d
P!an
INTERPRET THE GRAPH T h e g r a p h is a p a r a b o la p a s s i n g t h r o u g h t h e p o in t s
(0, 3) a n d (3, 0). I n o r d e r to f in d t h e in i t i a l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e t e n n is b a ll,
y o u m u s t w r it e a n e q u a t io n o f t h e p a r a b o la .
So!ution
..................... Write the m odel for an
object that is iaunched.
B e c a u s e t h e t e n n is b a l l is la u n c h e d , t h e p a r a b o l a h a s a n e q u a t io n o f t h e fo r m
^ _ _ i g ;2 +
^ ^ w h e r e tc, is t h e in i t i a l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y a n d
is t h e in it ia l
^ ^
^ n i s b a ll.
................................T h e g r a p h p a s s e s t h r o u g h (0, 3 ), s o t h e i n i t i a l h e ig h t o f t h e t e n n is b a l l is 3 fe e t.
Use the initial height in
w h e n y o u s u b s t it u t e 3 fo r
in t h e m o d e l, y o u o b t a i n h = - 1 6 f ^ +
+ 3.
your m odel.
................. -.............. .......... U s e t h e f a c t t h a t t h e g r a p h o f h = - 1 6 r +
+ 3 p a s s e s t h r o u g h (3, 0) to f i n d
Find the initial vetticai
^ g i n i t i a l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y re.,
veio city by substituting a
p o in t o n t h e p a r a b o ia .
0 = -16 (3 )^ + ^ ( 3 ) + 3
S u b s t)tu te 0 fo r h a n d 3 fo rf.
0 = - 1 4 1 + 3 fg
Sim p lify.
47 = fg
S o iv e fo r v^.
T h e i n i t ia l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y is 47 f e e t p e r s e c o n d .
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is D. (A ) ( B ) ( C ) (D )
PRACTtCE
In E xercises 1 an d 2 , u se th e g rap h in P rob lem 2 .
1. W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e t e n n is b a l l to t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a fo o t?
(A )
3 6 .3 f e e t
(B )
3 6 .8 f e e t
(C ) 3 7 .5 f e e t
(D ) 38.0 fe e t
2. W h a t d o e s t h e x - c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e v e r t e x o f t h e g r a p h r e p r e s e n t?
(A ) T h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e t e n n is b a l l
(B )
T h e n u m b e r o f s e c o n d s t h e b a l l is in t h e a ir
(C )
T h e n u m b e r o f s e c o n d s it t a k e s t h e b a l i to r e a c h its m a x i m u m h e ig h t
(D )
T h e in i t i a l h e ig h t o f t h e t e n n is b a l l
325
A +HM-MM'TEST PRACTICE
CONTEXT-BASED MULT!PLEJCHO!CE
In E xercises 1 and 2, u se the p arab o ia beiow.
5. T h e g r a p h o f w h i c h i n e q u a l i t y is s h o w n ?
1. W h ic h s t a t e m e n t is n o t t r u e a b o u t t h e
p a r a b o la ?
(A ) T h e x - in t e r c e p t s a r e - 2 a n d 4.
(B)
T h e y - in t e r c e p t i s - 2 .
(E )
T h e m a x im u m v a l u e is 3.
( )
T h e a x is o f s y m m e t r y is x = 1.
(g ) y ^ - ^ - ^ + 6
(g)
y>x2 + x - 6
'( E )
(D )
y > -2 x ^ -2 x + 12
y> 2x^ + 2 x - 1 2
in E xe rcise s 6 an d 7, u se th e in form ation beiow.

T h e g r a p h s h o w s t h e h e ig h t h (in fe e t) a ft e r
2. W h a t is a n e q u a t i o n o f t h e p a r a b o la ?
f s e c o n d s o f a h o r s e s h o e to s s e d d u r in g a g a m e
o f h o r s e s h o e s . T h e i n it i a l v e r t i c a l v e l o c i t y o f t h e
(A ) y = ( x - 2 )(x + 4)
h o r s e s h o e is 30 f e e t p e r s e c o n d .
(B)
y = - I ( x + 2 )(x -4 )
(g )
y = - ( x + 2 )(x -4 )
(D )
y = -3 (x + 2 )(x -4 )
3. Y o u a r e u s in g g la s s t ile s to m a k e a p ic t u r e
f r a m e fo r a s q u a r e p h o t o g r a p h w i t h s id e s
10 in c h e s lo n g . Y o u w a n t t h e f r a m e to f o r m a
u n if o r m b o r d e r a r o u n d t h e p h o t o g r a p h . Y o u
h a v e e n o u g h t ile s to c o v e r 300 s q u a r e in c h e s .
W h a t is t h e la r g e s t p o s s ib le f r a m e w i d t h x?
(A ) 3 .6 in c h e s
(B)
5 in c h e s
(E )
7.3 in c h e s
(D )
15 in c h e s
6. T o t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a s e c o n d , h o w lo n g is
t h e h o r s e s h o e in t h e a ir?
(A )
0.1 s e c o n d s
(B)
1.9 s e c o n d s
(E)
2 .1 s e c o n d s
(D )
3 .9 s e c o n d s
7. T o t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a f o o t , w h a t is t h e
m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e h o r s e s h o e ?
j-x-
10 in.
10 in.
X :
(A )
15 .9 f e e t
(B)
16 .1 f e e t
(E)
2 9 .2 f e e t
(g )
3 2 .2 fe e t
8. T h e d ia g r a m s h o w s a c ir c le in s c r i b e d in
4. A t a f l e a m a r k e t h e ld e a c h w e e k e n d , a n a r t is t
2 1 .5 s q u a r e in c h e s . T o t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a n
s h o w s t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r o f p a ir s o f e a r r in g s
in c h , h o w lo n g is a s id e o f t h e s q u a r e ?
s o ld fo r s e v e r a l p r ic e s . G iv e n t h e p a t t e r n in t h e
ta b le , h o w m u c h s h o u ld t h e a r t i s t c h a r g e to
m a x i m iz e r e v e n u e ?
Price
$15
$14
$13
$12
Pairs soid
50
60
70
80
$10
(g )
(A )
326
a s q u a r e . T h e a r e a o f t h e s h a d e d r e g io n is
s e lls h a n d m a d e e a r r in g s . T h e t a b le b e lo w
$5
Chapter 4
(B)
$7.50
(g )
$ 15
(A ) 4.6 in c h e s
(B)
8.7 in c h e s
(E)
9.7 in c h e s
(D )
10.0 in c h e s
SHORT RESPONSE
GR!DDED ANSWER
1 7 . S o lv e 3x^ + 6 x + 14 = 0 b y c o m p l e t in g t h e
9. W h a t is t h e v a lu e o f A; i n t h e e q u a t i o n
6x^ - l l x -
s q u a r e . E x p / a m a ll o f y o u r s te p s .
10 = (3 x + 2 )(2 x - A;)?
18. T h e s u r f a c e a r e a y o f a c u b e is g iv e n b y t h e
10. W h a t is t h e r e a l p a r t o f t h e s t a n d a r d f o r m o f
f u n c t i o n y = 6x^ w h e r e x is a n e d g e le n g t h .
t h e e x p r e s s io n (5 + :)(10 - :)?
G r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n . C o m p a r e t h is g r a p h to
1 1 . F o r w h a t v a lu e o f c is x^ - 7 x + c a p e r f e c t
t h e g r a p h o f y = x^.
s q u a r e t r in o m ia l?
19. T h e h e ig h t h (in fe e t) o f a n o b j e c t a f t e r it is
12. W h a t is t h e m a x im u m v a lu e o f t h e f u n c t i o n
l a u n c h e d is g iv e n b y t h e f u n c t i o n
y = - 3 ( x - 2 f + 6?
h = -1 6 f^ +
13. W h a t is t h e g r e a t e s t z e r o o f t h e f u n c t i o n
y = x^ - 2 5 x + 66?
+ hg
w h e r e ^ is t h e in i t i a l v e r t i c a l v e lo c it y ,
is t h e
i n it i a l h e ig h t o f t h e o b je c t , a n d t is t h e t im e (in
14. W h a t is t h e a b s o lu t e v a lu e o f - 5 + 12 :?
s e c o n d s ) a f t e r t h e o b j e c t is la u n c h e d . E x p / a m
h o w t h is f u n c t i o n is r e la t e d to t h e g e n e r a l
15. W h a t is t h e x - c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e v e r t e x o f t h e
f u n c t i o n f o r a d r o p p e d o b je c t .
p a r a b o la t h a t p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e p o in t s
(0, - 2 2 ) , (2, - 6 ) , a n d (5, - 1 2 ) ?
20. A t w h a t t w o p o in t s d o t h e g r a p h s o f
16. W h a t is t h e m in im u m v a lu e o f t h e f u n c t i o n
y = 2x^ - 5 x -
/(x ) = 4x2 + 2 4 x + 39?
12 a n d y = yX ^ - 3 x + 4
in te r s e c t? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
EXTENDED RESPONSE
21.
T h e t a b le b e lo w s h o w s t h e N e w Y o r k Y a n k e e s ' p a y r o ll (in m il l io n s o f d o lla r s )

fr o m 1989 t h r o u g h 2004.
Years since 1989
Payroi)
21
21
28
36
41
45
47
52
Years since 1989
10
11
12
13
14
15
Payroi)
59
63
88
93
112
126
153
184
a. M a k e a s c a t t e r p lo t o f t h e d a ta .
b. D r a w t h e p a r a b o la t h a t y o u t h i n k b e s t f it s t h e d a t a .
c. E s t im a t e t h e c o o r d in a t e s o f t h r e e p o in t s o n t h e p a r a b o l a f r o m p a r t ( b ) .
T h e n u s e a s y s t e m o f e q u a t io n s to w r it e a q u a d r a t ic m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
d. U s e y o u r m o d e l f r o m p a r t (c) to m a k e a t a b le o f d a t a fo r t h e y e a r s lis t e d
in t h e o r ig in a l t a b le . C o m p a r e t h e n u m b e r s g iv e n b y y o u r m o d e l w i t h t h e
a c t u a l d a t a . A s s e s s t h e a c c u r a c y o f y o u r m o d e l.
22.
A v o l l e y b a l l is h it u p w a r d b y a p la y e r in a g a m e . T h e h e ig h t h (in fe e t) o f t h e
v o ll e y b a ll a f t e r t s e c o n d s is g i v e n b y t h e f u n c t i o n h = - 1 6 f ^ + 3 0 f + 6.
a. W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m h e ig h t o f t h e v o l le y b a l l ? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
b. A ft e r h o w m a n y s e c o n d s d o e s t h e v o l l e y b a l l r e a c h its m a x i m u m h e ig h t ?
c. A ft e r h o w m a n y s e c o n d s d o e s t h e v o l le y b a l l h it t h e g r o u n d ?
327
Po!ynomia!s and
Potynomia! Functions
5.1 Use P rop erties of Exponents
5 2 Evaiuate and Graph Poiynom iai Functions
5 3 Add, Subtract, and Muitipiy Poiynom iais
5 4 Factor and Soive Potynom ia) Equations
5 5 Appiy the R em ainder and Factor Theorem s
5 6 Find Rationai Zeros
5 7 Appiy the Fundam enta! T heorem of Aigebra
5 8 Anaiyze Graphs of Poiynomiai Functions
5.9 W rite Poiynom iai Functions and Mbdeis
In p r e v io u s c h a p te r s , y o u le a r n e d t h e fo llo w in g sk ills, w h i c h y o u 'll u s e in

C h a p t e r 5: g r a p h in g f u n c t io n s , fa c to r in g , a n d s o lv in g e q u a t io n s .
Prerequisite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
____K - J ' _____
Copy and com plete the statem en t.

1. T h e zero s o f th e fu n c t io n g r a p h e d a re
/
? .
2. T h e m axim u m vaiu e o f th e fu n c t io n g r a p h e d is
-*------------------
? .
Jf
3. T h e stan d ard form o f a q u a d r a t ic e q u a t io n in o n e v a r ia b le is
SKiLLS CHECK
Graph the function. Labei the v ertex and th e axis o f sym m etry.
Reviewpp. 2 3 6 ,2 4 3 /o r 5.2.;
4.
y = -2 (x - i f + 4
5. y = 3 (x - 2 )(x + 3)
F actor the expression. (Review pp. 2 5 2 ,2 5 9 /o r 5.4.;

7.
+ 9 x + 20
8. 2 j f + 5 x - 3
Solve the equation. (Review pp. 2 5 2 ,2 5 9 /o r 5 .4 -5 .7 .;

10.
2 jf + x + 6 = 0
11. 1 0 F + 1 3 x = 3
@ÔRlc7MfOf Prerequisite skills practice at dasszone.com
6. y =
t
?
w h ere a ^ 0
In C h a p t e r 5, y o u w ill a p p ly t h e b ig id e a s lis te d b e lo w a n d r e v ie w e d in th e
C h a p t e r S u m m a r y o n p a g e 4 0 1. Y o u w ill a ls o u s e t h e k e y v o c a b u l a r y lis te d b e lo w .
Big ideas
^
Graphing poiynomia) functions
Performing operations with poiynomiais

Soiving poiynomia) equations and finding zeros
KEY VOCABULARY
* poiynomia!, p. 337
- polynomial function, p. 337
* synthetic substitution,
p. 338
* end behavior, p. 339
factored completely, p. 353

factor by grouping, p. 354
quadratic form, p. 355
polynomial long division,
p. 362
synthetic division, p. 363

repeated soiution, p. 379
local maximum, p. 388
locai minimum, p. 388
finite differences, p. 393
Y o u c a n u s e p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t io n s to m o d e l r e a l- life s it u a t io n s . F o r e x a m p le , y o u
c a n u s e a p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t io n to m o d e l t h e r e la t io n s h ip b e t w e e n t h e s p e e d o f a n
o b je c t a n d t h e p o w e r n e e d e d to m a in t a in t h a t s p e e d .
Aigebra
T h e a n im a t io n illu s tr a te d b e lo w fo r E x e r c is e 6 1 o n p a g e 3 5 1 h e lp s y o u a n s w e r th is
q u e s tio n : H o w d o e s t h e p o w e r n e e d e d to k e e p a b ic y c l e m o v i n g a t a c o n s t a n t
s p e e d c h a n g e a s t h e c o n d it io n s c h a n g e ?
T h e p o w er e x e rte d by a b ic y c lis t d ep en d s
on sp e ed and r e s is ta n c e .
U se th e slid ers to s e e how th e road slo p e

and wind sp e e d a f f e c t th e r e s is ta n c e .
^ r MfKPteg Aigebra at ciasszone.com

O ther an im ation s fo r C hapter 5 : pages 331 , 3 4 0 , 3 7 1 , 3 8 8 , 3 9 6 , and 401
329
Use Properties
of Exponents
You evaiuated powers.
You wiH simpiify expressions invotving powers.
you can com pare the voiumes of two stars, as in Example 5.
Key Vocabulary
C o n s id e r w h a t h a p p e n s w h e n y o u m u i t i p i y t w o p o w e r s t h a t h a v e t h e s a m e b a s e :
*scientific n otation
2 ^ * 2^
(2 . 2 . 2 ) . (2 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 2 ) = 2^
N o te t h a t t h e e x p o n e n t 8 in t h e p r o d u c t is t h e s u m o f t h e e x p o n e n t s 3 a n d 5 in
t h e f a c t o r s . T h is p r o p e r t y is o n e o f s e v e r a l p r o p e r t ie s o f e x p o n e n t s s h o w n b e lo w .
KEY CONCEPT
Properties of Exponents
L e t a a n d h b e r e a l n u m b e r s a n d le t a t a n d a b e in te g e r s .
Definition
Property Name
Power of a Power
Negative Exponent
a " '" =
Zero Exponent
a = 1, a =#= 0
(-8 9 ) = 1
Quotient of Powers
6_ i = 6"3 * <-6) ^ g3 ^ 216
= a^
a # 0
" ,a ^ 0
!!
6*
a. ( - 4 . 2^ =
( - 4) 2 . (25)2
= 16-2
Power of a product property
= 16-2
Power of a power property
16,384
11^
Simplify and evaiuate power.
Negative exponent property
8-5
Quotient of powers property
= ll3 = 1331
Simpiify and evaiuate power.
co[o^
Evaiuate numericai expressions
EXAMPLE 1
Chapter 5
t)
4^1^
(2 - 3)4 = 24 - 34 = 12 9 6
Power of a Product
Power of a Quotient
330
= 52 = 2
(33)2 = 33 - 2 = 36 = 729
(a "')" = a " "
t!
4^1^
3^ - 35 ^
- 5 ^ = 53 +
Product of Powers
!)
When you multiply

powers, do not multiply
the bases. For example,
Exampie
^4
AVO!D ERRORS
11
Polynom ials and Polynomial Functions
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION A n u m b e r is e x p r e s s e d in scien tific n o tatio n i f it is in t h e

fo r m c X 10 " w h e r e 1 < c < 10 a n d n is a n in te g e r . W h e n y o u w o r k w i t h n u m b e r s in
s c ie n t if ic n o t a t io n , t h e p r o p e r t ie s o f e x p o n e n t s c a n m a k e c a l c u l a t i o n s e a s ie r .
Use scientific notation in reai iife
EXAMPLE 2
LOCUSTS A s w a r m o f lo c u s t s m a y c o n t a i n a s m a n y a s
85 m i ll io n lo c u s t s p e r s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r a n d c o v e r a n a r e a
o f 1200 s q u a r e k ilo m e t e r s . A b o u t h o w m a n y l o c u s t s a r e in
su ch a sw arm ?
Soiu tion
Number
of iocusts
REVIEW SCIENTIFIC
NOTATION
_
"
Locusts per
square kiiometer
Substitute vaiues.
= 85,000,000 x 120 0
For help with scientific

notation, see p. 982.
Number of square
kilometers
= (8.5 X 1 0 % . 2 X
10)
Write in scientific notation.
= (8.5 X 1.2 ) ( n f x
10)
Use muitipiication properties.
= 10.2 x 10*
Product of powers property
= 1.02 x 10* X 10*
Write 10.2 in scientific notation.
= 1.02 X 10**
F T h e n u m b e r o f lo c u s t s is a b o u t 1.02 X 10**, o r a b o u t 102,000,000,000.
GUIDED PRACTICE
E valu ate th e exp ression . Tell w hich p ro p erties o f exp on en ts you used.
2. ( - 8 ) ( - 8 ) 3
1.(4^
3. P f
191
4. 6 - 10^
9-10?
SIMPLIFYING EXPRESSIONS Y o u c a n u s e t h e p r o p e r t i e s o f e x p o n e n t s to s i m p lif y

a lg e b r a ic e x p r e s s io n s . A s i m p lif ie d e x p r e s s io n c o n t a in s o n ly p o s i t iv e e x p o n e n t s .
EXAMPLE 3
Simpiify expressions
4 ^6^7 _ ^ - 4 + 6 + 7 _ ^9
INTERPRET BASES
in this book, it is
assumed that any base
with a zero or negative
exponent is nonzero.
\-3
b.
Power of a quotient property

(%
=8m4n-5-i-s'
= 8m^n = 8m^
Zero exponent property
2n
at classzone.com
5.1
Use Properties o f Exponents
331
^ EXAMPLE 4
W hat is th e sim plified form of L ?

x^y^
(A )
x"
(g )
^
x
(E )
-L
xy
(B )
-YT
x
S olu tion
(xY)'
(x-3)2(y3)2
x^y^
x^y^
x "- y
*y
= x "^ " y
= x "*y
Simpiify exponents.
= x""-l

x"
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is B . ($ ) ( g ) (E ) (S )
( EXAMPLE 5
Compare reai-iite voiumes
ASTRONOMY B e t e ig e u s e is o n e o f t h e s t a r s
f o u n d in t h e c o n s t e l l a t io n O r io n . Its r a d iu s is
a b o u t 1500 t i m e s t h e r a d iu s o f t h e s u n . H o w
m a n y t im e s a s g r e a t a s t h e s u n 's v o l u m e is
B e t e lg e u s e 's v o lu m e ?
S olu tion
L e t r r e p r e s e n t t h e s u n 's r a d iu s . T h e n 15 0 0 r
r e p r e s e n t s B e t e lg e u s e 's r a d iu s .
B etelgeu se's v o lu m e
^?r(1500r)
Sun's v o lu m e
4^ 3
- --------------------- =
. 4
3
^77-1500''
= lSOO^r"
= 1500^ * 1
= 3 ,3 7 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
Evaiuate power.
^ B e t e lg e u s e 's v o lu m e is a b o u t 3.4 b i ll io n t im e s a s g r e a t a s
t h e s u n 's v o lu m e .
332
Chapter 5
P o ly n o m ia l and Polynomial Functions
The voiume of a sphere <s Trr*.
GUIDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p ies 3 , 4 , an d 5
Sim piify th e exp ression . Teli w hich p ro p erties o f exp o n en ts you used.
3 \2
5.
6.
(7 y ^ )(y
5.1 EXERCtSES
7.
HOMEWORK
KEY
! F y *2
f4 )
Exs. 2, 36, 46, 51, and 53
SKKL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY S ta te t h e n a m e o f t h e p r o p e r t y illu s t r a t e d .
b. u "* = -L-, a
a
a. a " , a" = 3 " + "
2. * WRITING Is t h e n u m b e r 2 5 .2 X 10 ^ in s c i e n t i f ic n o t a t io n ? E x p la in .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 330
for Exs. 3-14
EVALUATING NUMERICAL EXPRESSIONS E valu ate th e exp ression . Teli w hich

p ro p erties o f exp on en ts you used.
3.
7.
33 -
32
4.
on p. 331
for Exs. 15-23
5.
s- \5 )
53
34
H- ^
3^
EXAMPLE 2
(4-2)3
6. M 2
( - 5 ) (-5 )4
10. 9 3 . 9 *
(7)
12. 13)
13. 63 - 6 - 6*s
(3)
02)
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION W rite th e an sw er in scien tific n otatio n .

15.
(4.2
lQ3)(l.5
IQS)
16.
(l.2
18.
(7.2
X IQ S) (9.4 X
10")
19.
(2.1 X 10*4)3
21 .
8 . 1 X 1 0 12
22
5. 4X1QS
10*3)(6.7
( 17)
10^)
(6.3
1QS)(8.9
1.1 x 10*3
23
( 7 . 5Xl QS) ( 4. 5X10- 4)
5.5X10*
1.5X10'
SIMPLIFYING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS Sim plify th e exp ression . Tell w hich

p ro p erties o f exp on en ts you used.
on pp. 331-332
for Exs. 24-39
24.
28.
32.
(5 s-2 f4 )-3
4rV '
2 4 ^ -5
25.
(2 2 y 3 )5
26. ( p 3 ^ ) - i
29.
(3 a 3 & 5 )-3
30.
33
2a3&-4
3a,5t.-2
&
34.
27.
( w 3 x " 2 ) ( t a ^ - ')
* -'y 2
3c3^
F y -i
9cd *
y".8z?
4z3
y^
3 6 . IE MULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e s im p lif ie d f o r m o f
(g )^ L
1 0 *^ )
2 0 . ( 4 . 0 X 103)"
EXAMPLES
3and4
,-2
35.
^2y-3
y2
3y2
%-4
2^y,
6 x y -''
(E)
(g)
5.1
Use Properties o f Exponents
333
ERROR ANALYS!S Descrf&e an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in sim plifying th e exp ression .

37.
38.
5
3
X * X = x'5 ^
39.
( - 3 ) ' ( - 3 ) ^ = 96
GEOMETRY W rite an exp ression for th e figure's a re a o r volum e in te rm s o f x .

40.
A =
41. V=-n*r^h
42. V= F wf r
X2x
REASONING W rite an exp ression th a t m ak es th e statem en t tru e .
43. x ' y
= ^7^11 - ?
44. 3 j f 'y -
12x^
45.
46. * OPEN-ENDED MATH F in d t h r e e d if f e r e n t w a y s to c o m p ie t e t h e f o llo w in g

s t a t e m e n t s o t h a t it is t r u e : x ^ y ^ = (x 'y ') (x 'y -).
CHALLENGE Refer to th e p ro p erties o f exp on en ts on page 3 3 0 .

47. S h o w h o w t h e n e g a t iv e e x p o n e n t p r o p e r t y c a n b e d e r iv e d f r o m t h e q u o t ie n t
o f p o w e r s p r o p e r t y a n d t h e z e r o e x p o n e n t p r o p e r ty .
48. S h o w h o w t h e q u o t ie n t o f p o w e r s p r o p e r t y c a n b e d e r iv e d f r o m t h e p r o d u c t
o f p o w e r s p r o p e r t y a n d t h e n e g a t i v e e x p o n e n t p r o p e r ty .
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 331
for Exs. 49-50
49. OCEAN VOLUME T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e s u r f a c e a r e a s a n d a v e r a g e d e p t h s o f

f o u r o c e a n s . C a l c u la t e t h e v o l u m e o f e a c h o c e a n b y m u lt i p ly i n g t h e s u r f a c e
a r e a o f e a c h o c e a n b y its a v e r a g e d e p t h . W r it e y o u r a n s w e r s in s c ie n t if ic
n o t a t io n .
Ocean
Surface area
(square m eters)
Average depth
(meters)
Pacific
1.56 x 10^
4.03 x 10^
Atlantic
7.68 x 10^
3.93 x 10^
indian
6.86 X 10^
3.96 x lO^
Arctic
1.41 x 10^3
1.21 x 10^
@ M M ne7H fo r
50. EARTH SOENCE T h e c o n t in e n t s o f E a r t h m o v e a t a v e r y s lo w r a te . T h e S o u t h

A m e r ic a n c o n t in e n t h a s b e e n m o v i n g a b o u t 0.000022 m il e p e r y e a r fo r t h e
p a s t 125,000,000 y e a r s . F lo w f a r h a s t h e c o n t i n e n t m o v e d i n t h a t t im e ? W r ite
y o u r a n s w e r in s c i e n t if ic n o t a t io n .
334
O = WORKED-OUT SOLUT!ONS
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
^- ?
EXAMPLE 5
(s h ) * SHORT RESPONSE A t y p i c a l c u i t u r e d b la c k p e a r i is m a d e b y p l a c in g a b e a d
w i t h a d ia m e t e r o f 6 m il li m e t e r s in s id e a n o y s te r . T h e r e s u lt i n g p e a r l h a s a
on p. 332
for Exs. 51- 52
d ia m e t e r o f a b o u t 9 m illi m e t e r s . C o m p a r e t h e v o l u m e o f t h e r e s u lt in g p e a r l
w i t h t h e v o lu m e o f t h e b e a d .
5 2 . MULT!-STEP PROBLEM A c a n o f t e n n is b a l ls c o n s is t s o f t h r e e s p h e r e s o f
r a d iu s r s t a c k e d v e r t i c a l l y in s id e a c y l in d e r o f r a d iu s r a n d h e ig h t ft.
a. W r it e a n e x p r e s s io n fo r t h e t o t a l v o l u m e o f t h e t h r e e t e n n is b a l ls in
t e r m s o f r.
b. W r ite a n e x p r e s s io n fo r t h e v o lu m e o f t h e c y li n d e r in t e r m s o f r a n d ft.
c. W r ite a n e x p r e s s io n fo r h in t e r m s o f r u s i n g t h e f a c t t h a t t h e h e ig h t o f
t h e c y l in d e r is t h e s u m o f t h e d i a m e t e r s o f t h e t h r e e t e n n is b a lls .
d . W h a t f r a c t io n o f t h e c a n 's v o l u m e is t a k e n u p b y t h e t e n n is b a lls ?
5 3 . * EXTENDED RESPONSE Y o u c a n t h i n k o f a p e n n y a s a c y li n d e r w i t h a r a d iu s
o f a b o u t 9 .5 3 m i ll im e t e r s a n d a h e ig h t o f a b o u t 1 .5 5 m i llim e t e r s .
a. Calculate A p p r o x im a t e t h e v o lu m e o f a p e n n y . G iv e y o u r a n s w e r in c u b ic
m e te r s .
b. Estimate A p p r o x im a t e t h e v o l u m e o f y o u r c la s s r o o m in c u b i c m e te r s .
E x p fa m h o w y o u o b t a i n e d y o u r a n s w e r .
c. Interpret U s e y o u r r e s u lt s f r o m p a r t s (a) a n d (b) to e s t i m a t e h o w m a n y

p e n n i e s it w o u l d t a k e to f i l l y o u r c la s s r o o m . D o y o u t h i n k y o u r a n s w e r
is a n o v e r e s t im a t e o r a n u n d e r e s t i m a t e ? E x p fa tn .
54 . CHALLENGE E a r t h 's c o r e is a p p r o x i m a t e ly
s p h e r ic a l i n s h a p e a n d is d i v i d e d in t o a s o lid
in n e r c o r e (th e y e l l o w r e g io n in t h e d ia g r a m
s h o w n ) a n d a li q u id o u t e r c o r e (th e d a r k
o r a n g e r e g io n in t h e d ia g r a m ) .
a. E a r t h 's r a d iu s is a b o u t 5 t i m e s a s g r e a t a s
t h e r a d iu s o f E a r t h 's in n e r c o r e . F in d t h e
r a t io o f E a r t h 's t o t a l v o lu m e to t h e v o lu m e
o f E a r t h 's in n e r c o r e .
b. F in d t h e r a t io o f t h e v o lu m e o f E a r t h 's o u t e r
c o r e to t h e v o lu m e o f E a r t h 's i n n e r c o r e .
M!XED REVIEW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 5.2
in Exs. 55-60.
Graph th e fu n ction .
55.
y = - x + 4 (p. 89)
56.
y = 2 x - 5 (p. 89)
57.
y = x^ + 4 (p. 236)
58.
'y= -2 x ^ - 1 (p. 236)
59.
y = (x - 5)2 - 3 (p. 245)
60.
y = 3 x ( x + 4) (p. 245)
U se an inverse m a trix to solve th e iin e a r system , (p. 210)

61. x + y = 2
6 2. - x
2y = 3
2x
8y= 1
7 x + 8 y = 21
63. 4 x + 3 y = 6
6 x - 2 y = 10
W rite th e exp ression as a co m p lex n u m b er in sta n d a rd fo rm . (p. 275)

64. (8 + 3:') - (7 + 4:)
65.
67. (12 + 5:') - (7 - 8:)
68. (5 + 4 :)(2 + 3 :)
(5 - 2;') - ( - 9 + 6t)
5.1, p. 1014
66. :(3 + :)
69. ( 8 - 4 : ) (1 + 6:)
335
/n v e sfM y n fM M y ^
S B
a s
@Home7ufor
ciasszone.com
Keystrokes
5.2 End Behavior of
Poiynomiai Functions
M ATERiA LS - graphing calculator
How is the end behavior of a poiynomiai function reiated to

the function s equation?
F u n c t io n s o f t h e f o r m / ( x ) = x " , w h e r e n is a p o s it i v e in te g e r , a r e e x a m p ie s
o f po/ynom iai/M M Ch'ofM . T h e e n d b e h a n io r o f a p o iy n o m i a i f u n c t io n 's g r a p h is
its b e h a v io r a s x a p p r o a c h e s p o s i t iv e i n f i n i t y (+o) o r a s x a p p r o a c h e s n e g a t iv e
i n f i n i t y ( - 00).
investigate the end behavior of/(x) = x " where n is even

Graph th e fu n ction . D escribe th e end b eh avior o f th e grap h .
a.
b. / M = -x ^
/(x ) = x^
G r a p h e a c h f u n c t i o n o n a g r a p h i n g c a lc u la t o r .
^ 7?^
S u m m a r iz e t h e e n d b e h a v io r o f e a c h f u n c t i o n .
Function
As x approaches - =
As x approaches + co
a. /( x ) = x "
/( x ) a p p r o a c h e s +00
/( x ) a p p r o a c h e s + =
b.
/( x ) a p p r o a c h e s -00
/ ( x ) a p p r o a c h e s -00
/(X ) =
-x ^
Use your observations to compiete these exercises
Graph th e fu n ction . Then describ e its end b eh avior as show n above.
1. /(x) = X'"
2. /(x ) = - x ^
3 . /(x)
4. / (x ) = - x 6
5. M a k e a c o n je c t u r e a b o u t t h e e n d b e h a v io r o f e a c h f a m i l y o f f u n c t io n s ,
a.
/ jx ) = x " w h e r e n is o d d
b. / (x ) = - x " w h e r e n is o d d
c.
/ (x ) = x " w h e r e n is e v e n
d. / (x ) = x " w h e r e n is e v e n
6. M a k e a c o n je c t u r e a b o u t t h e e n d b e h a v io r o f t h e f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = x^ - x .
E x p / a in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
336
Chapter 5
C *1 Eva!uate and Graph

You evaiuated and graphed iinear and quadratic functions.
You wii! evaiuate and graph other poiynomiai functions.
So you can modei skateboarding participation, as in Ex. 55.
K e y V o c a b u la r y
R e c a ll t h a t a m o n o m i a l is a n u m b e r , a v a r ia b le , o r a p r o d u c t o f n u m b e r s
<polynom ial
a n d v a r ia b le s . A p olynom ial is a m o n o m i a l o r a s u m o f m o n o m ia ls .
. polynom ial fu nction
A p olynom ial fu n ction is a f u n c t i o n o f t h e fo r m
' substitutton
*'*:
x^ " - * +^
- -
- +^ a
+^ a
w h e r e <2^ A 0, t h e e x p o n e n t s a r e a ll w h o le n u m b e r s , a n d t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e a ll
r e a l n u m b e r s . F o r t h i s f u n c t io n , 0 ^ is t h e leadin g coefficien t, 0 is t h e degree, a n d
0 Q is t h e co n sta n t term . A p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n is in sta n d a rd fo rm i f its t e r m s

a r e w r i t t e n in d e s c e n d in g o r d e r o f e x p o n e n t s f r o m l e f t to r ig h t.
Common Polynomial Functions

Standard form
Type
Example
!!
]
4^
Degree
Constant
Linear
/(x) =
Quadratic
/(x) = a^x^ + a^x + Og
Cubic
/(x) =
Quartic
/(x) = ax'* + OgX^ + a^x^ + a^x + Og
EXAMPLE 1
t)
' end b ehavior
Jfix
W) = a
a ^xx " +
^ a
O^X
O gX^
/(x) = 5x - 7
Og
+ a^x^ +
/(x) = 2x2 + x - 9
0 ,X
0^
/(x) = x^ - x^ + 3x
/(x) = x^ + 2x - 1
identify potynomia! functions
D ecide w heth er th e fu n ctio n is a p olyn om ial fu n ctio n . If so, w rite it in

stan d ard form an d state its d egree, typ e, an d leading coefficien t.
a. h(x) = x^ c.
+ 3
b. g(x) = 7x - V3 + rrx^
/(x ) = 5x^ + 3x"^ x
d. %;(x) = x + 2* 0.6x^
Solu tion
a. T h e f u n c t i o n is a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n t h a t is a l r e a d y w r i t t e n in
s t a n d a r d f o r m . It h a s d e g r e e 4 (q u a r tic ) a n d a l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f 1.
b. T h e f u n c t i o n is a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n w r i t t e n a s g (x ) = -nx^ + 7 x V 3 in
s t a n d a r d f o r m . It h a s d e g r e e 2 (q u a d r a t ic ) a n d a l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f rr.
c. T h e f u n c t i o n is n o t a p o l y n o m i a l f u n c t i o n b e c a u s e t h e t e r m 3x"* h a s a n
e x p o n e n t t h a t is n o t a w h o le n u m b e r .
d. T h e f u n c t i o n is n o t a p o l y n o m i a l f u n c t i o n b e c a u s e t h e t e r m 2* d o e s n o t
h a v e a v a r ia b l e b a s e a n d a n e x p o n e n t t h a t is a w h o le n u m b e r .
5 .2
Evaiuate and Graph Polynomial Functions
337
Evatuate by direct substitution
EXAMPLE 2
Use d irect su b stitu tion to e v a lu a te /(x ) =
- 5 ^ - 4% + 8 when x = 3.
/ ( x ) = 2x^ - Bx'* - 4 x + 8
/(3) = 2(3)^ - 5(3 )3 - 4 (3 ) + 8
Substitute 3 for x.
= 162 -
13 5 -
12 + 8
Evaiuate powers and muitipiy.
= 23
Simpiify.
CutDED PRACTKE
D ecide w heth er th e fu n ction is a p olyn om ial fu n ction . If so, w rite it in

stan d ard form and state its degree, typ e, an d leadin g coefficien t.
1.
/ (x ) = 13 - 2 x
2. p (x ) = 9x^ - 5 x "3 +
3. h (x) = 6x^ + rr - 3 x
Use d irect su b stitu tion to evalu ate th e p olyn om ial fu n ction for th e given
value of x.
4.
/ (x ) =
+ 2^3 + 3%3 - 7 ; x = - 2
5. g (x ) = %3 - 5x^ + 6 x + 1; x = 4
SYNTHETK SUBST)TUT!ON A n o t h e r w a y to e v a l u a t e a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n is
to u s e sy n th etic substitution. T h is m e t h o d , s h o w n in t h e n e x t e x a m p le , in v o lv e s
f e w e r o p e r a t io n s t h a n d i r e c t s u b s t it u t io n .
Eva!uate by synthetic substitution

Use sy n th etic su b stitu tion to e v a lu a te /(x ) fro m E xam p le 2 w hen x = 3.
Sotution
F75P 7
The row of coefficients

for/(x) must indude a
coefficient of 0 for the
"missing" x^-term.
W rite t h e c o e f f ic ie n t s o f / ( x ) in o r d e r o f d e s c e n d i n g e x p o n e n t s . W r ite
t h e v a lu e a t w h ic h / ( x ) is b e in g e v a l u a t e d to t h e le ft .
x-value
F7RP F
- 5
coefficients
- 4
B rin g dow n t h e l e a d i n g c o e f f ic ie n t . Muitipiy t h e l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t b y

t h e x - v a lu e . W r ite t h e p r o d u c t u n d e r t h e s e c o n d c o e f f ic ie n t . Add.
-5
-4
CO
AVO!D ERRORS
^ 6
'
2^
F7BP J
M ultiply t h e p r e v i o u s s u m b y t h e x - v a lu e . W r it e t h e p r o d u c t u n d e r t h e
t h ir d c o e f f i c i e n t . Add. R e p e a t f o r a l l o f t h e r e m a i n i n g c o e f f ic i e n t s . T h e
f i n a l s u m is t h e v a l u e o f / ( x ) a t t h e g iv e n x - v a lu e .
2
- 5
- 4
15
23
^ S y n t h e t ic s u b s t i t u t i o n g iv e s / ( 3 ) = 23, w h i c h m a t c h e s t h e r e s u lt in E x a m p le 2.
338
Chapter 5
END BEHAVtOR T h e end b eh avior o f a f u n c t io n 's g r a p h is t h e b e h a v io r o f t h e

g r a p h a s x a p p r o a c h e s p o s it iv e i n f i n i t y ( + 00) o r n e g a t iv e i n f i n i t y ( - c o ) . F o r t h e
g r a p h o f a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t io n , t h e e n d b e h a v i o r is d e t e r m in e d b y t h e f u n c t i o n 's
d e g r e e a n d t h e s ig n o f it s l e a d in g c o e f f ic ie n t .
KEY CONCEPT
/ w - %)%/-
End Behavior of Poiynomia! Functions

READtNG
The expression
*x-> +00 *is read as
*xapproaches positive
infinity."
D egree: o d d
Leading coefficient: n e g a t iv e
D e g re e : o d d
Leading coefficient: p o s it iv e
/ (x ) -> +00
as x
- co
/ (x ) -> +co
a s x -> +00
/(x ) ^
-00
/(X )
as x
- sc
a s x - y +co
D e g re e : e v e n
Leading coefficient: n e g a t iv e
D eg ree: e v e n
Leading coefficient: p o s it iv e
/ (x ) -> +00
/ (x ) -> +00
a s x ^ + 30
a s x - > -00
/ (x ) -+ - 30
asx
-co
EXAMPLE 4
-c o
/(x ) - y - co
a s x - y +co
W hat is tru e ab ou t th e d egree an d leading coefficien t

o f th e p olyn om ial fu n ction w hose grap h is show n?
(? )
D e g r e e is o d d ; l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is p o s it iv e
(B )
D e g r e e is o d d ; le a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is n e g a t iv e
(B )
D e g r e e is e v e n ; l e a d in g c o e f f i c i e n t is p o s it iv e
(D )
D e g r e e is e v e n ; l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is n e g a t iv e
V3x
F r o m t h e g r a p h ,/ ( x ) -> - c o a s x -> -30 a n d / ( x ) -> - c o a s x -> + 30. S o , t h e d e g r e e is

e v e n a n d t h e l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is n e g a t iv e .
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is D . ( 5 ) (E ) ( c ) (B)
GutDED PRACTtCE
Use sy n th etic su b stitu tion to evaiu ate th e p olynom ial

fu n ction for th e given valu e o f x .
'T
/
6. / (x ) = 5x^ + 3x^ - x + 7; x = 2
7 . g (x ) = - 2 x ^ - x^ + 4 x - 5; x = - 1
X!
8. D e s c r ib e t h e d e g r e e a n d l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e
p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n w h o s e g r a p h is s h o w n .
5 .2
Evaluate and Graph Polynomial Functions
339
GRAPHING POLYNOMtAL FUNCTIONS T o g r a p h a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t io n , f ir s t p lo t

p o in t s to d e t e r m in e t h e s h a p e o f t h e g r a p h 's m id d le p o r t io n . T h e n u s e w h a t y o u
k n o w a b o u t e n d b e h a v io r to s k e t c h t h e e n d s o f t h e g r a p h .
Graph potynomia) functions
EXAMPLE 5
Graph (a) / ( x ) = - x ^ +
+ 3 v - 3 an d (b) / ( x ) = x^ - x^ - 4x^ + 4.
Soiution
a. T o g r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n , m a k e a t a b le o f v a lu e s a n d
p lo t t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g p o in t s . C o n n e c t t h e p o in t s
w i t h a s m o o t h c u r v e a n d c h e c k t h e e n d b e h a v io r .
X
-3
- 2
24
-1
-4
-3
-1
-1 2
T h e d e g r e e is o d d a n d l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is n e g a t iv e .
S o ,/ ( x ) -> +00 a s x -> - o o a n d / ( x ) -> - o o a s x -> + o o .
b. T o g r a p h t h e f u n c t io n , m a k e a t a b le o f v a l u e s a n d
p lo t t h e c o r r e s p o n d in g p o in t s . C o n n e c t t h e p o in t s
w i t h a s m o o t h c u r v e a n d c h e c k t h e e n d b e h a v io r .
X
-3
-2
-1
76
12
-4
22
T h e d e g r e e is e v e n a n d le a d in g c o e f f i c i e n t is p o s it iv e .
S o ,/ ( x ) ->
+oo
^ ia m tg g A lg e b r a
a sx ->
-o o
a n d / ( x ) ->
+oo
a s x > + c .
at classzone.com
So)ve a mu!ti-step probtem
EXAMPLE
PHYSICAL SCIENCE T h e e n e r g y T (in f o o t - p o u n d s ) in e a c h s q u a r e f o o t o f a w a v e is

g iv e n b y t h e m o d e l E = 0 .0 0 2 9 ^ w h e r e s is t h e w i n d s p e e d (in k n o t s ) . G r a p h t h e
m o d e l. U s e t h e g r a p h to e s t i m a t e t h e w i n d s p e e d n e e d e d to g e n e r a t e a w a v e
w i t h 1000 f o o t - p o u n d s o f e n e r g y p e r s q u a r e fo o t .
Solution
F7XP7
Wave Energy
Make a t a b le o f v a lu e s . T h e m o d e l
o n ly d e a ls w i t h p o s it i v e v a lu e s o f s.
O
O
s
10
20
30
40
29
4 64
2349
7424
Plot t h e p o in t s a n d c o n n e c t t h e m w i t h
tu *o
3
3000
F . 2000
X Ô
n.
, /(2' 00<
1,1
1000
a s m o o t h c u r v e . B e c a u s e t h e le a d i n g
c o e f f i c i e n t is p o s it i v e a n d t h e d e g r e e is
e v e n , t h e g r a p h r is e s to t h e r ig h t.
10 2024 30
40 ^
Wind speed (knots)
Exam ine t h e g r a p h to s e e t h a t s = 24 w h e n F = 1000.
k T h e w i n d s p e e d n e e d e d to g e n e r a t e t h e w a v e is a b o u t 24 k n o t s .
340
Chapter 5
GUIDED PRACTKE
G raph th e p olyn om ial fu n ction .

9. /(X) = x4 + 6x^ - 3
10. / (x ) = - x 3 + X^ + X - 1
11. /(X) = 4 - 2 x 3
12. WHAT IF? I f w i n d s p e e d is m e a s u r e d in m ile s p e r h o u r , t h e m o d e l in

E x a m p le 6 b e c o m e s E = O .O O S lA G r a p h t h i s m o d e l. W h a t w i n d s p e e d is
n e e d e d to g e n e r a t e a w a v e w i t h 2000 f o o t - p o u n d s o f e n e r g y p e r s q u a r e fo o t?
HOMEWORK
KEY
5 2 EXEROSES
ft = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,2 4 ,3 7 ,5 0 ,5 2 , and 59
= MULTIPLE REPRESENTATtONS
Ex.56
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY I d e n t if y t h e d e g r e e , t y p e , l e a d in g c o e f f ic i e n t , a n d c o n s t a n t
t e r m o f t h e p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = 6 + 2x^ - 5 x t
2. * WRITING E x p la in w h a t is m e a n t b y t h e e n d b e h a v i o r o f a p o ly n o m i a l
f u n c t io n .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 337
for Exs. 3 -8
POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS D ecide w h eth er th e fu n ction is a p oiyn om iai fu n ction .

If so, w rite it in stan d ard form an d state its degree, typ e, an d leadin g coefficien t.
6.
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 338
for Exs. 9-14
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 338
for Exs. 15-23
4.
3. / (x ) = 8 - x^
h (x ) = x \ l 0
+ 5x^ + 1
5. g(x) = 7rx4 +
/ (x ) = 6 x + 8x*' - 3
7. h (x) =
+ 3x -
8. g(x) = 8x^ - 4x^ + y
10
DtRECT SUBSTITUTION Use d ire ct su b stitu tion to evalu ate th e p oiynom iai
fu n ction for th e given value o f x .
9.
/(x ) = 5x^ - 2x^ + lO x - 15 ; x = - 1
10.
/(X ) =
8 x + 5 x 4 _ g ^.2 ^ 3 . _ 2
11.
g (x ) = 4x^ - 2x^; x = - 3
12.
h(x) = 6x^ - 2 5 x + 2 0 ; x = 5
13.
h (x) = x + yX ^ - ^ x^ + 10; x = - 4
14.
g (x ) = 4x^ + 6x^ + x^ - lO x + 5; x = - 2
SYNTHETIC SUBST!TUT<ON U se sy n th etic su b stitu tion to evalu ate th e

polynom ial fu n ction for th e given valu e o f x .
15.
/( x ) = 5x^ - 2x^ - 8x + 16; x = 3
16. /(X) = 8x4
17.
g(x) = x^ + 8x^ - 7x + 35; x = - 6
18. h (x) = - 8 x 3 +
19.
/(x ) = -2 x 4 _j_
20. g (x ) = 6x3 _j_ ^ 3 - 27; x = - 3
2 h ) h (x) = - 7 x 3 + ^ ^ 2 + ^
+ 13; x = 2
^ = 3
^2%3
gjj-2 _
g.
- _2
- 35; x = 4
22. / (x ) = x4 + 3 x - 20; x = 4
2 3 . ERROR ANALYSIS D e s c r ib e a n d c o r r e c t
-2
t h e e r r o r in e v a lu a t i n g t h e p o ly n o m i a l
-4
f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = - 4 x 4 + 9x^ - 2 1 x + 7
w h e n x = - 2.
-4
5.2
-21
-3 4
110
17
-55
117
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 339
for Exs. 24 -2 7
24. * MULTtPLE CHOKE T h e g r a p h o f a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n is s h o w n .

W h a t is t r u e a b o u t t h e f u n c t io n 's d e g r e e a n d le a d i n g c o e f f ic ie n t ?
(A)
T h e d e g r e e is o d d a n d t h e l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is p o s it iv e .
(B )
T h e d e g r e e is o d d a n d t h e le a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is n e g a t iv e .
(E )
T h e d e g r e e is e v e n a n d t h e l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is p o s it iv e .
(D )
T h e d e g r e e is e v e n a n d t h e l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is n e g a t iv e .
UStNG END BEHAVIOR D escribe th e d egree an d leading co efficien t o f the

p oiynom ia! fu n ction w hose graph is show n.
'y
"j
- 1
/
/
i
DESCRtBtNG END BEHAVtOR D escribe th e end b eh avior o f th e grap h of the
p olynom ial fu n ction by com p letin g th ese s ta te m e n ts :/? * ) -> ? as x -> -oo
a n d /? * ) -y ? as * -> + oo.
28. / ( * ) = lO x"
29. / (* ) = - F
3 1 . / (* ) = x
ro
3 2. / ( * ) = 3 *
+ 3*
- jr
34. / ( * ) = 0.2*3 - * + 4 5
4*
- 3*
16 *
3 5 . / (* ) = 5 * s + 8*^
30. / (* ) = - 2 * 3 + 7 * - 4
3 3 . / ( * ) = - 6 * 3 + 1 4 F + 20
+ 500^271
36. /(*) =
3 7 . ÔPEN-ENDED MATH W r ite a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n / o f d e g r e e 5 s u c h t h a t

t h e e n d b e h a v io r o f t h e g r a p h o f / i s g iv e n b y / ( x ) > + o o a s x - > - o o a n d
/( * )
- oo as * ^ +oc. T h e n g r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n to v e r i f y y o u r a n s w e r .
EXAMPLES
GRAPHiNG POLYNOMIALS G raph th e p olyn om ial fu n ction .
on p. 340
for Exs. 3 8 -5 0
38.
/ (* ) = *3
39 . y'(x) = -^ 4
40.
/ ( * ) = *3 + 3
4 1.
/ (* ) = *4 - 2
4 2. / ( * ) = - * 3 + 5
4 3.
/ (* ) = *3 5.x
4 4.
/ (* ) = - * 4 + 8*
4 5. / ( * ) = *3 + *
4 6. / (* )
48. / ( * ) =
4 9.
4 7 . / (* ) = *3 + *^ - 4
50.
- gx'
= - * 3 + 3%2 - 2 * + 5
/(*) = - * 4 + 3 x ' - *
-it MULTtPLE CHOKE W h i c h f u n c t i o n is

re p re se n te d b y th e g r a p h sh o w n ?
(A) /(*) = ^
+ 1 (g) /(*) = - I F + i
(E) /(*) = 1*3 - 1 (D) /(*) = -1 *3 - 1

5 1 . VtSUALTHtNKtNG S u p p o s e / ! * ) ^
a s * > -oo a n d / ( x )
oo a s * ^ +oo.
D e s c r ib e t h e e n d b e h a v i o r o f g ( * ) = - / ( * ) .
5 2 . * SHORT RESPONSE A c u b ic p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n / h a s l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t 2
a n d c o n s t a n t t e r m - 5 . I f / ( 1 ) = 0 a n d / ( 2 ) = 3, w h a t i s / ( - 5 ) ? E x p / a in h o w y o u
fo u n d y o u r a n sw er.
342
= W O R K E D -O U T S O L U T IO N S
on p. WS1
it
= S T A N D A R D IZ E D
T E S T P R A C T IC E
= MULTtPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
+ 1
53 .
CHALLENGE L e t / (x ) = F
g ^ ) = _^3 _ 2^2 + ^
a. C o p y a n d c o m p l e t e t h e t a b le .
b. U s e t h e n u m b e r s in t h e t a b le to c o m p le t e
f(%)
t h is s t a t e m e n t : A s x -> +co, - ->
gM
/( * )
/(*)
y(x)
10
20
50
100
200
? .
c. E x p la in h o w t h e r e s u lt f r o m p a r t (b)
s h o w s th a t th e f u n c t io n s / a n d g h a v e th e
s a m e e n d b e h a v io r a s x -> + 0.
g(x)
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 6
54. DtAMONDS T h e w e i g h t o f a n id e a l r o u n d - c u t d i a m o n d
-------------- Diameter-
c a n b e m o d e le d b y
on p. 340
for Exs. 5 4 -5 9
w = 0 .0 0 7 1 ^ - 0 .0 9 0 r f + 0 .4 8 d
w h e r e te is t h e d ia m o n d 's w e ig h t (in c a r a t s ) a n d d is
its d ia m e t e r (in m illim e t e r s ) . A c c o r d i n g to t h e m o d e l,
w h a t is t h e w e ig h t o f a d i a m o n d w i t h a d ia m e t e r o f
15 m illim e t e r s ?
@ M M n e7iv to r
55. SKATEBOARDING F r o m 19 9 2 to 2003, t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p l e in t h e U n it e d

S t a te s w h o p a r t ic ip a t e d in s k a t e b o a r d i n g c a n b e m o d e le d b y
S = -0 .0 0 7 6 C + 0.14f3 - o.6 2 f 2 + o.52f + 5.5

w h e r e S is t h e n u m b e r o f p a r t ic i p a n t s (in m illio n s ) a n d 1 is t h e n u m b e r
o f y e a r s s i n c e 19 9 2 . G r a p h t h e m o d e l. T h e n u s e t h e g r a p h to e s t i m a t e t h e
f ir s t y e a r t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f s k a t e b o a r d in g p a r t ic i p a n t s w a s g r e a t e r t h a n
8 m illio n .
@ M )m e 7 u fO f
56.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS F r o m 19 8 7 to 2003, t h e n u m b e r o f i n d o o r

m o v ie s c r e e n s M i n t h e U n it e d S t a te s c a n b e m o d e le d b y
M = - 1 1 .0 f 3 + 2 6 7 ^ - 5 9 2 f + 2 1,6 0 0
w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1987.
a. Classifying a Function S t a te t h e d e g r e e a n d t y p e o f t h e f u n c t io n .
b. Making a Tabie M a k e a t a b le o f v a l u e s fo r t h e f u n c t i o n .
c. Sketching a Graph U s e y o u r t a b le to g r a p h t h e f u n c t io n .
SNOWBOARDtNG F r o m 199 2 t o 2003, t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p le

i n t h e U n it e d S t a te s w h o p a r t ic i p a t e d in s n o w b o a r d i n g c a n
b e m o d e le d b y
S = 0 .0 0 13 ;" - 0 .0 21f3 + 0.084f2 + o .0 3 7 f + 1.2
w h e r e S is t h e n u m b e r o f p a r t ic i p a n t s (in m illio n s ) a n d f
is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s i n c e 19 9 2 . G r a p h t h e m o d e l. U s e
t h e g r a p h to e s t im a t e t h e f ir s t y e a r t h a t t h e n u m b e r o f
s n o w b o a r d i n g p a r t ic i p a n t s w a s g r e a t e r t h a n 2 m illi o n .
5 .2
Evaiuate and Graph Poiynomiai Functions
343
58. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM F r o m 1980 to 2002, t h e n u m b e r o f q u a r t e r ly

p e r io d i c a l s P p u b l is h e d in t h e U n it e d S t a te s c a n b e m o d e le d b y
P = 0 .13 8 f4 - 6 .2 4 f3 + 86.8f2 - 2 3 97 + 1450
w h e r e 7 is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s i n c e 1980.
a. D e s c r ib e t h e e n d b e h a v io r o f t h e g r a p h o f t h e m o d e l.
b. G r a p h t h e m o d e l o n t h e d o m a in 0 < 7< 22.
c. U s e t h e m o d e l to p r e d ic t t h e n u m b e r o f q u a r t e r l y p e r i o d i c a l s in t h e y e a r
2010. Is it a p p r o p r ia t e to u s e t h e m o d e l to m a k e t h i s p r e d ic t io n ? E x p / a in .
59. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e w e ig h t s o f S a r u s c r a n e c h ic k s S a n d h o o d e d

c r a n e c h i c k s 77 ( b o t h in g r a m s ) d u r i n g t h e 10 d a y s f o l lo w i n g h a t c h i n g
c a n b e m o d e le d b y t h e f u n c t i o n s
S = - 0 .1 2 2 f 3 + 3.4 9 f2 - 14.67 + 13 6
H = - 0 . 1 1 5 f 3 + 3 . 7 1 f 2 - 2 0 .6 7 + 1 2 4
w h e r e 7 is t h e n u m b e r o f d a y s a f t e r h a t c h in g .
a. Calculate A c c o r d i n g to t h e m o d e ls , w h a t is t h e d i f f e r e n c e in w e i g h t
& k
b e t w e e n 5 - d a y - o ld S a r u s c r a n e c h ic k s a n d h o o d e d c r a n e c h ic k s ?
b. Graph S k e t c h t h e g r a p h s o f t h e t w o m o d e ls .
c. Apply A b i o lo g is t f in d s t h a t t h e w e i g h t o f a c r a n e c h i c k 3 d a y s a f t e r
h a t c h in g is 130 g r a m s . W h a t s p e c ie s o f c r a n e is t h e c h i c k m o r e
l i k e ly to b e ? E x p la in h o w y o u f o u n d y o u r a n s w e r .
60. CHALLENGE T h e w e ig h t y (in p o u n d s ) o f a r a i n b o w t r o u t c a n b e m o d e le d

b y y = 0.000304x3 ^ g ^ g ^ jg ^ g l e n g t h o f t h e t r o u t (in in c h e s ) .
a. W r ite a f u n c t i o n t h a t r e la t e s t h e w e ig h t y a n d l e n g t h x o f a r a i n b o w t r o u t
i f y is m e a s u r e d in k i lo g r a m s a n d x is m e a s u r e d in c e n t im e t e r s . U s e t h e
f a c t t h a t 1 k i l o g r a m = 2 .2 0 p o u n d s a n d 1 c e n t i m e t e r = 0 .3 9 4 in c h .
b. G r a p h t h e o r ig in a l f u n c t i o n a n d t h e f u n c t i o n f r o m p a r t (a) i n t h e s a m e
c o o r d in a t e p la n e . W h a t t y p e o f t r a n s f o r m a t i o n c a n y o u a p p ly to t h e
g r a p h o f y = 0.000304x3 ^ p r o d u c e t h e g r a p h f r o m p a r t (a)?
&
MIXED REV!EW
Solve th e eq uation o r inequality.
61.
2 b + 11 = 15 - 6 b (p. 78)
64. x^ - 1 4 x + 48 = 0 (p. 252)
62. 2 .7 n + 4 .3 = 1 2 .9 4 (p. 78)
63. - 7 < 6 y - 1 < 5 (p. 47)
65. - 24 ^ - 9 0 p = 21 (p. 259)
66. z^ + 5 z < 3 6 (p. 300)
The variab les x and y v a ry d irectly. W rite an eq u ation th a t relates x an d y. Then

find th e value o f x w h e n y = - 3 . (p. 707)
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 5.3
in Exs. 73-78.
344
67. x = 4 , y = 12
68.
x = 3, y = - 2 1
70. x = 0.8, y = 0.2
71.
x=
- 0 .4 5 , y =
- 0 .3 5
69.
x = 10, y = - 4
72.
x = - 6 . 5 , y = 3 .9
y = - 3 ( x - 5 f - 25
W rite th e q u ad ratic fu n ction in sta n d a rd form . (p. 245)

73. y = ( x + 3 ) ( x - 7 )
74. y = 8 ( x - 4 ) ( x + 2 )
75.
76. y = 2 .5 ( x - 6 f + 9.3
77. y = ^ ( x - 4 f
78. y = - ^ ( x + 4 )(x + 9)
EXTRA PRACUCE for Lesson
5.2, p. 1014
c%2%%?ACT!V!TY
@ M M ne7M tor
dasszone.com
Keystrokes
Hi i i l i i i t!
5 .2 Set a Good Viewing Window

W h at is a good view ing w indow for a poiynom iai function?
W h e n y o u g r a p h a f u n c t i o n w i t h a g r a p h i n g c a ic u ia t o r , y o u s h o u ld c h o o s e a
v i e w in g w i n d o w t h a t d is p la y s t h e i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r is t ic s o f t h e g r a p h .
Graph a poiynom iai function

G ra p h /(x ) = 0.2x3 - 5x^ + 3 8 x - 97.
G r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n in t h e
A d ju s t t h e h o r i z o n t a l s c a le so
A d ju s t t h e v e r t i c a l s c a le s o t h a t t h e
s t a n d a r d v i e w in g w in d o w .
th a t th e e n d b e h a v io r o f th e
t u r n i n g p o in t s a n d e n d b e h a v i o r
grap h as x
o f t h e g r a p h a s x -> -<=o a r e v is ib le .
a) ! i ! t t : i )
+ o is v is ib le .
ium tm
HUH
! A
:
- 1 0 < x < 1 0 ,- 1 0 < y < 1 0
- 1 0 < x < 2 0 , - 1 0 < y < 10
Find in terv als for x an d y th a t d escribe a good view ing w indow for th e g rap h
of th e p oiynom iai fu n ction .
1. /(x ) = x ^ + 4x^ - 8x + 11
2. /(x ) = -x ^ + 36x^ - 10
3. /(x ) = x^ - 4x^ + 2
4. /(x ) = -x ^ - 2x^ + 3x^ - 4 x + 5
5.
/(x) = -x^ + 3x^ + 15x
6.
7.
/(x) = - F + 9x^ - 12x + 18
8. /(x ) = x^ - 7x^ + 25x^ - 40x^ + 1 3 x
9.
/(x ) = 2x^ - 7x^ + x - 8
REASONiNG L e t g (x ) = /(x ) + c w h e r e / ( x ) a n d g (x ) a r e p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n s
a n d c is a p o s it iv e c o n s t a n t . H o w is a g o o d v i e w i n g w i n d o w fo r t h e g r a p h o f
/(x ) r e la t e d to a g o o d v i e w in g w i n d o w fo r t h e g r a p h o f g (x )?
10.
BASEBALL F ro m 19 9 4 t o 2003, t h e a v e r a g e s a l a r y S (in t h o u s a n d s o f d o lla r s )

fo r m a jo r le a g u e b a s e b a ll p la y e r s c a n b e m o d e l e d b y
S(X) = -4 .1 0 x 3 + gy 4^2 _ i 2 i x + iiy g

w h e r e x is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 19 9 4 . F in d i n t e r v a l s fo r t h e h o r i z o n t a l
a n d v e r t ic a l a x e s t h a t d e s c r i b e a g o o d v i e w in g w i n d o w fo r t h e g r a p h o f S.
5.2
345
C 3 Add, Subtract, and

Muitipiy Poiynomiais
You evaluated and graphed polynomial functions.
You will add, subtract, and multiply polynomials.
So you can model collegiate sports participation, as in Ex. 63.
Key Vocabulary
T o a d d o r s u b t r a c t p o ly n o m ia l s , a d d o r s u b t r a c t t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f lik e t e r m s .
*like term s, p. 12
Y o u c a n u s e a v e r t i c a l o r h o r iz o n t a l fo r m a t .
Add poiynomiais verticaiiy and horizontaiiy
^ EXAMPLE 1
a. A d d
- 5x^ + 3% - 9 a n d x * + 6x^ + 1 1 i n a v e r t i c a l fo r m a t .
b. A d d 3y3 - 2y^ - 7 y a n d -4 y ^ + 2 y - 5 i n a h o r i z o n t a l fo r m a t .
REVIEW
SIMPLIFYING
Solution
2%3 -
a.
For help with
+ 3x -
b.
sim plifying expressions,

s e e p. 10 .
= 3y3 - 2y2 - 4y2 - 7 y + 2 y - 5

3x^ +
(3y^ - 2y2 - 7y) + (-4 y ^ + 2 y - 5)
x^ + 3 x +
EXAMPLE 2
= 3y^ - 6y^ - 5 y - 5
Subtract poiynomiais verticaiiy and horizontaHy
a . S u b t r a c t 3x^ + 2x^ - x + 7 f r o m 8x^ - x^ - 5 x + 1 in a v e r t i c a l fo r m a t .

b . S u b t r a c t 5z^ - z + 3 f r o m 4z^ + 9 z -
12 in a h o r i z o n t a l fo r m a t .
Solution
a . A l ig n lik e t e r m s , t h e n a d d t h e o p p o s it e o f t h e s u b t r a c t e d p o ly n o m ia l .
8x^ -
x^ - 5 x + 1
(3x^ + 2x^ -
8x^ -
x + 7)
x^ - 5 x + 1
-3 x 3 _
5x^
x - 7
^
b . W r ite t h e o p p o s it e o f t h e s u b t r a c t e d p o ly n o m i a l , t h e n a d d lik e t e r m s .
(4z^ + 9 z - 12 ) - ( 52^ - z + 3) = 4z^ + 9 z -
12 - 5 ^ + z - 3
= 4z^ - 5z^ + 9 z + z = - z ^ + lO z -
CUIOED PRACTICE
12 - 3
15
Find th e su m o r difference.
1.
346
Chapter 5
(f2 - 6 f + 2 ) + (5 f
- ; - g)
2 . (8 d - 3 + 9 r f ) -
- 1 3 ^ - 4)
MULTIPLYING POLYNOMIALS T o m u lt ip ly t w o p o ly n o m ia ls , y o u m u lt ip l y e a c h
t e r m o f t h e f ir s t p o ly n o m i a l b y e a c h t e r m o f t h e s e c o n d p o ly n o m ia l.
EXAMPLE 3
Multiply polynomials vertically and horizontally
a. M u lt ip ly -2 y ^ + 3 y - 6 a n d y - 2 in a v e r t i c a l fo r m a t .
b. M u lt ip ly x + 3 a n d 3x^ - 2% + 4 in a h o r iz o n t a l fo r m a t .
Solution
a.
-2 / +
3y -
y "
6y +
12
4y^ -
Multiply -2 y ^ + 3 y -
6 by - 2 .
Multiply -2 y ^ + 3 y - 6 by y.
-2 y3 + 3 y ^ -
6y
- 2 y 3 + 7y^ -
12 y +
12
Combine like terms.
b. (x + 3)(3x^ - 2 x + 4) = (x + 3 )3 x ^ - (x + 3 ) 2 x + (x + 3 )4
= 3x^ + 9x^ - 2x^ - 6x + 4 x + 12
= 3x^ + 7x^ - 2x + 12
EXAMPLE 4
Multiply th ree binomials
M ultiply x - 5, x + 1, a n d x + 3 in a h orizo n tal fo rm at.

(x - 5 )(x + l )( x + 3) = (x^ - 4 x - 5 )(x + 3)
= (x^ - 4 x - 5 )x + (x^ - 4 x - 5 )3
= x^ - 4x^ 5 x + 3x^ 1 2 x 15
= x^ x^ 17 x 15
PRODUCT PATTERNS S o m e b i n o m i a l p r o d u c t s o c c u r s o f r e q u e n t l y t h a t it is w o r t h
m e m o r i z i n g t h e ir p a t t e r n s . Y o u c a n v e r i f y t h e s e p r o d u c t p a t t e r n s b y m u lt ip ly i n g .
KEY CONCEPT
Special P roduct P attern s
Example
Sum and Difference

(a + b) (% - b) = ^
AVOID ERRORS
In general,
(a b)^ ^
and
(a b)3 ^
- b^
(x + 4 )(x - 4) = x^ - 16
*-g Square of a Binomial
-E
Example
(a + b)^ =
+ 2r:b + b^
(y + 3 f = /
+ 6y + 9
(a - b)^ = ^
- 2 a b + b^
(3z^ - 5)^ = 9z^ - 30z^ + 2 5
^,3
Cube of a Binomial
Example
(rt + b)^ =
+ 3a^ b + 3ab^ +
(x + 2)3 = x^ + 6x^ + 1 2 x + 8
(a - b)^ =
- 3a^ b + 3ab^ - b^
(p
5.3
3)3 = p3 - 9^2
2 ? p - 27
Add, Subtract, and Multiply Polynom ials
347
Use specia) product p a tte rns
EXA M PLE 5
a. (3f + 4 )(3 t - 4) = (3f)^ - 4^
-v -
Sum and difference
= 9 ^ -1 6
b. ( 8 x - 3 ) ^ = ( 8 A ;) ^ - 2 ( 8 ^ ) ( 3 ) + 3 ^
Squareofabinomiai
= 64x^ - 4 8 x + 9
c. (p^ + 5 ) ^ = ( p ^ ) ^ + 3 ( p ^ ) ^ (5 )+ 3 (p ^ )(5 )^ + 5^
= p^3 +
GU!DED PRACTKE
Cubeof a binomiai
+ 75p ^ + 125
for E xam p les 3 , 4 , and 5
Find th e p ro d u ct.
3. ( x + 2 ) ( 3 x ^ - x - 5 )
4. (<3-5)(<2 + 2 )(a + 6)
5. (xy - 4)3
Use po!yn om ia!m ode!s
EXAM PLE 6
PETROLEUM S in c e 1980, t h e n u m b e r IV (in t h o u s a n d s ) o f

U n it e d S t a te s w e ii s p r o d u c in g c r u d e o il a n d t h e a v e r a g e d a i l y
o il o u t p u t p e r w e ll O (in b a r r e ls ) c a n b e m o d e le d b y
IV = - 0 . 5 7 5 ^ + 10 .9 f + 5 4 8
and
O = - 0 .2 4 9 r + 15 .4
w h e r e r is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 198 0. W r it e a m o d e l fo r t h e
a v e r a g e fo trd a m o u n t IT o f c r u d e o il p r o d u c e d p e r d a y . W h a t w a s
t h e a v e r a g e t o t a l a m o u n t o f c r u d e o il p r o d u c e d p e r d a y in 2000?
DETERMtNE
SiGNtFiCANT D!C!TS
When multiplying
models, round your
result so that its terms
have the same number
of significant digits
as the model with
the fewest number of
significant digits.
Solution
T o f in d a m o d e l fo r 7) m u l t i p l y t h e t w o g iv e n m o d e ls .
- 0 .5 7 5 f2 +
1 0 .9 f +
54 8
0 .2 4 9 f +
15 .4
x
0 .1 4 3 1 7 5 ^ -
8 .8 5 5 f 2 +
Oil refinery in
Long Beach, Caiifornia
1 6 7 .8 6 r + 8 4 3 9 .2
2 .7 1 4 1 ^ - 13 6 .4 5 2 f
0 .1 4 3 1 7 5 ^ - 1 1 .5 6 9 1 ^ +
3 1.4 0 8 f + 8 4 3 9 .2
^ T o ta l d a il y o il o u t p u t c a n b e m o d e le d b y T = 0 .1 4 3 ^ - 1 1 .6 ^ + 3 1.4 r + 8440
w h e r e T i s m e a s u r e d in t h o u s a n d s o f b a r r e ls . B y s u b s t it u t i n g t = 20 in to t h e
m o d e l, y o u c a n e s t im a t e t h a t t h e a v e r a g e t o t a l a m o u n t o f c r u d e o il p r o d u c e d
p e r d a y in 2000 w a s a b o u t 5 5 7 0 t h o u s a n d b a r r e ls , o r 5,570 ,0 0 0 b a r r e ls .
GutDED PRACTiCE
6.
for Exam p le 6
iNDUSTRY T h e m o d e ls b e lo w g iv e t h e a v e r a g e d e p t h D (in fe e t) o f n e w w e lls

d r ill e d a n d t h e a v e r a g e c o s t p e r f o o t C (in d o lla r s ) o f d r i ll i n g a n e w w e ll.
In b o t h m o d e ls , f r e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1980. W r ite a m o d e l
fo r t h e a v e r a g e fora/ c o s t T o f d r i l l i n g a n e w w e ll.
D = 1 0 9 ;+ 4010
348
Chapter 5
and
C = 0 . 5 4 2 ^ - 7 . 1 6 ; + 79.4
HOMEWORK
KEY
5 3 EXERCISES

iT = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2,1 5 ,4 7 ,5 6 , and 63
SKILL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY W h e n y o u a d d o r s u b t r a c t p o ly n o m i a l s , y o u a d d o r s u b t r a c t
th e c o e ffic ie n ts o f
? .
2. * WRITING E x p la in h o w a p o ly n o m i a l s u b t r a c t io n p r o b le m is e q u iv a le n t to
a p o ly n o m i a l a d d it io n p r o b le m .
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on p. 346
for Exs. 3-15
ADDING AND SUBTRACTING POLYNOMIALS Find th e su m o r differen ce.

3.
(3x^ _ 5 ) + ^
_ 3)
5.
( 4 / + 9 y - 5) - (4y^ - 5 y + 3)
6 . (z3 + 5 z - 7) + (5^3 - l l z - 6 )
7.
(3s^ + s) + (4^3 - 2^3 + 7s + 10)
8. (2%3 - 8)
9.
(5c3 + 7 c + 1) + (2c3 - 6 c + 8 )
4 . (x3 - 3 x + 5) i- (+ 4 x 3 +*8 x + 9)
( l l ^ (5 b - 6b3 + 2b") - (9b3 + 4b^ - 7)
13. (x^ - x3 + x3 - X + 1) + (x + X^ - 1 - x3)
+ 4^2
12^2 + 4)
10. (4f3 - I l f + 4 0 - ( - 7 f - 5f + 8)
12. (3y3 - 6y^ + 5 - 6y) + (5y" - 6y3 + 4y)
14. (8a^ - 2 ^ + a - 4) - ( 3 ^ - 1 2 ^ + 8a)
15. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e r e s u lt w h e n 2x^ - 8x3 - x + 10 is s u b t r a c t e d

f r o m 8x4 _ 4 ^
(g )
-6 x 4
(g )
10x4
- x + 2?
4. 4 ^ .3 _
^3
g ^ .2
- 4 ;f + 1 2
(B )
6x4 _ 4^.3 + 8x 2 - 8
(D ) 6x4 + 4^3 - 2x - 8
EXAMPLE 3
MULTIPLYtNG POLYNOMIALS Find th e p ro d u ct of th e p olynom ials.
on p. 347
for Exs. 16-25
16.
x (2 x
18.
(y - 7 ) ( y + 6)
- 5 x + 7)
17.
5x3 (6 x 4. 2 )
19.
(3 z + l ) ( z - 3 )
20. (ra + 4)(ta3 + bra - 11)
2 l)(2 a -3 )(a 3 - 10a-2 )
22.
(5c3 - 4)(2c3 + c - 3)
23.
( - x 3 + 4 x + 1) (x3 - 8 x + 3)
24.
( - r f + 4 d + 3)(3rf3 - 7 d + 6)
25.
(3y3 + 6y -
l)(4 y 3 -
l l y - 5)
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rr e c t th e e rro r in sim plifying th e exp ression .

27.
26.
(2x - 7)
(x3 - 3x + 4 ) - (x^ + 7x - 2)
3 - (2x)S - 7^
= 5x^ - 3 4 3
= x3 3x + 4 x^ + 7x 2
= - x ^ + x3 + 4x + 2
EXAMPLE 4
MULTIPLYING THREE BINOMIALS Find th e p ro d u ct o f th e b in om ials.
on p. 347
for Exs. 28-37
28.
(x + 4 )(x - 6 )(x - 5)
30.
(z - 4 ) ( - z + 2 )(z + 8)
29. (x + l ) ( x - 7 ) ( x + 3)
31. (a - 6 )(2 a + 5 ) ( a + 1)
3 2 .' (3p + l ) ( p + 3 )(p + 1)
33. (b - 2) (2 b - l ) ( - b + 1)
34.
35. (a/ - 6 )(4 ta - l ) ( - 3 r c + 5)
(2s + l) ( 3 s - 2) (4s - 3)
36.' (4 x - l ) ( - 2 x - 7 ) ( - 5 x - 4)
37. (3 q - 8 ) ( - 9 q + 2 )(p - 2)
5.3
349
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 348
for Exs. 3 8 -4 7
SPECiAL PRODUCTS Find th e p rod u ct.

38.
(x + 5 ) ( x - 5)
39.
(rc - 9 r
40.
i(y + 4 f
4 1.
( 2 c + 5 )2
4 2.
(3 t-4 )3
43 .
(5 p - 3 )(5 p + 3)
4 4.
(7 x - y)3f,
45.
(2 a + 9 & ) ( 2 a - 9 & )
46.
(3 z + 7y)3
47.
* MULTiPLE CHOtCE W h ic h e x p r e s s io n is e q u iv a ie n t to (3 x - 2y)^?

(A )
(g )
9x2 _ ^y 2
(B )
9%2 + i2 x y + 4y2
9^2 + 4y2
(D ) 9x2 _ ^ ^ y + qy2
GEOMETRY W rite th e figu re's voium e as a p olyn om ial in sta n d a rd form .

48. V = Frch
/I
49. V = 7rr h
r-4
x+ 3
2x+3
^------------3x + 1
50.
V = s3
]-x -5
SPECiAL PRODUCTS Verify the sp eciai p ro d u ct p a tte rn by m uitipiying.

52.
(a + & )(a - h) = &2 - ^2
54 .
(a
56 .
Ik EXTENDED RESPONSE L e t p (x ) = x^ - 7 x + 14 a n d <?(x) = x2 - 5.
+ h)3 = %3 + g ^ 2^ 2 ^ 2
^3
^ 2 = ^2
gg
gg
(a - h)3 = ^3 - 3 ^ 2^
^2
^ ^ 2 _ ^3
a. W h a t is t h e d e g r e e o f t h e p o iy n o m i a i p (x ) + q (x )?
b . W h a t is t h e d e g r e e o f t h e p o iy n o m i a i p (x ) q (x )?
c. W h a t is t h e d e g r e e o f t h e p o ly n o m i a l p (x ) - r?(x)?
d. I n g e n e r a l, i f p (x ) a n d <y(x) a r e p o ly n o m i a l s s u c h t h a t p (x ) h a s d e g r e e m ,
q (x ) h a s d e g r e e n , a n d m > n, w h a t a r e t h e d e g r e e s o f p (x ) + q (x ),
p (x ) - q (x ), a n d p (x ) - ^(x)?
57 . FiNDiNG A PATTERN L o o k a t t h e f o l lo w in g p o ly n o m i a l f a c t o r iz a t io n s .
x2 1 = (x 1) (X + 1)
x3 -
1 =
(X -
l)(x 2 + X +
X^ -
1 =
(X -
1) ( x 3 + x 2 + X +
a . F a c to r x^ -
1)
1)
1 a n d x^ - 1 in to t h e p r o d u c t o f x - 1 a n d a n o t h e r
p o ly n o m ia l. C h e c k y o u r a n s w e r s b y m u lt ip ly in g .
b . In g e n e r a l, h o w c a n x " - 1 b e fa c t o r e d ? S h o w t h a t t h is f a c t o r iz a t i o n
w o r k s b y m u l t i p l y in g t h e f a c t o r s .
58. CHALLENGE S u p p o s e / ( x ) = (x + a ) ( x + h )(x + c )(x + ^ ). I f/ ( x ) is w r i t t e n in
s t a n d a r d fo r m , s h o w t h a t t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f x3 is t h e s u m o f u , h, c, a n d a!, a n d
t h e c o n s t a n t t e r m is t h e p r o d u c t o f %, h, c, a n d ri.
O = WORKED-OUT SOLUTiONS
350
on p. WS1
fk = STANOARDiZED
TEST PRACTKE
EXAMPLE 6
59 .
H!GHEREDUCAT!ON S in c e 19 70 , t h e n u m b e r (in t h o u s a n d s ) o f m a le s AP a n d
f e m a l e s F a t t e n d i n g in s t it u t e s o f h ig h e r e d u c a t i o n c a n b e m o d e le d b y
on p. 348
for Exs. 59-61
M = 0 . 0 9 1 f 3 - 4 . 8 f 2 + 1 1 0 ;+ 5000
and
F = 0 . 1 9 ^ - 1 2 ^ + 3 5 0 ; + 3600
w h e r e ; is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 19 70 . W r it e a m o d e l fo r t h e t o t a l n u m b e r
o f p e o p le a t t e n d in g in s t it u t e s o f h ig h e r e d u c a t io n .
@M)M!e7MtOf
60.
ELECTRONKS F r o m 19 9 9 to 2004, t h e n u m b e r o f D V D p la y e r s D (in

m illio n s ) s o ld in t h e U n it e d S t a te s a n d t h e a v e r a g e p r ic e p e r D V D
p la y e r P (in d o lla r s ) c a n b e m o d e l e d b y
D = 4 . 1 1 ; + 4 .4 4
and
P = 6 .8 2 ;^ - 6 1 .7 ;+ 2 6 5
w h e r e ; is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 19 9 9 . W r ite a m o d e l fo r t h e t o t a l
r e v e n u e P f r o m D V D s a le s . A c c o r d i n g to t h e m o d e l, w h a t w a s t h e t o t a l
r e v e n u e i n 2002?
@ H o m e 7 u to r
BKYCUNG T h e e q u a t i o n P = 0 .0 0 2 6 7sF g iv e s t h e p o w e r P (in h o r s e p o w e r )

n e e d e d to k e e p a c e r t a i n b i c y c l e m o v i n g a t s p e e d s (in m il e s p e r h o u r ) , w h e r e
P i s t h e f o r c e (in p o u n d s ) o f r o a d a n d a ir r e s is t a n c e . O n l e v e l g r o u n d , t h e
e q u a t io n
P = 0 .0 1 1 6 ^ + 0.789
m o d e ls t h e f o r c e P. W r ite a m o d e l (in t e r m s o f s o n ly ) fo r t h e p o w e r n e e d e d to
k e e p t h e b i c y c le m o v i n g a t s p e e d s o n le v e l g r o u n d . H o w m u c h p o w e r is
n e e d e d to k e e p t h e b i c y c l e m o v i n g a t 10 m ile s p e r h o u r ?
jj.^ !iH !S*g g A [g e b ra
62.
at dasszone.com
MULT!-STEP PROBLEM A d e s s e r t is m a d e b y t a k i n g a h e m i s p h e r i c a l
m o u n d o f m a r s h m a l l o w o n a 0 .5 c e n t im e t e r t h i c k c o o k i e a n d c o v e r in g it
w i t h a c h o c o l a t e s h e ll 1 c e n t im e t e r t h ic k . U s e t h e d ia g r a m s t o w r it e t w o
p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n s in s t a n d a r d fo r m : M (r) fo r t h e c o m b i n e d v o lu m e o f t h e
m a r s h m a ll o w p lu s c o o k ie , a n d D (r) fo r t h e v o l u m e o f t h e e n t ir e d e s s e r t . T h e n
u s e M (r) a n d D (r) to w r it e a f u n c t i o n C (r) fo r t h e v o l u m e o f t h e c h o c o la t e .
1 cm
0.5 cm
M a rsh m a llo w on cookie
63.
Chocolate layer added
* SHORT RESPONSE F r o m 19 9 7 to 2002, t h e n u m b e r o f N C A A l a c r o s s e t e a m s

fo r m e n P ^ a n d w o m e n P ^ , a s w e l l a s t h e a v e r a g e s i z e o f a m e n 's t e a m
a w o m e n 's t e a m
and
P ^ = 5 .5 7 ; + 182
and
= - 0 . 1 2 7 ^ + 0 .8 2 2 ^ - 1 .0 2 ; + 3 1.5
P ^ = 1 2 .2 ; + 18 5
and
= - 0 .0 6 6 2 ^ + 0 .4 3 7 ^ - 0 .7 2 5 ; + 2 2 .3
w h e r e ; is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s i n c e 1997. W r ite a m o d e l fo r t h e ;o ;a / n u m b e r
o f p e o p le At o n N C A A la c r o s s e t e a m s . F x p P n f! h o w y o u o b t a i n e d y o u r m o d e l.
5.3
351
64. CHALLENGE F r o m 1970 to 2002, t h e c i r c u la t i o n C (in m illio n s ) o f S u n d a y

n e w s p a p e r s in t h e U n it e d S t a te s c a n b e m o d e le d b y
C = - 0 .0 0 1 0 5 ^ + 0 .0 2 8 1^ + 0 .4 6 51 + 48.8
w h e r e 1 is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1970. R e w r it e C a s a f u n c t i o n o f s,
w h e r e s is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 19 7 5 .
MIXED REV!EW
PREV!EW
Prepare for
Lesson 5.4 in
Exs. 65-72.
6 5. 2 x - 7 = 11 (p. IS)
66. 10 - 3.x = 2 5 (p. 18)
67. 4 1 - 7 = 21 (p. 18)
68.
69. u/2 - 15 rc + 5 4 = 0 (p. 252)
70. F + 9 x + 14 = (j ^ 252)
71. 4z^ + 2 1 z - 18 = 0 (p. 259)
72. 9%2 - 30% + 2 5 = 0 (p. 259)
- 2y - 48 = 0 (p. 252)
Solve th e system of eq u ation s, (p. 178)

73. x + y - 2 z = - 4
74. x - 2 y + z = - 1 3
3 x - y + z = 22
- x + 4 y + z = 35
x + 3 y z = 16
- x + 2y + 3z = - 9
3 x + 2 y + 4 z = 28
- 2 x - y + 3z = - 5
75. 3 x - y - 2 z = 20
Evalu ate th e d eterm in an t o f th e m a trix , (p. 203)
-76.
3
3
-4
77.
-4
"-1
78.
0*
-3
-5
79.
-6
-3
-4 *
1
-1
5
-2
QUIZ /o r Lessons 5.7-5.3

E valu ate th e exp ression , (p. 330)
1. 3 5 . 3* '
2. (24)2
3.
3-2
Sim plify th e expression , (p. 330)

5. (x 4 y -2 )(x -y )
7.
6.
c 3^-2
d
x y
x -y
G raph th e p olynom ial fu n ction , (p. 337)

9. g (x ) = 2 x - 3 x + 1
10. h (x ) = x^ - 4 x + 2
1 1 . / (x ) = - 2 x 3 + ^2 _ 5
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eration , (p. 346)
12. y + x2 - 6) + (2x2
13. (3x2 + ^
14. (x - 5) y
15. (x + 3 ) ( x - 6 ) ( 3 x - 1)
- 5 x + 7)
10) + y
9 x + 15)
16. NATIONAL DEBT O n J u ly 2 1, 2004, t h e n a t i o n a l d e b t o f t h e U n it e d S t a te s w a s

a b o u t $7,282,000,000,000. T h e p o p u la t io n o f t h e U n it e d S t a te s a t t h a t t im e
w a s a b o u t 294,000,000. S u p p o s e t h e n a t i o n a l d e b t w a s d i v id e d e v e n l y a m o n g
e v e r y o n e in t h e U n it e d S ta te s . H o w m u c h w o u ld e a c h p e r s o n o w e ? (p. 330)
352
EXTRA PRACT)CE for Lesson
5.3, p. 1014
ONL!NEQU!Z at dasszone.com
C /] Factor and So!ve

Po!ynomia! Equations
You factored and sotved quadratic equations.
You wi!i factor and soive other poiynomiai equations.
So you can find dimensions of archaeoiogicai ruins, as in Ex. 58.
Key Vocabuiary
* facto red com pletely
* facto r by grouping
* q u ad ratic form
In C h a p t e r 4, y o u le a r n e d h o w to f a c t o r t h e f o llo w i n g t y p e s o f q u a d r a t ic
e x p r e s s io n s .
Type
Example
Genera] trinomial
2x^ - 3x - 20 = (2x + 5)(x - 4)
Perfect square trinomial
x^ + 8x + 16 = (x + 4)2
9x2 - 1 = (gx +
Common monomial factor
8x2 + 20x = 4x(2x + 5)
_ i)
Y o u c a n a ls o f a c t o r p o ly n o m i a l s w i t h d e g r e e g r e a t e r t h a n 2. S o m e o f t h e s e
p o ly n o m ia l s c a n b e f a c t o r e d c o m p le te ly u s in g t e c h n i q u e s l e a r n e d in C h a p t e r 4.
K EY CONCEPT
/w -
Factoring Poiynom iais

Definition
Exampies
A f a c t o r a b le p o ly n o m i a l w i t h in t e g e r
2 (x + l ) ( x - 4) a n d
c o e f f i c i e n t s is facto red com p letely
f a c t o r e d c o m p le t e ly .
i f it is w r i t t e n a s a p r o d u c t o f
3 x(x
u n f a c t o r a b l e p o ly n o m i a ls w i t h
EXAMPLE 1
- 4) is n o t f a c t o r e d c o m p le t e ly
b ecau se
in t e g e r c o e f f ic ie n t s .
3) a r e
- 4 c a n b e fa c to r e d as
(x + 2 )(x - 2).
Find a com m on m onom ia! factor
F a cto r th e p olynom ial com pletely.

a.
x^+ 2x^ 1 5 x == x(x^ + 2 x - 15)
Factor common monomia).
= x ( x + 5 )(x - 3)
b. 2y^ - 18y3 = 2y^(y^ - 9)
= 2y* (y + 3) (y 3)
c.
4z^ -
16z^ + 16z^ = 4z^(z^ 4 z +
Factor trinomiai.
4)
= 4 z^ (z - 2 f

5 .4
Factor and Soive Poiynomiai Equations
353
FACTORING PATTERNS In p a r t (b) o f E x a m p le 1, t h e s p e c i a l f a c t o r i n g p a t t e r n

fo r t h e d if f e r e n c e o f t w o s q u a r e s is u s e d to f a c t o r t h e e x p r e s s io n c o m p le t e ly .
T h e r e a r e a ls o f a c t o r in g p a t t e r n s t h a t y o u c a n u s e to f a c t o r t h e s u m o r
d if f e r e n c e o f t w o cu b e s.
K EY CONCEPT
Special Factoring P attern s
Sum of Two Cubes
%3 + &3 = (% +
(^2 -
+ ^2)
8x3 + 27 = (2x)3 + 33
= (2x + 3)14x2 - 6x + 9)
P
Difference of Two Cubes
(^2 + ^
Example
+ ^2^
P %3 - f)3 = (<3 -
II
Example
= (4x - 1)116x2 + 4x + 1)
Factor th e sum or difference of tw o cubes

a.
+ 64 =
+ 43
Sum of two cubes
= (x + 4)(x2 - 4 x + 16)
b. 16z5 - 2 5 0 ^ = 2z2(8z3 - 125)
Factor common monomial.

Difference of two cubes
= 2z2[(2z)3 - 53 ]
= 2 z 2 (2 z - 5)(4z2 + lO z + 25)
GU!DED PRACTtCE
F a cto r th e p olyn om ial com pletely.

2. 3 / - 75y3
1. x3 - 7x2 + lO x
3. 16&s + 686&2
4. Md
27
FACTORING BY GROUPING F o r s o m e p o ly n o m ia l s , y o u c a n fa cto r by grouping

p a ir s o f t e r m s t h a t h a v e a c o m m o n m o n o m ia l fa c t o r . T h e p a t t e r n fo r f a c t o r in g b y
g r o u p in g is s h o w n b e lo w .
ra +
+ s<3 +
= r ( a + &) + s ( a + &)
= ( r + s ) ( a + &)
EXAMPLE 3
F a cto r th e polynom ial x3 3x2 _ ^g^.
AVOID ERRORS
An expression is not
factored comptetely
untit a// factors, such
asx^ - 16, cannot be
factored further.
354
Chapter 5
Factor by grouping
3x2 _ ^
+ 48 =
- 3) -
com pletely.
I6 (x - 3)
Factor by grouping.
= (x2 - 16) (x - 3)
= (x + 4) (x - 4) (x - 3)
P o ly n o m ia l and Poiynomiai Functions
QUADRATIC FORM A n e x p r e s s io n o f t h e f o r m
+ h a + c, w h e r e a is a n y
e x p r e s s io n in x , is s a i d to b e in q u a d ra tic fo rm . T h e f a c t o r i n g t e c h n i q u e s y o u
s t u d ie d in C h a p t e r 4 c a n s o m e t im e s b e u s e d to f a c t o r s u c h e x p r e s s io n s .
Factor polynom ial in quadratic form
EXAMPLE 4
IDENTIFY
QUADRATIC FORM
F a cto r co m p ieteiy: (a) 16x4 _ g^ an d (b) 2p " + lOp^ + 12p2.

a. 16x4 _ g i = (4^ 2)2 _ g2
The expression
1 6 x 4 - 8 1 is in
quadratic form b ecau se
it can be w ritten as
- 81 w h ere a = 4 xT
Write as difference of two squares.
= (4x^ + 9)(4x^ - 9)
= (4x2 + 9 )(2 x + 3 ) ( 2 x - 3 )
b. 2p" + lOp^ + 12p4 = 2p-TpO + 5p^ + 6)
= 2 p 2 (p 3
CutDED PRACTICE
Factor common monomiai.
+ 3 )(p 3 + 2)
Factor trinomiai in quadratic form.

+
CN
^gg4 _ g 2 g
hi
r?
5. x3 + 7x2 - 9 x - g g
SOLVING POLYNOMIAL EQUATIONS in C h a p t e r 4, y o u l e a r n e d h o w to u s e t h e z e r o

p r o d u c t p r o p e r t y to s o iv e f a c t o r a b le q u a d r a t i c e q u a t io n s . Y o u c a n e x t e n d t h is
t e c h n i q u e to s o iv e s o m e h i g h e r - d e g r e e p o iy n o m i a i e q u a t io n s .

W hat a re th e re a l-n u m b e r solutions o f th e eq u ation 3x^ + 15 x = 18x3?
(A ) 0 , 1 , 3, 5
(B )
- 1 ,0 ,1
(E )
(g )
- V 5 , - 1 , 0 , 1 ,V 5
0 ,1 , V 5
S olu tion
3x^ + 1 5 x = 18x3
3 F _ ^ 3 + i5 x = 0
AVOtD ERRORS
Do not divide each side
of an equ ation by a
variable o r a v a r ia b le
expression, such as 3x.
D oing so will result in
the loss o f solutions.
3x(%4
6x2
gj g

Factor trinomiai.
3 x(x2 - l)(x 2 - 5) = 0
3 x ( x + l ) ( x l)(x 2 - 5) = 0
x = 0, x = - 1 , x = 1, x = V 5 , o r x = - V 5
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is D . (A ) (g)
CutDED PRACTtCE
(E)
@)
fo r E xam p le 5
Find th e real n u m b er solutions of th e eq u ation .

8. 4x"' - 40x3 + 3 6 x = 0
9 . 2x^ + 2 4 x = 14x3
5 .4
]o . - 2 7 x 3 + ^^2 ^ _g^.4
Factor and Soive Polynomial Equations
EXAMPLE
Sotve a potynomia) equation
CITY PARK Y o u a r e d e s ig n in g a m a r b ie b a s in
t h a t w i ii h o id a f o u n t a i n fo r a c i t y p a r k . T h e
b a s in 's s id e s a n d b o t t o m s h o u id b e 1 f o o t t h ic k .
Its o u t e r l e n g t h s h o u ld b e t w i c e its o u t e r w i d t h
a n d o u t e r h e ig h t .
W h a t s h o u ld t h e o u t e r d im e n s i o n s o f t h e b a s i n
b e i f it is to h o id 36 c u b ic f e e t o f w a te r ?
ANOTHER WAY
Soiu tion

to solving the problem
in Example 6, turn
to page 360 for the
Volume
(cubic feet)
Interior length
(feet)
Problem Solving
Workshop.
Interior width
(feet)
(* -2 )
(* -D
4
(2% -
36
36 = ( 2 x - 2 ) ( x - 2 ) ( x - 1)
2)
Interior height
(feet)
Write equation.
0 = 2 F - 8*2 + io% - 40
0 = 2%2(% - 4) + 10 (x - 4)
Factor by grouping.
0 = (2%2 + 10) (% - 4)
^ T h e o n l y r e a l s o lu t io n is % = 4. T h e b a s i n is 8 f t lo n g , 4 ft w id e , a n d 4 f t h ig h .
GUIDED PRACTKE
for Exam p le 6
11. WHAT !F? In E x a m p le 6, w h a t s h o u l d t h e b a s in 's d im e n s i o n s b e i f it is to h o ld

40 c u b ic f e e t o f w a t e r a n d h a v e o u t e r l e n g t h 6%, w i d t h 3%, a n d h e i g h t %?
HOMEWORK
KEY
5 4 EXERCtSES

*
= STANDARDtZED TEST PRACTKE

Exs. 2 ,9 ,4 1 ,6 3 , and 64
SKtLL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY T h e e x p r e s s io n 8%^ + 10% ' - 3 is i n
f o r m b e c a u s e it c a n b e
w r it t e n a s 2n2 + 5 n - 3 w h e r e M = 2%3.
2. * WRiTiNG W h a t c o n d i t io n m u s t t h e f a c t o r i z a t i o n o f a p o l y n o m i a l s a t i s f y in
o r d e r fo r t h e p o ly n o m i a l t o b e f a c t o r e d c o m p le t e ly ?
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 353
for Exs. 3 -9
MONOM!AL FACTORS F a cto r th e p olyn om ial com pletely.

4. 30& 3- 54&2
3. 14%2 21%
6. z
- 6z
- 72z
( 7) 3^ - 48y3
5 . c3 + 9c^ + 18 c
8. 5 4 ^ 3 + 18m^ + 9 ^ 3
9. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e c o m p le t e f a c t o r i z a t i o n o f 2%^ 32%3?
356
Chapter 5
(g )
2%3(% + 2)(x - 2)(%2 + 4)
(B )
2%3(%2 + 2)(%2 - 2)
(g )
2%3(%2 + 4)2
(D )
2%3(% + 2 f ( x - 2)2
EXAMPLE 2
SUM OR DIFFERENCE OF CUBES F a cto r th e p oiyn om iai com pleteiy.
on p. 354
for Exs. 10-17
10. F + 8
11.
14.
15.
2 7 ^ - 1000
- 64
8c^ + 343
12.
2 7r?f + 1
13.
1 2 5 ^ + 2 16
16.
19 2 ^ 3 - 3
17.
-5 z 3 + 320
EXAMPLE 3
FACTORING BY GROUPING F a cto r th e p oiynom iai com pletely.
on p. 354
for Exs. 18-23
18.
+ x + 1
21. 3 ^ 3 -
+ 9m - 3
19. y3 - 7y3 + 4 y - 28
20.
^ + 5 ^ - 9n - 45
22. 25^3 - lOOs^ - 5 + 4
23^ 4c3 + 8c3 - 9 c - 18
EXAMPLE 4
QUADRATIC FORM F a cto r th e p olyn om ial com pletely.
on p. 355
for Exs. 2 4 -2 9
24.
x* - 25
25.
a* + 7^3 + 6
26.
3s* - s3 - 24
27.
32z^ - 2 z
28.
36m ^ + 1 2 m * + m3
29.
1 5 F - 72 F
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 355
for Exs. 30-41
I0 8 x
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in finding all re a l n u m b er

solutions.
31.
30.
ax-
27 = 0
3x^ - 4 6 x = O
(2x + 3)(4x^ + 6x + 9 ) = 0
3x(x2 - 16) = O
x^ - 16 = 0
' = * 2
x = 4 o r x = 4
SOLVING EQUATtONS Find th e re a l n u m b er solutions o f th e eq u ation .

32.
y3 - 5y3 = 0
33. 18s^ = 50 s
34.
35.
m3 + 6m 3 - 4 m - 24 = 0
36. 4m* + 4 0 ^ - 4 4 = 0
37. 4z^ = 84z3
38.
5 ^ + 15&3 + 12 b = - 3 6
39. F - 4 x* - 9x3 + 36 = 0
40. 48pS = 27p3
41.
g3 + 3 g3 - g - 3 = 0
* MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat are the real-n u m b er solutions of the equation

3 x* - 27*3 + 9 x = *3?
(g )
- 1 ,0 ,3
(B )
(g )
- 3 ,0 ,3
(D )
-3 , 0 ,1 , 3
- 3 ,- 1 ,0 ,3
CHOOSING A METHOD F a cto r th e p olynom ial com p letely u sin g an y m eth od .

42.
16x3 _ 44^.2 _ 42X
43
^4 _ 4^2 _ gg
44. - 4 b * - 5 0 0 b
45. 36^3 15^3 + 8 4 n 3 5
46. 18c* + 57c3 - 10c3
47. 2ri* - 1 3 r f - 45
48. 32x3 - 108x3
49. 8y^ - 38y* - 10y3
50. z3 - 3 z * - 1 6 z + 48
ap GEOMETRY Find th e possible valu e (s) o f x .

51. Area = 48
52. Volume = 40
53.
Volume = 125rr
x <
3x+2
x - 1
CHOOSING A METHOD F a cto r th e p olynom ial co m p letely using a n y m eth od .

54.
x'y* - 27
57.
CHALLENGE Factor
55. 7ac'3 -)- bc3 - 7^ ^ - ^ 2
gg.
2x" + 1
_ ^,2^4 2% ^ _ 2^1/3 + <2* - b3 completely.
5.4
<
PRO BLEM
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 356
for Exs. 58- 63
S O L V IN G
58. ARCHAEOLOGY A t t h e r u in s o f C a e s a r e a ,
a r c h a e o io g is t s d is c o v e r e d a h u g e h y d r a u iic
c o n c r e t e b lo c k w i t h a v o lu m e o f 94 5 c u b ic
m e te r s . T h e b lo c k 's d im e n s i o n s a r e x m e te r s
h i g h b y 1 2 x - 15 m e te r s l o n g b y 1 2 x - 2 1 m e te r s
w id e . W h a t is t h e h e ig h t o f t h e b lo c k ?
59. CHOCOLATE MOLD Y o u a r e d e s ig n in g a c h o c o la t e m o ld s h a p e d lik e a h o llo w

r e c t a n g u l a r p r is m fo r a c a n d y m a n u f a c t u r e r . T h e m o ld m u s t h a v e a t h ic k n e s s
o f 1 c e n t im e t e r in a ll d im e n s io n s . T h e m o ld 's o u t e r d i m e n s i o n s s h o u ld a ls o
b e in t h e r a t io 1 : 3 : 6 . W h a t s h o u ld t h e o u t e r d i m e n s io n s o f t h e m o ld b e i f it is
t o h o ld 1 1 2 c u b i c c e n t i m e t e r s o f c h o c o la t e ?
@ ffo m e 7 u fo r
60. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM A p r o d u c t i o n c r e w is a s s e m b l i n g a t h r e e - l e v e l

p la t f o r m in s id e a s t a d iu m fo r a p e r f o r m a n c e . T h e p la t f o r m h a s t h e
d im e n s io n s s h o w n in t h e d ia g r a m s , a n d h a s a t o t a l v o l u m e o f 12 5 0 c u b i c fe e t.
a. Write Expressions W h a t is t h e v o lu m e , in t e r m s o f x , o f e a c h o f t h e t h r e e
le v e ls o f t h e p la t fo r m ?
b. Write an Equation U s e w h a t y o u k n o w a b o u t t h e t o t a l v o lu m e to w r it e a n
e q u a t io n i n v o lv in g x .
c . Soive S o lv e t h e e q u a t i o n f r o m p a r t (b ). U s e y o u r s o lu t io n to c a l c u l a t e t h e
d im e n s io n s o f e a c h o f t h e t h r e e le v e ls o f t h e p la t f o r m .
6 1 J SCULPTURE S u p p o s e y o u h a v e 250 c u b i c in c h e s o f c l a y w i t h w h i c h to m a k e
a s c u l p t u r e s h a p e d a s a r e c t a n g u l a r p r is m . Y o u w a n t t h e h e ig h t a n d w i d t h
e a c h to b e 5 in c h e s le s s t h a n t h e le n g t h . W h a t s h o u ld t h e d im e n s i o n s o f t h e
p r is m b e ?
62. MANUFACTUR!NG A m a n u f a c t u r e r w a n t s to b u ild a r e c t a n g u l a r

s t a i n le s s s t e e l t a n k w i t h a h o ld in g c a p a c i t y o f 670 g a llo n s , o r
a b o u t 8 9 .58 c u b i c fe e t . T h e t a n k 's w a l l s w i l l b e o n e h a l f in c h
t h ic k , a n d a b o u t 6.42 c u b ic f e e t o f s t e e l w i l l b e u s e d fo r t h e t a n k .
T h e m a n u f a c t u r e r w a n t s t h e o u t e r d im e n s i o n s o f t h e t a n k to b e
r e la t e d a s f o llo w s :
* T h e w id t h s h o u ld b e 2 f e e t le s s t h a n t h e le n g t h .
* T h e h e ig h t s h o u ld b e 8 f e e t m o r e t h a n t h e le n g t h .
W h a t s h o u ld t h e o u t e r d i m e n s io n s o f t h e t a n k b e ?
358
on p. WS1
=STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
x + 8
63. * SHORT RESPONSE A p la t f o r m s h a p e d lik e a r e c t a n g u l a r p r is m h a s

d im e n s io n s x - 2 f e e t b y 3 - 2.x f e e t b y 3 x + 4 f e e t . E x p la in w h y t h e v o lu m e
o f t h e p la t f o r m c a n n o t b e ^ c u b ic fe e t.
64. * EXTENDED RESPONSE In 2000 B.C., t h e B a b y l o n i a n s s o lv e d p o ly n o m i a l

e q u a t io n s u s in g t a b le s o f v a lu e s . O n e s u c h t a b le g a v e v a l u e s o f y^ + y2.
T o b e a b le to u s e t h i s t a b le , t h e B a b y lo n ia n s s o m e t im e s h a d to m a n i p u l a t e
t h e e q u a t io n , a s s h o w n b e lo w .
ax^ +
nV
a x ^3
&
Original equation
= c
2
nV
a c
ax^
b
a c
T h e y th e n fo u n d
i?3'
Rewrite cubes and squares.
in t h e y^ + y^ c o l u m n o f t h e t a b le . B e c a u s e t h e
/2.x
c o r r e s p o n d in g y - v a l u e w a s y = , t h e y c o u l d c o n c l u d e t h a t x = .
a . C a lc u la t e y^ + y^ fo r y = 1, 2, 3 , . . . , 10. R e c o r d t h e v a lu e s in a t a b le .
b. U s e y o u r t a b le a n d t h e m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d a b o v e to s o lv e x^ + 2x^ = 96.
c. U s e y o u r t a b le a n d t h e m e t h o d d e s c r ib e d a b o v e to s o lv e 3x^ + 2x^ = 5 1 2 .
d. H o w c a n y o u m o d i f y t h e m e t h o d d e s c r ib e d a b o v e fo r e q u a t i o n s o f t h e
f o r m a x ' + b x '' = c?
6 5 . CHALLENGE U s e t h e d ia g r a m to c o m p le t e p a r t s ( a ) - ( c ) .
a . E x p la in w h y a ' - b ' is e q u a l to t h e s u m o f t h e v o l u m e s o f
s o lid 1, s o lid II, a n d s o lid 111.
b. W r ite a n a lg e b r a ic e x p r e s s io n fo r t h e v o lu m e o f e a c h o f t h e
t h r e e s o lid s . L e a v e y o u r e x p r e s s io n s in f a c t o r e d fo r m .
c. U s e t h e r e s u lt s f r o m p a r t s (a) a n d (b) to d e r iv e t h e
f a c t o r in g p a t t e r n fo r a^ - b^ g i v e n o n p a g e 3 54 .
M!XED REV!EW
66. /(x ) = - 2 !x - 3 1 + 5 (p. 123)
67. y = I x ^ + 4 x + 5 (p. 236)
68. y = 3 (x + 4 f + 7 ip. 245)
69. /(x ) = x" - 2 x - 5 (p. 337)
G raph th e ineq u ality in a co o rd in a te p iane. (p. 132)
PREVtEW
Prepare for
Lesson 5.5
in Exs. 7 6 -7 9 .
70. y < 2 x 3
71. y > 5 x
72. y < 0 . 5 x + 5
73. 4 x + 1 2 y < 4
74. 9 x - 9 y > 2 7
75.
Use sy n th etic su b stitu tion to evaiu ate th e p oiyn om iai fu n ctio n for th e given
value of x. (p. 337)
76.
/(x ) = 5x^ 3x^ + 4x2 x + 10; x = 2
78. /(x ) = 5x5 _ ^ 3 + i 2%2 + 20; x = - 2
77. /(x ) = 3x^ + x^ - 6x2 + 2 x + 4; x =

79. /(x ) = - 6x" + 9 x - 15; x = 4
ONHNE QU!Z at dasszone .com
359
""M? ALTERNATIVE METHODS

M /!c y f o S o / v c E x o m p / e 6 , p a g e J S C
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In E x a m p le 6 o n p a g e 3 56 , y o u s o lv e d a p o ly n o m i a l
e q u a t io n b y f a c t o r in g . Y o u c a n a ls o s o iv e a p o iy n o m i a i e q u a t i o n u s i n g a t a b le o r a
grap h .
PROBLEM
CITY PARK Y o u a r e d e s i g n i n g a m a r b le
b a s i n t h a t w i l l h o ld a f o u n t a i n fo r a c i t y
p a r k . T h e b a s in 's s id e s a n d b o t t o m s h o u ld
b e 1 f o o t t h ic k . Its o u t e r l e n g t h s h o u ld b e
t w i c e its o u t e r w i d t h a n d o u t e r h e ig h t .
W h a t s h o u ld t h e o u t e r d im e n s i o n s o f
t h e b a s i n b e i f it is to h o ld 36 c u b ic f e e t
o f w a te r ?
ME T H O D 1
Using a Tabie
O n e a lt e r n a t iv e a p p r o a c h is to w r it e a f u n c t i o n fo r t h e v o lu m e o f
t h e b a s in a n d m a k e a t a b le o f v a lu e s fo r t h e f u n c t i o n . U s in g t h e t a b le , y o u c a n
f in d t h e v a lu e o f x t h a t m a k e s t h e v o l u m e o f t h e b a s i n 36 c u b i c f e e t .
FTiFP 7 Write t h e f u n c t i o n . F r o m t h e d ia g r a m , y o u c a n s e e t h a t t h e v o l u m e y o f
w a t e r t h e b a s i n c a n h o ld is g i v e n b y t h i s f u n c t io n :
y = ( 2 x - 2 ) ( x - 2 ) ( x - 1)
F7EPF Make a t a b le o f v a lu e s fo r t h e
^7EP J
Identify t h e v a l u e o f x fo r
w h i c h y = 3 6 . T h e t a b le
f u n c t io n . U s e o n l y p o s it iv e
v a l u e s o f x b e c a u s e t h e b a s in 's
sh o w s th a t y = 36 w h e n
d im e n s i o n s m u s t b e p o s it iv e .
x = 4.
X
1
2
3
4
5
Y1=96
Yi
0
0
8
36
^ T h e v o lu m e o f t h e b a s in is 3 6 c u b ic f e e t w h e n x is 4 fe e t. S o , t h e o u t e r
d im e n s io n s o f t h e b a s i n s h o u ld b e a s fo llo w s :
L e n g th = 2 x = 8 fe e t
W id t h
360
Chapter 5
x = 4 fe e t
H eig h t =
x = 4 fe e t
Poiynomiais and Polynomial Functions
M t ? n n ? T 'T ! W K
Using a Graph A n o t h e r a p p r o a c h is to m a k e a g r a p h . Y o u c a n u s e t h e g r a p h to
^ --------------------------
f in d t h e v a l u e o f x t h a t m a k e s t h e v o lu m e o f t h e b a s i n 36 c u b i c fe e t.
FTifP 7 Write t h e f u n c t io n . F r o m t h e d i a g r a m , y o u c a n s e e t h a t t h e v o lu m e y o f
w a t e r t h e b a s i n c a n h o ld is g iv e n b y t h i s f u n c t io n :
y = ( 2 x - 2 ) ( x - 2 ) ( x - 1)
identify t h e c o o r d i n a t e s o f
F7EPJ? Graph t h e e q u a t io n s y = 36
a n d y = (x -
l ) ( 2 x - 2 )(x - 2 ).
t h e in t e r s e c t io n p o in t . O n a
g r a p h i n g c a lc u la t o r , y o u c a n
C h o o s e a v ie w in g w in d o w
t h a t s h o w s t h e in t e r s e c t io n o f
u s e t h e in te rs e c t f e a t u r e . T h e
th e g ra p h s.
in t e r s e c t io n p o in t is (4, 36).
F T h e v o l u m e o f t h e b a s i n is 3 6 c u b ic f e e t w h e n x is 4 f e e t . S o , t h e o u t e r
d im e n s io n s o f t h e b a s i n s h o u ld b e a s fo llo w s :
L e n g th = 2 x = 8 fe e t
W id t h
x = 4 fe e t
H e ig h t =
x = 4 fe e t
SOLViNG EQUATIONS Soive th e p oiynom iai

equation using a tabie o r using a grap h .
s h o u ld b e 6 in c h e s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e h e ig h t .
2. x" - 9x2 _ i4_,. + y = _ 3 3
F in d t h e d im e n s io n s o f t h e b o x u s in g a t a b le
a n d u s in g a g r a p h .
3 . 2x^ - 11x 2 + 3 x + 5 = 59
x^ + x '
^2
15 x"
8x + 6 = -4 5
5. - x ^ + 2x" + 6x2 F 1 7 x - 4 = 32
6 . - 3 x " + 4x3 + g ^.2 + 4 x -
v o lu m e o f 17 2 8 c u b i c in c h e s . T h e w i d t h s h o u ld
b e 4 i n c h e s le s s t h a n t h e h e ig h t , a n d t h e le n g t h
1. x^ + 4x^ gx = 96
4.
9 . PACKAGiNG A f a c t o r y n e e d s a b o x t h a t h a s a
1 1 = 13
7. 4x^ - 16x3 + 29%2 - 95 X = - 1 5 0
10. AGRtCULTURE F r o m 19 7 0 t o 2002, t h e a v e r a g e

y e a r ly p in e a p p le c o n s u m p t i o n P (in p o u n d s )
p e r p e r s o n in t h e U n i t e d S t a te s c a n b e m o d e le d
b y th e fu n c tio n
P (x ) = 0.0G00984x4 - 0 .0 0 712 x 3 + g .l6 2 x 2 l.llx +
8. WHAT )F? I n t h e p r o b le m o n p a g e 360, s u p p o s e

t h e b a s in is to h o ld 200 c u b ic f e e t o f w a t e r . F in d
t h e o u t e r d im e n s io n s o f t h e b a s i n u s in g a t a b le
a n d u s in g a g r a p h .
12 .3
w h e r e x is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1970. In
w h a t y e a r w a s t h e p in e a p p l e c o n s u m p t i o n
a b o u t 9 .9 7 p o u n d s p e r p e r s o n ? S o lv e t h e
p r o b le m u s i n g a t a b le a n d a g r a p h .
Using A item ative Methods
361
C C App!y the Remainder

*^ * ** and Factor Theorems
You used special patterns to factor po!ynomia!s.
You wit! use theorem s to factor polynomials.
So you can determine attendance at sports gam es, as in Ex. 43.
Key Vocabutary
W h e n y o u d iv id e a p o iy n o m ia i / ( x ) b y a d iv i s o r rf(x), y o u g e t a q u o t ie n t
poiynom iai
iong division
syn th etic division
p o iy n o m ia i q*(x) a n d a r e m a i n d e r p o iy n o m i a i r(x).
d(x)
d(x)
T h e d e g r e e o f t h e r e m a in d e r m u s t b e ie s s t h a n t h e d e g r e e o f t h e d iv is o r .
O n e w a y to d iv id e p o ly n o m ia ls is c a l i e d p oiyn om iai iong division.
Use potynom ia! tong division

D iv id e/(x) = 3x* - 5x^ + 4 x 6 b y x ^ - 3 x + 5 .
Soiution
W r ite p o iy n o m i a i d iv is io n in t h e s a m e f o r m a t y o u u s e w h e n d i v i d i n g n u m b e r s .
I n c lu d e a "0" a s t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f
in t h e d iv id e n d . A t e a c h s t a g e , d iv id e t h e
t e r m w i t h t h e h ig h e s t p o w e r in w h a t is le f t o f t h e d iv id e n d b y t h e f ir s t t e r m o f t h e
d iv is o r . T h is g iv e s t h e n e x t t e r m o f t h e q u o t ie n t .
- 3 x + 5 )3x^
3x*-
5x?
3x^+
Ox^
4x
quotient
4x
9x^ + ^ 2
Muitipiy divisor by 3x"/x2 = 3x2.
4x2 _
Subtract. Bring down next term.
4 x 2 - 12^ 2+ 20x^
-3 x ^ -
Muitipiy divisor by 4x2/x2 = 4x.
16 x-
-3 x 2 +
ig
AVOiD ERRORS
3x^
dx)
d(x)
, not r(x).
5x2 + 4 x - 6
CMFCA' Y o u c a n c h e c k t h e r e s u lt o f a d i v i s io n p r o b le m b y m u it ip i y in g t h e q u o t ie n t
b y t h e d iv is o r a n d a d d in g t h e r e m a in d e r . T h e r e s u it s h o u ld b e t h e d iv id e n d .
[3x2 +
_ gx
= 3x^ - 5x2
g) + ( - 2 5 x + 9)
5) + 4 x(x2 - 3 x + 5) - 3(x2 - 3 x + 5) - 2 5 x + 9
= 3x^ - 9x2 ^ 15^2
Chapter 5
2 5 x + 9
x2 3 x + 5
x2 3 x + 5
= 3x2 (x2 - 3 x
362
Muitipiy divisor by -3 x 2 /x 2 = - 3 .
remainder
2 5 x +
The expression added

to the quotient in
the result of the iong
division probiem is
Subtract. Bring down next term.
4x2
4^ _ g /
Poiynomiais and Polynomial Functions
12 x 2 + 2 0 x - 3x2
_ 15 _ 2 5 ^ + 9
Use poiynomia) iong division with a iinear divisor
EXAMPLE 2
D iv id e /(x ) = x^ + 5x^ - 7x + 2 by x - 2 .
x - 2 !x ^ +
x^ -
x^ +
7x +
5x^ -
7x +
quotient
Muitipiy divisor by x^/x = x^.
2x^
7x^ -
Subtract.
7x
Muitipiy divisor by 7x^/x = 7x.
7 x ^ - 14 x
7 x -
14
Muitipiy divisor by 7 x /x = 7.
16
remainder
+ 5x - 7x + 2
= x
x 2
CuiDED PRACTICE
Subtract.
7x +
16
x - 2
7x + 7 +
for E xam p ies 1 an d 2
Divide using p oiynom iai long division.

1.
(2x^ + x^ + x -
1)
(x^ + 2 x - 1)
2. (x^ - x^ + 4 x - 10) ^ (x + 2)
SYNTHETIC DIVISION I f y o u u s e s y n t h e t i c s u b s t it u t io n to e v a l u a t e / ( x ) in
E x a m p le 2 w h e n x = 2, a s s h o w n b e lo w , y o u c a n s e e t h a t / ( 2 ) e q u a l s t h e
r e m a in d e r w h e n / ( x ) is d iv id e d b y x - 2. A ls o , t h e o t h e r v a l u e s b e lo w t h e lin e
m a t c h t h e c o e f f ic i e n t s o f t h e q u o t ie n t . F o r t h i s r e a s o n , s y n t h e t i c s u b s t i t u t i o n is
s o m e t i m e s c a l l e d sy n th etic division. S y n t h e t ic d iv i s i o n c a n b e u s e d to d i v i d e a n y
p o ly n o m ia l b y a d i v is o r o f t h e f o r m x - A;.
-7
14
14
16
coefficients of quotient
remainder
KEY CONCEPT
R em ainder Theorem
I f a p o ly n o m i a l / ( x ) is d iv i d e d b y x - A;, t h e n t h e r e m a in d e r is r = /(A:).
Use synthetic division

DIVIDE
POLYNOMIALS
B ecau se the divisor is
x + 3 = x - (-3 ),
e vaiu ate the dividend
D iv id e /(x ) = 2x^ + x^ - 8 x + 5 by x + 3 using sy n th etic division.

-3
1 - 8
-6
w h en x = - 3 .
5
15
-2 1
-16
> 2x' + x - 8x + 5 = 2*2 _ 5x + 7 -
16
%+ 3
5 .5
Apply th e Rem ainder and Factor T heorem s
363
FACTOR THEOREM S u p p o s e t h e r e m a in d e r is 0 w h e n a p o ly n o m i a l/ ( x ) is d iv id e d
b y x - At. T h e n
x - A;
= ^(x)
x - A;
= q (x )
w h e r e r/(x) is t h e q u o t ie n t p o ly n o m i a l . T h e r e f o r e ,/ ( x ) = (x - /c) - q (x ), s o t h a t
x - A: is a f a c t o r o f / ( x ) . T h is r e s u lt is s u m m a r i z e d b y t h e / a c f o r th e o re m .
KEY CONCEPT
i
T:
j-
A?/*
Factor Theorem
A p o ly n o m ia l / ( x ) h a s a f a c t o r x - A; i f a n d o n l y if/(A;) = 0.
T h e f a c t o r t h e o r e m c a n b e u s e d to s o lv e a v a r ie t y o f p r o b le m s .
Problem
Example
Given one/actor of a polynomial, find the

other/actors.
See Example 4 below.
Given one zero of a polynomial function,

find the other zeros.
See Example 5 on page 365.
Given one solution of a polynomial

equation, find the other solutions.
See Example 6 on page 365.
Factor a potynom ia!
EXAMPLE
F a c to r / ( x ) = 3x^ - 4x^ - 2 8 x - 16 co m p letely given th a t x + 2 is a factor.

Solution
AVOID ERRORS
B e c a u s e x + 2 is a f a c t o r o f / ( x ) , y o u k n o w t h a t / ( - 2 ) = 0. U s e s y n t h e t i c d iv is i o n to
T he rem ainder after

using synthetic division
shouid a lw ays be zero
f in d t h e o t h e r fa c t o r s .
-2
w h en you are dividing

a poiynom iai by o n e
o f its factors.
-4
-2 8
-16
-6
20
16
-10
-8
U s e t h e r e s u lt to w r it e / ( x ) a s a p r o d u c t o f t w o f a c t o r s a n d t h e n f a c t o r c o m p le t e ly ,
/(x ) = 3x^ _ ^ 2 _ 2 g x -
16
Write origins! poiynomiai.
= (x + 2) (3x^ - lO x - 8)
Write as a product of two factors.
= (x + 2) (3 x + 2) (x - 4)
Factor trinomiai.
CutDED PRACTKE
Divide using sy n th etic division.

3. (x^ + 4x^ - x - 1)
(x + 3)
4. (4x3 + x^
3 x + 7) -e (x - 1)
F a cto r th e p olynom ial co m p letely given th a t x - 4 is a facto r.

5.
364
Chapter 5
/ (x ) = x3 - 6x^ + 5 x + 12
P o ly n o m ia l and Polynomial Functions
6. / (x ) = x 3 - x^ - 2 2 x + 40
EXAMPLE
One zero o f /( x ) = ^ - 2.x^ - 2 3 x + 6 0 i s x = 3 . W h at is a n o th e r zero o f / ?

(A )
-5
(g )
-4
(g )
(D )
Soiution
B e c a u s e / (3 ) = 0, % - 3 is a f a c t o r o f / ( x ) . U s e s y n t h e t i c d iv is io n .
-2 3
60
-6 0
-2 0
U s e t h e r e s u it to w r it e / ( x ) a s a p r o d u c t o f t w o f a c t o r s . T h e n f a c t o r c o m p ie t e ly .
/ (x ) =
- 2x^ - 2 3 x + 60 = (x - 3) (x^ + x - 20) = (x - 3) (x + 5) (x - 4)
T h e z e r o s a r e 3, - 5 , a n d 4.
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is A . (X) ( ) (U) (B)
Use a poiynomiai mode)

BUStNESS T h e p r o f it P (in m i iii o n s o f d o iia r s ) fo r a s h o e
m a n u f a c t u r e r c a n b e m o d e l e d b y P = - 2 1 x 3 + 4 6 x w h e r e x is
t h e n u m b e r o f s h o e s p r o d u c e d (in m ii iio n s ) . T h e c o m p a n y n o w
p r o d u c e s 1 m il ii o n s h o e s a n d m a k e s a p r o f it o f $ 25,000,000, b u t
w o u l d iik e to c u t b a c k p r o d u c t i o n . W h a t le s s e r n u m b e r o f s h o e s
c o u i d t h e c o m p a n y p r o d u c e a n d s t ili m a k e t h e s a m e p r o fit?
Soiution
25 = -2 1 x 3 + 4 6x
0 = 21x3 _ ^
Substitute 25 for Pin P = -2 1 x ^ + 46x.
+ 25
Y o u k n o w t h a t x = 1 is o n e s o lu t io n o f t h e e q u a t i o n . T h i s im p li e s t h a t x - 1 is a
f a c t o r o f 21x3 - 4 6 x + 25. U s e s y n t h e t i c d iv is io n to f i n d t h e o t h e r fa c t o r s .
21
21
-4 6
25
21
21
-2 5
21
-2 5
S o , (x - l) ( 2 1 x 3 + 2 1 x - 2 5) = 0. U s e t h e q u a d r a t i c f o r m u i a to f in d t h a t
x = 0.7 is t h e o t h e r p o s it i v e s o iu t io n .
F T h e c o m p a n y c o u l d s t ili m a k e t h e s a m e p r o f it p r o d u c in g a b o u t 700,000 s h o e s .
GUiDED PRACTKE
Find th e o th e r zero s o f /g iv e n t h a t / ( - 2 ) = 0.
7. / (x ) = x3 + 2x3 _ g^. _ i g
8.
/ ( X ) = x 3 + 8 x 3 + g jj. _
9. WHAT !F? i n E x a m p le 6, h o w d o e s t h e a n s w e r c h a n g e i f t h e p r o f it fo r t h e
s h o e m a n u f a c t u r e r is m o d e le d b y P = - 1 5 x 3 + 40 x?
5.5
Appiy th e Rem ainder and Factor Theorem s
365
HOMEWORK
KEY
5 5 EXEROSES

fk = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2, 35, 39,44, and 45
Ex. 38
SKiLL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY S t a te t h e r e m a in d e r t h e o r e m .
2. Ik WRITING S y n t h e t ic d iv is io n h a s b e e n u s e d to d iv i d e
-3
/ (x ) = x** - 5x^ + 8x - 2 b y x + 3. E x p la in w h a t t h e
-3
c o io r e d n u m b e r s r e p r e s e n t in t h e d i v i s io n p r o b ie m .
1 - 3
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on pp. 362-363
for Exs. 3-10
-2
-1 2
12
-5
- 4
USING LONG DIVISION Divide using p oiynom iai iong division.

3. (x2 + x - 17)
5. (x^ + 3x2 _)_ 3^ 4. 2) 47. (3x2 4
4. O x^ _ n ^ . _ 26) - (% - 5)
(x - 4)
6. (8x2 + 34^. _ ^ ^ ^
- i)
+ 4 ^ + 1) ^ ^ 2 + ^
^3 - ^
2 _ 39
on,) ^. ^ 2 O.
o^
9. (5 x " - 2x2
7x2
+ 2
x _
- 4)
^ 3 + 11^.2 + 7x + 5)
EXAMPLE 3
USING SYNTHETIC DIVISION Divide using sy n th etic division.

11
13. (x2 + 8 x + 1)
12 . (4x2 - 1 3 x - 5) - (x - 2 )
14. (x2 + 9) - (x - 3)
(x + 4)
15. (x^ - 5x2 - 2) - (x - 4)

^ 7 ) (x" - 5%2 _
+ 13 ^. _ 12 ) - (x
^ 2 + ))
IQ. (4^4 + 5 ^ - 4 ) 4- (x^ - 3 x - 2)
on p. 363
for Exs. 11-20
(2x2 _ 7 x + 10) - (x - 5)
_ ))
16. (x^ - 4 x + 6) - (x + 3)
6)
18. (x^ + 4%2 + 16x - 35) - (x + 5)
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in using sy n th etic division to

divide x^ - 5 x + 3 by x - 2.
20 .
19.
5* + 3
x - 2
= x3 +
-3
-3
5 * ,+ 3 = *2 - 3x - x - 2
x- 2
2x 2 - x + 1
EXAMPLE 4
FACTOR Given p o iy n o m ia i/(x ) and a fa cto r o f /( x ) , f a c to r /( x ) com pletely.
on p. 364
for Exs. 21-28
21.
/(x ) = x^ - 10x2 4. 19^. 4 3Q. ^ _ g
22. /( x )
23.
/(x ) = x^ - 2x2 - 4 0x - 64; x - 8
24.
/( x ) = x^ + 18x2 4 99^. 4 ^ Q . ^ + iQ
26.
/( x ) = x^ - 9%2 + 8x + 60; x + 2
^ 5 ^ )/(x ) =
27.
x^ + 2x 2 _ 91^. 4. iQg. ^ . 4 9
/(x ) = 2x^ - 15x2 4 34^. - 21; x - 1
= x^ + 6x2 + 5x - 12; x + 4
28. /( x ) = 3x^ - 2x2 _ g ^ - 2 0 ; x - 5
EXAMPLE 5
FIND ZEROS Given p oiynom iai fu n c tio n /a n d a zero o f ^ find th e o th e r zero s.
on p. 365
for Exs. 29-35
29.
/( x ) = x3 - 2x2 _ 2i x - ig. - 3
30.
/(x ) = 4x^ - 25x2 - 154x + 4 0 ; 10
31.
/(x ) = lOx^ _ g i^2 + 71^ 4 42; 7
32.
/(x ) = 3x3 4 34^.2 4 73^ _ g4 - _ 4
33.
/(x ) = 2x3 _ ig^2 _ 71^. _ 9 . 9
34 y ^ ) ^ 3^.3 _ -t-2 _ ig x + 8; - 2
366
Chapter 5
Polynomials and Polynomial Functions
10
3 5.
* MULTIPLE CHOKE O n e z e r o o f / ( x ) = 4 F + 1 5 F - 6 3 x - 54 is
x = - 6 . W h a t is a n o t h e r z e r o o f / ?
(g )
-9
(g )
-3
(g )
-1
(g )
1GEOMETRY You a re given a n exp ression for th e voium e o f th e re c ta n g u la r

p rism . Find an exp ression for th e m issing dim ension .
36.
2x3 +
+ 4Q
gy
V = x3 + 13x^ + 3 4 x - 48
x- 1
/ I
<
38.
x+ 2
/
. __ _
MULTiPLE REPRESENTATtONS C o n s id e r t h e p o iy n o m i a i f u n c t i o n
/ (x ) = x3 - 5x^ -
1 2 x + 36.
a. Zeros of a Function G iv e n t h a t / ( 2 ) = 0, f in d t h e o t h e r z e r o s o f /
b. Factors of an Expression B a s e d o n y o u r r e s u lt s f r o m p a r t (a), w h a t a r e
t h e f a c t o r s o f t h e p o ly n o m i a l x3 - 5x^ - 1 2 x + 36?
c. Solutions of an Equation W h a t a r e t h e s o lu t io n s o f t h e p o ly n o m i a l
e q u a t io n x3 - 5x^ - 1 2 x + 36 = 0?
39. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e v a l u e o f A; s u c h t h a t x - 5 is a f a c t o r o f

x3 - x^ + A;x 30?
(g )
40.
(g )
-14
(g )
26
(g )
32
CHALLENGE It c a n b e s h o w n t h a t 2 x - 1 is a f a c t o r o f t h e p o ly n o m i a l
f u n c t i o n /(x ) = 30x3 + 7^ 2 _
+ 14 .
a. W h a t c a n y o u c o n c l u d e is a z e r o o f / ?
b. U s e s y n t h e t i c d i v is io n to w r i t e /(x) in t h e f o r m (x k) - r?(x).
c. W r i t e /(x) a s t h e p r o d u c t o f l i n e a r f a c t o r s w i t h in t e g e r c o e f f ic ie n t s .
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 365
for Exs. 41-43
4 1 . CLOTHING T h e p r o f it P (in m i ll i o n s o f d o lla r s ) fo r a T - s h ir t m a n u f a c t u r e r c a n

b e m o d e l e d b y P = - x 3 + 4x^ + x w h e r e x is t h e n u m b e r o f T - s h ir t s p r o d u c e d
(in m i llio n s ) . C u r r e n tly , t h e c o m p a n y p r o d u c e s 4 m i l l i o n T - s h ir t s a n d m a k e s
a p r o f it o f $4,000,000. W h a t le s s e r n u m b e r o f T - s h ir t s c o u l d t h e c o m p a n y
p r o d u c e a n d s t ill m a k e t h e s a m e p r o fit?
4 2. MP3 PLAYERS T h e p r o f it P (in m i l li o n s o f d o lla r s ) fo r a m a n u f a c t u r e r

o f M P 3 p la y e r s c a n b e m o d e l e d b y P = -4 x 3 + ] 2x^ + 16x w h e r e x
is t h e n u m b e r o f M P 3 p la y e r s p r o d u c e d (in m i l l i o n s ) . C u r r e n t ly , t h e
c o m p a n y p r o d u c e s 3 m i ll io n M P 3 p la y e r s a n d m a k e s a p r o f it o f
$48,000,000. W h a t l e s s e r n u m b e r o f M P 3 p la y e r s c o u ld t h e c o m p a n y
p r o d u c e a n d s t ill m a k e t h e s a m e p r o fit?
5 .5
Apply the Rem ainder and Factor T heorem s
367
( 43 ) WOMEN'S BASKETBALL F r o m 19 8 5 to 2003, t h e t o t a l a t t e n d a n c e A (in

t h o u s a n d s ) a t N C A A w o m e n 's b a s k e t b a l l g a m e s a n d t h e n u m b e r F o f N C A A
w o m e n 's b a s k e t b a ll t e a m s c a n b e m o d e le d b y
A = -1 .9 5 x 3 + 70.1x2 _ igg^ . + 2150
and
F = 14.8x + 725
w h e r e x is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s i n c e 19 8 5. W r ite a f u n c t i o n fo r t h e a v e r a g e
a t t e n d a n c e p e r t e a m f r o m 19 8 5 to 2003.
44. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e p r ic e p (in d o lla r s ) t h a t a r a d io m a n u f a c t u r e r is

a b le to c h a r g e fo r a r a d io is g iv e n b y p = 40 - 4x2 w ^ g x is t h e n u m b e r (in
m illio n s ) o f r a d io s p r o d u c e d . It c o s t s t h e c o m p a n y $ 1 5 to m a k e a r a d io .
a. W r ite a n e x p r e s s io n fo r t h e c o m p a n y 's t o t a l r e v e n u e in t e r m s o f x .
b. W r ite a f u n c t i o n fo r t h e c o m p a n y 's p r o f it P b y s u b t r a c t i n g t h e t o t a l c o s t
to m a k e x r a d io s f r o m t h e e x p r e s s io n in p a r t (a).
c. C u r r e n tly , t h e c o m p a n y p r o d u c e s 1 .5 m i l l io n r a d io s a n d m a k e s a p r o f it
o f $24,000,000. W r it e a n d s o lv e a n e q u a t io n to f in d a l e s s e r n u m b e r o f
r a d io s t h a t t h e c o m p a n y c o u ld p r o d u c e a n d s t ill m a k e t h e s a m e p r o fit.
d . D o a ll t h e s o lu t io n s i n p a r t (c) m a k e s e n s e in t h i s s it u a t io n ? E x p / m u .
45. * SHORT RESPONSE S in c e 1990, o v e r n ig h t s t a y s S a n d

t o t a l v i s it s V ( b o t h in m illio n s ) to n a t io n a l p a r k s c a n b e
m o d e le d b y
S = -0 .0 0 7 2 2 x 4 + Q 176^3 - 1 40^2 + 3 gg^. + 37 g
V = 3 .1 0 x + 2 5 6
w h e r e x is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s i n c e 1990 . W r ite a
f u n c t io n fo r t h e p e r c e n t o f v is i t s to n a t i o n a l p a r k s
t h a t w e r e o v e r n ig h t s t a y s . E x p la in h o w y o u
c o n s t r u c t e d y o u r f u n c t io n .
46. CHALLENGE T h e p r o f it P (in m il li o n s o f d o lla r s ) fo r a D V D m a n u f a c t u r e r c a n

b e m o d e le d b y P = - 6 x 3 3. 73 ^. w h g p g x is t h e n u m b e r o f D V D s p r o d u c e d
(in m illio n s ) . S h o w t h a t 2 m i l li o n D V D s is t h e o n l y p r o d u c t io n le v e l fo r t h e
c o m p a n y t h a t y ie l d s a p r o f it o f $96,000,000.
MtXED REVtEW
Tell w h eth er th e given o rd ered p airs a re soiutions of th e inequaiity. (p. 132)
PREV!EW
Prepare for
Lesson 5.6
in Exs. 51-56.
47.
x - 4 y < 5 ;( l,4 ) ,( 4 ,-1)
48. 3 x + 2 y > l ; ( - 2 , 4 ) , ( 1 , - 3 )
49.
5 x - 2 y > 1 0 ; ( 4 , 6 ) , (8, 10)
50.
6 x + 5 y < 15 ; ( - 5 , 10), ( - 1 , 4)
Soive th e eq u ation.
51.
x2 + 3 x - 40 = 0(p.252)
52.
5x2 + i 3 x + 6 = 0 (p. 259)
53.
x2 + 7 x + 2 = 0 (p. 292)
54.
4x2 + 1 5 x + 10 = 0 (p. 292)
55.
2x2 + i s x + 31 = 0 (p. 292)
56. x2 + 2 x + 10 = 0 (p. 292)
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n , (p. 346)
368
57.
(x2 - 4 x + 15) + ( - 3 x 2 + gx _ 12 )
58.
(2x2 _ gx + g) _ (5x2 _ 7^ _ 7)
59.
(3 x - 4) (3x3 + 2x2 _ g)
60.
(3 x -5 )3
Joshua Tree National Park, California
ONHNE QU!Z at classzone.com
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 5.1-5.5
1. MULT!-STEP PROBLEM T h e a v e r a g e
4. OPEN-ENDED W r it e a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n
d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n E a r t h a n d t h e s u n is
t h a t h a s d e g r e e 4 a n d e n d b e h a v i o r g iv e n b y
164,000,000,000 y a r d s .
/ M -+ - a s x
a. W r ite t h e d i s t a n c e in s c ie n t i f ic n o t a t io n .
-o o a n d / M -+
as
+oo. T h e n g r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n to c h e c k
y o u r a n sw er.
b . T h e l e n g t h o f a f o o t b a i i f ie ld , i n c iu d in g t h e
e n d z o n e s , is 1.2 0 X 10^ y a r d s . H o w m a n y
5. EXTENDED RESPONSE F r o m 19 9 5 to 2003, t h e
f o o t b a ii f ie ld s s t r e t c h e d e n d - t o - e n d w o u l d it
a v e r a g e m o n t h ly c e l l p h o n e b il l C (in d o lla r s )
t a k e to r e a c h f r o m E a r t h to t h e s u n ?
fo r s u b s c r i b e r s in t h e U n it e d S t a te s c a n b e
m o d e le d b y
2. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM Y o u a r e d e s ig n in g a
r e c t a n g u l a r p i c n i c c o o le r w i t h l e n g t h 4 t im e s
its w i d t h a n d h e ig h t 2 t i m e s it s w i d t h . T h e
C = - 0 .0 2 7 f " + 0 .32f3 - 0 .2 5 ^ - 4 .9 f + 51
w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s i n c e 19 95.
c o o le r h a s i n s u l a t io n t h a t is 1 in c h t h ic k o n
e a c h o f t h e f o u r s id e s a n d 2 in c h e s t h i c k o n t h e
to p a n d b o t t o m .
a. C la s s ify th e fu n c tio n b y d e g re e a n d ty p e .
b . M a k e a t a b le o f v a lu e s fo r t h e f u n c t io n .
c. S k e t c h a g r a p h o f t h e f u n c t io n . D o y o u t h in k
t h e m o d e l w i l l a c c u r a t e l y p r e d ic t c e ll p h o n e
(
1 in.
b il ls fo r y e a r s b e y o n d 2003? E x p la in .
6. EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e p r ic e p (in d o lla r s )
t h a t a c a m e r a m a n u f a c t u r e r is a b le to c h a r g e
f o r a c a m e r a is g iv e n b y p = 100 - 10x^ w h e r e
x is t h e n u m b e r (in m illio n s ) o f c a m e r a s
p r o d u c e d . It c o s t s t h e c o m p a n y $30 to m a k e
a c a m e r a . C u r r e n t ly , t h e c o m p a n y p r o d u c e s
2 m i ll io n c a m e r a s a n d m a k e s a p r o f it o f
$60,000,000.
a. L e t % r e p r e s e n t t h e w i d t h o f t h e c o o le r . W r ite
a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n 'E(x) i n s t a n d a r d f o r m
fo r t h e v o lu m e o f t h e r e c t a n g u l a r p r is m
f o r m e d b y t h e c o o le r 's o u t e r s u r f a c e s .
b . W r ite a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n C (x ) in
s t a n d a r d f o r m fo r t h e v o lu m e o f t h e in s id e
o f t h e c o o le r .
c. L e t f(x ) b e a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n fo r t h e
v o lu m e o f in s u la t io n . H o w is f(x ) r e la t e d to
a . W r ite a f u n c t i o n t h a t g iv e s t h e t o t a l
r e v e n u e E in t e r m s o f x .
b . W r ite a f u n c t i o n t h a t g iv e s t h e c o m p a n y 's
p r o f it E in t e r m s o f x .
c. W r it e a n d s o lv e a n e q u a t io n to f in d o t h e r
v a l u e s o f x t h a t y i e ld a p r o f it o f $60,000,000.
d. D o a ll t h e s o lu t io n s in p a r t (c) m a k e s e n s e in
t h i s s it u a t io n ? E x p la in .
E(x) a n d C M ?
d . W r ite L(x) i n s t a n d a r d fo r m . W h a t is t h e
v o lu m e o f t h e i n s u la t i o n w h e n x = 8 in c h e s ?
7 . GRtDDED ANSWER F o r t h e c i t y p a r k
c o m m is s io n , y o u a r e d e s i g n i n g a m a r b le
s c u l p t u r e in t h e s h a p e o f a p y r a m id w i t h a
3. SHORT RESPONSE In b io lo g y , a c e l l w it h
a h ig h e r s u r f a c e a r e a - t o - v o lu m e r a t io c a n
e x c h a n g e m a t e r ia ls w i t h its e n v i r o n m e n t f a s t e r
s q u a r e b a s e , a s s h o w n b e lo w . T h e v o lu m e
o f t h e s c u l p t u r e is 48 c u b i c f e e t . W h a t is t h e
h e i g h t x in f e e t o f t h e s c u lp t u r e ?
t h a n a c e ll w i t h a lo w e r r a t io . E x p la in w h e t h e r
a c u b ic c e ll w i t h s id e l e n g t h x o r a s p h e r ic a l c e ll
w i t h d ia m e t e r x c a n e x c h a n g e m a t e r i a ls w i t h
its e n v ir o n m e n t fa s te r .
Find Rationa! Zeros

You found the zeros of a potynomia! function given one zero.
You witt find ait reat zeros of a poiynomiat function.
So you can m^det manufacturing processes, as in Ex. 45.
Key Vocabulary
T h e p o iy n o m i a i f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = 64x^ + 152x^ - 6 2 x - 10 5 h a s - y ,
zero of a function,
p. 254
- co n stan t term
337
its z e r o s . N o t ic e t h a t t h e n u m e r a t o r s o f t h e s e z e r o s ( - 5 , - 3 , a n d 7) a r e f a c t o r s
c o n s t a n t te r m , - 1 0 5 . A ls o n o t ic e t h a t t h e d e n o m i n a t o r s (2, 4, a n d 8) a r e
f a c t o r s o f t h e l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t , 64. T h e s e o b s e r v a t io n s a r e g e n e r a l iz e d b y t h e
-iead m g coefficient,
theorem.
p. 3 3 7
List th e possible ratio n al zero s o f /u s in g th e ra tio n a l zero th eo rem .

a.
AVO!D ERRORS
/ (x ) = x^ + 2x^ -
l l x + 12
F a c to r s o f t h e c o n s t a n t te r m : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 1 2
Be sure your lists

inciude both the
positive and negative
factors of the constant
term and the ieading
coefficient.
F a c to r s o f t h e i e a d in g c o e f f ic ie n t : 1
P o s s ib ie r a t io n a l z e r o s : y , y ,
3 +4 +6
1' * 1 ' " 1 *
S im p lifie d iis t o f p o s s ib le z e r o s : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 1 2
b.
/(x ) = 4x^ x^ 3x^ + 9x 10

F a c to r s o f t h e c o n s t a n t te r m : 1 , 2 , 5 , 1 0
F a c to r s o f t h e le a d in g c o e f f ic ie n t : 1 , 2 , 4
P o s s ib le r a t io n a l z e r o s :
^ 1 ^ 2
.5
* 1 ' * 1 ' * 1 ' *
, 10
,1
,2
.5
1 ' * 2 ' * 2 ' * 2 ' *
, 10
. 1 +2
2 ' * 4 ' * 4 '
+* 45 '
10
S im p lifie d lis t o f p o s s ib le z e r o s : 1 , 2 , 5 , 1 0 , y , iy ,
370
Chapter 5
an d ^ as
Polynom ials and Poiynomiai Functions
for E xam p le 1
CU!DED PRACTtCE
List th e possible ratio n a i zero s o f /u s i n g th e ra tio n a i zero th e o re m .

1.
/ (x ) = F
+ 9 F + 2 3 x + 15
2. / (x ) = 2 F + 3x^ - l l x - 6
VERlFYtNG ZEROS In L e s s o n 5 .5 , y o u f o u n d z e r o s o f p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n s w h e n
o n e z e r o w a s k n o w n . T h e r a t io n a l z e r o t h e o r e m is a s t a r t i n g p o in t fo r f in d in g
ze ro s w h e n n o z e r o s a re k n o w n .
H o w e v e r , t h e r a t io n a l z e r o t h e o r e m lis t s o n l y p o s s ib le z e r o s . In o r d e r to f in d t h e
a c t u a l z e r o s o f a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n / , y o u m u s t t e s t v a lu e s f r o m t h e lis t o f
p o s s ib le z e r o s . Y o u c a n t e s t a v a l u e b y e v a lu a t in g / ( x ) u s in g t h e t e s t v a l u e a s x .
Find zeros w hen th e ieading coefficient is 1
EXAMPLE
Find aii re a i zero s o f /( x ) = x^ - 8x^ + l l x + 2 0 .
Soiution
List t h e p o s s i b le r a t i o n a l z e r o s . T h e l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is 1 a n d
t h e c o n s t a n t t e r m is 20. S o , t h e p o s s ib le r a t i o n a l z e r o s a re :
y* =
A
AVOiD ERRORS
10
-1-
^
1 -t-
20
Test t h e s e z e r o s u s in g s y n t h e t i c d iv is io n .
Notice that not e v e ry
T e s tx = l:
possible zero gen era ted

by the rational zero
theorem is an actual
zero of/.
1
-7
T e s tx =
11
20
-7
24
-1
-1:
-8
11
20
-1
-2 0
-9
20
tL -Irs- n o ta z e ro .
a zero.
B e c a u s e - 1 is a z e r o o f / , y o u c a n w r it e / ( x ) = (x + l)(x^ - 9 x + 20).
FTZAF
Factor t h e t r i n o m i a l in / ( x ) a n d u s e t h e f a c t o r t h e o r e m .
/(x ) = (x + lK x ^ - 9 x + 2 0 ) = (x + l ) ( x - 4 ) ( x - 5)
F T h e z e r o s o f / a r e - 1 , 4, a n d 5.
^ S itB S ig g A ig e b ra
at classzone.com
Find aii reai zero s o f th e fu n ction .

3. / (x ) = x^ - 4x^ -
1 5 x + 18
4. / (x ) = x^ - 8x^ + 5 x +
LiMiTiNG THE SEARCH FOR ZEROS In E x a m p le 2, t h e l e a d in g c o e f f i c i e n t o f t h e

p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t i o n is 1. W h e n t h e l e a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t is n o t 1, t h e lis t o f p o s s ib le
r a t io n a l z e r o s c a n i n c r e a s e d r a m a t i c a lly . In s u c h c a s e s , t h e s e a r c h c a n b e
s h o r t e n e d b y s k e t c h i n g t h e f u n c t io n 's g r a p h .
5 .6
Find Rational Zeros
371
Find zeros when th e ieading coefficient is not 1
EXAMPLE 3
Find aii real zero s o f /( x ) = 10x^ - l l x ' - 42x^ + 7x + 12.

Sotution
f
List t h e p o s s ib le r a t io n a l z e r o s o f / :
1
1' **1' * 1 '
1' " 1 '
/2
1 '
.1 +3 + 1 + 2 + 3 +4 +6
++L
*2' " 2 ' * 5 ' * 5 ' * 5 ' * 5 ' " 5 ' * 5 ' " 1 0 * " 1 0
Choose r e a s o n a b le v a lu e s f r o m t h e lis t
a b o v e to c h e c k u s i n g t h e g r a p h o f t h e
f u n c t io n . F o r / , t h e v a lu e s
x = -y , x = -I , x =
and x = ^
a r e r e a s o n a b le b a s e d o n t h e g r a p h
s h o w n a t t h e r ig h t.
F7BP J
Check t h e v a l u e s u s in g s y n t h e t i c d iv i s io n u n t il a z e r o is f o u n d .
10
10
-11
-4 2
- 113
5
39
ju
-2 6
-3
12
10
- 4
-11
-4 2
-5
10
-16
8
-3 4
12
17
-12
24
- t .
- y ts a zero.
4
Factor o u t a b i n o m i a l u s in g t h e r e s u lt o f t h e s y n t h e t i c d iv is io n .
/ (x ) = j v + y j( 1 0 x ^ - 16x^ - 3 4 x + 24)
-fT fP F
Write as a product of factors.
= (x + y j ( 2 ) ( 5 F - 8x^ - 17 x + 12)
Factor 2 out of the second factor.
= (2 x + l)(5 x ^ - 8x^ -
Muitipiy the first factor by 2.
1 7 x + 12)
Repeat t h e s t e p s a b o v e fo r g (x ) = 5x^ - 8x^ - 17 x + 12 . A n y z e r o

o f g w i ll a ls o b e a z e r o o f / . T h e p o s s ib le r a t io n a l z e r o s o f g a re :
X = 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 1 2 , fr , ^r, ^r, ^r, ^ ,
T h e g r a p h o f g s h o w s t h a t ^ m a y b e a z e r o . S y n t h e t i c d iv is io n s h o w s
t h a t ^ ts a z e r o a n d g (x ) = (x - ^ )(5 x ^ - 5 x - 20) = (5 x - 3)(x^ - x - 4).
It f o llo w s th a t:
/ (x ) = (2 x + 1) . g (x ) = (2 x + l ) ( 5 x - 3 ) ( F - x - 4)
^TiFP d
F in d t h e r e m a i n i n g z e r o s o f / b y s o lv in g x^ - x - 4 = 0.
x =
x =
- ( - 1) + \/ ( - i ) 2 ^ 4( i ) ( - 4)
2 ( 1)
1 Vl7
^ T h e rea l zeros o f/ a r e - y ,
372
Chapter 5
Poiynom iais and Polynomial Functions
Substitute 1 for o, 1 for b, and

4 for cin the quadratic formuia.
Simpiify.
1 - Vl7
2
GutDED PRACTKE
for Exampie 3
Find ali re a i zero s o f th e fu n ction .

5.
y (x ) = 48x3 + ^^2 - 2 0 x + 3
6 . / (x ) = 2x^ + 5x^ - 1 8 F - 1 9 x + 42
So!ve a m u)t!-step prob!em
EXAMPLE 4
)CE SCULPTURES S o m e ic e s c u l p t u r e s a r e m a d e b y
f i l i i n g a m o id w i t h w a t e r a n d t h e n f r e e z i n g it. Y o u a r e
m a k i n g s u c h a n ic e s c u l p t u r e f o r a s c h o o l d a n c e . It is
to b e s h a p e d lik e a p y r a m i d w i t h a h e ig h t t h a t is 1 f o o t
g r e a t e r t h a n t h e le n g t h o f e a c h s id e o f its s q u a r e b a s e .
x + 1
T h e v o lu m e o f t h e ic e s c u lp t u r e is 4 c u b i c f e e t . W h a t a r e
t h e d im e n s i o n s o f t h e m o ld ?
S oiu tion
F7BP 7
W rite a n e q u a t i o n fo r t h e v o lu m e o f t h e i c e s c u lp t u r e .
V o lu m e
(cubic feet)
H eight
A re a o f b a s e
(square feet)
(feet)
( * + 1)
4 = ^ ( x
Write equation.
+ 1)
12 = x^ + x^
Muitipiy each side by 3 and simpiify.
0 = *3 + F - 12
List t h e p o s s ib le r a t io n a l s o lu t io n s : y , y , y , y , y ,
-fTfPJ
Test p o s s ib le s o lu t io n s . O n l y p o s i t iv e x - v a lu e s m a k e s e n s e .
1
-12
2
2
-1 2
12
-1 0
L i s a soiution.
Check fo r o t h e r s o lu t io n s . T h e o t h e r t w o s o lu t io n s , w h i c h s a t is f y
x
_L c - r<
- - 3 ;'Vl5 a n d c a n b e d i s c a r d e d b e c a u s e t h e y
+ 3 x + 6 = 0, a r e x = -
a re im a g in a r y n u m b e rs.
F T h e o n ly r e a s o n a b le s o lu t io n is x = 2. T h e b a s e o f t h e m o ld is 2 f e e t b y 2 fe e t.
T h e h e ig h t o f t h e m o ld is 2 + 1 = 3 fe e t .
GutDED PRACTtCE
7.
for E xam p ie 4
WHAT tF? I n E x a m p le 4, s u p p o s e t h e b a s e o f t h e ic e s c u l p t u r e h a s s id e s t h a t
a r e 1 f o o t lo n g e r t h a n t h e h e ig h t . T h e v o lu m e o f t h e ic e s c u l p t u r e is 6 c u b i c
f e e t . W h a t a r e t h e d im e n s io n s o f t h e m o ld ?
5 .6
Find Rational Zeros
373
5 6 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY

*

Exs. 2 ,2 3 ,3 8 ,3 9 ,4 0 , and 50
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p ie t e : I f a p o iy n o m i a i f u n c t i o n h a s in te g e r
c o e f f ic ie n t s , t h e n e v e r y r a t io n a l z e r o o f t h e f u n c t i o n h a s t h e f o r m ,
w h e r e p is a f a c t o r o f t h e
a n d ^ is a f a c t o r o f t h e
? .
2. * WRITING D e s c r ib e a m e t h o d y o u c a n u s e to s h o r t e n t h e lis t o f p o s s ib le
r a t io n a l z e r o s w h e n u s in g t h e r a t io n a l z e r o t h e o r e m .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 370
for Exs. 3 -1 0
LISTING RATIONAL ZEROS List th e possible ra tio n a ! zero s of th e fu n ction using

th e ratio n ai zero th eo rem .
3. /(x ) = x^ - 3 x + 28
4. g (x ) = x5 - 4x^ + x - 10
5. /(x ) = 2x^ + 6x^ - 7 x + 9
6. b (x ) = 2 x5 + jj.2 _ ^
8. / (x ) = 3x^ + 5x5 3 x + 42
( ^ ) g ( x ) = 4x5 + 3 x 5 - 2 X - 1 4
9. b (x ) = 8x^ + 4x^ _
10 . b (x ) = 6x5 _ g ^.2 + ^
EXAMPLE 2
FINDING REAL ZEROS Find ail real zero s o f th e fu n ction .
on p. 371
for Exs. 1 1 - 1 8
11.
/(x ) = x5 - 12x 5 + 35^ _ 24
12.
/ (x ) = x
13.
g(x) = x5 - 31x - 30
14.
b (x ) = x5 + 8x^ _
15.
b(x) = x^ + 7x5
17.
/(x ) = x** + 2x5 _ g^.2 _ 2^ + g
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 372
for Exs. 1 9 - 3 5
2g^2
^ 24
Chapter 5
16. / (x ) = x
18.
0-'
- 5x
2x
g (x ) = x^ -
- 2 2 x + 56
9x
_ y2
+ lO x 24
16x5 - 4 0 x - 2 5
ELIMINATING POSSIBLE ZEROS Use th e grap h to sh o rten th e list o f possible

ratio n al zeros of th e fu n ction . Then find all re a l zero s of th e fu n ction .
19. /(x ) = 4x5 - 2 0 x + 16
( 2 1 ) / M = 6x5 + 25^2 + ]gx - )5
374
20. / (x ) = 4x5 _
- jc + 15
22. /(x ) = -3 x 5 ^ 20x5 _ ggy + ig
2 3 . * MULTIPLE CHOKE A c c o r d i n g to t h e r a t io n a l z e r o t h e o r e m , w h i c h is n o t a
p o s s ib le z e r o o f t h e f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = 2 x* - 5x^ + 10x^
(g )
(B ) - j
-9
9?
(D )
(C )
FtNDING REAL ZEROS Find aii re a l zero s of th e fu n ction .

24. / (x ) = 2x^ + 2x^ - 8 x - 8
2 5 . g(x) = 2x^ _ y ^2 + g
26. h (x ) = 2x^ - 3x^ -
27.
1 4 x + 15
28. / (x ) = 3x^ + 19x^ + 4 x -
/(X) = 3X^ + 4^2 _ 33 ^. _ ^
29 . g(x) = 2x3 + 3^.2 _ n j . _
12
30. g (x ) = 2x^ + 9x^ + 5x^ + 3 x - 4
31. h(x) = 2x^ - x3 - 7x^ + 4x - 4
3 2. h (x ) = 3x^ - 6x^ - 32x^ + 3 5 x - 12
33. /(x) = 2x4 - 9x3 + 37^ _ gg
3 4 . / (x ) = x^ - 3x^ - 5x^ + 15x^ + 4 x - 12
3 5 . h(x) = 2 x^
_ 3^.3 _ 3^.2 _ 3 ^. 3. 3
ERROR ANALYSiS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in listing th e possibie ra tio n a i

zeros of th e fu n ction .
37.
36.
f(x ) =
+ 7x^ + 2x + 14
f(x) = 6x3 _ g ,<2 + I2x + 5
Possible zeros:
Possible zeros:
1, 2, 7,14
- I ,
"X
+1 +2 -"**3
J , -+O6 , -+ g
,
-+ 3
, + +
- g X
. X
- g
38. ÔPEN-ENDED MATH W r ite a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n / t h a t h a s a le a d in g

c o e f f i c i e n t o f 4 a n d h a s 12 p o s s ib le r a t i o n a l z e r o s a c c o r d i n g to t h e r a t io n a l
z e ro th e o re m .
MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ic h o f t h e f o llo w i n g is n o t a z e r o o f t h e f u n c t i o n

/(x ) = 40x3 _ 42x4 _ iQy^.3 + iQ7^ + 33^. _ gg?
39. *
($ )
- j
(B )
(E )
(g )
40. * SHORT RESPONSE L e t a b e t h e l e a d in g c o e f f i c i e n t o f a p o ly n o m i a l

f u n c t i o n / a n d a b e t h e c o n s t a n t t e r m . I f a^ h a s r f a c t o r s a n d a,, h a s
s f a c t o r s , w h a t is t h e la r g e s t n u m b e r o f p o s s ib le r a t io n a l z e r o s o f / t h a t
c a n b e g e n e r a t e d b y t h e r a t i o n a l z e r o t h e o r e m ? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
MATCHING Find aii re a i zero s o f th e fu n ction . Then m a tch ea ch fu n ctio n w ith

its grap h .
4 1 . / (x ) = x3 - 2x^ - x + 2
42. g (x ) = x3 - 3x^ + 2
"y
4 3 . h (x ) = x3 + x ^ - x + 2
C.
'
44. CHALLENGE Is it p o s s ib le fo r a c u b ic f u n c t i o n to h a v e m o r e t h a n t h r e e r e a l
z e r o s ? Is it p o s s ib le fo r a c u b ic f u n c t i o n to h a v e n o r e a l z e r o s ? E x p / a m .
5 .6
Find Rational Zeros
375
/ \
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 4
45.
MANUFACTURING A t a f a c t o r y , m o it e n g ia s s is p o u r e d in to m o id s to m a k e
on p. 373
p a p e r w e ig h t s . E a c h m o ld is a r e c t a n g u l a r p r is m w i t h a h e i g h t 4 in c h e s
for Exs. 4 5 -4 8
g r e a t e r t h a n t h e l e n g t h o f e a c h s id e o f its s q u a r e b a s e . E a c h m o ld h o ld s
63 c u b ic in c h e s o f m o lt e n g la s s . W h a t a r e t h e d i m e n s io n s o f t h e m o ld ?
@ M M n e 7 u to r
46.
SWIMMING POOL Y o u a r e d e s ig n in g a r e c t a n g u l a r s w i m m i n g p o o l t h a t is
to b e s e t in to t h e g r o u n d . T h e w i d t h o f t h e p o o l is 5 f e e t m o r e t h a n t h e d e p t h ,
a n d t h e l e n g t h is 3 5 f e e t m o r e t h a n t h e d e p t h . T h e p o o l h o ld s 2000 c u b ic f e e t
o f w a t e r . W h a t a r e t h e d i m e n s io n s o f t h e p o o l?
@ N om e7u for
for
problem solving help at classzone.com
(& GEOMETRY In E xercises 47 an d 4 8 , w rite a p oly n o m ial eq u ation to m odei

th e situ ation . Then list the possibie ra tio n a l solutions o f th e eq u ation .
(47 !) A r e c t a n g u l a r p r is m h a s e d g e s o f le n g t h s x , x - 1, a n d x - 2 a n d a
v o lu m e o f 24.
48.
A p y r a m id h a s a s q u a r e b a s e w i t h s id e s o f l e n g t h x , a h e ig h t o f 2 x - 5,
a n d a v o lu m e o f 3.
49.
MULTI-STEP PROBLEM F r o m 19 9 4 to 2003, t h e a m o u n t o f a t h le t ic

e q u i p m e n t E (in m il l io n s o f d o lla r s ) s o ld d o m e s t i c a l l y c a n b e m o d e le d b y
E M = - 1 0 f 3 + 140f2 - 2 0 f + 18 ,150
w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 19 9 4 . U s e t h e f o l lo w i n g s t e p s to f in d t h e
y e a r w h e n a b o u t $20,300,000,000 o f a t h le t ic e q u ip m e n t w a s s o ld .
a. W r ite a p o ly n o m i a l e q u a t i o n t h a t c a n b e u s e d t o f i n d t h e a n s w e r .
b. L is t t h e p o s s ib le w h o l e - n u m b e r s o lu t io n s o f t h e e q u a t io n in p a r t (a) t h a t
a r e le s s t h a n 10.
c. U s e s y n t h e t i c d iv is i o n to d e t e r m in e w h i c h o f t h e p o s s ib le s o lu t io n s
in p a r t (b) is a n a c t u a l s o lu t io n . T h e n c a l c u l a t e t h e y e a r w h i c h
c o r r e s p o n d s to t h e s o lu t io n .
50. * EXTENDED RESPONSE S in c e 1990, t h e n u m b e r o f U .S . t r a v e le r s to fo r e ig n
c o u n t r i e s E (in t h o u s a n d s ) c a n b e m o d e l e d b y
E M = 12T* - 2 6 4 f3 + 2 0 2 8 ^ - 3 9 2 4 f + 4 3 ,9 16
w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1990 . U s e t h e f o llo w i n g s t e p s t o f in d
t h e y e a r W h en t h e r e w e r e a b o u t 56,30 0 ,0 0 0 tr a v e le r s .
a. W r it e a p o ly n o m i a l e q u a t i o n t h a t c a n b e u s e d t o f i n d t h e a n s w e r .
b. L is t t h e p o s s ib le w h o l e - n u m b e r s o lu t io n s o f t h e e q u a t io n in p a r t
(a) t h a t a r e le s s t h a n o r e q u a l to 10.
c . U s e s y n t h e t ic d i v i s io n to d e t e r m in e w h i c h o f t h e p o s s ib le
s o lu t io n s in p a r t (b) is a n a c t u a l s o lu t io n .
d. G ra p h th e fu n c tio n E M a n d e x p la in w h y th e re a re n o
o t h e r r e a s o n a b le s o lu t io n s . T h e n c a lc u l a t e t h e y e a r w h i c h
c o r r e s p o n d s to t h e s o lu t io n .
376
^) = WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
onp.WSl
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
51. CHALLENGE Y o u a r e b u i ld i n g a p a i r o f r a m p s f o r a l o a d i n g p la t f o r m . T h e l e f t
r a m p is t w i c e a s lo n g a s t h e r ig h t r a m p . I f 15 0 c u b i c f e e t o f c o n c r e t e a r e u s e d
to b u i ld t h e t w o r a m p s , w h a t a r e t h e d im e n s i o n s o f e a c h r a m p ?
M!XED REVIEW
52. 4 x - 6 = 18 fp. !8!
53. 3y + 7 = - 1 4 ip. 181
54.
12p + 5 1 = 15 ip. 5!J
55. 49z^ - 14z + 1 = 0 ip. 259!
56. 8^ - 3 0 x + 7 = 0 ip. 259!
57. - 3(<7 +
= - 1 8 ip. 266!
Solve th e m a trix eq u ation , ip. 210!

1
58.
-2
3
X =
-3
-1
-4
-2
59.
61.
-1
X =
in Exs. 6 2 -6 7 .
' CO
Prepare for
Lesson 5.7
-1
-3
x =
04
60.
PREVIEW
-7
x =
6
-1
0
10
- 1 4
3
2
0 - 3
Find th e d iscrim in an t of th e q u a d ra tic eq u ation an d give th e n u m b er and typ e

of solutions o f th e eq u ation , ip. 292!
62. F
65.
63.
- 4 x + 11 = 0
- 2 / - 5y - 3 = 0
14s + 49 = 0
66. 81p2 + 18p + 1 = 0
64. 3 ^ - 8 f - 5 = 0
67. 7 ^ + 5 = 0
QU!Z / o f lessen s 5 .4 -5 .6
F a cto r th e p olynom ial com pletely, ip. 353!
1. 2 ^ - 54
2.
- 3x^ + 2 x - 6
4. 6x^ - 15 0 x
5. 3x4 _ 24^2 + 4g
3. x^ + x^ + x + 1
6. 2x3 _ 3^.2 _ ^
+ ig
Divide using p olynom ial long division o r sy n th etic division, ip. 362!
8. (4x3 3. 27x 2 + 3 x + 64)
7. (x4 + x3 - 8x^ + 5x + 5) -r- (x^ + 5x - 2)
(x + 7)
Find all real zero s o f th e fu n ction , ip. 370!

10. / (x ) = x3 4x3 2 5 x 56
9. / (x ) = 2x3 19x^ + 5 0 x + 30
1 1 . / (x ) = x4 + 4x3 -
12 . / (x ) = 4 x 4 _ g x 2 ^ 42 X - 20
13x3 - 4 x + 1 2 \ 1 , '
13 . LANDSCAPING Y o u a r e a l a n d s c a p e a r t is t d e s i g n i n g a s q u a r e p a t io t h a t is to
b e m a d e f r o m 12 8 c u b ic f e e t o f c o n c r e t e . T h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e p a t i o is 1 5 .5 fe e t
le s s t h a n e a c h s id e le n g t h . W h a t a r e t h e d im e n s io n s o f t h e p a t io ? ip. 370!
EXTRA PRACTKE for Lesson 5.6, p. 1014
377
S p read sh eet A f T T W
l f W
T V
@ tto m e 7 M to f
dasszon e.com
Keystrokes
5 .6 Use the Location Principie

----------------------
How can you use the Location Principie to identify

zeros of a poiynomiai function?
Y o u c a n u s e t h e f o ii o w in g r e s u it, c a i i e d t h e L o c a t io n P rm c ip / e , to h e ip y o u f in d
z e r o s o f p o iy n o m i a i f u n c t io n s :
i f / i s a p o iy n o m i a i f u n c t i o n a n d a a n d & a r e t w o n u m b e r s s u c h t h a t
/ ( a ) < 0 a n d / ( h ) > 0, t h e n / h a s a t le a s t o n e r e a i z e r o b e t w e e n a a n d b.
Find zeros of a poiynomiai function

Find ail reai zeros o f /(x ) = 6 ^ + 5jt/ - 17.x - 6.
E n te r "x" in to c e li A l . E n te r "0" in to
c e ii A 2 . T y p e " = A 2 + 1 " in to c e il A 3 . S e ie c t
E n te r "/(x )" in t o c e il B l . E n te r
" = 6 * A 2 A 3 + 5 * A 2 A 2 - 1 7 * A 2 - 6 " in t o c e i i B2.
c e iis A 3 t h r o u g h A 7, a n d u s e t h e / d / d o ra n
S e ie c t c e iis B2 t h r o u g h B7, a n d u s e t h e / i d
c o m m a n d to f i ll in v a iu e s o f x .
d o m n c o m m a n d to f i l l in t h e v a i u e s o f / ( x ) .
A
X
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
B
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0
1
2
3
4
5
A
X
B
ffx)
0
1
2
3
4
5
-6
-1 2
28
150
390
784
T h e s p r e a d s h e e t in S te p 2 s h o w s t h a t / ( l ) < 0 a n d / ( 2 ) > 0. S o , b y t h e L o c a t io n
P r i n c i p i e , / h a s a z e r o b e t w e e n 1 a n d 2. T h e r a t io n a l z e r o t h e o r e m s h o w s t h a t
t h e o n i y p o s s ib le r a tio n a / z e r o b e t w e e n 1 a n d 2 is y . S y n t h e t ic d iv is io n c o n f i r m s
t h a t is a z e r o a n d t h a t / c a n b e f a c t o r e d a s:
/ (x ) = (x - y )(6 x 2 + 14 x + 4) = (2 x - 3) (3x^ + -^ + 2) = (2 x - 3 ) ( 3 x + l ) ( x + 2)
^ T he zeros o f/ a r e y ,
and -2 .
Find aii reai zeros o f th e fu n ction .
378
1.
/ (x ) = 6 x^ - lOx^ - 6 x + 10
3.
/ (x ) = 36x2 + jQg^.2 _ 3^ ^ ^ yp
Chapter 5
2 . / (x ) = 24x4 - 38x2 _ ^ ^ 2 _
_ 23
^ ^2^4 + 25x2 _ ^ 0^.2 _ 305 ^ _ ^ 2
C *7 Appiy the Fundamenta!

Theorem of Aigebra
You found zeros using the rationa) zero theorem .
You wit) dassify the zeros of potynomia) functions.
So you can determine boat speed, as in Exampie 6.
Key Vocabulary
*rep eated solution
*irratio n al
conjugates, p. 2 6 7
<com p lex conjugates,
p. 276
T h e e q u a t i o n x^ - 5 ^
- 8 x + 48 = 0, w h i c h b e c o m e s (x + 3 )(x - 4)^ = 0 w h e n
f a c t o r e d , h a s o n l y t w o d i s t i n c t s o lu t io n s : 3 a n d 4. B e c a u s e t h e f a c t o r x 4
a p p e a r s t w ic e , h o w e v e r , y o u c a n c o u n t t h e s o lu t io n 4 t w ic e . S o , w i t h 4 c o u n t e d a s
a rep eated solution, t h i s f h ir d - d e g r e e e q u a t io n h a s th ree s o lu t io n s : - 3 , 4, a n d 4.
T h e p r e v io u s r e s u lt is g e n e r a l i z e d b y th e / M n d a m e n ta ? th e o r e m o / a ig e h r a , f ir s t
p r o v e d b y t h e G e r m a n m a t h e m a t i c ia n K a r l F r ie d r ic h G a u s s ( 1 7 7 7 - 1 8 5 5 ) .
K EY CONCEPT
A ir %?%r
I The Fundam ental T heorem of Algebra

T heorem : I f / ( x ) is a p o ly n o m i a l o f d e g r e e a w h e r e a > 0, t h e n t h e e q u a t i o n
7
7
7
7
7
/ (x ) = 0 h a s a t le a s t o n e s o lu t io n in t h e s e t o f c o m p le x n u m b e r s .
Coroilary: I f / ( x ) is a p o ly n o m i a l o f d e g r e e a w h e r e a > 0, t h e n t h e e q u a t io n
/ (x ) = 0 h a s e x a c t l y a s o lu t io n s p r o v id e d e a c h s o lu t io n r e p e a t e d t w i c e is
c o u n t e d a s 2 s o lu t io n s , e a c h s o lu t io n r e p e a t e d t h r e e t i m e s is c o u n t e d a s
3 s o lu t io n s , a n d s o o n .
T h e c o r o l l a r y to t h e f u n d a m e n t a l t h e o r e m o f a lg e b r a a ls o im p l ie s t h a t a n
a t h - d e g r e e p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t i o n / h a s e x a c t l y a z e r o s .
Find th e num ber of soiutions or zeros

a . H o w m a n y s o lu t io n s d o e s t h e e q u a t i o n x^ + 5x^ + 4 x + 20 = 0 h a v e ?
b. H o w m a n y z e r o s d o e s t h e f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = x^ - 8x^ + 18x^ - 2 7 h a v e ?
S olution
a . B e c a u s e x^ + 5x^ + 4 x + 20 = 0 is a p o l y n o m i a l e q u a t io n o f d e g r e e 3,
it h a s t h r e e s o lu t io n s . (T h e s o lu t io n s a r e - 5 , - 2 i , a n d 2:.)
b. B e c a u s e / ( x ) = x^ 8x^ + 18x^ 2 7 is a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n o f
d e g r e e 4, it h a s f o u r z e r o s . (T h e z e r o s a r e - 1 , 3, 3, a n d 3.)
GUiDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p le 1
1 . H o w m a n y s o lu t io n s d o e s t h e e q u a t io n x^ + 5x^ - 3 6 = 0 h a v e ?
2 . H o w m a n y z e r o s d o e s t h e f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = x^ + 7x^ + 8 x - 16 h a v e ?
5 .7
Appty th e Fundam ental Theorem of Atgebra
EXAMPLE 2
Find the zeros of a potynomia) function
Find aii zeros o f /( x ) = x^ - 4x^ + 4x^ + 10x^ - 13.x - 14.

Soiution
^TiFP 7
F ind t h e r a t i o n a l z e r o s o f / B e c a u s e / i s a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n o f
d e g r e e 5, it h a s 5 z e r o s . T h e p o s s i b le r a t io n a l z e r o s a r e 1 , 2 , 7 ,
a n d 1 4 . U s in g s y n t h e t i c d iv is io n , y o u c a n d e t e r m in e t h a t - 1 is a z e r o
r e p e a t e d t w i c e a n d 2 is a ls o a z e r o .
W r it e / ( x ) in f a c t o r e d fo r m . D i v i d i n g / M b y it s k n o w n f a c t o r s x + 1,
x + 1, a n d x - 2 g iv e s a q u o t ie n t o f x^ - 4 x + 7. T h e r e fo r e :
/ (x ) = (x + i f (x - 2)(x^ - 4 x + 7)
FTifP <?
F in d t h e c o m p le x z e r o s o f / U s e t h e q u a d r a t ic f o r m u la to f a c t o r t h e
t r i n o m i a l in to l i n e a r f a c t o r s .
/ (x ) = (x + i f (x - 2) [ x - (2 + r 'V 3 ) ] [ x - (2 - r'V 3)]
F T h e z e r o s o f / a r e - 1 , - 1 , 2, 2 + r'V3, a n d 2 - r V 3 .
BEHAVIOR NEAR ZEROS T h e g r a p h o f / i n E x a m p le 2 is

s h o w n a t t h e r ig h t . N o t e t h a t o n l y t h e r e a l z e r o s a p p e a r
a s x - in t e r c e p t s . A l s o n o t e t h a t t h e g r a p h is t a n g e n t t o t h e
x - a x is a t t h e r e p e a t e d z e r o x = - 1 , b u t c r o s s e s t h e x - a x is a t
t h e z e r o x = 2. T h is c o n c e p t c a n b e g e n e r a li z e d a s fo llo w s :
* W h e n a f a c t o r x - k o f a f u n c t i o n / i s r a i s e d to a n o d d
p o w e r , t h e g r a p h o f / c r o s s e s t h e x - a x i s a t x = k.
* W h e n a f a c t o r x - k o f a f u n c t i o n / i s r a i s e d to a n e v e n
p o w e r , t h e g r a p h o f / i s t a n g e n t to t h e x - a x i s a t x = k.
GutDED PRACTKE
for E xam p ie 2
Find all zero s o f th e polynom ial fu n ction .

3.
REVIEW COMPLEX
/(x ) = x^ + 7x^ + 15x + 9
4. /( x ) = x^ - 2x^ + 8x^ - 13x + 6
COMPLEX CONJUGATES A ls o in E x a m p le 2, n o t ic e t h a t t h e z e r o s 2 + r'V3 a n d
L U M B E R S ....................... 2 - r'V3 a r e c o m p le x c o n ju g a t e s . T h i s ill u s t r a t e s t h e f ir s t t h e o r e m g iv e n b e lo w .

For help with com p lex
conjugates, s e e p. 278.
A s im il a r r e s u lt a p p lie s to ir r a t io n a l z e r o s o f p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n s , a s s h o w n in
t h e s e c o n d t h e o r e m b e lo w .
KEY CONCEPT
Complex Conjugates Theorem
I f / i s a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n w i t h r e a l c o e f f ic ie n t s , a n d a + hr is a n i m a g i n a r y
z e r o o f / t h e n a - hr is a ls o a z e r o o f /
Irrational Conjugates Theorem

S u p p o s e / i s a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n w i t h r a t i o n a l c o e f f ic ie n t s , a n d a a n d h a r e
r a t io n a l n u m b e r s s u c h t h a t V h is i r r a t io n a l. I f rr + V h is a z e r o o f / t h e n a V h
is a ls o a z e r o o f /
380
Chapter 5
EXAMPLE 3
Use zeros to write a po!ynomia) function
W rite a p oiyn om iai f u n c t i o n /o f ieast d egree th a t h as ra tio n a i coefficien ts, a

ieading coefficien t o f 1, an d 3 an d 2 + V5 as zero s.
Soiution
B e c a u s e t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s a r e r a t io n a l a n d 2 + V 5 is a z e r o , 2 V 5 m u s t a ls o b e
a z e r o b y t h e ir r a t io n a l c o n ju g a t e s t h e o r e m . U s e t h e t h r e e z e r o s a n d t h e f a c t o r
t h e o r e m to w r i t e / ( x ) a s a p r o d u c t o f t h r e e f a c t o r s .
(x - 3 ) [x - (2 + V 5 ) ] [ x - (2 - V5 )]
W rite/(x) in factored form.
(x - 3) [(x - 2) - V5 ][(x - 2) + V5 ]
Regroup terms.
( x - 3 ) [ ( x - 2)3 - 5]
Muitipiy.
( x - 3 ) [ ( x 3 - 4 x + 4) - 5 ]
Expand binomiai.
(x - 3)(x3 - 4 x - 1)
Simpiify.
X^ - 4x3 - X - 3x3 + I 2 x + 3
Muitipiy.
X^ 7x3 + 11^.
Combine iike terms.
Y o u c a n c h e c k t h i s r e s u lt b y e v a l u a t i n g / ( x ) a t e a c h o f it s t h r e e z e r o s .
/ ( 3 ) = 33 - 7(3)3 + m g ) + 3 = 2 7 - 63 + 33 + 3 = 0 /
/ ( 2 + V5) = (2 + V5 ? - 7 (2 + V 5 ? + l l (2 + V5 ) + 3
= 38 + 17V5 - 63 - 28V5 + 22 + llV 5 + 3
= 0 /
S i n c e / ( 2 + V 5 l = 0, b y t h e ir r a t io n a l c o n ju g a t e s t h e o r e m / ( 2 - V 5] = 0. /
GUtDED PRACTiCE
fo r E xam p ie 3
W rite a p olyn om ial f u n c t i o n /o f ieast d egree th a t h as ra tio n a i coefficien ts, a

ieading co efficien t o f 1, an d th e given zero s.
5. - 1 , 2, 4
6. 4, 1 + V 5
7 . 2, 2 :, 4 - V 6
8. 3, 3 - f
DESCARTES' RULE OF SiGNS F r e n c h m a t h e m a t i c i a n R e n e D e s c a r t e s (1 5 9 6 -1 6 5 0 )

f o u n d t h e f o llo w in g r e la t io n s h ip b e t w e e n t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f a p o ly n o m i a l
f u n c t i o n a n d t h e n u m b e r o f p o s it iv e a n d n e g a t iv e z e r o s o f t h e f u n c t i o n .
KEY CONCEPT
D escartes Ru!e of Signs
L e t / (x ) = a ^ x " + % _
* + - - - + r^X^
<^X
b e a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n
w ith re a l c o e ffic ie n ts .
T h e n u m b e r o f p o s ifm e r e a l z e r o s o f / i s e q u a l t o t h e n u m b e r o f c h a n g e s in
s ig n o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f / ( x ) o r is le s s t h a n t h i s b y a n e v e n n u m b e r .
T h e n u m b e r o f n e g a t iv e r e a i z e r o s o f / i s e q u a l t o t h e n u m b e r o f c h a n g e s in
s ig n o f t h e c o e f f i c i e n t s o f / ( - x ) o r is le s s t h a n t h i s b y a n e v e n n u m b e r .
5 .7
Apply th e Fundam ents) T heorem of A!gebra
381
Use D escartes ru!e of signs

D eterm ine th e possibie n u m b ers o f positive re a i zero s, negative re a l zero s, and
im ag in ary zero s f o r /( x ) = x*" - 2x^ + 3x^ - 10x^ - 6x^ - 8 x - 8.
S oiution
/(x ) = x^ - 2x^ + 3x^ - 10x3 - 6x^ - 8 x - 8
The coefficients in /(x ) have 3 sign ch an g es, s o /h a s 3 or 1 positive reai zero(s).

/ ( - x ) = ( -x )6 - 2 ( -x ) ^ + 3 ( -x ) ^ - 1 0 (-x )3 - 6 ( -x ) 3 - 8 ( - x ) - 8
=
x^ + 2x^ + 3x^ + lOx^ - 6x^ + g^. _ g
T h e c o e f f i c i e n t s i n / ( - x ) h a v e 3 sign ch an g es, s o / h a s 3 o r 1 n e g a t i v e r e a i z e r o ( s ) .
T h e p o s s ib ie n u m b e r s o f z e r o s f o r / a r e s u m m a r i z e d in t h e t a b ie b e io w .
Positive
rea!zeros
Negative
rea!zeros
im aginary
zeros
Tota!
zeros
GLUDED PRACTKE
for E xam p ie 4
D eterm in e th e possibie n u m b ers o f positive re a i zero s, negative re a i zero s, a n d

im ag in ary zero s for th e fu n ction .
9. /(x ) = x3 + 2 x - 11
10 . g (x ) = 2x^ - 8x3 + g ^2 _ g^.
APPROXiMATiNC ZEROS AH o f t h e z e r o s o f t h e f u n c t i o n in E x a m p le 4 a r e
i r r a t io n a l o r im a g in a r y . I r r a t io n a l z e r o s c a n b e a p p r o x im a t e d u s i n g t e c h n o lo g y .
Approxim ate re a !z e ro s
A p proxim ate th e reai zero s o f /( x ) = x^ 2x^ + 3x* 10x3 6x^ 8 x - 8.
S oiution
ANOTHER WAY
in Example 5, you can

also approximate the
zeros of/using the
calculator's (race feature.
However, this generally
gives less precise results
than the zero (or roof)
feature.
U s e t h e z e r o (o r root) f e a t u r e o f a g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r , a s s h o w n b e lo w .
^ From these screens, you can see that the zeros are x = -0 .7 3 and x = 2.73.
382
Chapter 5
H) Approxim ate te a ! zeros of a potynom ia! m ode!

TACHOMETER A t a c h o m e t e r m e a s u r e s t h e s p e e d (in r e v o lu t io n s
p e r m in u t e , o r R P M s) a t w h i c h a n e n g in e s h a f t r o t a t e s . F o r a
c e r t a i n b o a t , t h e s p e e d x o f t h e e n g in e s h a f t (in 10 0 s o f R P M s)
a n d t h e s p e e d s o f t h e b o a t (in m ile s p e r h o u r ) a r e m o d e l e d b y
s(x ) = 0 .0 0 5 4 7 F _ Q 2 2 5x 3 + 3 g 2 x - n o
W h a t is t h e t a c h o m e t e r r e a d in g w h e n t h e b o a t t r a v e ls
1 5 m i le s p e r h o u r ?
S oiu tion
S u b s t it u t e 15 fo r s(x ) in t h e g iv e n f u n c t io n . Y o u c a n r e w r it e
t h e r e s u l t i n g e q u a t io n a s:
0 = 0.00547x3 _ 0 2 2 5x3 + 3 g 2 ^ - 26.0
T h e n , u s e a g r a p h in g c a l c u l a t o r to a p p r o x im a t e t h e r e a l
z e r o s o f / ( x ) = 0.00547x3 - 0 .2 2 5x3 + 3 g 2 ^ _ 26.0.
F r o m t h e g r a p h , t h e r e is o n e r e a l z e r o : x 19.9.
F T h e t a c h o m e t e r r e a d in g is a b o u t 19 90 R P M s .
GUtDED PRACTKE
1 1 . A p p r o x im a t e t h e r e a l z e r o s o f / ( x ) = 3x^ + 2x** - 8x3 + 4^2 _ ^
1 2 . WHAT <F? I n E x a m p le 6 , w h a t is t h e t a c h o m e t e r r e a d in g w h e n t h e b o a t
t r a v e ls 20 m ile s p e r h o u r ?
HOMEWORK
KEY
5 7 EXERaSES
* = STANDARDHED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2,9,33,51,52,63, and 64
Sm LL PRACTKE
1 . VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : F o r t h e e q u a t io n (x - l)3 (x + 2) = 0,
a (n )
s o lu t io n is 1 b e c a u s e t h e f a c t o r x - 1 a p p e a r s t w i c e .
2. I t WRtTtNG E x p la in t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n c o m p l e x c o n ju g a t e s a n d
ir r a t io n a l c o n ju g a t e s .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 379
for Exs. 3 -9
NUMBER OF SOLUTtONS OR ZEROS Identify th e n u m b er o f solution s o r zero s.

3. x " + 2x3 - 4x3 + x - 10 = 0
5. 9 ^ - 1 4 f 3 + 4 t - l = 0
6.
/ ( z ) = - 7 z * + z3 - 2 5
8.
h (x ) = x '3 + 7 x " + 5x^ 8x + 6
7. g(s) = 1 2 ^ - 936 + 4^5 _ ^3

9.
2 0 s + 50
5^ _ g y 2 + g y = g
it MULTIPLE CHOiCE H o w m a n y z e r o s d o e s t h e f u n c t i o n
/(x ) = 1 6 x - 22x3 + 6 x^ + 19x3 _ 3
(g )
(B )
(C )
5.7
(B )
Apply th e Fundam ental T heorem o f Algebra
383
EXAMPLE 2
FiNDING ZEROS Find aii zero s o f th e p oiynom iai fu n ction .
on p. 380
for Exs. 10-19
10.
/M
12 .
g (x ) = x^ - 9x2 - 4 x + 12
14 .
/ (x ) = x " + 15x2 _ i g
16 .
b (x ) = x** + 4x3 + 7^2 + ig^- + 12
1 7 . g (x ) = x^ - 2x3 - 3x2 + 2 x + 2
18 .
g (x ) = 4x^ + 4x3 -
19 . b (x ) = 2x^ + 13x3 + 19x2 _ ^
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 381
for Exs. 20-32
= X** - 6 F + 7 F + 6 x - 8
1 1 . / (x ) = x " + 5x^ - 7x^ - 2 9 x + 30

13 . b (x ) = x^ + 5x2 - 4 x - 20
( 15 ) / (x ) = x^ + x^ + 2x2 + 4 x - 8
11x 2 - i 2 x - 3
_ 24
WRITING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTIONS W rite a p oiyn om iai f u n c t i o n /o f least d egree

th a t has ratio n ai coefficien ts, a ieading co efficien t o f 1, an d th e given zeros.
20.
1, 2, 3
2 1 . - 2 , 1, 3
22. - 5 , - 1 , 2
23. - 3 , 1 , 6
24.
2,
2 5 . 3t, 2 - :
26. - 1 , 2, - 3 f
2 7. 5, 5, 4 + :
28.
4, - V 5 , V 5
29. - 4 , 1 , 2 - V 6
30. - 2 , - 1 , 2, 3, V l l
3 1 . 3, 4 + 2f, 1 + V 7
32. ERROR ANALYSIS D e s c r ib e a n d c o r r e c t t h e

e r r o r in w r i t i n g a p o iy n o m i a i f u n c t i o n w i t h
f( x ) = (x - 2 )[x -
r a t io n a l c o e f f i c i e n t s a n d z e r o s 2 a n d 1 + i.
= x^ - (3 + i)x + (2 + 2i)
CLASSiFYING ZEROS D eterm in e th e possibie n u m b ers of positive re a i zeros,

negative reai zero s, an d im a g in a ry zero s for th e fu n ction .
34.
35. g (x ) = - x 3 + 5x^ + 12
/ (x ) = x^ - x^ - 6
36. g(x) = x3 - 4x^ 4 g^. 4 7
= x^ - 2x3 _ ^-2 4 g^. 4 g
38. b (x ) = x^ - 3x3 + 8^ _ 10
40.
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 382
for Exs. 42-49
g(x) = x^ + x^ - 3x^ + x3 + 5x^ +
39. / (x ) = x^ + 7x^ - 4x3 - 3x^ + 9 x - 15

_ ]g
= x^ + 4x** - lOx + 25
APPROXIMATING ZEROS Use a grap h in g ca ic u ia to r to grap h th e fu n ction . Then

use th e zero (or roof) featu re to ap p ro x im a te th e re a l zero s o f th e fu n ction .
42.
/ (x ) = x3 - x3 - 8 x + 5
44. g(x) = x3 3x3 +

46.
b(x) = 3x3 _
+ g
_ g^ + 3
48. /(x ) = 2x6 + j-4 + g ^ _ gg
43. / (x ) = - x ^ - 4x3 + x + 8
45
= ^.4 _
47
= 44 _ ^.3 4 g^2 _ g^ _ g
4g
50. REASONiNG T w o z e r o s o f / ( x ) = x3 - 6x3 _ ^
_ g
- 16x3 _ g^2 + 424 + 30
4 gg
_ 4 ^ 4^ ^
w h y t h e t h ir d z e r o m u s t a ls o b e a r e a l n u m b e r .
51. * SHORT RESPONSE D e s c r ib e t h e p o s s ib le n u m b e r s o f p o s it i v e r e a l, n e g a t i v e

r e a l, a n d i m a g i n a r y z e r o s fo r a c u b i c f u n c t i o n w i t h r a t io n a l c o e f f i c i e n t s .
52. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h ic h is n o t a p o s s ib le c la s s i f i c a t i o n o f t h e z e r o s o f

/ (x ) = x^ - 4x3 + 6x3 4 ^ 4 - 6 a c c o r d i n g to D e s c a r t e s ' r u le o f s ig n s ?
384
= x2 - x - ix - 2 x + 2 + 2i
f u n c t i o n o f d e g r e e 5 w i t h z e r o s 1, 2, a n d - i .
on p. 382
for Exs. 34-41
r./ ,
= x(x 1 1) 2(x 1 )
33. ^ OPEN-ENDED MATH W r ite a p o ly n o m i a l
EXAMPLE 4
(1 + i)]
(3 )
3 p o s it iv e r e a l z e r o s , 2 n e g a t iv e r e a l z e r o s , a n d 0 i m a g i n a r y z e r o s
(B )
3 p o s it iv e r e a l z e r o s , 0 n e g a t iv e r e a l z e r o s , a n d 2 i m a g i n a r y z e r o s
(C )
1 p o s it iv e r e a l z e r o , 4 n e g a t iv e r e a l z e r o s , a n d 0 i m a g i n a r y z e r o s
(D )
1 p o s it iv e r e a l z e r o , 2 n e g a t iv e r e a l z e r o s , a n d 2 i m a g i n a r y z e r o s
2 ) = WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
CLASSIFYING ZEROS D eterm in e th e n u m b ers o f positive re a i zero s, n egative re a i

zero s, an d im ag in ary zero s for th e fu n ction w ith th e given d egree an d graph .
ExpiatM y o u r reason in g .
53 .
D egree: 3 ^
I^
54. D e g re e : 4
55. D e gree : 5
'y
/
/
/
/
CHALLENGE Show th at th e given n u m b er is a zero of th e giyen fu n ctio n but th a t

th e conju gate o f the n u m b er is n o t a zero .
56 .
58.
/ (x ) = F
- 2*2 + 2 x + 5:; 2 - :
5 7 . g (x ) = F
+ 2x^ + 2 ; - 2; - 1 + f
E x p / a in w h y t h e r e s u lt s o f E x e r c is e s 56 a n d 5 7 d o n o t c o n t r a d ic t t h e c o m p ie x
c o n ju g a t e t h e o r e m o n p a g e 380.
[PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 6
59 .
BUStNESS F o r t h e 12 y e a r s t h a t a g r o c e r y s t o r e h a s b e e n o p e n , its a n n u a i
r e v e n u e R (in m ii iio n s o f d o lla r s ) c a n b e m o d e le d b y t h e f u n c t i o n
on p. 383
for Exs. 5 9 -6 2
R = O .O O O K -f" + 12 f3 - 7 7 f2 + 6 001 + 13 ,6 50 )
w h e r e 1 is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e t h e s t o r e o p e n e d . I n w h i c h y e a r ( s ) w a s
t h e r e v e n u e $ 1 .5 m illio n ?
@Rome7ufor
60.
ENVIRONMENT F r o m 1990 to 2003, t h e n u m b e r N o f i n la n d

la k e s in M i c h i g a n in f e s t e d w i t h z e b r a m u s s e ls c a n b e
m o d e le d b y t h e f u n c t io n
N = - 0 .0 2 8 l" + 0 .59 f3 - 2 .5 f2 + 8 .3 1 - 2 .5
w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1990. In w h i c h y e a r
d id t h e n u m b e r o f i n f e s t e d i n la n d la k e s f ir s t r e a c h 120 ?
@ W o m e 7 u to r
Pipe clogged with zebra musseis
PHYSIOLOGY A s t u d y g r o u p f o u n d t h a t a p e r s o n 's s c o r e 5 o n a s t e p - c l i m b i n g
e x e r c is e t e s t w a s r e la t e d to h i s o r h e r a m o u n t o f h e m o g lo b i n x (in g r a m s p e r
100 m i lli lit e r s o f b lo o d ) b y t h is f u n c t io n :
S = -0 .0 1 5 x 3 + 0.6x3 _ 2 4 x + 19
G iv e n t h a t t h e n o r m a l r a n g e o f h e m o g l o b in is 1 2 - 1 8 g r a m s p e r 100 m i l l il it e r s o f
b lo o d , w h a t is t h e m o s t l i k e ly a m o u n t o f h e m o g l o b in fo r a p e r s o n w h o s c o r e s 75?
6 2.
POPULATtON F r o m 1890 to 2000, t h e A m e r i c a n I n d ia n , E s k im o , a n d A le u t

p o p u la t io n P (in t h o u s a n d s ) c a n b e m o d e l e d b y t h e f u n c t i o n
P = 0.0035f3 - 0 .2 3 5 f2 + 4 .8 71 + 243
w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s i n c e 1890. I n w h i c h y e a r d id t h e p o p u la t io n
f ir s t r e a c h 72 2 ,0 0 0 ?
5 .7
Apply the Fundam ental T heorem of Algebra
385
63. * SHORT RESPONSE A 6 0 - in c h - lo n g b o o k s h e l f is w a r p e d u n d e r 180 p o u n d s o f

b o o k s . T h e d e f le c t i o n
o f t h e b o o k s h e l f (in in c h e s ) is g iv e n b y
= (2 .72 4 X 1 0 ^ )x " - (3.269 x l O ' ^ F + (9 gQg x 1 0 " " ) F

w h e r e x is t h e d i s t a n c e (in in c h e s ) f r o m t h e b o o k s h e l f 's le f t e n d . A p p r o x im a t e
t h e r e a i z e r o s o f t h e f u n c t i o n o n t h e d o m a in 0 < x < 60. E x p la in w h y a il y o u r
a n s w e r s m a k e s e n s e in t h is s it u a t io n .
6 4. ^ EXTENDED RESPONSE Y o u p ia n to s a v e $1000 e a c h y e a r t o w a r d s b u y i n g a
u s e d c a r i n f o u r y e a r s . A t t h e e n d o f e a c h s u m m e r , y o u d e p o s it $1000 e a r n e d
fr o m s u m m e r j o b s in to y o u r b a n k a c c o u n t . T h e t a b ie s h o w s t h e v a i u e o f y o u r
d e p o s it s o v e r t h e f o u r y e a r p e r io d . In t h e t a b ie , g is t h e g r o w t h f a c t o r 1 + r
w h e r e r is t h e a n n u a l in t e r e s t r a t e e x p r e s s e d a s a d e c im a l.
Year 1
Year 2
Year 3
Year 4
Vaiue of 1st deposit
1000
lOOOg
1000^2
1000^3
Value of 2nd deposit
1000
Value of 3rd deposit
1000
Value of 4th deposit
1000
a. Appiy C o p y a n d c o m p le t e t h e t a b le .
b. Mode) W r ite a p o iy n o m i a i f u n c t i o n t h a t g i v e s t h e v a iu e y o f y o u r
a c c o u n t a t t h e e n d o f t h e f o u r t h s u m m e r in t e r m s o f g.
c. Reasoning Y o u w a n t to b u y a c a r t h a t c o s t s a b o u t $4300. W h a t g r o w t h
f a c t o r d o y o u n e e d to o b t a i n t h i s a m o u n t ? W h a t a n n u a i in t e r e s t r a t e d o
y o u n e e d ? E x p la in h o w y o u f o u n d y o u r a n s w e r s .
MIXED REV!EW
Evalu ate th e d eterm in an t of th e m a trix , (p. 203)
*5
66.
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 5.8
in Exs. 70-75.
-9
2
1
2*
3
67.
-1
12
-6
- 1*
* 15
-9 *
10
-8
-7 _
68.
-2
69.
"-2
-3 *
-6
-4
70.
y = 2 (x + 5 )(x - 3) (p. 24?)
71. y = (x - 2 )(x - 9) (p. 24?)
72.
y = 5 ( x + l ) ( x + 9) (p. 24?)
73.
y = x3 - 5 x + 1 (p. 337)
74. y = x " - 16 (p. 337)
75.
y = x^ - 3 (p. 337)
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction in in te rce p t fo rm w hose grap h h as th e given

x -in tercep ts an d p asses th ro u g h th e given p oin t, (p. 309)
76. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 2 , 4
p o in t : (2, - 4 )
386
77. x - in t e r c e p t s : - 5 , - 1
p o in t : ( - 2 , 6 )
78. x - in t e r c e p t s : 2, 7
p o in t : (4, - 2 )
ONUNE QU)Z at ctasszone.com
C O Anatyze Graphs of
You graphed poiynomiai functions by making tabies.
You wii! use intercepts to graph poiynomiai functions.
So you can m aximize the voiume of structures, as in Ex. 4 2 .
Key Vocabuiary
* iocai m axim u m
In t h i s c h a p t e r y o u h a v e le a r n e d t h a t z e r o s , f a c t o r s , s o lu t io n s , a n d x - in t e r c e p t s
a r e c l o s e l y r e la t e d c o n c e p t s . T h e r e la t io n s h i p s a r e s u m m a r i z e d b e lo w .
* iocai m in im u m
CONCEPT SUM M ARY

Zeros, Factors, Soiutions, and in tercep ts
Let/(x) = o x" +
_ i*
n- 1 + -
Up be a poiynomiai function.
+ ( /X
The foliowing statements are equivaient.

Zero: k is a zero of the poiynomiai function /
F acto r: x - k is a factor of the poiynomiai /(x).
Soiution: k is a soiution of the polynomial equation /(x ) = 0.
x -in te rce p t: If k is a real number, k is an x-intercept of the graph of the
poiynomiai function / The graph o f/ passes through (k, 0).
EXAMPLE 1
Use x-in tercep ts to graph a poiynom iai function
G raph th e fu n c tio n /(x ) = ^ ( x + 3 )(x - 2)^.

S oiution
FfBP 7
Piot t h e i n t e r c e p t s . B e c a u s e - 3 a n d 2
a r e z e r o s o f / p io t ( - 3 , 0) a n d (2, 0).
Piot p o in t s b e t w e e n a n d b e y o n d t h e
x - in t e r c e p t s .
^7<FP J
-2
-1
1
2
3
1
Determine e n d b e h a v io r . B e c a u s e / h a s t h r e e f a c t o r s o f t h e f o r m x - k
a n d a c o n s ta n t fa c to r o f
it is a c u b i c f u n c t i o n w i t h a p o s it i v e le a d i n g
c o e f f ic ie n t . S o ,/ ( x ) - ? - a s x - * - a n d / ( x ) -> +oo a s x - > + .
-MXP 4
Draw t h e g r a p h s o t h a t it p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e p lo t t e d p o in t s a n d h a s t h e
a p p r o p r ia t e e n d b e h a v io r .
5 .8
Anaiyze Graphs o f Polynomial Functions
387
TURNtNG POtNTS A n o t h e r i m p o r t a n t c h a r a c t e r i s t i c o f g r a p h s o f p o ly n o m i a l
f u n c t i o n s is t h a t t h e y h a v e t u r n in g p o in t s c o r r e s p o n d in g t o l o c a l m a x i m u m a n d
m i n i m u m v a lu e s .
* T h e y - c o o r d i n a t e o f a t u r n i n g p o in t is a
local m a x im u m o f t h e f u n c t i o n i f t h e p o in t is
local
m axim um ^
h i g h e r t h a n a ll n e a r b y p o in t s .
* T h e y - c o o r d i n a t e o f a t u r n i n g p o in t is a
local m in im u m o f t h e f u n c t i o n i f t h e p o in t is
\ Jo c a l
minimum
lo w e r t h a n a ll n e a r b y p o in t s .
KEY CONCEPT
-
Turning Points of Polynom ial Functions
1. T h e g r a p h o f e v e r y p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n o f d e g r e e n h a s a t m o s t n - 1
^
II
A?/-
t u r n i n g p o in t s .
2. I f a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n h a s n d i s t i n c t r e a l z e r o s , t h e n its g r a p h h a s
-I
e x a c t ly n -
1 t u r n i n g p o in t s .
Find fu m in g points
G raph th e fu n ction . Identify th e x -in te rce p ts an d th e p oin ts w here th e
iocai m a xim u m s an d locai m in im u m s o ccu r.
a.
/ (x ) = x^ - 3x^ + 6
b. g ( x ) = x^ - 6x^
_ g
Soiution
a. U s e a g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to g r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n .
FiND MAXiMUMS
AND MINIMUMS
For help with using the

maximum and minimum
features of a graphing
calculator, see p. 244.
N o t ic e t h a t t h e g r a p h o f / h a s o n e x - i n t e r c e p t
a n d t w o t u r n i n g p o in t s .
Y o u c a n u s e t h e g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r 's
z e r o , m a x im u m , a n d m in im u m f e a t u r e s to
a p p r o x im a t e t h e c o o r d in a t e s o f t h e p o in t s .
F T h e x - i n t e r c e p t o f t h e g r a p h is x = - 1 .2 0 . T h e
f u n c t i o n h a s a l o c a l m a x i m u m a t ( 0 ,6 ) a n d a
l o c a l m i n i m u m a t ( 2 ,2 ) .
b. U s e a g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t o r to g r a p h t h e f u n c t io n .
N o t ic e t h a t t h e g r a p h o f g h a s f o u r x - in t e r c e p t s
a n d t h r e e t u r n i n g p o in t s .
Y o u c a n u s e t h e g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r 's
z e r o , m a x im u m , a n d m in im u m f e a t u r e s to
a p p r o x im a t e t h e c o o r d in a t e s o f t h e p o in t s .
F T h e x - in t e r c e p t s o f t h e g r a p h a r e x = - 1 . 1 4 ,
x = 0.29, x = 1.8 2 , a n d x = 5.0 3 . T h e f u n c t i o n
h a s a lo c a l m a x i m u m a t ( 1 .1 1 , 5 .1 1 ) a n d lo c a l
m i n i m u m s a t ( - 0 . 5 7 , - 6 . 5 1 ) a n d (3 .9 6 , - 4 3 . 0 4 ) .
A lg e b r a
388
Chapter 5
at classzone.com
1 ]
< 1 /
Maximum
X=0
Y=6
EXAMPLE 3
Maximize a potynomia! mode!
ARTS AND CRAFTS Y o u a r e m a k i n g a r e c t a n g u l a r b o x o u t o f a 1 6 - in c h - b y - 2 0 - in c h

p ie c e o f c a r d b o a r d . T h e b o x w i l l b e f o r m e d b y m a k i n g t h e c u t s s h o w n in t h e
d ia g r a m a n d f o ld i n g u p t h e s id e s . Y o u w a n t t h e b o x to h a v e t h e g r e a t e s t v o lu m e
p o s s ib le .
* H o w lo n g s h o u ld y o u m a k e t h e c u ts ?
* W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m v o lu m e ?
* W h a t w i l l t h e d i m e n s io n s o f t h e f i n i s h e d b o x b e ?
16 in.
Soiu tion
W r ite a v e r b a l m o d e l f o r t h e v o lu m e . T h e n w r it e a f u n c t i o n .
V o lu m e
L en gth
W id th
H eigh t
(cubic inches)
(inches)
(inches)
(inches)
#
=
(20
2% )
(16 - 2x)
= (320 - 7 2 x + 4x^)x
Multiply binomials.
= 4*3
7 2 j r + 320%
T o f in d t h e m a x i m u m v o lu m e , g r a p h t h e v o lu m e
f u n c t i o n o n a g r a p h i n g c a lc u la t o r , a s s h o w n a t t h e
r ig h t . C o n s id e r o n l y t h e in t e r v a l 0 < x < 8 b e c a u s e
t h i s d e s c r i b e s t h e p h y s ic a l r e s t r i c t io n s o n t h e s iz e
o f t h e fla p s .
< )
F ro m th e g ra p h , y o u c a n se e th a t th e m a x im u m
Maxi num
X=2. ?44950
v o lu m e is a b o u t 420 a n d o c c u r s w h e n x 2 .9 4 .
Y =420.1104
F Y o u s h o u ld m a k e t h e c u t s a b o u t 3 in c h e s lo n g .
T h e m a x i m u m v o l u m e is a b o u t 420 c u b i c i n c h e s . T h e d im e n s io n s o f t h e b o x
w i t h t h i s v o lu m e w i l l b e a b o u t x = 3 in c h e s b y x = 10 in c h e s b y x = 14 in c h e s .
GuiDED PRACTKE
G raph th e fu n ction . Identify th e x -in te rce p ts an d th e p oin ts w here th e locai

m a xim u m s and lo cai m in im u m s o ccu r.
1.
/ (x ) = 0 .2 5 (x + 2 )(x -
3.
7t(x) = 0.5x3 + ^.2 _
5.
l) ( x - 3)
+ 2
2.
g ( x ) = 2 (x -
l)2 (x - 4)
4.
/ (x ) = x^ + 3x3 _
- 4x - 5
WHAT iF? I n E x a m p le 3, h o w d o t h e a n s w e r s c h a n g e i f t h e p i e c e o f
c a r d b o a r d is 10 i n c h e s b y 15 in c h e s ?
5 .8
Analyze Graphs o f Polynomial Functions
389
HOMEWORK
KEY
5 8 EXERC!SES

A = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2,21,30, 32,33, and 43
< & = MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 42
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A l o c a l m a x i m u m o r l o c a l m i n i m u m o f a
p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t i o n o c c u r s a t a
p o in t o f t h e f u n c t io n 's g r a p h .
2. * WRtTtNG E x p la in w h a t a l o c a l m a x i m u m o f a f u n c t i o n is a n d h o w it m a y
b e d if f e r e n t f r o m t h e m a x i m u m v a l u e o f t h e f u n c t io n .
EXAMPLE 1
GRAPHING POLYNOMIAL FUNCTtONS G raph th e fu n ction .
on p. 387
for Exs. 3-14
4. / (x ) = (x + 1) (x - l) ( x - 3)
(x - 2) (x + 1)
1,
5 . g (x ) = - ( x - 5 )(x + 2 )(x - 3)
6. h (x ) = - ^ ( x + 4 )(x + 8 )(x - 1)
7 . h (x ) = 4 (x + l) ( x + 2 )(x - 1)
8. / (x ) = 0 .2 (x - 4 f ( x + l)^
9. / (x ) = 2 (x + 2 f ( x + 4 f
10. h (x ) = 5 ( x - l) ( x - 2 )(x - 3)
12. ir(x) = (x - 4)(2x^ - 2 x + 1)
1 1 . g (x ) = (x 3)(x^ + x + 1)
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in g ra p h in g ^

13. / (x ) = (x + 2 )(x - l)^
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 388
for Exs 15-30
14. / (x ) = x ( x - 3)3
ANALYZING GRAPHS E stim ate th e co o rd in ates of ea ch tu rn in g p oin t an d state

w heth er each co rresp on d s to a iocai m a x im u m o r a iocai m in im u m . Then
estim ate aii reai zero s an d d eterm in e th e ieast d egree th e fu n ction c a n have.
15.
16.
'y
!
17.
.X
V
\
/
\
Y7
-------.
18.
'y
JX
\/
390
Chapter 5
21. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h i c h p o in t is a l o c a i m a x i m u m o f t h e f u n c t i o n

/ (x ) = 0 .2 5 (x + 2 ) ( x - 1)3?
(g )
(g )
(- 2 ,0 )
( - 1 ,1 )
(B )
(1-0 )
(g )
( 2 ,1 )
GRAPHING CALCULATOR Use a grap h in g ca ic u ia to r to grap h th e p oiynom iai

fu n ction . Identify th e x -in te rce p ts an d th e p oin ts w here th e iocai m a x im u m s
an d local m in im u m s o ccu r.
22.
/ (x )
= 2x3 + 8 x ^ - 3
23. g (x ) = 0.5x3 _ 2 x + 2 .5
24.
h (x)
= -x ^ + 3 x
25. /'(x) = F - 4x3 + x^ + 2
26.
g(x)
= x'* - 3x^ + x
27. lr(x) = x"* - 5x'^ + 2x3 + x - 3
28.
h (x )
= x^ + 2x3 -
29. g (x ) = 0.7x^ - 8x3 +
17 x - 4
30. * MULTiPLE CHOiCE W h a t is a t u r n i n g p o in t o f t h e g r a p h o f t h e f u n c t i o n

g (x ) = x^ - 9x3 +
(g )
( - 3 ,0 )
+ 12?
(B )
( - 1 ,0 )
(g )
( 0 ,1 2 )
(D )
(2 ,0 )
31. REASONiNG W h y is t h e a d j e c t iv e lo c a l u s e d to d e s c r ib e t h e m a x i m u m s a n d
m i n i m u m s o f c u b i c f u n c t i o n s b u t n o t q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n s ?
32. -it SHORT RESPONSE D o e s a c u b ic f u n c t i o n a lto a y s, s o m e tim e s , o r n e o e r h a v e

a t u r n i n g p o in t ? J a s tl/ y y o u r a n s w e r .
33. it OPEN-ENDED MATH W r ite a c u b ic f u n c t i o n , a q u a r t i c f u n c t io n , a n d a f if t h d e g r e e f u n c t i o n w h o s e g r a p h s h a v e x - in t e r c e p t s o n ly a t x = - 2 , 0, a n d 4.
DOMAIN AND RANGE G raph th e fu n ction . T hen identify its d om ain an d ran ge.
34. / (x ) = x ( x - 3)3
36.
38.
/ (x ) = (x + l) 3 ( x -
35. / (x ) = x 3 (x - 2 )(x - 4 )(x - 5)

1)
37. /(x ) = (x + 2 )(x + l) ( x - l) 3 ( x - 2)3
CHALLENGE I n g e n e r a l, w h a t c a n y o u s a y a b o u t t h e d o m a in a n d r a n g e o f
o d d - d e g r e e p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n s ? W h a t c a n y o u s a y a b o u t t h e d o m a in a n d
r a n g e o f e v e n - d e g r e e p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t io n s ?
^ PRORLFM
PROBLEM SOLV!NC
SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 389
for Exs. 39-40
In E xercises 3 9 and 4 0 , assu m e th a t th e b o x is co n stru cte d using th e m eth od

illu strated in E xam p le 3 on page 3 8 9 .
39.
POSTCARDS M a r c ie w a n t s to m a k e a b o x to h o ld h e r p o s t c a r d c o ll e c t i o n
fr o m a p ie c e o f c a r d b o a r d t h a t is 10 in c h e s b y 18 in c h e s . W h a t a r e t h e
d i m e n s io n s o f t h e b o x w i t h t h e m a x i m u m v o lu m e ? W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m
v o lu m e o f t h e b o x ?
@ H o fn e 7 u to r
40.
COIN COLLECTiON f o r g e is m a k i n g a b o x fo r h is c o in c o l l e c t i o n f r o m a
p ie c e o f c a r d b o a r d t h a t is 30 c e n t im e t e r s b y 40 c e n t im e t e r s . W h a t a r e t h e
d im e n s i o n s o f t h e b o x w i t h t h e m a x i m u m v o lu m e ? W h a t is t h e m a x im u m
v o lu m e o f t h e b o x ?
@ H o m e 7 u fO f
fo r problem solvin g help a t cla ssz o n e.co m
5.8
Analyze Graphs of Polynomial Functions
391
T l^ SWtMMING F o r a s w im m e r d o in g t h e b r e a s t s t r o k e , t h e f u n c t i o n
5 = - 2 4 l f + 10 60fS - i8 7 0 fS + I650f^ - 7 3 7 ^ + 144f^ - 2 .4 3 f
m o d e is t h e s w i m m e r 's s p e e d S (in m e t e r s p e r s e c o n d ) d u r in g o n e c o m p ie t e
s tr o k e , w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f s e c o n d s s in c e t h e s t a r t o f t h e s tr o k e . G r a p h
t h e f u n c t io n . A c c o r d i n g to t h e m o d e l, a t w h a t t im e d u r i n g t h e s t r o k e is t h e
s w i m m e r g o in g t h e fa s te s t?
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS Y o u h a v e 600 s q u a r e f e e t o f m a t e r ia l fo r

b u i l d i n g a g r e e n h o u s e t h a t is s h a p e d lik e h a l f a c y lin d e r .
a. Writing an Expression T h e s u r f a c e a r e a 5 o f t h e g r e e n h o u s e is
g iv e n b y S = 777*2 + ^
e x p r e s s io n fo r
S u b s t it u t e 600 fo r S a n d t h e n w r it e a n
F in t e r m s o f r.
b. Writing a Function T h e v o iu m e V o f t h e g r e e n h o u s e is g iv e n
by V =
W r ite a n e q u a t i o n t h a t g iv e s V a s a p o iy n o m i a i
fu n c t io n o f r a lo n e .
c. Graphing a Function G r a p h t h e v o l u m e f u n c t i o n f r o m p a r t (b).
W h a t a r e t h e d im e n s io n s r a n d F t h a t m a x i m i z e t h e v o lu m e
o f t h e g r e e n h o u s e ? W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m v o lu m e ?
43. * EXTENDED RESPONSE F r o m 19 60 to 2001, t h e n u m b e r o f s t u d e n t s S (in
t h o u s a n d s ) e n r o l le d in p u b li c s c h o o ls in t h e U n it e d S t a te s c a n b e m o d e le d
b y S = 1.6 4 x3 - 102x3 + ly iQ ^ + 36,300 w h e r e x is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s
s in c e 1960 .
a. G r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n .
b. I d e n t if y a n y t u r n i n g p o in t s o n t h e d o m a in 0 < x < 4 1. W h a t r e a l- lif e
m e a n in g d o t h e s e p o in t s h a v e ?
c. W h a t is t h e r a n g e o f t h e f u n c t i o n fo r t h e d o m a in 0 < x < 4 1?
44. CHALLENGE A c y l in d e r is i n s c r i b e d in a s p h e r e o f r a d iu s 8. W r ite a n
e q u a t io n fo r t h e v o lu m e o f t h e c y l in d e r a s a f u n c t i o n o f h. F in d t h e
v a l u e o f h t h a t m a x i m i z e s t h e v o lu m e o f t h e in s c r i b e d c y lin d e r .
W h a t is t h e m a x im u m v o lu m e o f t h e c y lin d e r ?
M tXED R EV !EW
The variab les x and y v a ry d irectly. W rite a n eq u ation th a t re la te s x an d y. (p. 107)
PREV!EW
Prepare for
Lesson 5.9
in Exs. 51-54.
45.
x = 1, y = 5
46. x =
-2 , y = 8
47. x = 3, y = - 5
48.
x = 4, y = 6
49. x =
5, y = 2
50. x = - 1 2 , y = 4
W rite a q u ad ratic fu n ction w hose grap h h as th e given ch a ra c te ris tics , (p. 309)
51.
v e r t e x : (5, 4); p a s s e s t h r o u g h : ( 3 ,1 2 )
52. v e r t e x : (4, - 6 ) ; p a s s e s t h r o u g h : (2, 3)
53.
p a s s e s t h r o u g h : ( - 3 , 12 ), ( - 2 , 3 ), (1, 0)
54. p a s s e s t h r o u g h : ( - 2 , 19 ), (2, - 5 ) , (4, - 1 1 )
Sim plify th e exp ression . Tell w hich p ro p erties o f exp on en ts you used. (p. 330)
55. (32x3)5
59.
56. (x2y4)*t
60.
3x2y
12 x y
392
,-r
57. (xy3)(.xf2y)-3
(x y3 )(x 2y) 3
61.
8 xy
7x5y
7x"
4y
58.
62.
4 x 3y
5x3y? j3
25x2y"j
ONUNE QUtZ at ctasszone.com
59
Write Poiynomiai
H E B E a *
You w rote linear and quadratic functions.

You wii! write higher-degree poiynomiai functions.
So you can mode) iaunch speed, as in Exampie 4.
Key Vocabuiary
Y o u k n o w t h a t t w o p o in t s d e t e r m in e a l i n e a n d t h a t t h r e e p o in t s d e t e r m in e a
<finite differences
p a r a b o la . I n E x a m p le 1, y o u w i l l s e e t h a t f o u r p o in t s d e t e r m in e t h e g r a p h o f a
c u b i c f u n c t io n .
W rite a cubic function

W rite th e cu b ic fu n ction w hose grap h is show n.
S oiution
7
Use t h e t h r e e g iv e n x - in t e r c e p t s to w r it e t h e
f u n c t i o n in f a c t o r e d f o r m .
/ M = n(x + 4 )(x - l)(x - 3)

Find t h e v a l u e o f a b y s u b s t i t u t in g t h e
c o o r d in a t e s o f t h e f o u r t h p o in t .
- 6 = n (0 + 4 )(0 - 1)(0 - 3)
6 = 12r:
F T h e fu n c tio n i s / M
= " i y f x + 4 )(x - l ) ( x - 3 ).
C h e c k t h e e n d b e h a v io r o f / T h e d e g r e e o f / i s o d d a n d a < 0.
S o/M -> + = a sx -> -o o an d /M
as x
+o, w h i c h m a t c h e s
th e grap h . /
F!N)TE DEFERENCES I n E x a m p le 1, y o u f o u n d a f u n c t i o n g i v e n its g r a p h .

F u n c t io n s c a n a ls o b e w r it t e n f r o m a s e t o f d a t a u s i n g / m it e d iffe r e n c e s .
W h e n t h e x - v a lu e s i n a d a t a s e t a r e e q u a l l y s p a c e d , t h e d i f f e r e n c e s o f c o n s e c u t i v e
y - v a lu e s a r e c a l l e d finite d ifferences. F o r e x a m p le , s o m e f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s fo r
t h e f u n c t i o n / M = x^ a r e s h o w n b e lo w .
/d )
/( 3 )
/(4 )
vatu esof/(x)for
equaiiy-spacedx-vaiues
4 -1 = 3
9 -4 = 5
16- 9 = 7
Finitedifferences
T h e f i n it e d if f e r e n c e s a b o v e a r e c a l le d / i r s i- o r d e r d iffe r e n c e s . Y o u c a n a ls o
c a l c u l a t e h ig h e r - o r d e r d if f e r e n c e s , a s s h o w n in t h e n e x t e x a m p le .
5 .9
W rite Polynomial Functions and Models
393
Find finite differences
EXAMPLE 2
The first five tria n g u la r n u m b ers a re show n below. A fo rm u la for th e nth

tria n g u la r n u m b er i s /( n ) =
+ n ). Show th a t th is fu n ction has
co n stan t seco n d -o rd er differences.
W
WW
*
WW
WWW
*
WW
WWW
wwww
/<1) = 1
/<2) = 3
/(3) = 6
/(4) = 10
*
* *
WWW
wwww
www ww
/(5) = 15
Soiu tion
W r ite t h e f ir s t s e v e r a l t r i a n g u l a r n u m b e r s . F in d t h e f ir s t - o r d e r d i f f e r e n c e s
b y s u b tr a c tin g c o n s e c u tiv e tr ia n g u la r n u m b e rs . T h e n fin d th e s e c o n d -o rd e r
d if f e r e n c e s b y s u b t r a c t i n g c o n s e c u t i v e f ir s t - o r d e r d i f f e r e n c e s .
/(I )
1
/( 2 )
3
2
/( 3 )
6
3
/(4 )
10
4
/( 5 )
15
/( 6 )
21
5
1
/( 7 )
28
Write function vaiues for

equally-spaced n-vaiues.
First-order differences
Second-order differences
^ E a c h s e c o n d - o r d e r d if f e r e n c e is 1, s o t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r d i f f e r e n c e s a r e c o n s t a n t .
CU1DEO PRACTKE
W rite a cubic fu n ction w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h th e given points.

1.
( - 4 , 0), (0. 10). (2, 0), (5, 0)
2. ( - 1 , 0), (0, - 1 2 ) , (2, 0), (3, 0)
3.
( 3 GEOMETRY S h o w t h a t / ( n ) = y u ( 3 n - 1), a f o r m u la fo r t h e n th
p e n t a g o n a l n u m b e r , h a s c o n s t a n t s e c o n d - o r d e r d if f e r e n c e s .
PROPERTIES OF FINITE DEFERENCES In E x a m p le 2, n o t ic e t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n h a s

d e g r e e t w o a n d t h a t t h e s e c o n d - o r d e r d i f f e r e n c e s a r e c o n s t a n t . T h is illu s t r a t e s
t h e fir s t o f t h e f o il o w i n g t w o p r o p e r t ie s o f f i n i t e d i f f e r e n c e s .
T h e s e c o n d p r o p e r t y o f f in it e d if f e r e n c e s a l lo w s y o u to w r i t e a p o ly n o m i a l
f u n c t i o n t h a t m o d e ls a s e t o f e q u a l l y - s p a c e d d a t a .
394
Chapter 5
Poiynom iais and Poiynomiai Functions
Mode! with finite differences
EXAMPLE
The first seven tria n g u ia r p y ra m id a l n u m b ers a re show n below. Find a

p olynom ial fu n ction th a t gives th e n th tria n g u ia r p yram id al num ber.
/(1) = 1
/(2) = 4
/<3) = 10
/(4) = 20
/<5) = 35
/(7) = 84
/<6) = 56
Solu tion
B e g in b y f in d in g t h e f in it e d if f e r e n c e s .
/(I)
/(2 )
/ (3 )
6
\
/(4 )
10
/
/
1
/ (5 )
/(6 )
/ (7 )
35
56
84
20
10
15
21
/ \ / \ / \
4
5
6
\ / \ / \ /
1
1
1

equaiiy-spaced n-vaiues.
28
/
7
Third-order differences
B e c a u s e t h e t h ir d - o r d e r d if f e r e n c e s a r e c o n s t a n t , y o u k n o w t h a t t h e n u m b e r s c a n
b e r e p r e s e n t e d b y a c u b ic f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m / ( n ) = an^ -F bn^ + c n + d.
B y s u b s t i t u t in g t h e fir s t f o u r t r i a n g u i a r p y r a m i d a i n u m b e r s in t o t h e f u n c t io n ,
y o u o b t a i n a s y s t e m o f f o u r iin e a r e q u a t i o n s in f o u r v a r ia b ie s .
a (l)3 -P b ( lf + c ( l ) + d = l
a +
a(2 )^ + b(2)^ + c(2 ) + d = 4
REVIEW SYSTEMS
For help with using
matrices to solve linear
systems, see p. 210.
8a +
b-F
c + d = l
4b + 2c + d = 4
a ( 3 f + b ( 3 f + c(3 ) + d = 10
27a + 9b + 3c + d = 1 0
a (4 )3 + b ( 4 r + c(4) + d = 20
6 4 a -F 16 b + 4 c + d = 20
W r ite t h e l i n e a r s y s t e m a s a m a t r i x e q u a t i o n A X = B . E n te r t h e m a t r i c e s A a n d B
in to a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia t o r , a n d t h e n c a l c u l a t e t h e s o iu t io n X = A ^ B .
27
64
16
EA3-1EB3
EE. 1 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 3
E. 5
3
I
E . 3 3 3 3 3 3 33 3 3 3 3
E0
33
<2
1 1 1 1
10
20
[d
B
CaicuiateX = A^B.
ll
b =
i .'
a n d d = 0. S o , t h e n t h t r i a n g u l a r
p y r a m i d a i n u m b e r is g iv e n b y / ( a ) =
GUIDED PRACTKE
+ -^n^ + ^ n .
fo r E xam p ie 3
4. U s e f in it e d if f e r e n c e s to
f in d a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n
t h a t fit s t h e d a t a in t h e
/(*)
15
22
21
-2 9
t a b le .
5 .9
W rite Polynom ial Functions and Models
395
CUBK REGRESSiON In E x a m p le s 1 a n d 3, y o u f o u n d a c u b i c m o d e l t h a t e x a c t ly fits

a s e t o f d a t a p o in t s . I n m a n y r e a l- lif e s it u a t io n s , y o u c a n n o t f i n d a s im p le m o d e l
to fit d a t a p o in t s e x a c t ly . I n s t e a d , y o u c a n u s e t h e re g r e s s io n f e a t u r e o f a g r a p h in g
c a lc u l a t o r to f in d a n n t h - d e g r e e p o l y n o m i a l m o d e l t h a t b e s t f it s t h e d a ta .
Sotve a m u)ti-step prob!em

SPACE EXPLORATION T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e t y p i c a l s p e e d y (in f e e t p e r s e c o n d )
o f a s p a c e s h u t t le x s e c o n d s a f t e r la u n c h . F in d a p o ly n o m i a l m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
U s e t h e m o d e l to p r e d i c t t h e t im e w h e n t h e s h u t t le 's s p e e d r e a c h e s 440 0 f e e t p e r
s e c o n d , a t w h i c h p o in t it s b o o s t e r r o c k e t s d e t a c h .
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
202.4
463.3
748.2
979.3
1186.3
1421.3
1795.4
2283.5
Solu tion
7 Enter t h e d a t a in t o a g r a p h in g
.fTBPB Use c u b i c r e g r e s s io n to o b t a in
c a lc u l a t o r a n d m a k e a s c a t t e r p lo t.
t h i s p o ly n o m i a l m o d e l:
T h e p o in t s s u g g e s t a c u b i c m o d e l.
y = 0.00650x3 _ Q.739x2 + 49 Qx - 2 3 6
Cubi cReg
y=ax3+bx2+cx+d
a = .0065012626
b = - . 7393668831
c=48.95620491
d = -2 3 5 .8857143
.
*
- *
............................. ....
L
ANOTHER WAY
t
J
F7BP<? Check t h e m o d e l b y
^7BP4 Graph t h e m o d e l a n d
g r a p h in g it a n d t h e d a t a in t h e
y = 440 0 i n t h e s a m e v i e w in g
s a m e v i e w in g w in d o w .
w in d o w . U s e t h e in te rs e c t f e a t u r e .
You can also find the

value of x for which
y = 4400 by subtracting
4400 from the right
side of the cubic model,
graphing the resulting
function, and using the
zero feature to find the
graph's x-intercept.
^ T h e b o o s t e r r o c k e t s d e t a c h a b o u t 106 s e c o n d s a f t e r la u n c h .
Algebra
at dasszone.com
GuiDED PRACTKE
for E xam p le 4
Use a grap h in g ca lc u la to r to find a p oiynom iai fu n ction th a t fits th e d a ta .

5. r
X
/< X )
396
Chapter 5
]' 1
13
17
11
11
56
....... .
g_
10
/(X )
15
69
98
87
HOMEWORK
KEY
5 9 EXERC!SES
Exs. 2, 10,22, 23, and 28
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : W h e n t h e x - v a lu e s in a d a t a s e t a r e
e q u a l l y s p a c e d , t h e d if f e r e n c e s o f c o n s e c u t i v e y - v a lu e s a r e c a l l e d
? .
2. i f WRITING D e s c r ib e f ir s t - o r d e r d if f e r e n c e s a n d s e c o n d - o r d e r d if f e r e n c e s .
EXAMPLE 1
WRITING CUBIC FUNCTIONS W rite th e cu b ic fu n ction w hose grap h is show n.
on p. 393
for Exs. 3 -11
CUBIC MODELS W rite a cu b ic fu n ction w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h th e p oin ts.

6. ( - 3 , 0 ) , ( - l , 10), ( 0 ,0 ) ,( 4 , 0)
7 . ( - 2 , 0 ) , ( - l , 0 ) , ( 0 , - 8 ) , (2 ,0 )
8. ( - 3 , 0), (1, 0), (3, 2), (4, 0)
( T ) ( - 5 , 0), (0, 0), (1, - 1 2 ) , (6, 0)
10. if MULTIPLE CHOICE W h i c h c u b i c f u n c t io n 's g r a p h p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e p o in t s

( - 3 , 0 ) , ( - l , 0 ) ,( 3 , 0 ) , a n d (0, 3)?
(g )
/ (x ) = (x - 3 )(x + 3 )(x - 1)
(g )
/ (x ) = - 2 ( x - 3 )(x + 3 )(x -
1)
(B )
/ (x ) = - I ( x - 3 )(x + 3 )(x + 1)
(D )
/ (x ) = (x - 3 )(x + 3 )(x + 1)
11. ERROR ANALYSIS A s t u d e n t t r i e d to

1 = a (3 + 1)(3 - 2 ) (5 - 5)
w r it e a c u b i c f u n c t i o n w h o s e g r a p h h a s
x - in t e r c e p t s - 1 , 2, a n d 5, a n d p a s s e s
1 = -5 a
t h r o u g h (1, 3 ). D e s c r ib e a n d c o r r e c t t h e
e r r o r in t h e s t u d e n t 's c a l c u l a t i o n o f t h e
le a d i n g c o e f f i c i e n t a .
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 394
for Exs. 1 2 - 1 7
FINDING FINITE DIFFERENCES Show th a t th e n th o rd e r d ifferen ces for th e given

fu n ction o f d egree n a re n on zero an d co n sta n t.
12.
/(x ) = 5x3 _ iQ
15) /(x ) = 4x^ - 9x + 2

EXAMPLE 3
on p. 395
for Exs. 18 -2 1
13. /(%) = - 2 x ^ + 5x
14. /(x ) = x^ - 3x^ + 2
16. / (x ) = x3 - 4x^ - x + 1
17. /( x ) = 2x^ - 3x^ + x
FINDING A MODEL Use finite d ifferen ces an d a system of eq u ation s to find a

p oiynom iai fu n ction th a t fits th e d a ta in th e table.
18.
20.
-15
-2 4
-3 5
-10
40
98
/(X )
-3
- 8
/(X )
-12
-14
19.
21 .
5 .9
/(X )
11
14
-4
-2 5
-5 4
/(X )
14
27
41
53
60
W rite Poiynomia) Functions and Models
397
22. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W r ite t w o d if f e r e n t c u b ic f u n c t i o n s w h o s e g r a p h s

p a s s t h r o u g h t h e p o in t s ( - 3 , 0), ( - 1 , 0), a n d (2, 6).
23. ^ SHORT RESPONSE H o w m a n y p o in t s d o y o u n e e d to d e t e r m in e a q u a r t ic

f u n c t io n ? a q u in t ic ( f if t h - d e g r e e ) f u n c t i o n ? / M S ff/y y o u r a n s w e r s .
24. CHALLENGE S u b s t it u t e t h e e x p r e s s io n s A;, A* + 1, A; + 2 , . . . , k + 5 fo r x

in t h e f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = ax^ + hx^ + c x + d t o g e n e r a t e s ix e q u a iiy - s p a c e d
o r d e r e d p a ir s . T h e n s h o w t h a t t h ir d - o r d e r d i f f e r e n c e s a r e c o n s t a n t .
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 3
25.
(g y GEOMETRY F in d a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n t h a t g i v e s t h e n u m b e r o f
d ia g o n a ls d o f a p o ly g o n w i t h n s id e s .
on p. 395
for Ex. 25
Number of sides, n
Number of diagonais, d
14
20
@ M M n e 7 u fo r
EXAMPLE 4
__________________________
26. AVtATiON T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e n u m b e r o f a c t iv e p ilo t s (in t h o u s a n d s ) w it h

a ir lin e t r a n s p o r t l i c e n s e s in t h e U n it e d S t a te s fo r t h e y e a r s 19 9 7 to 2004. U s e
on p. 396
for Exs. 26-28
a g r a p h in g c a l c u la t o r to f in d a p o ly n o m ia l m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
Years since 1997, f
Transport p iio tsp
131
135
138
142
145
145
144
145
@ M )m e 7 u tW
(27!) MULTi-STEP PROBLEM T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e a v e r a g e U .S . m o v ie t ic k e t p r ic e

(in d o lla r s ) fo r v a r io u s y e a r s f r o m 19 8 3 to 2003.
12
16
20
3.15
3.91
4.21
4.35
5.08
6.03
Years since 1983, t

Movie ticket price, m
a. U s e a g r a p h in g c a l c u la t o r to f in d a p o ly n o m i a l m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
b. E s t im a t e t h e a v e r a g e U .S . m o v ie t ic k e t p r i c e i n 2010.
c . In w h i c h y e a r w a s t h e a v e r a g e U .S . m o v ie t ic k e t p r ic e a b o u t $ 4.50 ?
28.
* SHORT RESPONSE B a s e d o n d a t a c o l l e c t e d f r o m f r ie n d s ,
y o u e s t i m a t e t h e c u m u la t i v e p r o f it s (in d o lla r s ) a f t e r e a c h o f
s ix m o n t h s fo r t w o p o t e n t ia l b u s in e s s e s . F in d a p o ly n o m i a l
f u n c t i o n t h a t m o d e ls t h e p r o f it fo r e a c h b u s in e s s . W h ic h
b u s in e s s w i ll y ie l d t h e g r e a t e s t lo n g - t e r m p r o fit? W h y ?
Yard
work
Pet
care
398
Month, f
Profit, p
30
210
410
680
1070
Month, f
Profit, p
30
50
220
540
1010

on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
GEOMETRY T h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f r e g io n s R in t o w h i c h s p a c e c a n b e
29.
d iv id e d b y n i n t e r s e c t in g s p h e r e s is g i v e n b y R (n ) =
- ?/ +
Show
t h a t t h is f u n c t i o n h a s c o n s t a n t t h ir d - o r d e r d if f e r e n c e s .
30. CHALLENGE A c y l i n d r i c a l c a k e is d i v id e d in t o t h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f
p i e c e s p b y c p la n e s . W h e n c = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, a n d 6 t h e v a l u e s o f p (c ) a r e 2, 4,
8, 15 , 26, a n d 4 2 r e s p e c t iv e ly . W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m n u m b e r o f p i e c e s in to
w h i c h t h e c a k e c a n b e d iv id e d w h e n it is c u t b y 8 p la n e s ?
MIXED REV!EW
Draw a s c a tte r plot o f th e d a ta an d ap p ro xim ate th e b est-fittin g line, ip ?!3)
31.
32.
0.5
2.5
5.5
3.5
0.5
0.5
-4
-2
2.5
-2
-1
0.5
F a cto r the p oiynom iai.

34. 18x3 ^
36. 18x3 + 33^2 _ 30^ ^ 353;
37. 64x3 + 27 (p. 353)
38. 3x3 _ gg^.3 _ 2 2 5 x (p. 353)
40. 24x3 = = 6
41.
43. - x
42. 7x3 - 4 = 8
+ 16 = 5x
)!
O)
N)
][
39.
Soive th e equ ation , (p. 266)
Prepare for
Lesson 6.1
in Exs. 3 9 -4 4 .
Ui
PREViEW
35. 64x3 _ 1 4 ^ + gi ip 259)
_ 12 fp. 239)
33. x3 - 19x + 48 (p. 232)
44. 4 x -)- 3 = - 4 x
-- 12
+ 15
Q U !Z /O f Lessons 5 .7 - 5 .9
Find aii zero s o f th e p oiynom iai fu n ction , ip. 3791
1. / (x ) = x
- 4x
2.
- l l x + 30
/ (x ) = 2 x " - 2x3 - 4 9 F + 9 x + 180
W rite a p oiynom iai f u n c t i o n /o f ieast d egree th a t h as ra tio n a i coefficien ts, a

leading coefficien t o f 1, an d th e given zero s, ip 3791
-4, - 1 , 2
4.
4, l + i
5.
- 3 , 5, 7 + V 2
/ (x ) = 3 (x -
6. 1, - 2 i , 3 - V 6
G raph th e fu n ction , ip. 3871

7.
/ (x ) = - ( x - 3 )(x - 2 )(x + 2)
8.
9.
/ (x ) = x ( x - 4) (x - 1) (x -t- 2)
10.
l ) ( x + l ) ( x - 4)
/(x ) = (x - 3 )(x + 2 )3 (x + 3)3
W rite a cu b ic fu n ction w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h th e given p oin ts, ip. 3931
11.
13.
12. ( - 1 , 0 ) , ( 0 , 1 6 ) ,( 2 ,0 ) , (4 ,0 )
( - 5 , 0 ) , ( - 2 , 0 ) , ( 1 ,9 ) , (2 ,0 )
DRiVE-iNS T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e n u m b e r o f U .S . d r iv e - in m o v ie t h e a t e r s fo r
t h e y e a r s 19 9 5 to 2002. F in d a p o ly n o m i a l m o d e l t h a t fit s t h e d a t a . (p. 393)
Years since 1995,1

Orive-in movie theaters, D
848
826
815
750
737
667
663
634
ONHNE QU!Z at dasszone.com
399
MtXED REV!EW./Pr.Mî.M-g
STATE TEST PRACTtCE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 5 .6 -5 9
1. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM T h e v o l u m e o f t h e
r e c t a n g u l a r p r is m s h o w n is 180 c u b ic in c h e s .
6. EXTENDED RESPONSE Y o u a r e m a k i n g a
s c u lp t u r e t h a t is a p y r a m i d w i t h a s q u a r e
b a s e . Y o u w a n t t h e h e ig h t o f t h e p y r a m i d to
/ r
!
i
b e 4 in c h e s le s s t h a n t h e le n g t h o f a s id e o f t h e
b a s e . Y o u w a n t t h e v o lu m e o f t h e s c u l p t u r e to
.....
+ 1
x+ 5
b e 200 c u b i c in c h e s .
a . L e t x r e p r e s e n t t h e l e n g t h (in in c h e s ) o f a
s id e o f t h e s c u l p t u r e 's b a s e . D r a w a d ia g r a m
a. W r ite a p o ly n o m i a l e q u a t io n t h a t y o u c a n
u s e to f in d t h e v a lu e o f x .
b. I d e n t if y t h e p o s s ib le r a t i o n a l s o lu t io n s
o f t h e e q u a t i o n in p a r t (a).
c. U s e s y n t h e t i c d iv is io n to f in d a r a t io n a l
o f t h e s c u l p t u r e , a n d la b e l t h e d im e n s i o n s
in te r m s o f x.
b. W r it e a f u n c t i o n t h a t g iv e s t h e v o lu m e V o f
t h e s c u l p t u r e in t e r m s o f x .
c. G r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n in p a r t (b ). U s e t h e
s o lu t io n o f t h e e q u a t io n . S h o w t h a t n o o t h e r
g r a p h to e s t i m a t e t h e v a l u e o f x fo r t h e
r e a l s o lu t io n s e x is t .
s c u lp tu r e .
d. W h a t a r e t h e d im e n s i o n s o f t h e p r is m ?
d. W r ite a n d s o lv e a n e q u a t io n to f in d t h e
v a lu e o f x . C o m p a re y o u r a n s w e r w ith
2 . MULTt-STEP PROBLEM Y o u w a n t to m a k e a n
o p e n b o x f r o m a p i e c e o f c a r d b o a r d to h o ld
y o u r e s t im a t e f r o m p a r t (c). W h a t a r e t h e
d im e n s io n s o f t h e s c u lp t u r e ?
y o u r s c h o o l s u p p lie s . T h e b o x w i l l b e f o r m e d
u s in g t h e m e t h o d d e s c r i b e d in E x a m p le 3 o n
7 . SHORT RESPONSE Y o u r f r ie n d h a s s t a r t e d a
p a g e 389. T h e o r i g i n a l p ie c e o f c a r d b o a r d is
g o l f c a d d y i n g b u s in e s s . T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e
20 in c h e s b y 30 in c h e s .
p r o f it p (in d o lla r s ) o f t h e b u s in e s s in t h e
a . W r ite a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n fo r t h e
f ir s t 5 m o n t h s . U s e f in it e d if f e r e n c e s t o f in d a
v o lu m e o f t h e b o x .
b. G r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n in p a r t (a).
c. W h a t a r e t h e d im e n s io n s o f t h e b o x w i t h
t h e m a x i m u m v o lu m e ?
p o ly n o m i a l m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a . T h e n u s e t h e
m o d e l to p r e d ic t t h e p r o f it w h e n f = 7.
Month, t
Profit, p
22
56
d. W h a t is t h e m a x i m u m v o lu m e o f t h e b o x ?
3. GR!DDED ANSWER F r o m 1980 to 2002, t h e
8. SHORT RESPONSE T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e a v e r a g e
n u m b e r R (in t h o u s a n d s ) o f r e t ir e e s r e c e iv in g
r e la t i o n s h ip b e t w e e n le n g t h (in in c h e s ) a n d
S o c ia l S e c u r it y b e n e f it s c a n b e m o d e le d b y t h e
w e ig h t (in p o u n d s ) fo r a n a lli g a t o r a s it g r o w s .
fu n c tio n
U s e a g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t o r to f i n d a p o ly n o m i a l
m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a .
R = 0.629f3 - 27.8f2 + 7 4 4 f + 19,600

w h e r e f is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1980.
In w h ic h y e a r w a s t h e n u m b e r o f r e t ir e e s
r e c e iv in g S o c ia l S e c u r it y b e n e f it s a b o u t
26,900,000?
4. OPEN-ENDED W r ite a p o ly n o m i a l f u n c t i o n w it h
re a l c o e ffic ie n ts th a t h a s d e g re e 4 a n d z e r o s
- 2 ,1 , and 4 - L
5. OPEN-ENDED W r ite a p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t i o n
w i t h r a t io n a l c o e f f ic ie n t s t h a t h a s 16 p o s s ib le
Length
Weight
12
0.2
24
0.7 4
36
8.6
48
17.7
54
28.0
60
39.6
66
45.4
72
49.6
r a t io n a l z e r o s a c c o r d i n g to t h e r a t i o n a l z e r o
t h e o r e m , b u t h a s n o a c t u a l r a t io n a l z e r o s .
400
Chapter 5
Poiynom iais and Poiynomia! Functions
CHAPTER SUMMARY
B fC /D M S
F t # /% e a ^
^ im a ts g A tg e b ra
ctasszone.com
fo r
Graphing Potynomia! Functions

T h e e n d b e h a v io r o f t h e g r a p h o f / ( x ) is
/ (x )
+00 a s x
a n d / (x )
+ e as x
+00
s o / ( x ) is o f e v e n d e g r e e a n d h a s a p o s it i v e
ie a d in g c o e f f ic ie n t .
T h e g r a p h h a s 3 t u r n i n g p o in t s , s o t h e d e g r e e o f
/ (x ) is a t /e ast 4 a n d / ( x ) h a s a t /e ast 4 z e r o s .
Perform ing Operations with Poiynomiais

Y o u c a n a d d , s u b t r a c t , m u it ip iy , a n d d iv i d e p o iy n o m ia i s . Y o u c a n a is o f a c t o r
p o ly n o m i a l s u s in g a n y c o m b in a t i o n o f t h e m e t h o d s b e io w .
Example
Factoring method
F ry
- 3 = (3x + i)( 2 x - 3)
General trinomial
6x3 - 7 x
Perfect square
trinomiai
x3 + 10 x + 2 5 = (x + 5)3
Difference of two
squares
x3 - 49
Common
monomiai factor
15x3 + g ^2 = 3x3 (Sx +
Sum or difference
of two cubes
8x3
Factor by grouping
x3 - 5x3
= (x + 7)(x - 7)
^ 2 7 = (2x - 3)(4x3 + 6x + 9)
+ g x - 45 = x3(x - 5) + 9(x - 5) = (x3 + 9)(x - 5)
Soiving Poiynomiai Equations and Finding Zeros

T h e t e r m s z e r o ,/ a c to r , n o ta tio n , a n d x - in t e r c e p t a r e c l o s e l y r e la t e d . C o n s id e r t h e
f u n c t i o n / ( x ) = 2x^ - x^ -
1 3 x - 6.
- 2 is a zero of/.
/(-2 ) = 2(-2)3 - (-2)3 - 13(-2) - 6 = 0
x + 2 is a factor of/(x).
2x3 - ^ - 13x - 6 = (x + 2)(x - 3)(2x + 1)
x = - 2 is a solution of
the equation/(x) = 0.
2(-2)3 - (-2)3 - 13(-2) - 6 = 0
- 2 is an x-intercept of
the graph of/.
Chapter Sum m ary
401
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ M M n e 7 iF to r
dasszone.com
*Multi-Language Glossary
R FW B V M EV yO G ^R U M R V
- scientific n o ta tio n , p. 33?
* sta n d a rd fo rm o f a
p o ly n o m ial fu n ctio n , p. 337
- p o ly n o m ial, p. 337
* p oly n o m ial fu n ctio n ,
* le a d in g co efficien t,
p. 337
* s y n th e tic substitu tion, p. 338
p. 337
- en d b eh av io r,
* fa c to r e d co m p letely ,
* d e g re e , p. 337
* c o n s ta n t term ,
p. 339
p. 337
p. 353
- f a c t o r by g ro u p in g , p. 354
- q u a d ra tic fo rm ,
p. 355
- p o ly n o m ial lon g division, p. 362

< sy n th e tic division, p. 363
- re p e a te d so lu tio n , p. 379
< local m axim u m ,
p.
388
- local m inim um , p. 388

- finite d ifferen ces,
p.
393
1. Copy and com p lete: At each o f its tu rn in g poin ts, th e graph o f a poiyn om iai
fu n ctio n has a(n) ? or a(n) ? .
2. WRITING E xplain how you ca n tell w h eth er a soiu tion o f a poiy n om iai
eq u ation is a repeated soiution w hen th e eq u atio n is w ritten in factored form .
3. WRITING E xplain how you ca n teli w h eth er a n u m b er is exp ressed in
scien tific n otation .
4. L e t / be a fou rth -d eg ree p oiyn om iai fu n ctio n w ith four d istin c t real zeros.
How m any tu rn in g p o in ts does th e graph o f/h a v e ?
RFM fW FX4MPLES 4/VD FXFROSFS

Use the review exam pies and exercises below to ch e ck your u n d erstan d in g o f
th e co n cep ts you have te a m ed in ea ch iesson o f C hap ter 5.
Use Properties of Exponents
p p .3 3 0 -3 3 5
S im p lify th e exp ressio n .

= M 3(y3)3^4
= x /y V
= x6+y
= x'y9
Simpiify exponent.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1, 2 ,3 , and 4
on pp. 3 3 0 - 3 3 2
E valu ate o r sim p lify th e expression . Tell w h ich p ro p erties o f exp o n en ts y o u used .
5. 2^ - 2^
for Exs. 5 - 1 2
s- f t f
402
Chapter 5
6. (3 ^ ( 33)
10 8 x 10?
*2X 103
7. (x-2ySp
8. (3x4y-2)-s
2X^5
11.
12.
16x3y-2
@ M )m e7u for
dasszone.com
Evaiuate and Graph Poiynomia! Functions
G raph the polynom ial fu n ction / ( x )
- 2 ^ + 3.
M ake a tab le o f values.
pp. 3 3 7 -3 4 4
-2
-1
/(X)
-1 3
12
Plot th e poin ts, co n n e ct th e p oin ts

w ith a sm o o th curve, and ch eck the
end behavior.
1(0, 3) 1
3)
(-h O )j*
T h e degree is odd and th e lead in g

co e fficie n t is positive, s o /(x ) - > -c o as
x
-o o a n d / M -+ +oo as x > +co.
EXERC!SES
EXAMPLES
5 and 6
on p. 340
for Exs. 13-16
Graph th e p olynom ial fu n ction .

15. /(x ) = x^ + 2x + 3
14. /(x ) = x3 - 4
13. /(x ) = -x ^
FISH CONSUMPTION From 1990 to 2002, th e am o u n t o f fish F (in m illio n s

o f pounds) cau g ht for h u m an co n su m p tio n in th e U nited States c a n b e
m odeled by
F = - 0 .9 0 7 ;" + 28.0f3 - 258f2 + 9 0 2 f + 12,700
where f is th e n u m ber o f years sin ce 1990. G raph th e fu n ctio n . Use th e graph
to estim ate th e year w hen th e am o u n t o f fish cau g ht first w as g reater th a n
14.5 M /io n pounds.
Add, Subtract, and Muitipiy Poiynomiais
p p .3 4 6 -3 5 2
P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eration .

a. (3x3 - 6F - 7x + 5) + (x3 + 8x + 3) = 3x3 + x3 - 6F - 7x + 8x + 5 + 3
= 4x3 - 6x2 + ^ + g
b. (x - 4)(2x2 - 7x + 5) = (x - 4)2x2 - (x - 4)7x + (x - 4)5
= 2x3 - 8x2 _
= 2x3 _
+ 2gx + 5 x - 20
+
g g x
_ 20
EXERUSES
EXAMPLES
1, 2 ,4 , and 5
on pp. 3 4 6 - 3 4 8
for Exs. 1 7 -2 0
P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n .

+ 3) + (^3 __
17.
(5x3 _
19.
(x - 6) (5x2 +
_ g)
4x)
18.
(x3 + 4x2 _ 3^ _ ^ 3 + J^.2 _ y)
20.
(x - 4 )(x + 7 )(5 x - 1)
Chapter Review
403
CHAPTER REV!EW
pp. 3 5 3 -3 5 9
F a cto r th e polynom ial com pieteiy.

a. F + 125 = F +
= (x + 5)(x2 - 5 x + 25)
Sum of two cubes
b. x3 + 5x^ - 9x - 45 = x2(x + 5) - 9(x + 5)
Factor by grouping.
= ( x 2 - 9 ) ( x + 5)
= (x + 3)(x - 3)(x + 5)
c. 3x" + 12x4 _ gg^.2 = 3 ^ 4 g. 4^.2 _ 32)
= 3x2(x2 - 4)(x2 + 8)
Factor trinomiai in quadratic form.
= 3x2 (x + 2 )(x - 2)(x2 + 8 )
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
2 , 3 , 4 , and 6
on pp. 354-356
for Exs. 21-24
F a cto r th e poiynom iai com pieteiy.

22. 2x3 _ 12^3 + iQ^.
21. 64x3 _
23. 2x3 _ 7^2 _ gx + 28
24. SCULPTURE You have 240 cu b ic in ch es o f d a y w ith w hich to m ake a

scu lp tu re shaped as a re cta n g u la r prism . You w ant th e w idth to b e 4 in ch es
iess th a n th e iength and th e height to b e 2 in ch es m ore th a n 3 tim es the
iength. W hat shouid th e d im en sio n s o f th e scu lp tu re be?
Appiy the Remainder and Factor Theorems
D iv id e/(x) = 4x^ + 29x3 + 4x2 _ 1^
p p .3 6 2 -3 6 8
+ 3 7 b y x + 7.
R ew rite th e divisor in th e form x - k. B eca u se x + 7 = x - ( - 7 ) , k =

-7
29
-14
37
-2 8
-7
21
-4 9
4
So,
4x ^
+ 29x3 +
4^2
x + 7
-3
-
i 4x +
37
-1 2
^3
4x3 + x2 - 3x + 7 -
12
x + 7*
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
1 ,3 , and 4
on pp. 362-364
for Exs. 25-32
Divide.
25. (x3 - 3x2
x - 10) - (x2 + 3x - 1)
27. (2x3 - 11x2 + ig x _ 44 ) ^ (x - 5)
26. (4x4 - 17x2 + 9x - 18) - (2x2 _ 2 )

28. (5x4 + 2 x 2 - ig x + 10)
(x + 2)
Given p oiy n o m iai /(x ) an d a facto r o f /(x ), fa c to r /(x ) com pieteiy.
404
Chapter 5
29. /(x ) = x 5x^ 2 x + 24; x + 2
30. /(x) = x3 - 11x2 + 14x + 8 0; x - 8
31. /(x ) = 9x3 _ gx^ - 4x + 4 ; x - 1
32. /(x) - 2x3 + 7^.2 _ gg^. _ ig. x + g
F ind a ii re a l z ero s o f / ( x ) = x^ + 6x^ + 5 x - 12.

T h e leading co e fficie n t is 1 and th e co n sta n t term is - 1 2 .
1
2
Possible ratio n al zeros: x = , .
+ 4,
Test th e se zeros using sy n th etic division. Test x - 1:

1
-12
12
12
1 is a zero.
You c a n w rite / ( x ) = (x - lK x^ + 7x + 12). F acto r th e trin o m ia l.

/(x ) = (x - lKx^ + 7x + 12) = (x - l)(x + 3)(x + 4)
T h e zeros o f / a r e 1, - 3 , and - 4 .
EXA M PLES
2 and 3
on p p . 'l l -372
for Exs. 33-34
EXERCISES
Find aii reai zero s of th e fu n ction .
34. /(x ) = 2x** - x^ - 42x3 ^ ^
33. /(x ) = x^ - 4x^ - l l x + 30
Apply the Fundamental Theorem of Algebra
pp. 3 7 9 -3 8 6
W rite a p oiynom iai f u n c t i o n /o f least d egree th a t h as ra tio n a l coefficien ts,

a ieading coefficien t o f 1, an d - 4 an d 5 + V2 as zero s.
B ecau se 5 + V2 is a zero, 5 - V2 m u st also b e a zero.
/(x ) = (x +
4) [x - (5 + V 2) ] [x - (5 -
= (x +
4) [ (x - 5) - V2 ][ (x - 5) +
= (x +
4)[(x - 5)3 - 2]
= x3 - 6x3 _
92
V 2) ]
W rite/(x ) in facto red form .
V2 ]
Regroup term s.
Muitipiy.
Muitipiy.
EXERCISES
EXA M PLES
3 an d 6
W rite a p olynom ial fu n ction / o f ieast d egree th a t h as ra tio n a l coefficien ts, a

leading coefficien t o f 1, an d th e given zero s.
on pp. 381-383
for Exs. 35-38
35. - 4 , 1, 5
36. - 1 , - 1 , 6, 3:
37. 2, 7, 3 - V5
38. ECONOMiCS For th e 15 years th at a com p u ter store h as b ee n open, its a n n u al

revenue R (in m illio n s o f dollars) c a n b e m odeled by
R = - 0 .0 0 4 0 / * + 0 . 088 /* - o.36f3 - o .55f + 5.8
where f is th e n u m b er o f y ears sin ce th e store opened . In w hat y ear w as th e
revenue first greater th a n $7 m illion ?
Chapter Review
405
CHAPTER REV!EW
Analyze Graphs of Polynomial Functions
p p .3 8 7 -3 9 2
Graph th e fu n c tio n /(x ) = %3 - 4 x + 2 . iden tify th e .e-in tercep ts an d th e

p oints w here th e iocai m a xim u m s an d locai m in im u m s o ccu r.
Use a graphing calcu lato r to graph th e fu n ctio n .
N otice th at th e graph has th ree x -in tercep ts and two
tu rn ing points. You ca n u se th e graphing calcu lato r's
zero, m axfm am , and aa'aim am featu res to
approxim ate th e co o rd inates o f th e points.
''''''''
M! *t ! ! t
Maximum
X = - 1 . 1 5 4 6 9 9 Y = 5 . 079201
T he x-in tercep ts o f th e graph are about - 2 .2 1 , 0.54,

and 1.68. T he fu n ctio n has a lo cal m axim u m at
(-1 .1 5 ,5 .0 8 ) and a lo cal m in im u m at (1.15, -1 .0 8 ) .
EXERC!SES
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 388
for Exs. 39-40
Use a graph in g ca icu ia to r to graph th e fu n ction . Identify th e x -in te rce p ts

an d th e points w here th e iocai m a x im u m s an d iocai m in im u m s o ccu r.
39.
/(x ) = -2 x 3 - 3 x 2 _ ^
40.
/(x ) = x^ + 3x3
8x + 2
Write Polynomial Functions and Models
Use finite differen ces an d a system

of eq uation s to find a poiynom iai
fu n ction th at fits th e d ata.
/(I)
/(2 ) /(3 ) /(4 ) /( 5 ) /(6 )
1
9 23
43
69 101
\ / \ /\
/\
/\ /
8
14
20
26
32
\ / \ / \ / \ /
p p .3 9 3 -3 9 9
/(X )
23
43
69
10 1

equally-spaced x-vaiues.
B ecau se th e second -ord er d ifferen ces are co n sta n t, th e d ata ca n b e represented

by a fu n ctio n o f th e form /(x ) = ax^ + hx + c. By su b stitu tin g th e first 3 d ata p oin ts
into th e fu n ctio n , you o b ta in a system o f 3 lin e a r eq u atio n s in 3 v ariables.
a (l)3 + h (l) + c = l
a(2)2 + &(2) + c = 9
a+
<+
a (3) ^ + b(3) + c = 23
&+ c = l
4 a + 2& + c = 9
9 a + 3& + c = 23
Solve th e system . T h e solution is (3, - 1 , - 1 ) , s o /(x ) = 3x^ - x - 1.
EXERCiSES
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 395
for Ex. 41
406
Chapter 5
41. Use fin ite d ifferences to find a

polynom ial fu n ctio n th at fits
th e data.
Poiynom iais and Poiynomia! Functions
/(X )
-6
-2 1
-4 0
-5 7
-6 6
-61
CHAPTER TEST
Sim piify the exp ression . Teil w hich p ro p erties o f exp on en ts you used.
2. (2x^y3)-
1. j r3 * j r2 * x - 4
3.
.- 4 \- 2
4.
3(xy)3
27x - 5y^
Graph th e p oiynom iai fu n ction .

6. /(x ) = x^ - 2x2 - 5x + 1
5. /(x ) =
7. /(x ) = x^ - x^ - 9
P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eration .

8.
_ g)
11. ( 3 x - 5 ) 3
10. (3x - 2)(x^ + 4 x - 7)

12.
9. (3x3 _ ^ 2 + 3^ _ g) _ (^2 + ^
(2x^ + 5x^ - 7x + 4) + (x^ - 3x^ - 4x)
13. (6x^ + 7x2 + ^
(3x^ - Mx^ + 16^ _ 22) - (x - 4)
(3^-2 - 3^ + 2)
_ ly)
F a cto r the p oiynom iai com pieteiy.

14. 8x3 + 27
16. x - 3 x - 4 x + 12
15. x" + 5 x ^ - 6
Find aii re a i zero s o f th e fu n ction .

18. /(x ) = 4x^ - 8x3 _ ig^2 ^ 23x - 6
17. /(x ) = x3 + x^ - 22x - 40
W rite a p oiyn om iai f u n c t i o n /o f ieast d egree th a t h as ra tio n a i coefficien ts, a

leading coefficien t of 1, an d th e given zero s.
21 . -3, - 1 , 1 - V5
20 . 6 , 2 :
19. - 1 , 3 , 4
22. 1 + 3:', 4 + VlO
Use a graphing ca ic u ia to r to grap h th e fu n ction , iden tify th e x -in te rce p ts

and th e p oin ts w here th e iocai m a x im u m s an d iocai m in im u m s o ccu r.
23. /(x ) = x3 - 5x2
3 ^. + 4
24. /(x) = x^ + 3x3 _ ^
Use finite differen ces an d a system of eq u ation s to find a p oiyn om iai fu n ction th a t
fits th e d ata in the tabie.
25.
/(X)
13
26.
/(X)
-7
-4
21
80
185
27. GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT In 2003, th e gross d o m estic prod uct (GDP)
of th e U nited States w as abou t 1.099 X 10^ dollars. T h e p o p u latio n o f th e
U.S. in 2003 w as about 2.91 X 10^. W hat w as th e per cap ita GDP in 2003?
28. TELEVISION From 1980 to 2002, th e nu m ber P (in m iiiions) o f households
in the United States w ith televisions and th e percen t P o f th ose househoids
w ith VCRs can b e m odeled by
P = 1.22x + 76.9
and
P = -0 .2 0 5 x 2 + 8 .3 6 x + 1.98
w here x is th e n u m ber o f years sin ce 1980. W rite a p o ly n o m ial m odel for

th e to tal n u m b er o f U.S. household s w ith b o th telev isio n s an d VCRs.
29.
GEOMETRY A rectan g u lar prism has edges o f lengths x, x + 2, and

2x - 3 inches. T he volum e o f the prism is 1040 cu bic inches. W rite a
polynom ial equation th at m odels th e prism 's volume. W hat are th e prism 's
dim ensions?
Chapter Test
407
+ * -* ^ " < T E S T P R E P A R A T )O M
S co rin g R u b ric
Fut! Credit
* solution is compiete
and correct
Partia! Credit
- soiution is compiete
but has errors,
or
* soiution is without
error but incompiete
No Credit
* no soiution is given,
or
- soiution makes no
sense
The expressions for the

dimensions are cleariy
explained.
P R O B L EM
T h e w idth o f a re cta n g u la r p rism is 2 m eters less th a n its ien gth , an d th e
height is 1 m eter iess th a n its w idth. T h e volum e o f th e prism is 30 cu b ic
m eters. Find th e d im en sio n s o f th e prism . E xp lain your reasoning.
Below a re sam ple solutions to th e problem . Read ea ch solution an d the

co m m en ts in blue to see why th e sam ple re p re se n ts full cred it, p a rtia l
cred it, o r no cred it.
SAMPLE 1: Full credit solution

Let th e iength o f th e prism b e x.
T he w idth is 2 m eters less th a n th e ien gth , so w idth = x - 2.
T he height is 1 m eter less th a n th e w idth, so h eigh t = (x - 2) - 1 = x - 3.
The voium e o f a re cta n g u ia r prism is th e product o f its length, w idth, and
height.
The equation is correct

and all steps are cieariy
shown.
The solution of the

equation is correct.
30 = x (x - 2)(x - 3)
Write equation.
30 = x(x3 - 5x + 6)
Muitipiy binomiais.
0 = x^ - 5x3 + g^ _ go
0 = x3(x - 5) + 6 (x - 5)
Factor by grouping.
0 = (x3 + 6)(x - 5)
T he only real solu tion is x = 5. T h e factor x3 + 6 does n o t prod uce any real
solutions.
Use su b stitu tio n to find th e d im en sio n s:
ien gth = x = 5 m eters

w idth = x - 2 = 5 - 2 = 3 m eters
height = x - 3 = 5 - 3 = 2 m eters
The prism is 5 m eters long, 3 m eters wide, an d 2 m eters high.
The dimensions are

correct.
SAMPLE 2 : Partia! credit soiution

Let ien gth = x, w idth = x - 2, and h eight = x - 3.
30 = x (x - 2) (x - 3)
The equation is correct.
0 = x^ - 5x^ +
_ gQ
0 = (x3 + 6)(x - 5)
x = :V 6 o r x = 5
Imaginary soiutions
shouid be discarded.
Dimensions are not given.
408
Chapter 5
x- 3

T he volum e o f a prism is th e ien gth cu bed .
*3 = 30
The equation is incorrect.
x = 3.11
T h e ien gth o f th e prism is 3.11 m eters.
The answer is incorrect.
PRACTICE
Appiy th e Scoring Rubric
Use th e ru b ric on page 4 0 8 to sco re th e soiution to th e p robiem beiow as

y ail credit, p a r tia l credit, o r no credit. E xp lain y o u r reason in g .
PROBLEM T h e volum e o f a sphere w ith radius r is given by th e fu n ctio n

V = ^ r r r T G raph th e fu n ctio n . T h en u se th e graph to e stim a te th e radius o f
a sphere w ith a voium e o f 750 cu b ic feet.
l.
The table shows th e volumes of spheres with radii from 0 t o 7 feet.

Only positive r-values make sense.
r
4 .1 6 9
33.51
113.1
266.1
5 2 3 .6
9 0 4 .6
1437
From th e graph, you can see t h a t th e

r-coordinate t h a t corresponds t o a
V-coordinate of 7 5 0 is about 5 .6 .
A sphere with a volume of 7 5 0 cubic fe e t
has a radius of about 5 .6 feet.
2.
The table shows th e volume V of a sphere with radius r.

r
10
10.67
6 5 .3 3
2 6 6 .0
6 8 2 .7
1333
The r-coordinate t h a t corresponds t o a

V-coordinate of 7 5 0 is 6 .2 , so th e radius
of a sphere with a volume of 7 5 0 cubic
fe e t is about 6 .2 feet.
409
T C $T P R A C T K E
SHORT RESPONSE
1. Sin ce 1960, th e nu m ber o f voters y (in m iiiion s)
in United States federal electio n s ca n be
m odeled by th e fu n ctio n
7. T he volum e o f th e re cta n g u la r prism

show n below is given by th e expression
2x3 + 5x3 _ ^
y = -0 .0 0 0 6 x 3 + 0.0383x3 + 0 .383x + 68.6

where x is th e nu m ber o f years sin ce 1960.
According to th e model, how m any m ore
people voted in 1980 th a n in 1960? Exp/am
your reasoning.
2 . Show two d ifferent ways to evaluate th e

polynom ial - 3 x ^ - 2x3 + 7 x 3 - 9 w hen
x = -4 .
3. W hat does th e graph o f th e polynom ial
fu n ctio n tell you about the sign o f th e leading
co efficien t, th e degree o f th e fu n ctio n , and the
num ber o f real zeros? Exp/am your reasoning.
Write a poly n o m ial in stand ard form th at

rep resen ts th e a re a o f th e b ase o f th e prism .
Show all o f your steps.
8 . From 1990 to 2003, th e n u m b er o f CD singles

(in m illio n s) sold in th e U nited States ca n be
m odeled by th e poly n o m ial fu n ctio n
y = O.OMx^ _ Q 40^4 + 3 3 ^ - 13^
+ 15^ + 1 2
w here x is th e n u m b er o f years sin ce 1990.

a. U se a g raphing ca lcu la to r to graph
th e fu n c tio n on th e d o m ain 0 < x < 13.
A ccording to th e m odel, in w hich y ear w ere
th e m ost CD singles sold?
4.
Since 1970, th e average fuel efficien cy E

(in m iles per gallon) for all v eh icles in th e
United States can be m odeled by th e fu n ctio n
E = - 0 .0 0 0 7 f3 + 0.0278f3 - o .0843f + 12.0
where f is th e nu m ber o f years sin ce 1970. Use a
graphing calcu lato r to graph th e fu n ctio n , and
identify any tu rn in g p o in ts on th e in terv al
0 < f < 30. W hat real-life m e an in g does a
tu rning p oin t have in th is situation?
5. C an you use th e ratio n al zero th eo rem to

find th e zeros o f th e polyn om ial fu n ctio n
/(x ) = 3x^ - 2x3
i gjj.2 _ g? E xplain why or
why not.
b. Do you th in k th at sales w ill co n tin u e to

follow th e m odel in d efinitely? E xplain your
reason in g.
9. Use fin ite d ifferen ces and a system o f
eq u atio n s to find a p olyn om ial fu n ctio n th at
fits th e d ata in ea ch table. T h en fin d /(x ) + g(x).
E xp lain all o f your steps.
X
/(X)
26
57
104
169
g(x)
-2
-2
12
52
130
258
6 . T he profit P (in m illio n s o f dollars) for a

m an u factu rer o f w inter co ats c a n be m odeled
by P = - x 3 + 3x3
^ jg rhe nu m ber
o f w inter co ats produced (in m illio n s).
Currently, the com p any produces 5 m illion
w inter coats and m akes a profit o f $25,000,000.
E xplain how th e com p any ca n m ake th e sam e
profit by producing a lesser n u m b er o f coats.
410
Chapter 5
10. T h e p op u lation o f th e U nited States in 1800

w as 5 .308 X 10^, an d th e land a re a w as
8.647 X h)3 squ are m iles. By 2000, th e
pop u lation had in crea sed to 2.814 x 10^, and
th e lan d area w as 3 .537 X 10^ squ are m iles. By
how m an y people per squ are m ile o f land did
th e p op u lation d ensity in crea se from 1800 to
2 0 00? E xplain your reasoning.
STATE TEST PRACTKE

d asszone.com
CR!DDED ANSWER
MULTIPLE CHOKE
11. W hich expression is equivalent to - ^ - ?
(A)
z -y
^-2
( B ) xyz
14. Given th a t p(x) is a poiy n o m iai o f d egree 6 and

p(x) is a p o ly n o m ial o f degree 3, w hat is th e
d egree o f th e p o ly n o m ial d efin ed by
3 - p(x) - 2 - <?(x)?
15. How m an y real zeros d oes th e fu n ctio n
/(x ) = 2 x^ + 3 x 3 _ ^ hayg?
x
^-3
3 1 -2
16. Evaluate th e exp ressio n ^) .

(C )
(x -y z 3 )3 (jr -'y 'z 3 )-4

17. W h at is th e value o f th e fu n ctio n
(x^yz)^
(B )
/(x) = 4x* - x3 + 2x3 _ 3
x = 4?
x y z **
12. W hat are ah th e reai solu tions o f th e eq u ation

^4 _ 125x?
(A) 0
(B )
0 ,5 ,- 5
(B )
(g )
0 ,5 1 ,- 5 1
0 ,5
18. T he graph o f a q u a rtic fu n ctio n is show n. How

m any im a g in a ry zeros does th e fu n ctio n have?
y
1
13. W h ich p oiynom iai fu n ctio n has - 1 , 3, an d - 4 :

as zeros?
(?)
/(x ) = x* - 2x^ + 13x3 - 3 2 x - 48
(g )
/(x ) = x" + 2 x 3
(g )
/(x)= x* -
(B)
/(x ) = x** + 2 x 3
2x 3_
^^.2 + 32 X _
19^.2+
32^ +
49^2 _ 32 ^. _)_ 4 g
1
19. U se th e ra tio n al zero th eo rem to d eterm in e
th e n u m b er o f possible ra tio n al zeros for the
fu n c tio n /(x ) = 15x* + 6x3 _ g ^2 _ ^
EXTENDED RESPONSE
20. You are m aking an open box to hold paper clips out o f a p iece of
card bo ard th a t is 5 in ch es by 8 in ch es. T h e b o x w ill b e form ed by
m ak in g th e cu ts show n in th e d iagram and folding up th e sides. You
w ant th e box to have th e greatest volum e possible.
x
!
I
I
t
!
a. Use a graphing caicu lato r to find how long you should m ake th e
cu ts. Explain your reason in g.
f =
b. W hat is th e m ax im u m volum e o f th e box?
5 in.
8 in.
c. W hat w ill th e d im ensions o f th e fin ish ed box be?

21. From 1980 to 2002, th e n u m ber o f hosp itals H in th e U nited States an d th e
average n u m b er o f h o sp ital bed s E in each h o sp ital c a n b e m odeled by
H = - 5 8 . 7 f + 7070
and
B = 0 . 0 0 6 6 ^ - 0 . 1 9 2 f 3 - o . l 7 4 f + 196
where f is th e nu m ber o f years sin ce 1980.

a. W rite a m odei for th e to ta l n u m b er o f h o sp ital bed s in U.S. h o sp itals.
b. A ccording to th e m odel, how m any b ed s w ere in U.S. h o sp itals in 1995?
c. How does th e m odel ch an g e if you w ant to fin d th e n u m b er o f h o sp ital
bed s in thousands? E xplain your reasoning.
411
Rauona! Exponents
and Radica! Functions
6.1 Evatuate nth Roots and Use R ationa! Exponents
6.2 App!y P roperties of Rationa! Exponents
6.3 P erform Function O perations and Composition
6.4 Use Inverse F u n ctio n s^

6.5 Graph Square Root and
Functions
6.6 So!ve Radica! Equa
Be/ore
In previous chapters, you learned th e follow ing skills, w hich you'll
use in Chapter 6: sim plifying expressions involving expon ents,
rew riting equations, and graphing p olyn om ial fu n ctio n s.
Prerequisite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
1. The sq u are ro o ts o f 81 are
and
2. In the expression 2^, the exp on en t is
? .
? .
3. For the polynom ial function w hose graph is shown,

the sign o f the leading coefficien t is ? .
SKILLS CHECK
Simplify the expression. iRev/ew p. 3 3 0 /o r 6.2J
3 2 x '3 /
24x"3y"2
3x
9y
(2 F y -3 )-3
Soive th e equation for y. ^Review p. 2 6 /o r 6.4J

7.
-2 x -5 y = 1 0
8. x - ^ y = - l
9. 8x 4xy = 3
Graph the poiynom iai function. fReviewp. 3 3 7 /o r 6.5J

10.
/(x ) = x3 - 4x + 6
11. /(x ) =
+ 7^2 + 2
@/VO Rlc7ufO f Prerequisite skiiis practice at classzone.com
12. /(x )
=x^ - 4x^ + ^
N on/
In C hapter 6, you w ill apply th e big ideas listed below an d review ed in th e
C hapter Su m m ary on page 465. You w ill also use th e key v o cab u lary listed below.
Big Ideas
Using ration ai e x p o n e n ts
^
P erfo rm in g fu n ctio n o p era tio n s and fin d ing in v erse fu n ction s
G raphing radicai fu n ctio n s and soiving radicai e q u a tio n s
KEY VOCABULARY
* nth root of a, p. 474

- index of a radicai, p. 474
* simpiest form of a radicai,
p. 422
tike radicais, p. 422

power function, p. 428
composition, p. 430
' inverse reiation,p. 438
' inverse function, p. 438

' radicai function, p. 446
' radicai equation, p. 452
W hy?
You can use a rad ical fu n ctio n to m odel th e tim e you are suspended in th e air during
a jum p. For exam ple, th e hang tim e o f a bask etbali player ca n b e m odeled by a radical
function.
A lgebra
T h e a n im atio n illu strated below for E xercise 60 on page 458 helps you an sw er th is
qu estio n : W hat is th e relatio n sh ip b etw een th e h eight o f a ju m p an d th e tim e th e
ju m p er is su spend ed in air?
! hang time of a jump depends on the

eight of a jump.
Choose several jump heights and see the

hang times plotted on a graph.
^gim o teg A ig eb ra at ciasszone.com

O ther an im ation s fo r C hapter 6 : p a g e s 431, 4 4 4 , 4 4 8 , a n d 4 6 5
Evatuate nth Roots and

Use Rationa! Exponents
You e v a lu a te d sq u a re ro o ts an d u sed p ro p e rtie s o f e x p o n e n ts .
You w!][ e v a iu a te nth ro o ts and stu d y ra tio n a i e x p o n e n ts .
S o you ca n find th e radius o f a sp h erica i o b je c t, a s in Ex. 6 0 .
Key Vocabuiary
' n th ro ot of a
*ind ex o f a rad ical
You ca n extend th e co n cep t o f a squ are root to o th er ty p es o f roots. For exam ple,
2 is a cu be root o f 8 b ecau se 2^ = 8. In general, for an in teger n g reater th a n 1, if
&" = a, th en h is an n th ro o t o f a . An n th root o f a is w ritten as V a w here n is th e
ind ex o f th e rad ical.
You ca n also w rite an nth root o f a as a pow er o f a . If you a ssu m e th e pow er o f a
pow er property applies to ra tio n al exp on ents, th e n th e follow ing is true:
(a *^ =
*2 = ^ = a
(a"3)s = a t"3 > -3 = a ' = a

( a " t = a ^ - 4 = a' = a
B ecau se a ^ is a n u m b er w hose squ are is a, you c a n w rite Va = a ^ . Sim ilarly,
V a = a ^3 and A/â = o ^ . in general, "â = a ^ " for an y in teg er n greater th a n 1.
K EY CONCEPT
y Rea! nth Roots of 0

Let n be an in teg er (n > 1) and let a b e a re al num ber.
n is an even integer.
"
^
n is an odd integer.
o<0
No real n th roots.
o<0
O ne real n th root: V a = a*^"
o = 0
One real nth root: V o = 0
o = 0
One real n th root: V o = 0
o>0
Two real n th roots: V a = a ^ "
o>0
One real n th root: V a = a ^ "
Find nth ro o ts
Find th e in d icated reai n th ro ot(s) of a .
a.
n = 3, a = - 2 1 6
b. n = 4, a = 81
S o iu tio n
a. B ecau se n = 3 is odd and a = - 2 1 6 < 0, - 2 1 6 h as one real cu b e root.
Because ( - 6 ) 3 = -2 1 6 , you ca n w rite ^ - 2 1 6 = - 6 or (-2 1 6 )^ 3 = - 6 .
b. B ecau se n = 4 is even and a = 81 > 0, 81 has two real fou rth roots.
B ecause 3^ = 81 and (-3 ) ^ = 81, you c a n w rite A/^Lt = 3 or 81 ^
414
Chapter 6
Rational Exponents and Radical Functions
= 3.
RATIONAL EXPONENTS A ratio n ai exp on ent does n ot have to b e o f th e form

O ther ratio n ai n u m bers su ch as ^ an d - y ca n aiso b e used as exp on ents. Two
p rop erties o f ratio n al exp on ents are show n below.
K EY CONCEPT
Rationa) Exponents
Let a ^ " be an a th root o f a, and let a? b e a positive integer.
a " a " = ( a ''" ) " '= ( V a ) ' "
j;
-m/n _
i;
1 _
1
.=
a 3^ 0
a " '"
(a "")"
(V b )"
EXAMPLE 2
Evatua te e x p ressio n s w ith ra tio n a) e x p o n en ts
E valu ate (a) 16^^ an d (b) 3 2 '3 's .
Soiution
Rationai Exponent Form
AVOiD ERRORS
a. 163'2 = (l6*'2)3 = 43 = 64
163'2 =
b. 32"3's = - J =
=
= i
23
32 3 /5
(32*'s) 3
32 - 3/5 -
^ EXAMPLE 3
Be sure to use
parentheses to enclose
a rationa] exponent:
9*(1/5) - 1.552.
Without them, the
calculator evaluates a
power and then divides:
9 *1 /5 = 1.8.
Radica) Form
= 43 = 64
1 _
32 3/5
_ 1 -
1
8
(^ 3 2 )'
A p p roxim ate ro o ts w ith a ca tcu ta to r
Expression
Keystrokes
Dispiay
a. 9,1/5
1.551845574
b. 12 3/8
2.539176951
c. (^ 7 )^ = 7'3/4
4.303517071
CuiDED PRACTiCE
for E xam p les 1 ,2 , and 3
Find th e in d icated re a i n th ro o t(s) of a .

1. a = 4, a = 625
2. a = 6, a = 64
3.
4. a = 5, a = 243
a = 3, a = - 6 4
E vaiu ate th e exp ression w ith ou t using a ca icu ia to r.

5. 4 5/2
6 . 9 - 1/2
7. 81 3/4
8 . 17/8
E valu ate th e exp ression using a ca icu ia to r. Round th e resu it to tw o d ecim al

p laces w hen ap p rop riate.
9. 4 2/5
1 0 . 6 4 -2/3
6.1
11. ( V l 6 f
12. ( V ^ 3 0 f
Evaluate nth Roots and Use Rational Exponents
415
Sotve eq u atio n s using nth ro o ts
Solve th e equ ation .

a. 4 F = 128
= 32
x = \' 32
Take fifth root of each side.
x = 2
Simpiify.
b. ( x - 3)4 = 21
AVOID ERRORS
When n is even and
o > 0, be sure to
consider both the
positive and negative
nth roots of a.
V 2l
Take fourth roots of each side.
x = t/2 T + 3
Add 3 to each side.
x = ^ 2 1 + 3 or x =
+ 3
x = 5.14 or x ^ 0.86
Write soiutions separateiy.

Use a caicuiator.
Use nth rootsîn p robtem sotving
EXAMPLE
BIOLOGY A s tu d y d e te rm in e d th a t th e
w e ig h t w (in g ra m s) o f c o ra l cod n e a r
P a la w a n Is la n d , P h ilip p in e s , can be
a p p ro xim a te d u s in g th e m o d e l
w = 0 .0 1 6 7 .f
w h e re f is th e c o ra l cod's le n g th
(in c e n tim e te rs). E s tim a te th e le n g th
o f a c o ra l cod th a t w e ig h s 2 0 0 g ra m s.
S o lu tio n
w = 0 .0 1 6 7 f
2 0 0 = 0 .0 1 6 7 .f
11,976 = F
^ 1 1 ,9 7 6
22.9
Write model for weight.

Substitute 200 for w.
Take cube root of each side.
Use a caicuiator.
F A c o ra l cod th a t w e ig h s 2 0 0 g ra m s is a b o u t 23 c e n tim e te rs long.
GuiDED PRACTKE
Solve th e equ ation . Round th e resu lt to two d ecim al p laces w hen ap p rop riate.
13.
16.
IF = 2
= 64
14. I F
512
17. (x - 2)3 = -1 4
15. 3x^ = 108

i s . (x + 5)** = 16
19. WHAT IF? U s e th e in fo rm a tio n fro m E x a m p le 5 to e stim a te th e le n g th

o f a c o ra l cod th a t h a s th e g ive n w e ig h t.
a.
416
Chapter 6
275 g ra m s
b. 3 4 0 g ra m s
c. 450 g ra m s
61
EXERCISES
HOMEWORK
KEY

*

Exs. 2 ,3 3 ,4 6 ,4 7 , and 65
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: In th e exp ression ^ 1 0 ,0 0 0 , th e
nu m ber 4 is called th e ? .
2. * WRITING E xplain how th e sign o f a d eterm in es th e n u m b er o f re a l fou rth
roots o f a and th e n u m b er o f reai fifth roots o f a.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 414
for Exs. 3 -2 0
MATCHiNG EXPRESStONS M atch th e exp ression in ra tio n a l exp on en t n otatio n

w ith th e equivalent exp ression in ra d ica i n otatio n .
3. 2 1/3
4. 2 3 / 2
5. 2 2 / 3
6 . 2 1/2
A. (V2)3
B. V2
C. ^ 2
D.
USiNG RATIONAL EXPONENT NOTATION R ew rite th e exp ression using ra tio n a i

exp on en t n otatio n .
7. ^ 1 2
8. ^ 8
( g ) ( W
10. (^ 1 5 )3
USiNG RADKAL NOTATiON R ew rite th e exp ression u sin g ra d ica i n otatio n .

11. 5
1/4
13. 14 2 / 5
12. 7 1/3
14. 2l9'4
F!ND!NG NTH ROOTS Find th e in d icated re a l n th ro o t(s) of a .

15. n = 2, a = 64
16. a = 3, a = 27
17. a = 4, a = 0
18. a = 3, a = 343
19. n = 4, a = - 1 6
20. n = 5, a = - 3 2
EXAMPLE 2
EVALUATiNG EXPRESSiONS E v alu ate th e exp ression w ith ou t using a ca lcu la to r.
on p. 415
for Exs. 21-33
21. ^ 6 4
2 7^3
29. ( ^ 1 6 ) ^
22 . 8 1/3
23. 16 3 / 2
24. ^ - 1 2 5
26. (-2 4 3 ) 1/5
27. ( V y
28. ( V - 6 4 ) '
30. 25 3 / 2
31. 64
-2/3
32.
81
- 3 /4
33. * MULTiPLE CHOKE W h at is th e vaiue o f 1 2 8 ^ ?
(A ) 8
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 415
for Exs. 3 4 -4 6
(B ) 16
(g )
32
(D )
64
APPROXiMATiNG ROOTS E vaiu ate th e exp ression using a ca icu ia to r. Round

th e resu it to tw o d ecim als p iaces w hen ap p rop riate.
34. f 3 2 ,7 6 8
35. ^ 1 6 9 5
36. ^ - 2 3 0
37. 85 1/6
38. 2 5 " '^
39. 20,736 1/4
40. ( ^ 1 8 7 ) '
41. ( V 6 ) ^
42. ( V = 8 ) "
43. 86 - 5 / 6
44. 1974^^
45.
1
(-1 7 ) 3/5
46. * MULTiPLE CHOKE W h ich exp ression h as th e g reatest vaiue?
(?) 273'5
(g) 53'2
(g) ^81
(D) (^2)^
1 -^ 5
( \ .^
< ^ .S S
47. ^ OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite tw o d ifferen t exp ression s o f th e form a * '" th at
eq u al 3, w here a is a real n u m b er an d n is a n in teg er greater th a n 1.
6.1
Evaluate nth Roots and Use Rational Exponents
417
EXAMPLE 4
ERROR ANALYSiS D escrrhe an d c o r r e c t th e e r ro r in so lv in g th e eq u a tio n .
for Exs. 4 8 -5 8
48.
49
^ =
x= ^ 7
x = \ /a i
x= 9
= 3
SOLV!NG EQUATiONS Soive th e eq u ation . Round th e resu it to tw o d ecim ai places

w hen ap p rop riate.
50. x^ = 125
51. 5 F = 1080
52. F + 36 = 100
53. (x - 5)4 = 256
54. F = - 4 8
55. 7x'4
56. F + 40 = 25
57. (x + lO)^ = ye
58. x" - 34 = 181
__
56
59. CHALLENGE T he general shape o f th e graph o fy = x ",

w here u is a positive euen integer, is show n in red.
a. Expddn how th e graph ju stifie s th e resu lts in the
Key C oncept b o x on page 414 w hen n is a positive
euen integer.
b. Draw a sim ilar graph th a t ju stifie s th e results
in th e Key C oncep t b o x w hen n is a positive odd
integer.
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 5
60. SHOT PUT T h e shot used in m en's shot put h as a volum e o f abou t 905 cu b ic
on p. 416
for Exs. 6 0 -6 5
centim eters. Find th e radius o f th e shot. (Hud; Use th e form ula V = ^ -n F

for th e volum e o f a sphere.)
@ R o m e 7 u fo r
61. BOWLING A bow ling ball has a su rface area o f abou t 232 squ are in ch es.
Find th e radius o f th e bow ling b ail. ( H r'rd ; U se th e form u la S = 4-nF for
th e su rface area o f a sphere.)
@ H o m e !M fo r
62. INFLATION If th e average p rice o f an item

in creases from p, to p^ over a period o f u years,
th e an n u al rate o f in fla tio n r (expressed as a
/p . l/n
1. Find the
decim al) is given by r =
Ft
rate o f in flatio n for each item in th e table. W rite
each answ er as a p ercen t rounded to th e n earest
tenth.
Price in
1950
Price in
1990
Butter (lb)
$.7420
$2,195
Chicken (lb)
$.4430
$1,087
Eggs (dozen)
$.6710
$1,356
Sugar (lb)
$.0936
$.4560
Hem
(6&) MULTi-STEP PROBLEM The pow er p (in horsepow er) used by a fan w ith
ro tatio n al speed s (in revolutions per m inute) ca n b e m odeled by th e form ula
p = %F for som e co n sta n t A:. A c e rta in fan u ses 1.2 h orsep ow er w hen its speed
is 1700 revolutions per m inu te. First find th e value o f A for th is fan. T h en find
th e speed o f th e fan if it u ses 1.5 horsepow er.
418
O = WORKED OUT SOLUT)ONS

on p. WS1
* =STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
64. WATER RATE A weir is a d am th a t is b u iit across

a river to regu iate th e fiow o f water. T h e flow rate
Q (in cu b ic feet p er second) ca n b e ca lcu la ted using
th e form ula Q = 3 .3 6 7 H h ^ w here f is th e len gth
(in feet) o f th e b o tto m o f th e spillw ay and h is th e
d epth (in feet) o f th e w ater on th e spillway.
D eterm in e th e flow rate o f a w eir w ith a spillw ay
th a t is 20 feet long and h as a w ater d ep th o f 5 feet.
65. * EXTENDED RESPONSE Som e gam es u se d ice in th e sh ape o f regu lar
polyhedra. You are designing d ice and w ant th em all to have th e sam e
volum e as a cu b e w ith an edge len g th o f 16 m illim eters.
N am e
Dodecahedron
Octahedron
Tetrahedron
icosahedron
' *
N um ber
o f fa ce s
12
Voium e
fo rm u ia
V = 0.118x3
V = 0.471x3
V = 7.663x3
20
2.182x3
a. Find th e volum e o f a cu b e w ith a n edge len g th o f 16 m illim eters.

b. Find th e edge len gth x for ea ch o f th e polyhed ra show n in th e table.
c. D oes th e p olyhed ron w ith th e g reatest n u m b er o f fa ces have th e
sm allest edge length? Explain.
66. CHALLENGE T h e m ass o f th e p a rticle s th a t a river c a n tra n sp o rt is
p roportional to th e sixth pow er o f th e speed o f th e river. A c e rta in river
n o rm ally flow s at a sp eed o f 1 m eter per secon d . W h at m u st its sp eed b e in
order to tra n sp o rt p article s th a t are tw ice as m assive as usual? 10 tim es as
m assive? 100 tim es as m assive?
MtXED REV!EW
E valu ate th e exp ression s for th e given valu es of x an d y. (p. 10)
67.
x + 3y
-X-
.
68.
^
y w hen x = 6 an d y = - 2
x - 2y
Find aii th e zero s of th e fu n ction .

69.
/(x) = x^ - 2x - 35 (p. 252)
70. /(x) = x^ - 8x + 25 (p. 292)
71.
/(x ) = x3 - 8x2 + 4 x - 32 )p. 379)
72. /(x ) = x^+ 4x^ + 2 5 x + 100 (p. 379)
73.
/(x ) = x" - 3x3 _ 3 ^ 2 + g 3 ^. + gg fp 379J
74.
= ^ +
10x3 + 25x^ - 36 (p. 379)
PREViEW
Sim piify th e exp ression . Teii w hich p ro p erties o f exp on en ts you u sed. (p. 330)
Prepare for
Lesson 6.2
in Exs. 7 5 -8 2 .
75.
x3
79. x^ - x"^
76. (x*T
77. (3x2y)
80.
81
EXTRA PRACTICE for Lesson
6.1, p. 1015
-3
4x'y*
lOx^y 3
78. 4xy*"
82.
3x
*3y2
ONHNEQLMZatclasszone.com
9x
4 19
^ App!y Properties
of Rationa! Exponents
You sim piified e x p re s s io n s invoiving in te g er e x p o n e n ts .
You wiii sim piify e x p re s s io n s invoiving ra tio n a i e x p o n e n ts .
S o you ca n find v e io citie s, a s in Ex. 8 4 .
Key Vocabuiary
<sim ptest form o f a
rad ical
T h e p roperties o f in teger exp o n ents you learn ed in L esson 5.1 ca n also be applied
to rational exponents.
*like rad icais
KEY CONCEPT
P rop erties of Rationa! Exponents
I!
Let a and & b e real n u m bers and let m an d a b e ratio n al n u m b ers. T he

follow ing p rop erties have th e sam e n am es as th o se listed on page 330,
bu t now apply to ratio n al exp on ents as illu strated .
Property
Exam ple
g l/2
2. (a'")" = a "'"
(3 5 /2 )2
3. (a&)"* = a " W
(1 6
4. a*"* =
3 6 -"2 _
a ^ 0
(27)1(3
(6 4 )
b'"
EXAMPLE 1
t!
41/2
. g
3 /2 =
1. a " . a " = a " + "
3 / 2) =
5 (1 /2 +
3 (5 / 2 .2 )
1 6 ^ 2
35
52
2 5
243
. 9 1 /2 =
. 3
12
36^2
4 (5/2 - 1/2) = 42 = 16
27 I /3
64K3
Use p ro p e rtie s o f e x p o n e n ts
Use th e p ro p erties of ratio n a i exp on en ts to sim piify th e exp ression .

g
y l/4 . y l/2 _
b.
(6^2
4 l'3 )2
y ( l / 4 + 1/2) =
y3/4
( 6 ^ 2 ) 2 . (4 1 / 3)2 =
g(l /2 . 2)
. ^(1/3
- 2) = gl
. 4 2 /3 =
c. (45 . 35)-"5 = [(4 . 3)5]-1'5 = (l25)-^5 = 12'5 - (-1/3)] = 12*1 = - L

d.
e.
420
Chapter 6
__5)_ ^
rl/3
g ( l - 1 /3 ) =
g2/3
cl/3
42 1/3 12
1/3
(y l/3)2 _
rl/3
Rationai Exponents and Radicai Functions
y ( l / 3 - 2) _
y2/3
4 :2 / 3
App!y p ro p e rtie s of e x p o n e n ts
BIOLOGY A m am m al's su rface area S (in sq u are cen tim eters) c a n b e
approxim ated by th e m odei S = Arm^^ w here m is th e m ass (in gram s) o f th e
m a m m a l and A: is a co n sta n t. T h e values o f A; for som e m a m m a ls are show n
below. A pproxim ate th e su rface area o f a rab b it th a t h as a m ass o f 3.4 k ilogram s
(3.4 X 10^ gram s).
Mammal
Sheep
Rabbit
Horse
Human
Monkey
Bat
8.4
9.75
10.0
11.0
11.8
57.5
Solution
S = km ^3
W rite m odei.
= 9 .7 5 (3 .4 x 1 0 ^ 3
Substitute 9 .7 5 fo r k and 3 4 x
= 9 .7 5 (3 .4 ) ^ (l0 3 )^ 3
pow er of a product property
^ 9.75 (2.26) (lO^)
Pow er o f a pow er property
== 2200
Simpiify.
10^ fo rm .
k T he rab b it's su rface area is abou t 2200 squ are cen tim eters.
CutDED PRACTKE

1_
(5l/3.?U 4)3
g. 2 3 '" .2 " 2
3. -
^ 3 I /4
4.
5.
BIOLOGY U se th e in fo rm atio n in Exam ple 2 to approxim ate th e su rface area

o f a sheep th at h as a m ass o f 95 k ilogram s (9.5 x 10^ g ram s).
) 5 I /2
PROPERTIES OF RADKALS T h e th ird and sixth pro p erties on page 420 c a n be

expressed using rad ical n o tatio n w hen ?rz = for som e in teger n greater th a n 1.
KEY CONCEPT
%wr
Pro p erties o f Radicals

Quotient property of radicals
Product property of radicals

- & = Vrz * V b
( EXAMPLE 3
&
Use p ro p e rtie s of rad icats
Use th e p ro p erties o f ra d ica ls to sim plify th e exp ression .

a. ^ 1 2 * ^ 1 8 = ^ 1 2 . 18 = ^ 2 1 6 = 6
Product property
b. ^ * 0 ^ J8 0 ^ ^ 6
Q uotient property
^5
= 2
^ 5
6 .2
Appiy Properties o f Rationai Exponents
SIMPLEST FORM A rad ical w ith ind ex n is in sim plest fo rm if th e rad ican d has no
p erfect nth pow ers as factors and any d en o m in ato r h as b ee n ration alized .
W rite rad icais in sim p iest fo rm

W rite th e exp ression in sim plest form .
b.
' V8
LQ
))
ro
For help with

rationalizing
denominators of
radical expressions,
see p. 2 6 6 .
1LO
cC
REVIEW RADICALS
Factor out perfect cube.
^ 2 7 .^ 5
Product property
3 ^ 5
Simplify.
= ^ .^ 4
^8
^4
Make denominator a perfect fifth power.
_ "^28
Product property
"^ 3 2
_ 1^28
Simpiify.
UKE RADICALS R adical exp ression s w ith th e sam e index and rad ican d are iike
rad icals. To add or su b tract like rad icals, use th e d istribu tiv e property.
Add an d su b tra c t iike r a d i c a l an d ro o ts

Sim plify the exp ression .
a. V lO + 7 ^ 1 0 = (1 + 7)V lO = 8 ^ 1 0
b. 2 ( 8 ^ ) + io ( 8 " s ) = (2 + 10)(8*'s) = 1 2 (8^ )
c. ^ 5 4 - ^ 2 = ^ 2 7 . ^ 2 - ^ 2 = 3 ^ 2 - ^ 2 = ( 3 - l ) ^ 2 = 2 ^ 2
GLMOED PRACTICE
for Exam p les 3 , 4 , and 5

6. ^ 2 7 - ^ 3
7 .^ 0
^2
9. ^ 5 + ^ 4 0
'4
VARIABLE EXPRESSIONS The p rop erties o f ratio n al exp on ents and rad icals ca n
also be applied to expressions involving variab les. B eca u se a v ariable ca n be
positive, negative, or zero, so m etim es absolu te value is n eed ed w hen sim plifyin g
a variable expression.
R ule
X
H
V 5 ^ = 5 and V(-5)^ = - 5
VP* = jxl
^ 3 " = 3 and f ( - 3 )" = 3
W h en n is odd
W hen n is even
E xam p le
A bsolute value is n ot n eed ed w hen all v ariab les are assu m ed to b e positive.
422
Chapter 6
Sim piify e x p re ssio n s invoiving v ariab ies
EXAMPLE 6
Sim plify th e exp ression . A ssum e ail v ariab les a re positive.

a. f 6 4 ? =
b.
(2 7 p 3 ,? '2 )l/3
C.
^4-
^4/
Vm
14xy,1/3
- V p P = 4y^
2 7 ^ 3 (p 3 )t/3 ^ 1 2 )l/3
g ^(3
- 1 / 3 ^ 1 2 - 1/3) =
3 ^ 4
7 ^ (l-3 /4 y /3 ^ -(-6 ) =
EXAMPLE 7
7 ^ .1 /y /3 ^ 6
W rite v ariab ie ex p re ssio n s in sim p iest form
W rite th e exp ression in sim plest fo rm . A ssum e all v ariab les a re positive,
a.
\ ' 4 % W ^ = V 4a V ^ i o ^ 4^5
. ^' 4^ 3^4
= a& ^cV 4aV

AVOID ERRORS
You must multiply both

the numerator and
denominator of the
fraction by y so that the
value of the fraction
does not change.
*-
Factor out perfect fifth powers.

product property
Simplify.
Make denominator a perfect cube.
b.
/-y
= .3
*y
Simpiify.
y
Quotient property
Simpiify.
EXAMPLE 8
Add an d su b tra c t e x p re ssio n s invoiving v ariab ies
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n . A ssum e aii v ariab les a re positive.
b. 3xy*'4 - 8 x y ^ = (3 - 8 ) x y '^ = - 5 x y * '"

c. 12V 2F - z V 5 4 ^ = 1 2 z V z 7 - 3 z V 2 F = (12z - 3 z ) V 2 F = 9 z V 2 F
GUIDED PRACTICE
for E xam p les 6,7 , and 8
Sim plify th e exp ression . A ssum e ail variab les a re positive.

10. V27r?9
11.
12.
y y5
6 .2
^
3x
y '^
13. V9H/S - H/V
Apply Properties o f Rational Exponents
423
6 2 EXEROSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
k* = STANDARDfZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2 ,2 3 ,5 1 ,6 9 ,8 6 , and 89
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Are 2 V 5 and 2"^5 like rad icals? E xplain why or w hy not.
2. A WRITiNG U nder w hat co n d itio n s is a rad ical exp ression in sim plest form ?
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 420
for Exs. 3-14
PROPERTiES OF RATIONAL EXPONENTS Sim plify th e exp ression .

3. 53'2 . 5 "2
7.
2 /3 1 1 / 2
4. (6^3)
80 1/4
5- 1 / 4
- 2 / 5 . 12Q2/5
11 . 120 - 3 / 4
3\ -l/3
9.
12 .
6 4 ^ 9 . 64^9
^3/4
PROPERTIES OF RADfCALS Sim plify th e exp ression .
on p. 421
for Exs. 15-22
15. V20 . V5
^64
16. V l 6 - ^ 4
20 .
^2
EXAMPLE 4
11 2 /5
10. (123/3 . g3/5)5
14.
17. ^ 8 - ^ 8
V3
V75
21.
-4/5
11 4 /5
13. (163^9 . 5?/9)-
EXAMPLE 3
19.
6.
@ 3 " 4 - 2 7 "4
13 3 /7
13 5 /7
18. ( ^
^36 - ^9
22 .
^4
^ 8 - V l6
^ 2 -^ 3
23. ^ MULTiPLE CHOiCE W hat is th e sim plest form o f th e expression
on p. 422
for Exs. 23-31
31^32 - ( - 6 A/5 )?
(A) ^ 1 0
(g )
- I 8V 1 O
(E )
-3 6 ^ 1 0
(g )
36^10
SiMPLEST FORM W rite th e exp ression in sim piest form .

24. V72
25. ^ 2 5 6
26. V l0 8 - ^ 4
*27) 5 ^ 6 4 - 2 ^ 8
28.
29.
30.
31
^9
^144
^27
EXAMPLE 5
COMBINING RADICALS AND ROOTS Sim piify th e exp ression .
on p. 422
for Exs. 32-41
32. 2 ^ + 7 ^
33. ^ ^ 5 - 1 ^ 5
5
5
34. 2 5 ^ - 1 5 ^ 2
35. 1 ^ 7 + ^ 7
O
O
36. 6 ^ 5 + 4 ^ 6 2 5
37. - 6 ^ 2 + 2 ^ 2 5 6
38. 1 2 ^ 2 - 7 ^ 5 1 2
39. 2 ^ 1 2 5 0 - 8 ^ 3 2
40. 5 ^ 4 8 - ^ 7 5 0
ERROR ANALYSiS D escribe an d c o r re c t th e e rro r in sim plifying th e exp ression .

42.
4 i.
2 ^ 1 0 + 6 ^ 5 = (2 + 6 ) ^ 1 5
x _
-y
= 6^15
424
Chapter 6
Rational Exponents and Radicai Functions
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 423
for Exs. 43-51
VARIABLE EXPRESSIONS Sim plify th e exp ression . A ssum e all v ariab les a re
positive.
43.
*"3
47.
*y
-1 /3
1/6
44. ( / )
46.
45. f s i F
^
49. IV x
48.
. -ATT)
-3 /2
50.
V25x*s
51. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite two v ariab le exp ression s w ith n o n in teg er
exp onents w hose qu otient is x ^ .
EXAMPLE 7
on p. 423
for Exs. 52-59
SIMPLEST FORM W rite th e exp ression in sim plest fo rm . A ssum e ail v ariab les a re
positive.
52. V F F
56.
-3
53. ^ 1 2 F / z ^
54. f 4 F y S . F F /
57.
58.
20xF
on p. 423
for Exs. 6 0 -6 5
59.
9xz'3
y
EXAMPLE 8
55. \ F j F - V F F
FF
COMBINING VARIABLE EXPRESSIONS P e rfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n . A ssum e

aii v ariab ies a re positive.
3 y 3 /2 _
..3^- . , ^,3,
60. 3 F x + 9 F x
61.
63. F y ) ^ ^ + (xy^^)3
64. x V 9 F - 2 V F
4X
1 ^ /2
62. - 7 F y + 1 6 F y
4X
65. y F F F + F l & F /
( ^ 3 GEOMETRY Find sim plified exp ression s for th e p e rim e te r an d a re a o f th e

given figure.
66. J
67. J
2*3/3
5*1/^
L.
68.
3*1/3
4*b3
7 x '"
69. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is th e sim p lified form o f - - F / 4 x - F V x?
(g) - jV x
(g )
-IV 3 6 X
(g) -^V36x
(E )
DECIMAL EXPONENTS Sim piify th e exp ression . A ssum e all v ariab les a re
positive.
70. F 'S .
71. y '6 - y s
74. F y ^
75.
72.
73.
76. 10x ^ + (4x'3)2
77. 15z'3 - (2z'*P
-0 .5
y"
IRRATIONAL EXPONENTS The p ro p e rtie s In th is lesson c a n also be applied to

irra tio n a l exp on en ts. Sim plify th e exp ression . A ssum e all v ariab les a re positive.
78.
i-2V'3
79 . ( x ^
80.
x"
^77/3
81. x^y' 3 + 3 x 3 y ^
82. CHALLENGE Solve th e eq u atio n using th e p ro p erties o f ra tio n a l exponents.

9*
J _r
b. 2 " . 2" + 1 = F
^
6 .2
c. (4*)* + 2 = 64
Apply Properties o f Rational Exponents
425
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 421
for Exs. 83-84
83. BiOLOGY Look back at E xam ple 2 on page 421. U se th e m odel 5 =

approxim ate th e su rface area o f th e m a m m a l given its m ass.
to
a. Bat: 32 gram s
b. H um an: 59 k ilogram s
@ M )r t!e 7 u fo r
84. AiRPLANE VELOCtTY T h e velocity f (in feet per second)

o f a je t ca n be approxim ated by th e m odel
" - S 'N ?
w here A is th e area o f th e w ings (in squ are feet) and
L is th e lift (in N ew tons). Find th e v elo city o f a je t
w ith a w ing area o f 5.5 X 10^ squ are feet and a lift o f
1.4 X h f N ewtons.
@ M ? m e 7 u fo r
PINHOLE CAMERA T h e optim u m d iam eter d (in m illim eters) o f th e p inhole

in a pinhole cam era c a n be m odeled by
d = 1.9[(5.5 X
w here f is th e len gth o f th e cam era box (in m illim eters). Find th e optim u m
pinhole d iam eter for a cam era box w ith a len gth o f 10 cen tim eters.
86. * SHORT RESPONSE Show th a t th e h yp oten u se o f a n isosceles right trian g le
with legs o f length x is x V 2.
87.
STAR MAGNITUDE T he apparen t m ag n h ad e o f a sta r is a n u m b er th at

in d icates how fain t th e star is in relation to o th er stars. T h e expression
2-512 ' teiis how m any tim es fa in ter a star w ith m agn itu d e
2 .5 1 2 ^
is th a n
a star w ith m agn itu d e nt^.

a. How m any tim es fain ter is A ltair th a n Vega?
Deneb-
b. How m any tim es fain ter is D eneb th a n Aitair?

c. How m any tim es fain ter is D en eb th a n Vega?
88.
Star
Apparent magnitude
Constebation
Vega
0.03
Lyra
Altair
0.77
Aquila
Deneb
1.25
Cygnus
PHYSiCAL SOENCE T h e m axim u m h o rizo n tal d ista n ce rf th a t a n o b je ct ca n

travel w hen lau n ch ed at an op tim u m angle o f p ro jectio n is given by
where
is th e o b ject's in itia l height, ^ is its in itia l speed, and g is th e
acceleratio n due to gravity. Sim plify th e m odel w hen kg = 0.
426
on p. WS1
* =STANDARO!ZED
TEST PRACTICE
.Vega
^Lyra.
89. * EXTENDED RESPONSE You have filled tw o round b a llo o n s w ith water.
O ne b aiio o n co n ta in s tw ice as m uch w ater as th e oth er baiioon .
a. Solve th e form ula for th e volum e o f a sphere, V =
for r.
b. Su bstitu te th e expression for r from p a rt (a) in to th e form ula for th e

su rface area o f a sphere, S = 4-n-r^. Sim plify to show th at S = (47r ) ^ ( 3 V ) ^ .
c. Compare th e su rface areas o f th e two w ater b a llo o n s u sin g th e form ula
from p art (b).
90. CHALLENGE Su bstitu te d ifferen t co m b in a tio n s o f odd an d even positive
in tegers for m and n in th e expression V P " . If x is n o t alw ays positive,
w hen is absolu te value n eed ed in sim p lify in g th e expression?
M!XED REV)EW
Solve the inequality.
91. x - 7 > 15 (p. 41)
92. lOx + 7 < - 4 x + 9 (p. 41)
93. 3 x < - 6 x - 20 (p. 41)
94. P + 7x + 10 > 0 (p. 300)
95. - F + 4 x > - 3 2 (p. 300)
96. 6 p + x - 7 < 5 (p. 300)
L e t /( x ) = x'^ - 2x^ - x - 3. Evalu ate th e fu n ction a t th e given valu e. (p. 337)

97. /(3 )
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 6.3 in
Exs. 101-106.
98. / ( - 3 )
99. /(5 )
100. / ( - 4 )
P erfo rm the in d icated o p eration .

+ 2x) - (-8 x 3 + ^ 2 _ g ^ ^ ^
(35x3 _ ^
+ ( - 15^2 + 7^ + 20 ) (p. 346)
{
103. 18xV x + 4) (p. 346)
104. (8x - 3 p (p. 346)
105. (x - 4)(x + l)(x + 2) (p. 346)
106. (x3 + x^ - 7x - 15) ^ (x - 3) (p. 362)
Q U !Z /o r
6 .7 -6 .2
Evalu ate th e exp ression w ith ou t u sin g a c a icu ia to r. (p. 474)

1. 36 3/2
2. 64
2/3
4. ( -3 2 ) 2/5
3. -(6 2 5 3 ^ )
Solve th e eq u ation . Round y o u r an sw er to tw o d ecim al p laces w hen

ap p rop riate, (p. 474)
5. x4 = 20
7. x6 + 5 = 26
6. x^ = - 1 0
8. (x + 3)3 = - 1 6
Sim plify th e exp ression . A ssum e aii variab ies a re positive, (p. 420)
9. V 3 2 - V 8
,2
15.
3V73 + 4 V73
V75
10. ( V i o - V i o ) s
13.
2Vx
11. (x y )4 /3 + 2(x*/3//4)2
14. vV' 64x^ - 6 V 2 x y
V643
GEOMETRY Find a rad ica l exp ression for th e p erim eter o f

th e red trian g le in scrib ed in th e squ are show n to th e right.
Sim plify th e expression, (p. 420)
E X T R A P R A C T ) C E f o r L e s s o n 6.2, p. 1015
3^
O N L !N E QLH Zatclasszone.com
427
6.3
Perform Function Operations

and Composition
You p erfo rm ed o p e ra tio n s w ith a ig e b ra ic e x p re s s io n s .
You wii) p e rfo rm o p e ra tio n s w ith fu n ctio n s.
S o you ca n m o d e! b io io g ica i p ro c e s s e s, a s in E xam p ie 3
Key Vocabulary
In C hapter 5 you learn ed how to add, su b tract, multiply, and divide polyn om ial
fu n ctio n s. T h ese op erations ca n b e defined for any n u m b er o f fu n ctio n s.
* pow er fu n ction
* com position
KEY CONCEPT
/b /* %?%/-
O perations on Functions
L e t / and g be any two fu n ctio n s. A new fu n c tio n h ca n b e defined by
perform ing any o f th e four b a sic op eration s o n / a n d g.
Operation
Definition
E xam pie:/(x) = 5x, ry(x) = x + 2
Addition
h(x) = / ( x ) + g(x)
h(x) = 5x + (x + 2) = 6x + 2
Subtraction
h(x) = / ( x ) - g(x)
h(x) = 5 x - (x + 2) = 4 x - 2
Multiplication
h(x) = / ( x ) - g(x)
h(x) = 5x(x + 2) = 5x^ + lOx
Division
gM
The d om ain o f h co n sists o f th e x-values th a t are in th e d om ain s o f b o th

/ and g. Additionally, th e d o m ain o f th e qu o tien t does n o t include x-values
for w hich g(x) = 0.
POWER FUNCTIONS So far you have studied several types o f fu n ctio n s, inclu d ing
lin ea r fu n ctio n s, qu ad ratic fu n ctio n s, and p olyn om ial fu n ctio n s o f higher
degree. A nother co m m o n type o f fu n ctio n is a pow er fu n ction , w hich h as th e
form y = <ax^ w here a is a real n u m b er and & is a ratio n al num ber.
( EXAMPLE 1
Add an d su b tra c t fu n ctio n s
L e t /( x ) = 4x* ^ and g (x) = - 9 x " / Find th e follow ing.

a.
/(x ) + g(x)
b. /(x ) - g(x)
c. th e d om ain s o f / + g a n d / - g
Solution
a. /(x) + g(x) = 4 x ^ + ( - x ^ ) = [4 + (-9 )]x *^ = -5 x * ^

b. /(x ) - g(x) = 4 x *^ - (-9 x ^ 2 ) = [4 - ( - 9 ) ] x '^ = l 3 x ^
REVIEW DOMAIN
For help with domains

of functions, see p. 72.
428
Chapter 6
c. T he fu n ctio n s / and g ea ch have th e sam e d o m ain : all non n egative

real num bers. So, th e d om ain s o f / + g a n d / - g also co n sist o f all
nonnegative real num bers.
Muttipty and divide functions
EXAMPLE 2
L e t /( x ) = 6x an d g (x) = x
a. /(x ) - g(x)
. Find th e foiiow ing.
b.
c. th e d om ain s o f / - g a n d -
S o lu tio n
a. / ( x ) - g (x) = (6 x )(x ^ ^ ) = 6 x 'i + ^/4) = 6 x ^ ^
b. Z ^ . = ^ - = 6 x " - 3 '4 ) = 6 x "4
g'M
X^^
c. T h e d om ain o f / co n sists o f all real n um bers, and th e d o m ain o f g co n sists
o f all nonnegative real n u m bers. So, th e d om ain o f / - g co n sists o f all
/
nonnegative real n um bers. B eca u se g(0) = 0, th e d o m ain o f is restricted
to all poshm e real n um bers.
EXAMPLE 3
RH iN O S For a w hite rhino, h ea rt rate r (in b ea ts per m inu te) and life span s
(in m inutes) are related to body m ass m (in kilogram s) by th e se fu n ctio n s:

r(m ) =
$(m) = (6 x lO ^m " ^
* Find r(m) - s(m ).

* E xplain w hat th is prod uct represents.
S o lu tio n
F7PP 7
Find and sim plify r(m) - s(m ).

r(m) - s(m ) = 2 4 1 m
(6 x l O
^ m
" W rite p ro d u ct o f r(m) an d s(m ).
= 2 4 l(6 X l O ^ m ^ " 35 + " 21
P ro d u ct o f p o w e rs p ro p e rty
= (1446 X 106)m - s
Sim piify.
= ( l .4 4 6 X
U se s c ie n tific n o ta tio n ,
in t e r p r e t r(m) - s(m ).
M ultiplying h e a rt rate by life sp an gives th e to ta l n u m b er o f h ea rtb ea ts

for a w hite rhino over its en tire lifetim e.
CUiOED PRACTtCE
L e t /( x ) = - 2x^ 3
1.
/(x ) + g(x)
fo r E x am p les 1, 2, an d 3
g(g) _ 7^ 2/3 p ;n d th e follow ing.
2. /(x ) - g(x)
3. th e d o m ain s o f / + g and / - g
L e t /( x ) = 3 x an d g (x) = x ' ^ . Find th e follow ing.

4.
7.
/(x ) - g(x)
5.
6. th e d om ain s o f / - g a n d
RHENOS Use th e result o f Exam ple 3 to find a w hite rh in o's n u m b er of

h ea rtb e a ts over its lifetim e if its bod y m ass is 1.7 X 1 (/ kilogram s.
6 .3
Perform Function O perations and Composition
429
COMPOSiTiON OF FUNCTIONS A nother op eratio n th a t ca n b e perform ed w ith two

fu n ctio n s is com position.
^
i
READING
K EY CONCEPT
Composition of Functions
As with subtraction and

^ T he com p osition of a fu n ctio n g w ith
division of functions,
a f u n c t io n / is :
you need to be alert to
the order of functions
hfxl = e f/fx h
when they are
^ Th e dom ain o f h is th e set o f aii
composed, in general,
^ x-vaiues such th a t x is in th e d om ain
/(g(x)) is not equal to
o f / a n d / ( x ) is in th e d om ain o f g.
p(/(x)).
EXAMPLE 4
Domain of f
Range of f
/ln p u t\
/
o ff
s
/O utput/
j'
of f '
/
j
Input
:^
( Output j
\of o /
Domain of gf
Range of g
Stan d ard ized T est P ra ctice
L e t /( x ) = 2 x 7 and g (x ) = x^ + 4 . W h at is th e vaiu e o f g ( /( 3 ) )?
(g )
-5
(g )
-3
(g ) 3
(g )
Soiution
To evaluate g (/(3 )), you first m ust fin d /(3 ).
/ ( 3 ) = 2(3) - 7 = - 1
T h en g (/(3 )) = g ( - l ) = (-1 )^ + 4 = 1 + 4 = 5.
So, th e value o f g (/(3 )) is 5.
F T h e co rrect answ er is D. (5 ) (E) (E) @ )
EXAMPLE 5
jrind co m p o sitio n s o f fu n ctio n s
L e t /( x ) = 4 x * and g(x) = 5 x - 2 . Find th e following.

a.
/(g(x))
b. g(/(x))
c.
/(/(x ))
d. th e d om ain o f ea ch com p ositio n
Soiution
a. /(g (x )) = / ( 5 x - 2) = 4 (5 x - 2 ) * ' =
AVOiD ERRORS
You cannot always

determine the domain
of a composition
from its equation. For
instance, the domain
of/(/(x)) = x appears
to be all real numbers,
but it is actualiy all real
numbers except zero.
430
Chapter 6
b. g(/(x)) = g(4x"^) = 5(4x"t) - 2 = 20x*^ - 2 = ^ - 2

c. /(/(x )) = / ( 4 x * 1 = 4(4 x **)'^ = 4 (4 " 'x ) = 4x = x
d. T h e d om ain o f/(g (x )) co n sists o f aii real n u m b ers excep t x = ^
because g ^ j = 0 is not in th e d om ain o f/ (Note th a t /( 0 ) =
w hich is undefined.) T he d om ain s o f g (/(x )) a n d /(/(x )) co n sist o f aii
reai n u m bers excep t x = 0, ag ain b ec a u se 0 is n ot in th e d o m ain o f /
EXAMPLE 6
Sotve a mutti-step probtem
PAINT STORE You have a $10 gift ce rtific a te to a

p ain t store. T h e store is offerin g 15% o ff your en tire
p u rch ase o f any p ain ts and p a in tin g supplies. You
decide to p u rch ase a $30 ca n o f p ain t and $25 w orth
o f p ain tin g supplies.
Use co m p ositio n o f fu n ctio n s to do th e foilow ing:
* Find th e sale p rice o f your p u rch ase w hen th e
$10 gift ce rtifica te is applied b efo re th e 15% d iscou n t.
* Find th e saie p rice o f your p u rch ase w hen th e
15% d isco u n t is applied before th e $10 g ift ce rtifica te.
S o lu tio n
7
Find th e to ta l am o u n t o f your p u rch ase. T h e to ta l am o u n t for the

p ain t and p a in tin g supplies is $30 + $ 2 5 = $55.
W rite fu n ctio n s for th e d isco u n ts. Let x b e th e regu lar price, /(x )
b e th e p rice a fter th e $10 gift c e rtifica te is applied, and g(x) b e the
p rice after th e 15% d isco u n t is appiied.
F u n ctio n for $10 g ift c e r tific a te :/(x ) = x - 10
F u n ctio n for 15% d iscou n t: g(x) = x - 0.15x = 0.85x
Com pose th e fu n ctio n s.
T h e co m p ositio n g (/(x )) rep resen ts th e saie p rice w h en th e
$10 gift c e rtifica te is applied b efo re th e 15% d iscou n t.
g(/(x )) = g(x - 10) = 0 .8 5 (x - 10)
T h e co m p o sitio n /(g (x )) rep resen ts th e saie p rice w hen the
15% d isco u n t is applied b efo re th e $10 gift ce rtifica te.
/(g (x )) = / ( 0 .8 5 x ) = 0 .8 5 x - 10
.P7EP4
Evaiuate th e fu n ctio n s g (/(x )) a n d /(g (x )) w hen x = 55.

g (/(5 5 )) = 0 .8 5 (5 5 - 10) = 0.85(45) = $ 3 8 .2 5
/(g (5 5 )) = 0 .8 5 (5 5 ) - 10 = 46.75 - 10 = $36.75
^ T h e sale p rice is $3 8 .2 5 w hen th e $10 g ift c e rtifica te is appiied b efo re th e

15% d iscou nt. T h e sale p rice is $36.75 w hen th e 15% d isco u n t is appiied
before th e $10 gift ce rtifica te.
(^ B tis m te g A ig e b r a
GutDED PRACTKE
a tclasszon e.com
L e t/f x ) = 3 x 8 a n d g (x ) = 2x^. F in d th e foiiow ing.

8.
g (/(5 ))
9. /(g (5 ))
10. / ( / (5 ) )
11. g(g(5))
12. L e t/(x ) = 2 x '* and g(x) = 2 x + 7. F in d /(g (x )), g (/(x )), a n d /(/(x )).
T h en state th e d o m ain o f ea ch com p osition .
13. WHAT <F? In E xam ple 6, how do your answ ers ch an g e if th e g ift ce rtifica te
to th e p ain t store is $15 and th e store d isco u n t is 20% ?
6 .3
431
6 3 EXERCISES
HOMEWORK
KEY
It = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2,11,38, 39, and 44
Ex. 46
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T h e fu n c tio n h(x) = g (/(x )) is called
th e ? o f th e fu n ctio n g w ith th e f u n c t io n /
2. ft WRITING Tell w heth er th e su m o f tw o pow er fu n c tio n s is sometimes,
ofmays, or neeet a pow er fu n ctio n . Expinm your reason in g.
ADO AND SUBTRACT FUNCTIONS L e t /( x ) = - 3 x * '3 + 4x*'2
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n an d state th e d om ain .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 428
for Exs. 3-11
+ ^ 1/2
g^) =
( jh ) / ( x ) + g(x)
4. g(x) + /(x )
5. /(x ) + /(x )
7. /(x ) - g(x)
8. g(x) - /(x )
9.
6. g(x) + g(x)
/(x ) - /(x )
10. g(x) - g(x)
11. ft MULTtPLE CHOICE W hat is /(x ) + g(x) if/(x ) = - 7x ^ - 1 and

g(x) = 2 x ^ + 6?
( g ) 5x ^ - 5
EXAMPLE 2
(B ) - 5 x ^ ^ + 5
( g ) 9x^^ + 7
(D)
-9 x ^ ^
MULTiPLY AND D!V!DE FUNCTiONS L e t /( x ) = 4 x ^ " a n d g (x ) = 5 x ^ ^ . P erfo rm

th e ind icated o p eration and state th e d om ain .
on p. 429
for Exs. 12-19
13.)g(x) - /( x )
12. /(x ) - g(x)

16
/M
17.
gM
gM
/(^)
14. /(x ) * /(x )

18.
15. g(x) - g(x)
/(x)
19.
/M
EXAMPLE 4
EVALUATE COMPOSITIONS OF FUNCTIONS L e t /( x ) = 3 x + 2 , g(x) = - x ^ , and
on p. 430
for Exs. 20-27
h(x) = - ^
Find th e ind icated vaiue.
2 0 . /(g (-3 ))
21. g (/(2 ))
22. h ( / ( - 9 ) )
23. g(h (8))
24. h(g(5))
25. /( / (7 ) )
26. h ( h (- 4 ))
27. g (g (-5 ))
EXAMPLE 5
FtND COMPOSmONS OF FUNCTIONS L e t /( x ) = 3 x \ g (x ) = 2 x - 7, and
on p. 430
for Exs. 28-38
h(x) = * j" ^ P erfo rm the indicated o p eratio n an d state th e d om ain .

; 28. /(g (x ))
32. h(g(x))
29. g(/(x))
30. h (/(x))
31. g(h(x))
33. /(/(x ))
34. h(h(x))
35. g(g(x))
ERROR ANALYSIS L e t /( x ) = x^ - 3 an d g (x ) = 4 x . D escribe an d c o r re c t th e

e rro r in th e com p osition .
37.
36.
f ( 9 M ) = f(4 *)
= (x ' - 3)(4 x )
= 4x^ - 12x
432
Chapter 6
gM
gM
Rational Exponents and Radica! Functions
g (f(x)) = g (x ' - 3 )
= 4 x ^ -3
38.
* MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is g (/(x )) if / ( * ) = 7*^ and g (*) = 3 *

(g )
-^ y
/IQ
( B ) 21
(E )
21*4
(g )
^
QY
39. * OPEN-ENDED MATH Find two d ifferent fu n ctio n s / and g su ch th at

/( g W ) = g (/(*))CHALLENGE Find fu n ctio n s/ an d g s u c h t h a t /( g ( * ) ) = h (x ), g (x ) ^ * , and
/(* ) ^ *.
40. h (*) = ^ * + 2
41. h (*) = y
3*^ + 7
42. h (*) = 12* + 9
PROBLEM SOLVtNG________________
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 429
for Exs. 43, 46
43.
BIOLOGY For a m a m m a l th a t w eighs tn gram s, th e volum e & (in m illiliters) of

air b reath ed in and th e volum e d (in m illiliters) o f "dead sp ace" (the p ortion
o f th e lungs n o t filled w ith air) c a n b e m odeled by:
&(tf) = 0.007tn
d(w) = 0.002nr
T he b reath in g rate r (in b re a th s per m inu te) o f a m a m m a l th a t w eighs

tn gram s ca n b e m odeled by:
r(te) =
l.lw '.0.734
b(w) - d(fc)
Simplify r(tn) and ca lcu la te th e b rea th in g rate for bod y w eights o f 6.5 gram s,
300 gram s, and 70,000 gram s.
@ M )m e7M tO f
EXAMPLE 6
on p* 43 i.............
for Exs. 4 4 -4 5
44. * SHORT RESPONSE T he co st (in dollars) o f prod ucing * sn eak ers in a factory
is given by C (*) = 6 0 * + 750. T h e n u m b er o f sn eakers produced in t hours
is given by *(f) = 50f. Find C (*(f)). Evaluate C (*(5)) an d exp lain w hat th is
n u m b er represents.
@ M )fn e 7 u fO f
(453 MULTI-STEP PROBLEM An o n lin e m ovie store is having a sale. You d ecid e to
open a charge a cco u n t an d buy four DVDs.
a. Use co m p ositio n o f fu n ctio n s to fin d th e sale p rice o f $ 8 5 w o rth o f

DVDs w hen th e $15 d isco u n t is applied b efo re th e 10% d iscou n t.
b. Use co m p ositio n o f fu n ctio n s to find th e sale p rice o f $85 w orth o f
DVDs w hen th e 10% d isco u n t is applied b efo re th e $15 d iscoun t.
c. W h ich order o f d isco u n ts gives you a b e tte r deal? Explain.
6 .3
433
46. <%> MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS A m a th e m a ticia n at a lak e throw s a

te n n is baii from p o in t A along th e w ater's edge to p o in t B in th e water, as
show n. His dog, Elvis, first ru n s along th e b ea ch from p o in t A to p o in t D
and th e n sw im s to fetch th e b a ll at p o in t B.
a. Using a Diagram Elvis's ru n n in g speed is ab o u t 6.4 m eters per second.

W rite a fu n ctio n r(x) for th e tim e he spends ru n n in g from poin t A to
p oin t D. Elvis's sw im m ing speed is about 0.9 m eter per secon d . W rite a
fu n ctio n s(x) for th e tim e he spends sw im m in g from p o in t D to poin t B.
b. Writing a Function W rite a fu n ctio n f(x) th a t rep resen ts th e to ta l tim e
Elvis spends traveling from p oin t A to p o in t D to p o in t B.
c. Using a Graph Use a graphing ca lcu la to r to graph f(x). Find th e value o f x
th a t m in im izes f(x). Exp/am th e m ea n in g o f th is value.
47.
CHALLENGE To ap proxim ate th e squ are root o f a n u m b er

a, th e B abylo n ian s u sed a m eth o d th a t involves sta rtin g
w ith an in itia l guess x and ca lcu la tin g a seq u en ce o f
values th at approaches th e exact answ er. T h eir m eth od
was based on th e fu n ctio n show n at th e right.
x+
f(x) = ------ -
a. Let n = 2, and ch o o se x = 1 as a n in itia l guess for V a = V2.

C a lc u la te /(x ), /(/(x )), / ( / ( / ( x ) ) ) , a n d /( /( / ( / ( x ) ) ) ) .
b. How m any tim es do you^need to co m p ose th e fu n ctio n in order for th e
result to approxim ate V2 to th ree d ecim al places? six d ecim a l places?
M!XED REV!EW
Solve the eq u ation fo ry . Ip. 261
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 6.4
in Exs. 48-53.
48.
y - 2x = 12
51. 3x - 4y = 7
49. 3x - 2y = 10
50. x = - 3 y + 9
52. x y = 12
53. a x + by = c
Graph th e o rd ered p airs in a co o rd in a te p ian e. (p. 721

54.
( - 5 , 2 ) , (1 ,3 ), ( 2 , - 5 ) , (3 ,1 )
55. (4 ,5 ), ( 5 , - 4 ) , ( - 4 , 5 ) , (5 ,4 )
56.
( - 2 , 2), (2, 1), (2, - 2 ) , (1, 2)
57. (5, 9), (9, - 5 ) , ( - 5 , 9), (9, 5)
58.
y = 3x - 5 (p. 89)
59.
y = 7x + 4 (p. 89)
60.
/(x ) = - 4 x - 6 (p. 89)
61.
/(x ) = - 3 x + 9 (p. 89)
62.
y = x^ - x - 2 (p. 236)
63.
y = 3x^ + 20x - 7 (p. 236)
64. y = -2 x 2 + gx + i ^ 236)
434
65. /(x ) = (x - 3 f - 4 (p. 245)
^^ O N L !N E Q U !Z
66. y = (x + 4 f - 6 (p. 245)
at classzone.com
c%3%%?ACT!V!TY
6.3 Use Operations with Functions
@Nome7ufor
dasszone.com
Keystrokes
How can you use a graphing caicuiator to perform

operations with functions?
Perform function operations

L e t / M = x^ - 3 x + 6 a n d g (x ) = x - 4. F in d /(4 ) + g (4 ) a n d / ( g ( - 2 ) ) .
war
F W f ] A ra r w a r
Enter )^ =
- 3x + 6 and y^ = x 4. T h e sum
ca n b e entered as 73 = Ti +
To do so, press
ch o o se th e Y-Vars m enu, and select
On th e hom e screen , en ter y^ (4) and

press nFNuBS)). T he scree n shows
th a t y^ (4) = 10, s o /(4 ) + g(4) = 10.
F unction.
Y 3 (4 )
Y1BX2-3X+6
Y2BX-4
Y 3B Y 1 + Y 2
Y4 =
Ys =
Y6 =
Y7 =
10
A w A w â ca a r/ta ^ ra tr
Arar caar/aa^raa
T he co m p o sitio n /(g (x )) ca n be entered
On th e hom e screen , en ter y^ ( - 2 ) and

press
asyg = yt(y2)-
T h e screen shows
th a t y^ ( - 2 ) = 60, s o / ( g ( - 2 )) = 60.
) Y1BX2-3X+6
Y2BX-4
Y3BY 1 tY 2)
Y7 =
Use a graph in g ca lc u la to r and th e fu n c tio n s /a n d g to find th e ind icated value.

1.
/(x ) = x^ + 5x - 3, g(x) = -3 x ^ - x: g(7) + /(7 )
2.
/(-8 )
/(x ) = x * ^ , g(x) = 9x:
g (-8 )
3.
/(x ) = 5x^ _ 3^.2
4.
/(x ) = 2x^ + 7x - 2, g(x) = x - 6 :/(g (5 ))
^ _ 2^2 - 5 . g ( 2 ) - /(2 )
6 .3
M!XED REV!EW o/ProMcm
STATE TEST PRACTKE

d asszone.com
Lessons 6.1-6.3
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A c ird e is in scrib ed
in a square, as show n.
EXTENDED RESPONSE A cy lin d rical

ab ove-grou nd pool h as a height o f 5 feet
an d a radius o f x feet.
a. W rite a fu n ctio n s(x) for th e area o f

th e square.
b. W rite a fu n ctio n c(x) for th e area o f
th e circle.
c. W rite and sim piify a fu n ctio n r(x) for the
area o f th e shaded region.
2. MULThSTEP PROBLEM T he form ula for the
volum e V o f a sphere in term s o f its su rface
area 5 is V =
a. Sim plify th e right side o f th e form ula.
b. A can d lep in bow ling b a ll h as a su rface
area o f abou t 79 squ are in ch es. W hat is
its volum e?
c. A 10-pin bow ling b all has a su rface area o f
about 232 squ are in ch es. W hat is its volum e?
a. W rite a n eq u atio n th a t gives th e volum e V

o f th e pool as a fu n ctio n o f th e radius x.
U se 3.14 for rr.
b. You use a h o se to fill th e pool w ith water.
W ater flow s from th e hose at a rate o f
128 cu b ic feet per hour. A fter 8.8 hours th e
pool is h a lf full. W rite an eq u atio n th a t you
c a n use to find th e radius x o f th e pool.
c. W h at is th e radius o f th e pool?
d. A seco n d hose th a t outputs 104 cu b ic feet o f
w ater per h our is added after th e pool is h a lf
full. Find th e to tal n u m b er o f hours it
will tak e to fill ^ o f th e pool. Your answ er
5
should inclu d e th e 8.8 hours it took to fill
th e b o tto m h a lf o f th e pool in p a rt (b).
5. OPEN-ENDED Find tw o d ifferen t fu n ctio n s
/(x ) su ch th a t/( /( x )) = x.
6. SHORT RESPONSE D escribe th e steps you
w ould u se to sim p lify th is expression:
Ten-pin bowling bait

d. Compare th e su rface areas and volum es o f
th e two bow ling balls.
SHORT RESPONSE You are w orking as a sales
representative for a clo th in g m anu factu rer.
You are paid an an n u al salary plus a bonus
o f 3% o f your sales over $100,000. C onsider
th ese two fu n ctio n s:
/(x ) = x - 100,000
g(x) = 0.03x
W h ich com p osition, /(g (x )) or g (/(x )),

represents your bonus i f x > 100,000? Explain.
436
Chapter 6
, 1/2
Is th ere a n o th er set o f steps you could use
to sim plify th e expression? E xplain your
reason in g.
7. GRtDDED ANSWER T h e volum e o f a sphere is
9 00 cu b ic in ch es. Use th e form u la for the
volum e o f a sphere, V = ^rrr^, to find the
radius r to th e n ea rest ten th o f an in ch . Use
3.14 for 7r.
232348485
'"^% tyA C T!V !TY
6.4 Exp!oring inverse Functions
M A TERiA LS -graph paper -straightedge
How are a function and its inverse reiated?
Find the inverse of /(x) =

I
x - 3
7 1#ra/?A
C hoose values o f x and fin d th e
corresp ond in g vaiues o f y = /(x ). Plot th e p o in ts and
draw th e lin e th a t p asses th rou gh th em .
In terch an ge th e x- and
y -co o rd in ates o f th e ordered p airs found in Step 1.
Piot th e new p oints and draw th e iin e th a t passes
th rou gh them .
W rite an eq u atio n o f th e lin e from
Step 2. C aii th is fu n ctio n g.
yra/tA? Fold your graph paper so th at
th e graphs o f / and g coin cid e. How are th e graphs
g eo m etrically related?
[F72PFI
In w ord s,/ is th e fu n ctio n th at

su b tracts 3 from x and th e n divides th e resu lt by 2.
D escrib e th e fu n ctio n g in words.
IiTXPd] fiMMf
P red ict w hat th e com p ositio n s
/(g (x )) an d g (/(x )) w ill be. C onfirm your p red ictio n s
by fin d in g /(g (x )) and g (/(x )).
The fu n ctio n s / and g are called m o rs e s o f ea ch other.
Rs

D R A W C O N C L U S !O N S
_________ - ___ _______ ^
C om plete E xercises 1 -3 for each fu n ction beiow.

/(x ) = 3x + 2
/(x ) = ^ - 1
/(x ) = 4 - ^ x
1. C om plete Steps 1-3 above to find th e inverse o f th e fu n ctio n .

2. C om plete Step 4. How ca n you graph th e inverse o f a fu n c tio n w ith ou t
first find ing ordered pairs (x, y)?
3. C om plete Steps 5 and 6. How ca n you te st to see if th e fu n ctio n you
found in Exercise 1 is indeed th e inverse o f th e orig in al fu n ctio n ?
6 .4
Use Inverse Functions
437
Use !nverse
Functions
You p erfo rm ed o p e ra tio n s w ith fu n ctio n s.
You wiil find in v erse fu n ctio n s.
So you ca n c o n v e rt te m p e ra tu re s, a s in Ex.
Key V o cab u iary

<inverse reiation
In Lesson 2.1, you learned th at a relation is a p airin g o f inp ut values w ith output
values. An inverse reiation in terch an ges th e inp ut and output values o f th e
o rigin al relation. T h is m ean s th a t th e d o m ain an d range are also in terch an ged .
- inverse function
O riginai reiation
-2
in v erse reiation
T he graph o f an inverse relation is a ref/ech'oM o f th e graph o f th e o rigin al

relation. T he line o f reflectio n is y = x. To find th e inverse o f a relation given by
an eq u ation in x and y, sw itch th e roles o f x and y and solve for y.
EXAMPLE 1
Find an inverse reiation
Find an eq uation for th e inverse o f th e reiatio n y = 3 x - 5.

y = 3x -
Write originai reiation.
x = 3y -
Switch x and y.
x + 5 = 3y
l
Add 5 to each side.

Soive fory. This is the inverse reiation.
In Exam ple 1, b o th th e o rig in al relation and th e inverse relatio n h ap p en to b e

fu n ctio n s. In such cases, th e tw o fu n ctio n s are ca lled inverse fu n ction s.
KEY CONCEPT
READtNG
The symbol -1 in /*' is

not to be interpreted as
an exponent. In other
words,/'(x) ^
438
Chapter 6
inverse Functions
F u n ctio n s / and g are inverses o f ea ch oth er provided:
/Ig (x )) = x
and
g (/M ) = x
The fu n ctio n g is denoted b y / * \ read as " / inverse."
Verify that functions are inverses
EXAMPLE
Verify t h a t /( x ) = 3% - 5 a n d / '(x ) = ^ x + ^ a re inverse fu n ction s.
Soiution
^7<FP 7
Show t h a t / ( / " '( x ) ) = x.
Show t h a t / " '( / ( x ) ) = x.
A r 'M ) = / ( * +
/ " '( / M ) = . T '( 3 x - 5 )

-i(3 ^ -5 ) +
= x + 5 - 5
= x Z'
EXAMPLE 3
FiTNESS E lastic ban d s ca n b e used in

exercising to provide a range o f resistan ce.
A band 's re sistan ce ft (in pounds) ca n b e
m odeled by R = E - 5 w here E is th e to tal
length o f th e stretch ed ban d (in in ch es).
Stretched
* Find th e inverse o f th e m odel.

* Use th e inverse fu n ctio n to find th e length
at w hich th e ban d provides 19 pound s o f
resistan ce.
Soiution
^7<FP 7
FiND iMVERSES
Notice that you do not

switch the variabies
when you are finding
inverses of models. This
would be confusing
because the letters are
chosen to remind you
of the real-life quantities
they represent.
Find th e inverse fu n ctio n .

Write originai modei.
R + 5 - ^
Add 5 to each side.

8

.fTBPF
3'
Evaiuate th e inverse fu n ctio n w hen ft = 19.

E = R + ^
= (1 9 ) + l /
= ^
r + l/
= ^
= 64
F T h e b an d provides 19 p ou nd s o f re sista n ce w hen it is stretch ed to 64 in ch es.
CutDED PRACTtCE
____
_______
Find th e inverse o f th e given fu n ction . Then verify th a t y o u r resu it an d th e

origin ai fu n ction a re inverses.
1.
4.
/(x ) = x + 4
2. /(x ) = 2 x - 1
3. /(x ) = - 3 x + 1
FiTNESS Use th e inverse fu n ctio n in E xam p le 3 to find th e len gth at w hich

th e band provides 13 pounds o f resista n ce.
6 .4
Use Inverse Functions
439
!NVERSES OF NONLiNEAR FUNCTiONS T h e graphs o f th e pow er fu n ctio n s

/(x ) = x^ and g(x) = 7 are show n below along w ith th e ir re flectio n s in th e
lin e y = x. N otice th at th e inverse o f g(x) = x^ is a fu n ctio n , but th at the
inverse o f/(x ) = x^ is not a fu n ctio n .
If th e d om ain o f/(x ) = x^ is restricted to only n o n n eg ativ e real num bers,

th e n th e inverse o f / i s a fu n ctio n .
EXAMPLE 4
Find th e in verse o f a p o w er fu nction
Find th e inverse o f /( x ) = x , x > 0 . T hen g r a p h / a n d / -r
Soiution
/(x) = x^
CHECK SOLUTION
You can check the

solution of Example 4
by noting that the
graph of
/**(x) = Vx
is the reflection of the
graph of/(x) = x / x > 0,
in the line y = x.
Write original function.
y= 7
Repiace /(x) with y.
* = /
Switch x and y.
V x = y
T he d om ain o f / i s restricted to non n egative

values o f x. So, th e range o f / " * m ust also
be restricted to nonn egative values, and
th erefore th e inverse is / " * ( x ) = Vx. (If th e
d om ain w as restricted to x < 0, you would
ch o o se /"* (x ) = -V x .)
HORiZONTAL L!NE TEST You ca n u se th e graph o f a f u n c t io n / t o d eterm in e

w hether th e inverse o f / i s a fu n ctio n by applying th e h orizontal line rest.
KEY CONCEPT
Horizontal Line Test
T h e inverse o f a f u n c t io n / is also a fu n ctio n if and only if no h o rizo n tal lin e
in tersects th e graph o f / m o r e th a n once.
inverse is a function
7
440
Chapter 6
inverse is not a function
Find th e inverse o f a cubic fu n ction

C onsider th e fu n c tio n /(x ) = 2x^ + 1. D eterm in e w h eth er th e inverse of
/ i s a fu n ction . Then find th e inverse.
Soiution
!!
Graph the fu n ctio n / N otice that no horizontal line

in tersects th e graph m ore th a n o n ce. So, th e inverse o f /
is itse if a fu n ctio n . To find an eq u atio n fo r/ " / com p lete
th e foiiow ing steps:
W rite o rig in a i fu n ctio n .
I!
R e p ia ce /(x ) w ith y.
x = 2 / + 1
Sw itch x an d y.
x - 1= 2 /
S u b tra c t 1 fro m e a c h sid e.
x - 1
2
D ivide e a c h sid e by 2.
1!
1 CN
T ak e c u b e ro o t o f e a c h sid e.
' T h e inverse o f / i s / '(x) =
GutDED PRACTKE
x - 1
Find th e inverse o f th e fu n ction . Then grap h th e fu n ction an d its inverse.

5. / M = F , x > o
8.
7. / M =
6. g(x) = -L%3
/(x ) = - x ^ + 4
9 . /(x ) = 2x^ + 3
1 0 . g(x) = -7 x ^ + 7
Find th e inverse of a p o w er m ode)
EXAMPLE 6
TICKET PRICES T h e average p rice P (in doila

for a N ational F o o tb all League tick et ca n be
m odeled by
P = 3 5 f 192
w here t is th e n u m b er o f y ears sin ce 1995.
Find th e inverse m odel th a t gives tim e as a
fu n ctio n o f th e average tick et price.
Soiution
P = 3 5 f ^92
/ / =
192
o5
/p sl/0 .1 9 2
\o5/
fn ,q ?-,l/0 .1 9 2
W rite o rig in a i m o d e i.
D w jd e e a c h sid e b y 3 5 .
.
= (fU < 9 2 j
R a is e e a c h s id e to th e p o w e r ^
Sim p iify . T h is is th e in v e rse m o d e i.
0.1 HZ
/ p \5.2
I j
6 .4
Use inverse Functions
441
EXAMPLE 7
Use an inverse power mode) to make a prediction
Use th e inverse pow er m odei from Exam ple 6 to p red ict th e year w hen th e
average tick et p rice w iii reach $58.
S o iu tio n
5.2
Write inverse power modei.
58)5.2
35,
Substitute 58 for P.
14
Useacaicuiator.
k You can pred ict th at th e average tick et p rice w iii reach $ 5 8 about
14 years after 1995, or in 2009.
CutDED PRACTtCE
11. TICKET PRICES T he average p rice P (in doiiars) for a M ajor League B aseb aii
tick et ca n be m odeied by P = 10.7f ^ w here f is th e n u m b er o f years sin ce
1995. W rite th e inverse m odei. Th en u se th e inverse to pred ict th e year when
th e average tick et p rice w iii reach $25.
/
6 4 EXERCtSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
* = STANDARDiZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2 ,1 4 ,2 1 ,2 8 , and 48
SK)LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY State th e d efin itio n o f a n inverse relation.
2. ik WRITING E xp lain how to d eterm in e w h eth er a fu n c tio n g is an inverse o f/
4. y = 2 x + 5
II
INVERSE RELATIONS Find an eq u ation for th e inverse reiatio n .
o n p .4 3 8
for Exs. 3-13
II
EXAMPLE 1
8. y = 18x 5
9. y = 5x + 1
10. y = - ^ x + 2
r'-lui
+
( ? ! ) y = 12x + 7
cnltn
1
II
6. y = 10% - 28
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and c o rr e c t th e e rro r in finding th e inverse o f th e

reiation .
12.
13.
y = 6 x -1 1
442
Chapter 6
+ " = y
-x = y + 3
li
X
x + 11 = 6y
y = -x + 3
X
/
/
\
Rationa) Exponents and Radical Functions
- x - 3 = y
/ \
14.
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 439
for Exs. 15-21
* OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a f u n c tio n / s u c h th at th e graph o f / ^ is a lin e

w ith a siope o f 3.
VERIFYING INVERSE FUNCTIONS Verify t h a t / a n d g a re inverse fu n ction s.

( 15) / ( * ) = x + 4, g M = x - 4
16. /(x ) = 2 x + 3, g M = ^
17. /(x ) = Jj-x / g(x) = (4 x / "

19.
21.
/(x ) = 4x + 9, g M =
" 2
18. /(x ) = ^ x - 1, g(x) = 5x + 5

^
20. /(x ) = 5 F - 2, x > 0; g(x) =
^ MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is th e inverse o f th e

fu n ctio n w hose graph is show n?
g(x) = y x - 6
(B )
g(x) = y x + 6
(g ) g(x) = ^ x - 6
(D )
gM =
(A )
+ 12
EXAMPLE 4
INVERSES OF POWER FUNCTIONS Find th e inverse of th e pow er fu n ction .
on p. 440
for Exs. 22-28
22. /(x )
= x**
23. /(x ) = 4 x / x > 0
24. /(x ) = -lO x^, x < 0
25. /(x )
= 32x5
26. /(x ) =
27. /(x ) = ^ x / x < 0
28.' ^ MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is th e inverse o f /(x ) =

(g )
EXAMPLES
on p. 441
for Exs. 29-43
g M = -4 "^ x
g(x) = - 4 x ^
(D ) g M = ^ - 4 x
HORIZONTAL LINE TEST G raph th e fu n ctio n / Then u se th e grap h to d eterm in e

w heth er th e inverse o f / i s a fu n ction .
29. /(x ) = 3x + 1
30. /(x ) = - x - 5
31. / M = ^
- 1
32. /(x ) = - 6 x / x > 0
33. /(x ) = ^
34. / M = x^ - 2
35. /(x ) = (x - 4)(x + 1)
36. /(x ) = ]xl + 4
37. / M = 4x^ - 5x^ - 6
tNVERSES OF NONLINEAR FUNCTIONS Find th e inverse o f th e fu n ction .

38. / M =
41.
44.
/(x ) =
x> 0
+ 8, x < 0
39. / M = x'^ - 2
40. /(x ) = ^
42. /(x ) = 2 * ^ " 6
+ 5
= ^4 _ g
^ Q
REASONING D eterm in e w h eth er th e sta tem en t is true or /r is e . Expiafn your

reasoning.
a. I f / M = x " w here n is a positive even integer, th e n th e inverse o f / i s a
fu n ctio n .
b. I f / M = x " w here n is a positive odd integer, th e n th e inverse o f / i s a
fu n ctio n .
! 45. CHALLENGE Show th a t th e inverse o f an y lin e a r f u n c tio n / M = m x + &, w here m # 0,

is also a lin ea r fu n ctio n . Give th e slope and y -in tercep t o f th e graph o f / " * in term s o f
m and &.
6 .4
443
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EX AMPLE 3
on p. 439
for Exs. 4 6 -4 8
46. EXCHANGE RATES T h e cnro is th e u nit o f cu rre n cy for th e E uropean U nion,

On a ce rta in day, th e n u m b er F o f eu ros th a t could b e o b ta in ed for D doiiars
w as given by th is fu n ctio n :
F = 0.81419D
Find th e inverse o f th e fu n ctio n . T h en use th e inverse to find th e nu m ber of
doiiars th at couid be o b tain ed for 250 eu ros on th a t day.
@ M )fn e 7 u fO r
47. MULH-STEP PROBLEM W h en ca lib ra tin g a spring scaie, you n eed to know
how far th e spring stretch es for variou s w eights. H ooke's law states th at
th e length a spring stretch es is p ro p o rtio n al to th e w eight attach ed to it. A
m odel for one scale is f = 0.5tc + 3 w here f is th e to tal len gth (in in ch es) of
th e stretch ed spring and tc is th e w eight (in pounds) o f th e o b ject.
a. Find th e inverse o f th e given m odel.
b. If you place a w eight on th e scale an d th e spring stretch es to a to tal
length o f 6.5 in ches, how heavy is th e weight?
@Home7t/fOf
48. A- EXTENDED RESPONSE At th e sta rt o f a dog sled ra ce in A nchorage, Alaska,

th e tem p eratu re w as 5C. By th e end o f th e race, th e tem p eratu re w as -1 0 C .
T h e form ula for converting tem p eratu res from d egrees F a h ren h eit F to
degrees C elsius C is C = ^ ( F - 32).
a. Find th e inverse o f th e given m odel. D escribe w hat in fo rm atio n you ca n
o b tain from th e inverse.
b. Find th e F ah ren h eit tem p eratu res at th e sta rt and end o f th e race.
c. Use a graphing calcu lato r to graph th e o rig in al fu n ctio n an d its inverse.
Find th e tem p eratu re th at is th e sam e on b o th tem p eratu re scales.
EXAMPLES
6 and 7
on pp. 441-442
for Exs. 4 9 -5 0
49.) BOAT SPEED T he m axim u m hull

speed c (in knots) o f a boat
w ith a d isp lacem en t hull ca n be
approxim ated by
y = 1.34V7
where f is th e length (in feet) o f the
b oat's w aterline. Find th e inverse of
th e m odel. T h en find th e w aterline
length n eed ed to achieve a m axim u m
speed o f 7.5 knots.
^ B l B !S !s g A ) g e b r a
at classzone.com
50. BtOLOGY T h e body su rface area A (in squ are m eters) o f a person w ith a m ass
o f 60 kilog ram s ca n be approxim ated by th e m odel
A = 0.2195h
w here h is th e person's h eight (in ce n tim eters). Find th e inverse o f th e m odel.
T h en estim ate th e height o f a 60 kilog ram p erson who has a body su rface
area o f 1.6 squ are m eters.
444
Q = WORKED OUT SOLUT!ONS

on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
51.
CHALLENGE C onsider th e fu n ctio n g(x) = - x .

a. G raph g(x) = - x and exp lain why it is its ow n inverse. Also verify th a t
g(x) = g "*(x ) algebraically.
b. G raph other lin e a r fu n ctio n s th a t are th eir ow n inverses. W rite
eq u atio n s o f th e lin es you graphed.
c. Use your resu lts from p a rt (b) to w rite a general eq u atio n d escrib in g the
fam ily o f lin ea r fu n ctio n s th a t are th eir ow n inverses.
MtXED REVtEW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 6.5
in Exs. 52-57.
52.
y = Ixl - 2 (p. 123)
53.
y = l x + l l + 3 f p . 123j
54.
y = - 3 l x l (p. 123)
55.
y = 3(x - 4)(x + 2) (p. 245)
56.
y = - 2 ( x + 3 f - 4 (p. 245)
57.
y = ^ ( x - i f + 7 )p. 245)
Soive th e system of iin ear eq u ation s, (p. 160)

58.
3x - 4y = 24
x + 2y = 2
60.
59.
2x - 4y = 13
4x-5y=8
62.
2x 2 - 8x 2 +
65.
4x2 + 8x2 - 25x - 50 = 0
7x - 12y = - 2 2
25x + 8 y = 1 4
Soive th e eq u ation , (p. 353)

61.
6x 2 _
64.
x2 - 3x2 + gx = 24
= Q
= o
63.
16x2 ^ _25Q
66.
12x* - 7x2 - 45 = 0
L e t /( x ) = 4x2 - x an d g (x) = 2%2. p erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n an d sta te the

d om ain . (p. 428)
1. /(x ) + g(x)
2. g(x) - / ( x )
3. /(x ) - g(x)
4.
5 . /(g (x ))
6. g(/(x ))
7 . /( /(x ))
8. g(g(x))
Verify t h a t /a n d g a re inverse fu n ction s, (p. 438)

9.
11.
/(x ) = x - 9, g(x) = x + 9
10. /(x ) = 5x2,
/(x) = - y x +
12. /(x) = 6x2 + 1, x > Q.
g(x) = - ^ x + I
Find th e inverse o f th e fu n ction , (p. 438)

13.
/(x ) = ^ x + 5
16. /(x ) = 5x + 12
19.
14. /(x ) = x2 - 16, x > 0
15. /(x ) =
17. /(x ) = -3 x 2 _ 4
13. /(x ) = 9x" - 49, x < 0
GASOLINE COSTS T h e co st (in dollars) o f g g allon s o f g asolin e ca n b e m odeled

by C(g) = 2.15g. T h e am o u n t o f gasolin e u sed by a c a r c a n b e m odeled by
g(d) = 0 .02 d w here d is th e d ista n ce (in m iles) th a t th e ca r h as b ee n driven.
Find C(g(d)) an d C (g (400)). W hat does C (g(400)) represent? (p. 428)
EXTRA PRACTKE
for Lesson 6.4, p. 1015
ONUNE QU!Z at dasszone.com
445
C Graph Square Root and

Cube Root Functions
You g ra p h ed p o ty n om ia] fu n ctio n s.
You witl g rap h sq u a re ro o t an d c u b e ro o t fu n ctio n s.
So you c a n g ra p h th e sp e e d o f a ra cin g car, a s in Ex. 3 8 .
Key Vocabulary
In Lesson 6.4, you saw th e graphs o f y = Vx and y = V x. T h ese are exam ples o f
rad ical fu n ction s. In th is lesson , you w ill le a rn to graph fu n ctio n s o f th e form
' rad ical function
y = aVx - h + A; and y = a V x - /: + A:.
' p aren t function,

p. 89
KEY CONCEPT
/tv
P aren t Functions for Square Root and Cube R oot Functions

The parent fu n ctio n for th e fam ily
The p aren t fu n ctio n for th e fam ily
o f squ are root fu n ctio n s is /(x ) = Vx.
o f cu b e root fu n ctio n s is g(x) = V x .
Domain: x > 0, Range: y > 0
EXAMPLE 1
Graph y = ^
Domain and range: aii reai numbers
G raph a sq u a re ro o t fu n ctio n
x , and state th e d om ain an d ran g e. C om p are th e graph w ith
th e graph o fy = Vx.
S o lu tio n
M ake a table o f values and sketch th e graph.
REVIEW DOMAIN
AND RANGE
For help with the

domain and range of a
function, see p. 72.
0.5
0.71
0 .8 7
T he rad icand o f a squ are root m ust b e n onnegative.

So, th e d om ain is x > 0. T h e range is y > 0.
T he graph o f y = y V x is a v ertical sh rin k o f th e graph
o f y = Vx by a factor of
446
Chapter 6
Graph a cube root function
EXAMPLE
Graph y = - 3 'v x , and state th e d om ain an d ra n g e . C om p are th e graph

w ith th e grap h o fy = f-*'x.
Soiution
M ake a tabie o f values an d sketch th e graph.
-2
-1
3.78
-3
-3.78
REViEW STRETCHES
AND SHRiNKS
T he d om ain and range are all real n um bers.
For he)p with vertical

stretches and shrinks,
see p. 123.
T h e graph o fy = 3 ^ x is a v ertical stretch o f the

graph o f y = V x by a factor o f 3 follow ed by a
re flectio n in th e x-axis.

PENDULUMS The period o f a pen d u lu m is th e tim e
th e pendu lu m tak es to co m p lete one b ack-an d -forth
swing. T h e period T (in secon d s) ca n b e m od eled by
T = 1.1 lV f w here f is th e pendu lu m 's len gth (in feet).
* Use a graphing calcu la to r to graph th e m odel.
* How long is a pendulum w ith a period o f 3 secon d s?
Soiution
7
Graph th e m odel. E n ter th e

e q u a tio n y = l.ll V x . T he
graph is show n below.
FTKPf
Use th e trace featu re to find

th e value o f x w hen y = 3.
T h e graph show s x 7.3.
Y =3.001108
F A pendulum w ith a period o f 3 seco n d s is abou t 7.3 feet long.
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r Exam p ies 1, 2 , and 3
G raph th e fu n ction . Th en state th e d o m ain an d ran ge.

1.
y = -3 V x
2.
3. y =
/(x ) =
4. g(x) = 4 V x
5. WHAT <F? Use th e m odel in E xam ple 3 to find th e len g th o f a pendu lu m w ith
a period o f 1 second.
6 .5
Graph Square Root and Cube Root Functions
447
TRANSLATIONS OF RADICAL FUNCTIONS T h e p ro ced u re for graphing fu n ctio n s

o f th e form y = aV x - A + A and y = a V x - A + A is d escrib ed below.
KEY CONCEPT
/ w * %M7*
Graphs of Radical Functions

To g ra p h y = n V x - A + A o r y = a V x - A + A, foiiow th e se steps:
^7iF^ 7
Sketch th e graph o f y = aV x or y = a V x .
^7<EA^
Transtate th e graph h o rizo n taliy A u n its an d v ertically A units.
G raph a t r a n s i t e d sq u a re ro o t fu nction
G rap h y - - 2 x - 3 + 2 . T h en sta te th e d o m a in a n d ran ge .
Soiution
F7B P 7
REVIEW
TRANSLATtONS
For help with translating

graphs, see p. 123.
Sketch th e graph o f y = - 2 V x (show n in

biue). N otice th a t it b eg in s at th e origin
an d passes th rou gh th e p o in t (1, - 2 ) .
Transtate th e graph. F o r y = - 2 V x - 3 + 2 ,
A = 3 and A = 2. So, sh ift th e graph of
y = - 2 V x righ t 3 u n its and up 2 u n its. T h e
resu iting graph sta rts at (3, 2) an d p asses
th rou gh (4, 0).
From th e graph, you ca n see th at th e d om ain o f th e

fu n ctio n is x > 3 and th e ran ge o f th e fu n ctio n is y < 2.
^ B H B ^ iS S A ig e b r a
EXAMPLE 5
at classzone.com
G raph a t r a n s i t e d cu b e ro o t fu n ction
G raph y = 3 W + 4 - 1. T h en sta te th e d o m a in a n d ran ge.
Soiution
^ 7 !f^ 7
Sketch th e graph o fy = 3*Vx (show n

in biue). N otice th a t it passes th rou gh
th e origin and th e p oin ts ( -1 , - 3 ) and
(1 .3 ).
.P72PF
Transiate th e graph. Note th a t for

y = 3V x + 4 - 1, A = - 4 and A = - 1 .
So, sh ift th e graph o fy = 3*Vx left
4 u n its and dow n 1 u nit. T h e resu ltin g
graph p asses throu gh th e p oin ts
( - 5 , - 4 ) , ( - 4 , - 1 ) , and ( - 3 , 2).
From th e graph, you ca n see th a t th e d o m ain and

range o f th e fu n ctio n are b o th aii real num bers.
^ g fm o te g A ig e b ra
448
Chapter 6
3t classzone.com
Rational Exponents and Radicai Functions
GUIDED PRACTICE
G raph th e fu n ction . Then sta te th e d om ain an d ran ge.

7. y = 2Vx + 1
6. y = - 4 V x + 2
8. /(x) = ^-Vx - 3 - 1
1
H
+>
c\l
1!
c$
10. y = V x - 5
6 5 EXERCtSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
11. g(x) = V x + 2 - .

Exs. 2 ,9 ,2 5 ,2 7 , and 37
- MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 39
SK!LL PRACTKE
1.
2.
VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: Squ are root fu n ctio n s and cu b e root
fu n ctio n s are exam ples o f ? fu n ctio n s.
* WRITING T h e graph o fy = Vx is th e graph o fy = aVx - h + A; w ith a = 1,
h = 0, and A: = 0. P red ict how th e graph o fy = Vx w ill ch an g e if:
a.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 446
for Exs. 3 -9
<2 = 3
b. h = 2
c. A; = 4
SQUARE ROOT FUNCTIONS G raph th e fu n ction . Then sta te th e d om ain

an d ran ge.
3.
y = -4 V x
4.
/M =
6.
y = -6 V x
7. y = 5Vx
9.
* MULTiPLE CHOiCE T h e graph o f w hich fu n ctio n is show n?

*3 ) y = ^ *
(B )
y = -^ V x
(g ) y = $Vx
(B ) y = - $ V x
EXAMPLE 2
CUBE ROOT FUNCTIONS G raph th e fu n ction . Then state th e d o m ain an d ran ge.
on p. 447
for Exs. 10-15
io.
y = ^-Vx
( l l ^ y = 2V x
13. h(x) = - y V x
12. /(x ) = - 5 V y
14. g(x) = 6*Vx
is . y = ^ V x
EXAMPLES
4 and 5
RADICAL FUNCTIONS G raph th e fu n ction . Then state th e d o m ain an d ra n g e ,
on p. 448
for Exs. 16-24
16. /(x ) = 2 V x - 1 + 3
19. y = ^ ' 3
^
4
(^ )y = ^
- i
22. y = - V x - 4 - 7
5 ,
+ 8
(y
18. y = - 4 V x - 5 + 1
20. y = - 2 V x + 5 + 5
21. h(x) = - 3 f x + 7 - 6
23. g(x) = - ^ - V x - 6
24. v = 4 V x ^ 4 + 5
25. ^ SHORT RESPONSE E xplain w hy th ere are lim ita tio n s on th e d om ain and
range o f th e fu n c tio n y = Vx - 5 + 4.
6 .5
2 6 . ERROR ANALYStS A s t u d e n t t r ie d to __________________________ ____

e x p la in h o w t h e g r a p h s o f y = - 2 V x
g ra p h o f y 2 V x j h l 3
a n d y = - 2 ^ T I - 3 a r e r e la t e d .
's
D e s c r ib e a n d c o r r e c t t h e e rro r .
r ig h t 1 u n it a n d dow n 3 u n its .
9 ^
^ ^
tr a n s la te d \ /
--------
2 7 . ^ MULTtPLE CHO)CE I f t h e g r a p h o f y = 3 V x is s h i f t e d l e f t 2 u n it s , w h a t is t h e
e q u a t io n o f t h e t r a n s l a t e d g r a p h ?
(A ) y = 3\!'X - 2
(B ) y = 3 V x - 2
(g )
= 3^x + 2
(g )
= 3^x + 2
REASONtNG Find th e d om ain an d ran g e of th e fu n ctio n w ith ou t graphing.

Exp lain how you found y o u r an sw ers.
28. y = V x + 5
29 . y = V x - 12
30. y = ^-Vx - 4
31. y = y ^ x + 7
3 2 . g (x ) = V x + 7
3 3 . / (x ) = I v x - 3 + 6
34 .
CHALLENGE G r a p h y = V x , y = V x , y = V x , a n d y = V x o n a g r a p h in g
c a lc u la to r . M a k e g e n e r a l iz a t i o n s a b o u t t h e g r a p h o f y = V x w h e n n is
e v e n a n d w h e n n is o d d .
EXAMPLE 3
3 5 . <ND!RECT MEASUREMENT T h e d i s t a n c e d (in m ile s ) t h a t a p ilo t c a n s e e to
on p. 447
for Exs. 35-36
t h e h o r iz o n c a n b e m o d e le d b y d = 1 .2 2 V a w h e r e a is t h e p la n e 's a lt it u d e
(in f e e t a b o v e s e a le v e l) . G r a p h t h e m o d e l o n a g r a p h i n g c a lc u la t o r . T h e n
d e t e r m in e a t w h a t a lt i t u d e t h e p il o t c a n s e e 8 m ile s .
@ H o m eT M to r
36.
PENDULUMS U s e t h e m o d e l T = l . l l V f fo r t h e p e r io d o f a p e n d u l u m f r o m
E x a m p le 3 o n p a g e 447.
a . F in d t h e p e r io d o f a p e n d u l u m w i t h a le n g t h o f 2 fe e t .
b. F in d t h e le n g t h o f a p e n d u lu m w i t h a p e r io d o f 2 s e c o n d s .
@ M )m e 7 M fo r
(37^ * SHORT RESPONSE T h e s p e e d a (in m e t e r s p e r s e c o n d ) o f s o u n d w a v e s

in a ir d e p e n d s o n t h e t e m p e r a t u r e K (in k e lv in s ) a n d c a n b e m o d e l e d b y :
n = 3 3 1.5
273.15
, K >0
a . K e lv in t e m p e r a t u r e K is r e la t e d to C e ls iu s t e m p e r a t u r e C b y t h e f o r m u la
K = 2 7 3 .1 5 + C . W r ite a n e q u a t i o n t h a t g iv e s t h e s p e e d c o f s o u n d w a v e s
in a ir a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e t e m p e r a t u r e C i n d e g r e e s C e ls iu s .
b. W h a t a r e a r e a s o n a b le d o m a i n a n d r a n g e fo r t h e f u n c t i o n f r o m p a r t (a)?
450
WORKED-OUT SOLUTtONS
on p. WS1
* = STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
MULTtPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
38. DRAG RACiNG For a given to tal weight, th e speed o f a ca r at th e end o f a

drag race is a fu n c tio n o f th e car's power. For a ca r w ith a to tal w eight of
3 500 pounds, th e speed s (in m iles per hour) ca n b e m odeled by s = 14.8^/p
w here p is th e pow er (in horsep ow er). G raph th e m odel. T h en d eterm in e
th e pow er o f a 3 500 pou nd ca r th a t reach es a speed o f 200 m iles per hour.
39.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATiONS U nder

c e rta in con d itio n s, a skydiver's te rm in a l
velocity
(in feet per second) is given by
";=33.7^
where IV is th e w eight o f th e skydiver
(in pounds) and 71 is th e skydiver's crosssectio n a l su rface area (in squ are feet). Note
th a t skydivers ca n vary th e ir cro ss-se ctio n a l
su rface area by ch an g in g p osition s as th ey fa
a. Writing an Equation W rite a n eq u atio n th a t gives ^ as a fu n c tio n o f zl for
a skydiver w ho w eighs 165 pounds.
b. Making a Tabie M ake a table o f values for th e eq u atio n from p a rt (a).
c. Drawing a Graph U se your tab le to graph th e eq u ation .
40.
CHALLENGE T h e su rface area 5 o f a righ t circu la r co n e w ith a sla n t h eight

o f 1 u n it is given by S = rrr +
w here r is th e co n e's radius.
a.
Use co m p letin g th e squ are to show th e follow ing:

r=
1
V7T
b. G raph th e eq u atio n from p a rt (a) using a g raphing

calcu lator.
c. Find th e radius o f a right circu la r co n e w ith a slant
height o f 1 u n it and a su rface area o f ^
squ are u nits.
M!XED REV!EW
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 6.6
in Exs. 41-46.
41.
I(x + 8 f = 3
43.
7^2 -
45.
*2 - 40x + 383 = 0 (p. 2 8 4 )
20
= 36
(p. 2 6 6 )
266)
42.
9 (x - 3)2 + 22 = 130 (p. 266)
44.
*2 -
46.
%2 - 2 2 x + 97 = 0 (p. 284)
i4 x
3 7
o ^
284)
Find all th e zero s of th e p olyn om ial fu n ction , (p. 379)

47. /(x ) = x^ + 5x^ _ ^2 _
4 ?;. y(%) = x^ - 3x^ - 27x2 - 13^ + 42
49. /(x ) = x^ + x^ + 2x2 + 4 x - 8
50. /(x ) = x^ + 6 x^ + 14x2 + 5 4x + 45
L e t /( x ) = 5x2 ^ a n d g (x ) = 3x* 2. P e rfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n , (p. 428)
gM
55. /(g(x))
52. /(x ) - /( x )
53. g(x) - g(x)
54. /(x ) - g(x)
56. g(/(x))
57. /(/(x ))
58. g(g(x))
3* ^
ONL!NE QU!Z at ctasszone.com
451
g So!ve Radical Equations

You sotved potynom ia! equations.
You witt solve radicat equations.
So you can catcutate hang time, as in Ex. 60.
K ey V o ca b u la ry
* ra d ica i equation
* extran eo u s
soiution, p. 52
E qu ations with radicals that have variabies in their radicands are caiied
ra d ica i equations. An exam ple o f a rad ical eq u atio n is V 2 x + 7 = 3.
KEY CONCEPT
/w* %?%/-
^ Solving Radica! Equations

;I
:
Tosolve a rad ical equation, follow th e se steps:

-fTSFP 7
; I!
;
:^
;^
isolate th e rad ical on o n e side o f th e eq uation, if n ecessary.

Raise each side o f th e eq u atio n to th e sam e pow er to elim in a te th e
rad ical and o b ta in a linear, qu ad ratic, or o th er poly n om ial eq uation.
<? Solve th e p olyn om ial eq u atio n using te ch n iq u e s you learn ed in

previous chap ters. C heck your solution.
Solve a rad ical eq u ation
EXAMPLE 1
Solve f 2x + 7 = 3.
^2x + 7 = 3
( ^ 2 x + 7 p = 33
2x + 7 = 27
2 x = 20
x = 10

Cube each side to eliminate the radical.
Simplify.
C/yfC/r C heck X = 10 in th e orig in al eq u ation .

f 2(10) + 7
^27 ^ 3
3 = 3^
GuiDED PRACTKE
Substitute lO fo rx .
Simplify.
Solution checks.
fo r E xam p le 1
Solve th e equ ation . C heck y o u r solution.

1. ^ x - 9 = - 1
452
Chapter 6
2. Vx + 25 = 4
Rations] Exponents and Radicat Functions
3. 2\)'x - 3 = 4
So!ve a radica! equation given a function

WIND VELOCITY In a h u rrican e, th e m ean su stained
w ind velocity n (in m eters per second) is given by
y(p) = 6.3\/l013 - p
w here p is th e air pressu re (in m illib ars) at th e
cen ter o f th e h u rrican e. E stim ate th e a ir p ressu re at
th e cen ter o f a h u rrican e w hen th e m ean su stain ed
w ind velocity is 54.5 m eters per second .
ANOTHER WAY
S o lu tio n

In Example 2, turn
to page 460 for the
Problem Solving
Workshop
p(p) = 6.3\/l013 p
Write given function.
54 .5 = 6.3\/l013 - p
Substitute 54.5 for v(p).
8.65 = ^ 1 0 1 3 - p
(8.65)2 ^ ( y i o i 3 - p)2
Square each side.
74.8 = 1013 - p
Simplify.
- 9 3 8 .2 = - p
938.2 = p
Divide each side by - 1 .
F T he air pressure at th e cen ter o f th e h u rrica n e is ab o u t 938 m illib ars.
GUIDED PRACTICE
4.
for E xam p le 2
WHAT IF? Use th e fu n c tio n in E xam ple 2 to estim a te th e air p ressure

at th e cen ter o f a h u rrica n e w hen th e m ea n su stain ed w ind v elocity is
48.3 m eters per second.
RATIONAL EXPONENTS W hen a n eq u atio n co n ta in s a pow er w ith a ration al

exponent, you ca n solve th e eq u atio n using a p ro ced u re sim ilar to th e one for
solving rad ical eq u ations. In th is ca se, you first isolate th e pow er an d th e n raise
each side o f th e eq u atio n to th e recip ro cal o f th e ratio n al exponent.

W hat Is th e solution of th e eq u ation 4 jtr^ = 108?
(A ) 3
(g )
(g )
(g )
27
S o lu tio n
4x 3^ = 108

(x3/2)2/3 = 27^/3
x = 9
Raise each side to the power y .

Simplify.
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C. (S ) ( ? ) ( ) (B )
6 .6
Solve Radical Equations
453
So!ve an equation with a rationa! exponent
EXAMPLE 4
Solve (x + 2 ^ * - 1 = 7.
(x + 2)3 ^
-1 = 7
(x + 2)3 ^ =
Add 1 to each side.
[ (x + 2)3'4]4/3 = g4/3
Raise each side to the power
x + 2 = (8^ 3)4
Appiy properties of exponents,
x + 2 = 2^
Simpiify.
Simpiify.
+ 2 = 16
x = 14
F The solution is 14. C heck th is in th e orig in al eq u ation .
CutDED PRACTKE
fo r E x a m p le s 3 a n d 4
Solve th e eq u ation. C heck y o u r solution.

5.
3x3'2 = 3 7 5
6. -2x3^4 = - 1 6
7.
8.
(x + 3)^2 = 32
9. (x - 5) 5'3 = 2 4 3
= -2
10. (x + 2 ) ^ + 3 = 7
EXTRANEOUS SOLUTIONS R aising each side o f a n eq u atio n to th e sam e pow er

m ay in trod u ce ex tran eo u s solutions. W h en you u se th is proced ure, you should
alw ays ch eck each apparent solution in th e o n gh m / eq uation.
So!ve a n eq u atio n w ith an e x tra n e o u s soiution

Solve x + 1 = V7x + 15.
x + 1 = V7x + 15
(x + l f =
(V 7x+ 15)2
x2 + 2x + 1 = 7x + 15
x2 - 5x - 14 = 0
Square each side.

Expand ieft side and simpiify right side.
(x 7)(x + 2) = 0
Factor.
x - 7= 0
Zero-product property
x + 2 = 0
n
II
1
or
O
M
II
REVIEW FACTORING
For help with factoring,
see p. 252.
Soive for x.
avaar
C heck x = 7 in th e o rigin al eq uation.
x + 1 = V7x + 15
7 + 1 = V7(7) + 15
C heck x = - 2 in th e orig in al eq uation.

x + 1 = V7x + 15
- 2 + 1 ^ V 7 (-2 ) + 15
8 ^ \ M
- l^ V l
8 = 8^
-1 ^ 1
F The only solution is 7. (The apparen t solu tion - 2 is extran eo u s.)
454
Chapter 6
SQUARING TWICE W h en a n eq u atio n co n ta in s two rad icals, you m ay need to

squ are each side tw ice in order to elim in a te b o th rad icals.
S o !v e a n e q u a tio n w ith tw o rad icals

Solve Vx + 2 + 1 = V3 - x .
Solution
METHOD 1 Solve using algebra.
Vx + 2 + l = V 3 - x
REVIEW
FOIL METHOD
For help with
multiplying algebraic
expressions using
the FOIL method,
see p. 245.
(Vx + 2 + l)^ = (V3 - x)^
Square each side.
x T 2 T 2Vx + 2 + 1 3 x
Expand left side and simpiify right side.
2Vx + 2 = - 2 x
isoiate radicai expression.
Vx + 2 = - x
(Vx + 2)2 = ( - x f
Square each side again.
x + 2 = x^
Simpiify.
CN
1
1!
o
0 = (x - 2) (x + 1)
x-2 = 0
or
x = 2
or
Factor.
x + 1= 0
Zero-product property
x = -l
C heck x = 2 in th e o rig in al eq u ation .
Solve for x.
C heck x = - 1 in th e o rig in al equation.
n
1
Cl
!!
Vx + 2 + l = V 3 - x
V2 + 2 + l ^ V 3 - 2
V-l + 2 + l^ V 3 -(-l)
V*4 + 1 ^ V T
V I + 1 = V4
3^ 1
2= 2/
^ T h e only solution is - 1 . (The apparen t solu tion 2 is extran eo u s.)

METHOD 2 Use a graph to solve th e eq uation.
U se a graphing ca lcu la to r to graph
= Vx + 2 + 1 an d y^ = V3 - x . Th en
find th e in tersectio n p o in ts o f th e two
graphs by u sing th e intersect featu re.
You w ill find th a t th e only p oin t o f
in tersectio n is ( - 1 , 2). T h erefore, - 1
is th e only solu tion o f th e eq u ation
Vx + 2 + l = V 3-x.
GutDED PRACTKE
Solve th e eq u ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s solutions.

11. x - i = J I x
12. VlOx + 9 = x + 3
13. V 2 x + 5 = V x + 7
14. V x + 6 - 2 = V x - 2
6 .6
455
HOMEWORK
KEY
6 6 EXERC!SES
on p. WS12 for Exs. 5.13, and 59
Exs. 2 ,1 2 ,2 2 ,4 3 ,4 4 ,5 9 , and 60
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: W h en you solve a n eq u atio n algebraically,
an apparent solu tion th a t m ust b e re je cted b ec a u se it does n o t satisfy th e
orig in al eq u atio n is called a(n j ? solution.
2. * WRITING A stud ent w as asked to solve V 3x - 1 - V9x - 5 = 0. His
first step w as to squ are each side. W h ile tryin g to isolate x, he gave up in
fru stration. W hat could th e stud ent have done to avoid th is situation?
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 452
for Exs. 3-21
EQUATIONS WITH SQUARE ROOTS Solve th e eq u ation . C heck y o u r solution.

4. V3x + 10 = 8
3. V5x + 1 = 6
( lk )V 9 x + 11 = 14
8 . 8 V l0 x - 7 = 9
7. -2V *24x + 13 = -1 1
10. - 4 V x - 6 = - 2 0
9. Vx - 25 + 3 = 5
11. V - 2 x + 3 - 2 = 10
12. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e solu tion o f V8x + 3 = 3?

(E ) o
(E ) ^
(B )
EQUATIONS WITH CUBE ROOTS Solve th e eq u ation . C heck y o u r solution.

I 3) V x - 10 = - 3
14. V x - 16 = 2
16. 3 ^ 16x - 7 = 17
17. - 5 V 8 x + 12 = - 8
19. V x - 3 + 2 = 4
20. V 4 x + 2 - 6 = -10
22.
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 453-454
for Exs. 23-33
15.
V l 2x - 13 = - 7
18. V 4 x + 5 = ^
21.
- 4 V x + 10 + 3 = 15
OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a rad ical eq u atio n o f th e form V a x l - l r = c th at

h as - 3 as a solution. E xplain th e m eth od you u sed to fin d your eq uation.
EQUAT!ONS WITH RATIONAL EXPONENTS Solve th e eq u ation . C heck you r

solution.
23. 2 x ^ 2 = 16
24. Vx5'2 = 16
25. 9x3's = 72
26. (16x)3'4 + 44 = 556
27. y (x + 9 ) 3^ = 49
28. (x - 5 ) 3^ - 73 = 170
1/2
1,
29. t ^ x - 1 1 )
=5
30. (5x - 19V '6 = 32
31. (3x + 5 f '3 + 22 = 150
ERROR ANALYSIS Descri&e and c o rre c t th e e rro r in solving th e eq u ation .

32.
Vx +
33.
2 = 4
(Vx + 2)^ = 43
](x + 7 )'^ ]^ = 5
x + 5 = 64
x + 7 = 5
x 56
456
Chapter 6
(x + 7)^^ = 5
x = -2
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 454
for Exs. 34-44
SOLVING RADICAL EQUATIONS S o lve th e e q u a tio n . C h e c k fo r e x tra n e o u s

so lu tio n s.
34. x - 6 = V3x
37.
35.
V21x + 1 = x +-5
x - 10 = Vx
38. V44 - 2x = x
40. x - 2 = J-^-x - 2
x = \ 16x + 225
36.
- 10
39. V x ^ + 4 = x + 5
42. V 8x^ - 1 = 2 x - 1
41. ^ 3 - 8x2 ^ ^
43. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is (are) th e solution (s) o f V 32x - 64 = 2x?

(g )
(B )
-1 6
(g )
4,-16
(D )
h3
44. * SHORT RESPONSE E xplain how you ca n tell th a t Vx + 4 = - 5 h as no

soiu tion w ith ou t solving it.
EXAMPLE 6
on p. 455
for Exs. 45-52
EQUATIONS WITH TWO RADICALS So lve th e e q u a tio n . C h e c k fo r e x tra n e o u s

so lu tio n s.
45. V4x + 1 = V x + 10
46. ^ 1 2 x - 5 - V Sx + 15 = 0
47.
V3x- 8 + 1 = Vx+5
48. ^ x - 4 = ^ x - 7
49.
Vx + 2 = 2 - Vx
50. V2x + 3 + 2 = V6x + 7
51. V2x + 5 = Vx + 2
+ 1
52. V5x + 6 + 3 = V3x + 3 + 4
SOLVING SYSTEMS So lve th e sy stem o f e q u a tio n s.

53. 3Vx + 5\/y = 31
5Vx - 5Vy = -1 5
55.
54. 5Vx - 2\/y = 4V2

2Vx + 3Vy = 13V2
CHALLENGE Give an exam ple o f a ra d ica l eq u atio n th a t h a s tw o ex tra n eo u s

soiutions.
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
-
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 453
for Exs. 56-57
56. MAXIMUM SPEED In an am u sem en t park ride ca lled th e Sky Flyer,

a rider suspended by a cab ie sw ings b ack and forth like a pendu lu m
from a tali tower. A rider's m axim u m speed n (in m eters per second)
o ccu rs at th e b o tto m o f each sw ing and ca n b e approxim ated by
y = \Z2gh w here h is th e height (in m eters) at th e top o f ea ch sw ing
and g is th e acceleratio n due to gravity (g = 9.8 m /sec^). If a rider's
m ax im u m speed w as 15 m eters per second , w hat w as th e rider's
height at th e top o f th e swing?
@ M w nelH tW
6 .6
457
57. BURNiNG RATE A bu rn in g can d le h as a radius o f r in ch es and w as in itially

Ttg in ch es taii. A fter f m inu tes, th e height o f th e can d le has b een reduced to
h in ches. T h ese q u an tities are related by th e form uia
r=
^-n-(ho-h)
w here ^ is a co n stan t. How long w ill it take for th e en tire can d le to b u rn if its
radius is 0.875 inch , its in itia l height is 6.5 in ch es, an d %; = 0.04?
@ M )m e 7 u f o r
58. CONSTRUCTiON T he len gth f (in in ch es) o f a stand ard n ail ca n b e m odeled
by f = 5 4 d ^ w here d is the d iam eter (in in ch es) o f th e n ail. W hat is the
d iam eter o f a stand ard n a il th at is 3 in ch es long?
* SHORT RESPONSE Biologists have
discovered th a t th e shoulder height h
(in cen tim eters) o f a m ale A frican
elep han t can be m odeled by
h = 6 2 . 5 ^ + 75.8
where f is th e age (in years) o f the
elep hant. Compare th e ages o f two
elep hants, one w ith a shoulder
height o f 150 ce n tim eters and the
other w ith a shoulder height of
250 cen tim eters.
60. * EXTENDED RESPONSE "H ang tim e" is th e tim e you are suspended in th e
air during a jum p . Your hang tim e t (in secon d s) is given by th e fu n ctio n
t = 0.5Vh w here h is th e height o f th e ju m p (in feet). A b a sk etb a ll player
ju m p s and h as a h ang tim e o f 0.81 secon d . A k ang aroo ju m p s and has a hang
tim e o f 1.12 seconds.
a. Solve Find th e heights th a t th e b a sk etb all player and th e kangaroo
jum p ed .
b. Calculate D ouble th e han g tim es o f th e b a sk etb all player and the
kangaroo and ca lcu la te th e co rresp o n d in g heigh ts o f ea ch jum p .
c. Interpret If th e han g tim e doubles, does th e height o f th e ju m p double?
Explain.
^ S iS m ig g A lg e b r a
at classzone.com
61. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM T he B eau fo rt w ind scale

w as devised to m easu re w ind speed. T h e B eau fort
num bers B, w h ich range from 0 to 12, ca n be
m odeled by
Beaufort Wind Scaie

Beaufort number
B = 1.69Vs + 4.25 - 3.55

where s is th e speed (in m iles per hour) o f th e w ind.
a. Find th e w ind speed th at corresp on d s to th e
B eau fort n u m ber E = 0.
b. Find th e w ind speed th at corresp on d s to the
B eau fort nu m ber B = 12.
c. W rite an in eq u ality th at d escrib es th e range of
w ind speeds rep resented by th e B eau fo rt m odel.
458
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
Force of wind
Calm
Gentle breeze
Strong breeze
Strong gale
12
Hurricane
62.
CHALLENGE You are tryin g to d eterm in e a tru n ca ted pyram id 's height, w hich
c a n n o t be m easured directly. T h e height h and slan t h eight f o f th e tru n ca ted
pyram id are related by th e form ula show n below.
In th e given form ula, ^ and

are th e side len gth s o f th e u pper and lower
b a se s o f th e pyram id, respectively. If f = 5, ^ = 2, an d
= 4, w h at is th e
height o f th e pyram id?
....... ...............
M !XED REV!EW
'
' ^..
__ ^
Evalu ate th e exp ression . Teii w hich p ro p erties of exp on en ts you u sed . (p. 330)
Lesson 7.1
68 .
63. 43 .4 3
64. (3-2)3
65. (-5 ) ( - 5 ) "4
66. (lO "3M
67. 8*4 - 83
68. 6 - 64 . 6*4
69. /(x ) = -x ^
70. /(x ) = x4 - 9
71. /(x ) = x3 + 2
72. /(x ) = x'' - 8x2 _ 43
73. /(x ) = - y x 3 + x
74. /(x ) = x^ - 2 x - 4
G raph th e fu n ction , (p. 337)
Evaluate the exp ression w ith ou t using a ca icu ia to r. (p. 414)

77. -2 5 6 *'4
! 75. 163^
78. 4"3'2
79. 312 5 -3 's
80- 274/3
-----^
^
Q U !Z /o r Lessons 6 . 5 - 6 6
G raph the fu n ction . Then state th e d om ain an d ra n g e , (p. 446)
1.
y = 4Vx
2. y = Vx + 3
3. g(x) = Vx + 2 - 5
4.
y = -^ -V x
5. /(x) = V x - 4
6. y = V x - 3 + 2
Soive th e equ ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s soiutions. ip. 452)

7.
10 .
V6x + 1 5 = 9
x - 3 = V lO x 54
8.
11.
I(7 x +
4
= 54
V4x - 4 = V 5 x - 1 - 1
9.
12.
V3x + 5 + 2 = 5
^ x
.3c
- 9 = Vx - 6
13. ASTRONOMY A ccording to Kepler's th ird law o f p la n eta ry m otion, th e

fu n ctio n P = 0 .199<3^ relates a p lan et's orb ital period P (in days) to
th e len gth a (in m illio n s o f kilom eters) o f th e orbit's m in o r axis. The
o rbital period o f M ars is abou t 1.88 y ears. W h at is th e len g th o f th e
orbit's m ino r axis? (p. 452)
O N H N E Q L M Z a td a ssz o n e .co m
459
" '"9 ALTERNATIVE METHODS

LESSON 6.6
Another Why to Sotve Fxompte 2, poge 4 S3
MULTLPLE REPRESENTATIONS In E xam ple 2 on page 453, you solved a rad ical
eq u atio n algebraicaiiy. You ca n also solve a rad icai eq u ation using a tab ie or
a graph.
PROBLEM
W!ND VELOCtTY In a h u rrican e, th e m ea n su stain ed w ind velocity r*

(in m eters per second) is given by
y(p) = 6.3\/l013 - p
w here p is th e air p ressu re (in m illib a rs) at th e cen ter o f th e h u rrican e.
E stim ate th e air p ressu re at th e cen ter o f a h u rrica n e w hen th e m ean
su stained w ind v elocity is 54.5 m eters per secon d .
ME T HOD 1
Using a T ab ie T he problem requ ires solving th e rad ical eq u ation

6.3\/l013 - p = 54.5. O ne way to solve th is eq u atio n is to m ake a table of
values. You ca n use a graph in g ca lcu la to r to m ake th e table.
i/P P 7 Enter th e fu n ctio n y = 6.3C 1013 - x into a graphing calcu lator. Note th at
x rep resen ts air pressure and y rep resen ts w ind velocity. Set up a table to
display x-values sta rtin g at 9 0 0 and in crea sin g in in crem en ts o f 10.
Make a table o f values for th e fu n ctio n . T h e first table below shows th at

y = 54.5 b etw een x = 930 and x = 940. To approxim ate x m ore precisely,
set up th e table to display x-values sta rtin g at 930 and in creasin g in
in crem en ts o f 1. T he seco n d tab le below shows th a ty = 54.5 b etw een
x = 938 and x = 939.
X
900
910
920
SsHH H
940
X= 9 3 0
Y1
66.97
63.938
60.755
57.396
53.827
X
935
936
937
939
x = 938
Y1
55.64
55.282
54.922
54 . 56
54.195
W**"- - ^
^ T he m ean su stained w ind velocity is 54.5 m eters per secon d w hen th e

air pressure is betw een 938 and 939 m illibars.
460
Chapter 6
Using a Graph You c a n also u se a graph to solve th e eq u atio n

---------------------------"
6.3\/l013 - p = 54.5.
^7BP 7 Enter th e fu n ctio n s y = 6.3V1013 - x and
y = 54.5 into a g raphing calcu lator.
Graph th e fu n ctio n s from Step 1. Adjust

th e view ing w indow so th a t it show s th e
interval 800 < x < 1100 w ith a sca le o f 50
and th e in terv al 25 < y < 75 w ith a scale
o f 5.
Find th e in ters ectio n p o in t o f th e two

graphs u sin g th e intersect feature.
T h e graphs in ters ect at abou t (938, 54.5).
F T h e m ean su stain ed w ind v elocity is 54.5 m eters per seco n d w hen the
air pressure is abou t 938 m illib ars.
SOLVING EQUATIONS Solve th e rad ical eq uation

using a table and using a grap h .
1. V25 - x = 8
6 . WHAT IF? In th e problem on page 460, w hat

is th e air p ressu re at th e cen ter o f a h u rrican e
w hen th e m ean su stain ed w ind v elocity is
25 m eters per second ?
2. 2 . 3 V x - l = 11.5
3. 4.3Vx - 7 = 30
4. 6V2 - 7x - 1.2 = 22.8
<SS GEOMETRY T h e lateral su rface

area T o f a right circu la r co n e is
given by
T= -n-rVr2 + h2
5. ROCKETS A m odel rock et is lau n ch ed 25 feet

from you. W hen th e rock et is at h eight h, the
d istan ce d b etw een you and th e rock et is given
by d = V625 + 7^ w here h and d are m easu red
in feet. W hat is th e rocket's height w hen the
d istan ce betw een you and th e rocket is 100 feet?
w here r is th e radius an d h is th e
height. Find th e h eight o f a right
circu la r co n e w ith a radius o f
7.5 ce n tim eters and a lateral su rface
area o f 9 0 0 squ are cen tim eters.
Using Alternative M ethods
461
Extension
So!ve Radica! !nequa!ities

COAL
Soive radical inequalities by using tab les and graphs.
In C hapter 4, you learn ed how to use tab les and graphs to solve qu ad ratic
in eq u alities. You ca n also use tab les and graphs to solve rad ical in eq u alities.
EXAMPLE
So!ve a rad ica! in eq u aiity using a tab ie
U se a ta b le to solve 3V x 1 < 11.

S o lu tio n
F7PP 7
Enter th e fu n ctio n y = 3Vx - 1

into a graphing calcu lator.
Set up th e tab le to display x-values

startin g at 0 and in creasin g in
in crem en ts o f 1.
Check th e d om ain o f y = 3Vx 1.

The d om ain is x > 0, so th e
solu tions o f 3Vx 1 < 11 ca n n o t
be negative. (T h is is in d icated by
th e word ERROR n ext to th e
negative x-values.)
______
EM M
HUM
Ask
Ask
Y1
13
14
15
9.8167
10.225
10.619
17
11.369
11
o
ATbt =1
Indpnt:
Depend:
H
X
F7EP <? M ake th e tab le o f values for

y = 3Vx - 1. Scroll th rou gh
th e table to find th e x-value for
whichy=ll.Thisx-value
is 16. It ap pears th at
3Vx - 1 < 11 w hen x < 16.
TABLE SETUP
T b tS ta r t= 0
X
-2
-1
0
1
X= - 3
Yi
ERROR
ERROR
ERROR
-1
2
^ T he soiu tion o f th e in equ ality is x < 16 a n d x > 0, w h ich you ca n w rite as

0<x<16.
462
Chapter 6
So!ve a rad ica! in eq u a!ity using a g rap h

Use a grap h to sotve Vx - 5 > 3.
Solution
FTP? 7
Enter th e fu n ctio n s y = Vx - 5 and

y = 3 into a graphing caicu iator.
YiB A x -5 )
Y2B3
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
=
=
=
=
Y7 =
J
Graph th e fu n ctio n s from Step 1. Adjust
th e view ing w indow so th at th e x-ax is
show s 0 < x < 30 w ith a sca le o f 5 and the
y -axis show s - 3 < y < 8 w ith a sca le o f 1.
^7!fP J
INTERPRET DOMAIN
Identity th e x-values for w hich th e graph

o fy = Vx - 5 lies above th e graph of
y = 3. You c a n use th e intersect featu re to
show th a t th e graphs in tersect w hen
In Example 2, note
that the domain of
y = Vx - 5 is x > 5 .
Therefore, the domain
does not affect the
solution.
x = 14. T h e graph o fy = Vx - 5 lies

above th e graph o f y = 3 w hen x > 14.
^ T h e solution o f th e in eq u a lity is x > 14.
PRACTKE
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 462
for Exs. 1-6
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 463
for Exs. 7-12
Use a table to solve th e inequality.
1. 2Vx - 5 > 3
2 . Vx - 4 < 5
3. 4 V x + 1 < 9
4. Vx + 7 > 3
5. Vx + Vx + 3 > 3
6 . Vx + Vx - 5 < 5
Use a grap h to solve th e inequality.

7. 2Vx + 3 < 8
10. 4 V 3 x - 7 > 7.8
8.
Vx +
3 > 2.6
11. Vx - Vx + 5 < - 1
9. 7Vx + 1 < 9
12 . V x + 2 + Vx - 1 < 9
13. SAILBOAT RACE In order to co m p ete in th e A m erica's Cup sa ilb o a t race,

a b o at m u st satisfy th e rule
f + 1.25Vs - 9 .8 ^ d < 16
w here f is th e len gth (in m eters) o f th e boat, s is th e a re a (in squ are m eters) o f the
sails, and d is th e volum e (in cu b ic m eters) o f w ater d isp laced by th e b o at. A boat has
a length o f 20 m eters and d isp laces 27 cu b ic m eters o f w ater. W h at is th e m axim u m
allow able value for s?
Extension: Solve Radica) Inequalities
463
M!XED REV!EW./Pr.MM,*,MM,
STATE TEST PRACTICE

c la s s z o n e .c o m
Lessons 6 .4 -6 6
1. MULT!-STEP PROBLEM A m anag er at a
cloth ing store is d eterm in in g th e retail
prices o f item s so th at th ey ca n b e tagged
and placed on th e sales floor. T he eq u ation
th at th e m anager uses is R = C + M C w here
R is the retail price, C is th e co st th at the
store pays for th e item , and M is th e p ercen t
(expressed as a decim al) th at th e item is
m arked up.
a. The m arkup for w om en's a th letic sh oes is
40% . W rite a fu n ctio n th at gives th e retail
p rice R in term s o f th e co st C.
b. Find the inverse o f the fu n ctio n from
part (a).
c. Use th e inverse fu n ctio n to find th e co st
o f a p air o f w om en's a th letic shoes th at
has a retail p rice o f $60.
2. SHORT RESPONSE T he graph of
y = V3x - 5 is show n below. Solve the
eq u ation V3x 5 = 4. E xplain how
you ca n u se th e graph o f y = V3x - 5
to verify th a t your solution is co rrect.
6 . OPEN-ENDED W rite two fu n ctio n s w hose

graphs are tra n sla tio n s o f th e graph of
y = Vx. T h e first fu n ctio n should have
a d om ain o f x > 4. T he secon d fu n ctio n
should have a ran ge o f y > - 2 .
7. SHORT RESPONSE An o b je ct is lau n ch ed
upward from ground level and reach es a
m a x im u m h eight o f /: feet. Th e in itia l
v elocity r* (in feet per second) o f th e o b je ct
is given by th e fu n ctio n n = 8 Vh.
a. Find th e inverse fu n ctio n .
b. W rite a problem th a t ca n b e solved using
the inverse fu n ctio n . Show how to solve
th e problem .
8 . CRtDDED ANSWER Your friend releases a

w eath er b a llo o n 50 feet from you. W h en
th e b allo o n is at h eight k, th e d ista n ce d
b etw een you an d th e b allo o n is given by
d = V 2500 + fV w here h and d are m easured
in feet. To th e n ea rest foot, w hat is th e height
o f th e b a llo o n w hen th e d ista n ce betw een
you and th e b allo o n is 100 feet?
3. OPEN-ENDED W rite a rad ical eq u atio n w hose

only solution is - 5 .
4. EXTENDED RESPONSE On a c e rta in day, the
fu n ctio n th at gives Sw edish kronor in term s
of U.S. dollars is k = 7.463d w here k represen ts
kronor and d represen ts U.S. dollars.
a. Find th e inverse fu n ctio n .
b. How m any U.S. dollars do you receive for
25 kronor?
c. Express w hat th e inverse fu n ctio n m ean s in
words.
5. SHORT RESPONSE Find a squ are root fu n ctio n
th at passes throu gh th e p oin ts (-1 4 , 0) and
(-1 3 , 1). Are there other squ are root fu n ctio n s
th at pass throu gh th ese points? ExpRdn.
464
Chapter 6
9. SHORT RESPONSE You drop a p ebble into

a ca lm pond, cau sin g ripples o f co n cen tric
circles. T he radius r (in feet) o f th e outer ripple
is given by r(f) = 6 t w here f is th e tim e (in
second s) a fter th e pebble h its th e water. T he
area A (in squ are feet) o f th e outer ripple is
given by A(r) = -n-rV Find A(r(t)) and evaluate
A (r(2)). W hat does A(r(2)) represent?
CHAPTER SUMMARY
ûmsiegAtgebra
dasszonecom
B/G /DE/SS
F % /% e a
Using R atio n a! E x p o n en ts
T h e follow ing are p rop erties o f ra tio n al expon ents. Let a and & b e real num bers
and let m and n be ratio n al num bers.
E x a m p le
( a " f = a ""
(2 * r = = 4
(abf" = a'"!?"'
(25 - 4)^2 = 25^2 . 4^2 = 5 . 2 = 10
a*'" = V r, a ^ 0
a"*
a"
)t
45/2 . 41/2 = 43 = 64
))
^ -X
a " . a " = a"' + "
00
1
P r o p e r ty
9^^ _ q4/8 _ ql/2 _ o

gl/8
= a ^ '" ,a ^ O
/ 1 6 ^ " _ 16^" _ 2
(81 j
81""
3
P erfo rm in g Function O p eration s and Finding in v erse Functions

O p e ra tio n
D e fin itio n
E x a m p le :/(x ) = 2 x , g (x ) = x - 5
Addition
h(x) = /(x) + g(x)
b(x) = 2x + (x - 5) = 3x - 5
Subtraction
/i(x) =/(x) - g(x)
b(x) = 2x - (x - 5) = x + 5
Muitipiication
b(x) =/(x) - g(x)
b(x) = 2 x (x - 5) = 2x2 _ iQx
Division
F ^
= x^5
Composition
b (x)
= g (/(x ))
b(x) = 2x - 5
inverse
b (x)
= g ^ (x )
b(x)
= x + 5
G raphing R adicai Functions an d Soiving R adica! Equations

To g r a p h rad ical fu n ctio n s, use th e graph
o f th e p arent fu n ctio n s. For exam ple, to
graph y = Vx
1 - 2 , tran sla te th e graph
o f y = Vx left 1 u nit and dow n 2 u nits.
To s o lv e a rad ical eq u atio n , first isolate

th e rad ical. T h en raise ea ch side o f the
eq u atio n to th e sam e pow er and solve
th e poly n o m ial eq u ation .
V2x - 5 - 3 = 2
V 2x- 5 = 5
(V2x - 5p = 52
2 x - 5 = 25
x = 15
Write equation,
isoiate radicai.
Square each side.
Simpiify.
Soive.
Chapter Sum m ary
465
@ ^ o m c 7 tito r
cla ssz o n eco m
RFWFtV REV VOCABtVMRV

' nth root of a, p. 474
* power function, p. 428
-inverse function, p. 438
- index of a radical, p. 474
* composition, p. 430
-radical function, p. 446
- simplest form of a radical, p. 422
* inverse relation, p. 438
*radical equation, p. 452
' like radicals, p. 422
1. Copy and com p lete: T h e index o f th e rad ica l "^7 is
? .
2. List two d ifferent pairs o f like rad icals.

3. Copy and com p lete: A(n) ? fu n ctio n has th e form y = ax^ w here a is a real
num ber and & is a ratio n al num ber.
4. WRITING E xplain how th e graph o f a fu n ctio n an d th e graph o f its inverse are
related.
5. WRITING E xplain how to u se th e h o riz o n ta l lin e te st to d eterm in e w h ether th e
inverse o f a f u n c tio n / is also a fu n ctio n .
6. WRITING D escribe how th e graph o f y = * ^ x - 4 + 5 is related to th e graph o f th e
parent fu n ctio n y = "v^x.
7. REASONING A stud ent beg an solving th e eq u atio n x ^ = 5 by cu bin g each
side. W hat w ill th e stud ent have to do next? W h at could th e stud ent have
done to solve th e eq u atio n in ju st one step?
REMEM/ EXAMPLES 4ND EXERC/SES

U se th e review exam ples an d exercises below to ch eck your u nd erstan d in g
o f th e co n cep ts you have learn ed in each lesso n o f C hap ter 6.
Eva!uate nth Roots and Use Rationa! Exponents
pp. 4 1 4 -4 1 9
E valu ate th e exp ression .

a.
(^ 1 6 )^ = 2^ = 32
b. 27 -
4/3
1
27'4/3
_
(27 1/314
81
EXERC!SES
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 415
for Exs. 8-15
Evalu ate th e exp ression w ithout using a ca lcu la to r.

8. 81 1/4
12. 256 3/4
9. 0,1/3
1 3 .2 7
-2/3
10. ^ - 6 4
11. ^ U 25
14. ( W
15.
(V ^ 3 2 )
466
Chapter 6
Rationa! Exponents and Radica! Functions
-3
@M?me7ufor
d asszo n e.co m
Appiy Properties of Rationai Exponents
p p .4 2 0 -4 2 7
W rite th e exp ression in sim plest fo rm . A ssum e all v ariab les a re positive.
\ l/2 _
a. ^ 4 8 = ^ ^ - 6 = ' ^ 8 . ^ 6 = 2 ^ 6
(x4)l/2 _
b.
(/)
^ .4-1/2 _
1/2
'
^.2
1/2
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
4 , 6 ,a n d 7
W rite th e exp ression in sim plest form . A ssum e all v ariab les a re positive
on pp. 42 2 -4 2 3
fo rE x s.16-19
16. 1/80
17. (3"
i8 x y
19.
18. ( 2 5 a ' W
Perform Function Operations and Composition
49x/
pp.428-434
L e t /( x ) = 3x^ + 1 and g (x) = x + 4. P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n .

a. /(x) + g(x) = (3x^ + 1) + (x + 4) = 3x^ + x + 5
b. /(x ) - g(x) = ( 3 F + l)(x + 4) = 3x^ + 12x^ + x + 4
c. /(g (x )) = / ( x + 4) = 3(x + 4)^ + 1 = 3(x^ + 8x + 16) + 1 = 3x^ + 2 4 x + 49
EXAMPLES
l ,2 , a n d 5
on pp. 4 2 8 -4 3 0
for Exs. 2 0 -2 3
EXERCtSES
L e t/(x ) = 4 x - 6 and g (x) = x + 8 . P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n ,
2 0 ./(x )+ g (x )
2 1 ./(x )-g (x )
22. /(x ) - g(x)
'
23. /(g (x ))
p p .4 3 8 -4 4 5
Find the inverse of th e fu n ction y = 3 x + 7.

y = 3x + 7
Write original function.
x = 3y+7
Switch x and y.
x - 7 = 3y
3
EXAMPLES
l ,4 ,a n d 5
on pp. 4 3 8 -4 4 1
for Exs. 2 4 -2 6

EXEROSES
Find th e inverse o f th e fu n ction .
1.
24. y = ^ x
2 5 . y = 4x^ + 9, x > 0
26. /(x ) = x" - 4
Chapter Review
467
CHAPTER REV!EW
p p .4 4 6 -4 5 7
G ra p h y = -V x - 3 + 2.
Sketch th e graph o fy = - V x. N otice th a t it b eg in s at th e
origin and passes throu gh th e p o in t (1, - 1 ) .
For y = -V x - 3 + 2, h = 3, and k = 2. So, sh ift th e graph
o fy = -V x right 3 u n its and up 2 u nits. T h e resu itin g
graph b eg in s at th e p o in t (3, 2) and p asses th rou g h th e
p oin t (4 ,1 ).
F o ry = V x + 2 - 4, h = - 2 and k = - 4 . So, sh ift th e

graph o fy = V x left 2 u n its and down 4 u nits. T he
resu lting graph passes throu gh th e p oin ts ( - 3 , - 5 ) ,
(-2 , -4 ), a n d (-l, -3 ).
EXAMPLES
4 and S
on p. 448
for Exs. 27-29
(-1 ,-1
(-1 ,-3 ).
T
+
Sketch th e graph o fy = V x . N otice th a t it p asses

th rou gh th e points ( - 1 , - 1 ) , (0, 0), and (1, 1).
'yj__[
"1 (1 ,1
(0.0)
3/
VJ
4
!
4^
G raph y = V x + 2 - 4.
^ ( -2 ,-4 )
" ( '-3, - 5)
1
EXERCtSES
Graph th e fu n ction . Then state th e d om ain an d ran g e.
27.
y = Vx + 3 + 5
28. y = 3Vx + 1 - 4
Soive Radica! Equations
29.
y = Vx - 4 - 5
p p .4 5 2 -4 5 9
Soive V4x + 9 = 5.
V4x + 9 = 5
(V4x + 9 f = 5^
4x + 9 = 25
4x = 16
x = 4
aw ar

Square each side to eiiminate the radicai.
Simpiify.
C heck x = 4 in th e o rig in al eq uation.

V 4x + 9 = V4(4) + 9 = V25 = 5 /
EXAMPLES
1 ,3 , and 5
on pp. 452-454
for Exs. 30-32
468
Chapter 6
EXERCtSES
Solve th e equ ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s soiutions.
30.
V 5x- 4 = 2
31. 3x3'4 = 24
Rationai Exponents and Radical Functions
32 . Vx2 - 10 = V 3x
CHAPTER TEST
Evalu ate th e exp ression w ith ou t using a ca icu ia to r.
1.
-1 2 5 ^
2. 32*'s
3. W T
4. ^ 2 7
5'3
6. 16"3'2
7.
5. 8
(^ 2 7 )3
(i3/^Q 4
W rite th e exp ression in sim plest fo rm . A ssum e ail v ariab ies a re positive.
9.
^88
10. V l 6 - ^ 8
13.
11.
14.
12-
V49
15. ^
^9
16.
L e t /( x ) = 2 x + 9 and g (x) = 3 x - 1. P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n an d state

th e d om ain.
17.
/M
21.
/(gM)
gM
18.
/M
gM
22.
g(/M)
19.
/M *gM
20.
23.
/(/M)
24.
g(gM)

25.
28.
y=
-2 x + 5
y =y x /
>0
26.
y=
29. /(x )
-^x + 4
27.
/M
=x^ +5
30.
/M = - 2 x ^ + 1
= 5x - 12
G raph th e fu n ction . Then state th e d o m ain an d ran ge.

31. y = - 6 ^
32. y = V x - 4 - 2
33. / ( x ) =
-V x + 3 + 4
Solve th e equ ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s soiutions.

34.
V 3x + 7 = 4
35. V3x - V x + 6 = 0
36. x - 3 = V x - 1
37. KINETIC ENERGY T h e k in etic e n e rg y E (in jo u les) o f a 1250 kilog ram

co m p act car is given by th e eq u atio n E = 6 2 5 ^ w here s is th e speed o f th e
c a r (in m eters per second ).
a. W rite an inverse m odel th at gives th e speed o f th e c a r as a fu n ctio n o f its
k in etic energy.
b. U se th e inverse m odel to find th e speed o f th e ca r if its k in etic energy is
120,000 jo u les. Give th e speed in kilo m eters per hour.
c. If th e k in etic energy doubles, w ill th e speed double? E xp lain w hy or
why not.
38. BOWLING SCORES In bow ling, a h an d icap is a ch an g e in score to ad just for
d ifferen ces in players' abilities. You belong to a bow ling leagu e in w hich
each bow ler's h an d icap h is d eterm in ed by h is or h er average a using th is
form ula:
h = 0 .9 (2 0 0 - a )
If a bow ler's average is over 200, th e h an d icap is 0. Find th e inverse o f the
m odel. T h en find your average if your h an d icap is 36.
Chapter Test
469
* t"*"**"* TEST PR EPA R A T !O N
S co rin g R u b ric
EXTENDED RESPONSEQUESTIONS
Fu!) Credit
* soiution is compiete
and correct
P artia! Credit
- solution is complete
but has errors,
or
No Credit
or
* solution makes no
sense
PROBLEM
For a ty p e o f d inosau r called a theropod , th e height at th e hip h
(in cen tim eters) ca n b e m odeled by h(H) = 3 .4 9 fi 14 w here F is th e
length (in cen tim eters) o f th e d in o sau r's instep.
T he len gth o f th e in step ca n b e m odeled by f (p) = 1.2p w here p is
th e foo tp rin t len gth (in cen tim eters).
a. Find and sim plify h(^(p)).
b. Evaluate h(f?(20)).
c. E xplain th e m ea n in g o f h (f (20)).
Below a re sam ple solutions to th e p roblem . Read each solution an d th e

co m m en ts in blue to see why th e sam ple rep resen ts full cred it, p a rtia l
credit, o r no cred it.
SAMPLE 1: Fu!! credit soiution

a. /!(f!(p)) = /t(1.2p)
= 3 .49(1.2 p )*'^
The composition is
formed and simplified
correctly.
= 3 .4 9 (1 .2 )* '^ p ^
= 4.30p* *4
b. To evaluate h ( i (20)), su b stitu te 20 for p.
4 .3 0 p " " = 4.30(20)1-14 = 4 .30(30.4) = 131
The value of b(f (20)) is

correctiy determined,
and a dear explanation
of its meaning is given.
c.
T he co m p ositio n h (i (p)) rep resen ts th e height at th e hip h o f a theropod

as a fu n ctio n o f th e foo tp rin t len gth p. Therefore, h (f (20)) = 131 m ean s
th a t a therop od w ith a foo tp rin t len gth o f 20 cen tim eters had an
approxim ate height at th e hip o f 131 cen tim eters.
SAMPLE 2: Partia! credit soiution

h (i(p )) = h(1.2p)
The student does not

appiy the power of
a product property
correctiy.
= 3.49(1.2p p.14
)'
= 3.49(1.2)pH4
= 4.19pi 14
To evaluate h (f (20)), su b stitu te 20 for p.
4.19p i 14 = 4 .1 9 (2 0 )1 14 ^ 4 19 (30 .4 ) = 127
The student evaiuates

the composition correctiy
and explains its meaning.
470
Chapter 6
T he value o f h (f (20)) is th e h eight at th e hip o f a th erop od w ith a

foo tp rin t len gth o f 20 cen tim eters.

a. h (f(p )) = h (3 .4 9 F 44)
= 1 .2 (3 .4 9 ^ 4 )
The composition is
formed and simplified
incorrectly.
= 1 . 2 ( 3 .4 9 ) '- " f M
- 1.2(4.16)^4 44
= 4 . 9 9 f 14
b. To evaluate h(f (20)), su b stitu te 20 for i
4 .9 9 f4 i4 = 4.99(20)444
...................................
The student substitutes
20 for f rather than p.
= 4.99(30.4)
= 152
c. T h e co m p ositio n h (f (p)) rep resen ts th e h eight o f a th erop od as a
fu n ctio n o fth e in step len gth . So, h (f (20)) = 152 m ean s th a t a theropod
w ith an in step ien gth o f 152 ce n tim eters is 20 ce n tim eters tall.
...................................
The student's description
of h(f (20)) is incorrect.
PRACTICE
Appiy th e Sc o rin g R ubric
S core each o f th e foiiow ing soiution s to th e p roblem on th e previous page a s /rd /

credit, p n rfn d credit, o r no credit. Expiniu y o u r reaso n in g . If you ch oose p a rtia l
cred it o r no credit, exp iain how you wouid ch an g e th e soiution so th a t it e a rn s a
sco re of full cred it.
1.
a. h(f(p)) = h(1.2p)
= 3.49(1.2p)"^
= 5.49(1.2)"4(p)"4
- 4 .3 p " 4
b. h(f(20)) = 4.3(20)4'^
- 4.3(30.4)
-1 6 0
c. The value of h(f (20)) means th at a theropod with a footprint
2 0 centimeters long had a height a t the hip of 160 centimeters.
2.
a. h(f(p)) = h(1.2p)
= 3 .4 9 (1.2p)
- 4.19p
b. Substitute 10 for p.
h(f(10)) - 4.19(10)
= 41.9
c. If a theropod has a footprint length of 41.9 centimeters, then the
theropod was 10 centimeters tall.
471
* ' " ^
^ TEST PR A C T K E
EXTENDED RESPONSE
1. T h e gear ratio o f a b icycle is th e n u m ber o f te e th in th e ch ain w h eel divided by
th e num ber o f te e th in th e freew heel. T h e n u m b er o f rear-w heel revolutions
is equal to th e p rod uct o f th e gear ratio and th e n u m b er p o f p ed al revolutions.
a. A bicycle in first gear has 24 te e th in th e ch ain w h eel
and 32 te eth in th e freew heel. W rite a fu n ctio n th at
gives ro in term s o f p.
b. T he d istan ce d (in inches) a bicy cle travels after
to rear-w heel revolutions is given by th e fu n ctio n
d = 220m. U se co m p ositio n o f fu n ctio n s to find a
fu n ctio n th a t gives d in term s o f p.
c. T he gear ratio ch an g es w hen th e gear is sh ifted . Copy
and com p lete th e table. E xplain how th e d ista n ce
traveled per pedal revolution ch an g es as you sh ift gears.
Gear
5th
10th
15th
Teeth in
thainw hee!
24
40
50
Teeth in
freew hee!
19
22
19
Distance per
pedai revoiution
2. In rowing, a b o at's speed s (in m eters per second) ca n b e m odeled by th e

equation s = 4 .6 2 V n w here n is th e nu m ber o f rowers.
a. Use a calcu lato r to find th e speed o f a b o at for crew s o f 2 people, 4 people,
and 8 people.
b. Find th e tim e (in m inutes) it tak es each crew from p art (a) to co m p lete a
2000 m eter race.
c. D oes doubling th e n u m ber o f row ers double th e speed? E xplain.
3. T he table show s volum e form ulas for variou s right p rism s th a t have len g th f
and w hose b ases are regu lar polygons w ith side len g th s.
a. Find th e volum e o f a cu be w ith an edge len gth o f 4 in ch es.

b. Suppose th at each prism in th e table has th e sam e volum e as th e cu b e from
p art (a) and f = s. Find th e side length s for each prism .
c. In p art (b), w hat h appens to th e side length s as th e n u m b er o f sides o f th e
prism 's b ase in creases? Explain.
4.
You have two h em isp h erical snow globes. One globe h as tw ice as m u ch
su rface area as th e other.
a. Solve th e form ula for th e su rface area o f a hem isp h ere, S = 3-n-r^, for r.
b. Su bstitu te th e expression for r from p art (a) into th e form ula for th e volum e
o f a h em isphere, V = ^ r ^ . Sim plify th e result.
c. Compare th e volum es o f th e tw o snow globes.
472
Chapter 6
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ctasszone.com
GRtDDED RESPONSE
MULTIPLE CHOKE
5. W hat is th e soiution o f th e eq u ation
V2x + 3 = 5?
(g )
-1 4
(B)
-4
(E )
(B )
11
6. T he graph o f w h ich fu n ctio n is show n?
8. W hat is th e solu tion o f th e eq u atio n (8x)^^ = 8?

9. L e t/(x ) = 2x ^^ an d g(x) = 3x^. W hat is the
vaiue o f g (/(9 ))?
10.
W h at is th e value o f
)2U
11. In th e eq u atio n ^ 16 x '^ z = 2x"yz^, w hat is

th e su m o f a and h? A ssum e ail variabies are
positive.
12. W h at is th e value o f ----- - ?
(^ 6 2 5 )
13. L e t/(x ) = ^ x "
(g ) y = ^ x + 3
(B ) y = ^ x - 3
(C ) y = V x + 3
(D ) y = V x - 3
7. W hat is th e inverse o f y = -2 x ^ + 10?
(g) y = ^ 5 - I x
(B )
(B) y = 2 0 - V ^
y = ^ - 2 0
and g(x) = 5x^
W hat is the
value o f/(x ) * g(x) w hen x = 3?

14. W h at is th e y -in tercep t o f th e graph o f the
function y = ^ x - 8 + 5?
15. For w hat value o f x d o e s /(x ) = g(x) w here
/(x) = Vx - 2 + 3 and g(x) = Vx + 13?

16. C onsider th e fu n ctio n y = 3x + 9. W hat is the
siope o f th e graph o f th e inverse?
SHORT RESPONSE
17. Solve th e eq u atio n -V x + 4 = Vx - 1 + 1 algebraically. T h en solve th e
eq u atio n by graphing. Are th e resu lts th e sam e? E xp lain w hy or w hy not.
18. A fu n ctio n for co n vertin g x m illim eters to y in ch es is y = 0.03937x. Find th e
inverse o f th e fu n ctio n . W hat in fo rm atio n ca n you o b ta in from th e inverse
fu n ctio n ? U se th e inverse fu n ctio n to find th e area (in squ are m illim eters)
o f a 3 in ch by 5 in ch ind ex card.
19. You have a $10 gift card to spend at a lo ca l toy store. T h e store h as a sale
offering 15% o ff aii b o ard gam es. U se co m p ositio n o f fu n ctio n s to find th e
fin al p rice o f a board gam e th a t orig in ally co sts $27 w hen th e $10 is su b tracted
before th e 15% d isco u n t is applied. T h en u se co m p ositio n o f fu n c tio n s to find
th e fin al p rice o f th e bo ard gam e w hen th e 15% d isco u n t is applied b efo re th e
$10 is su btracted . How m u ch m ore m o n ey ca n you save if th e store applies th e
15% d isco u n t first?
20. T he graphs o f two f u n c tio n s /a n d g are
show n at th e right. A r e /a n d g inverse
fu n ctio n s? Explain why or w hy not.
473
CUMULATIVE REV!EW
^ 7 -6
W rite an eq u ation of the iine th at p asses th ro u g h th e given p oin t an d h as the

given slope, (p. 98)
1.
(3, 1), 77! = 4
2. (4, 6 ), 77t = 7
4.
(1, - 5 ) , 77! = 9
5. ( - 5 , 8 ), 77! =
3. ( - 3 , 2), 77! = - 8
6. (2, - 1 0 ), 77! =
Solve th e eq uation . C heck y o u r solution (s).

7.
10.
8. l4x - 6 ! = 14 (p.51)
- 2 x + 7 = 15 (p.18)
4x^ - 6x + 9 = 0 (p. 292)
9. F - 9x + 14 = 0
11. F + 3x^ - lOx = 0 (p. 353)
252)
12. V8x + 1 = 7 (p. 452)
Graph th e eq u ation o r in eq u ality in a co o rd in a te p lane.

13.
y = 3 x - 5 fp. 89)
14. y = - lx + 4 1 + 3 (p. 123)
15. y < - 2 x + 5 (p. 132)
16.
y = % 2 - 2 x - 4 (p. 236)
17. y = 2 ( x - 6 f - 5 ( p . 2 4 5 )
18. y > x ^ + 2 x + l (p. 300)
19.
y = x^ - 2 (p. 337)
20. y = 3(x + 2 )(x - i f (p. 387)
21. y = -V x - 2 + 4 )p. 446)
Solve th e system of lin ear eq u ation s using an y m eth od .

22.
2x + 5y = 1 (p. 160)
3x - 2y = 30
23. 3 x - y = - 9 (p. 160)

4 x + 3y = 14
24. 2x + 3y = 47 (p. 178)

7x - 8y = - 2
2 x - y + 3z = - 1 9
W rite th e exp ression as a co m p lex n u m b er in sta n d a rd form . (p. 275)

25. (4 - 2:') + (5 + :)
27. (4 - 2:') (6 + 5:')
26. (3 + 4:) - (7 + 2:')
W rite th e q u ad ratic fu n ction in v e rte x form by co m p letin g th e sq u are, (p. 284)

28. y = x^ + 6 x + 16
29. y = - x ^ + 12x - 46
30. y = 2x^ - 4 x + 7
Sim plify the exp ression . A ssum e all variab les a re positive.
,2
31.
( 2 x 'y p (p. 330)
32. (x^)
)p. 420)
33.
(p. 330)
34. f ^ i (p. 420)
P erfo rm the ind icated operation .

35.
( F + l l x - 9) + (4x^ - 5x - 7) (p. 346)
36. (x^ + 3x - 10) - (2x^ + 3x^ + 8x) (/!. 346)
37.
(2x - 5)(x^ + 4x - 7) (p. 346)
38. (x^ - 10x^ + 3 3 x - 28)
(x - 5) (p. 362)
F a cto r th e p olynom ial com pletely, (p. 353)

39.
x" - 3x^ _ 4 Q
4Q ^.3 _ ^ 5
41. ^ - 6 x^ - 9x + 54
L e t /( x ) = 2 x - 6 and g (x) = 5 x + 1. P erfo rm th e in d icated o p eratio n an d state

th e d om ain , (p. 428)
42.
/(x ) + g(x)
43. /(x ) - g(x)
44. /(g (x ))
45. g (/(x))
Find the inverse of the fu n ction , (p. 438)

46.
/(x ) = 4x + 6
49. / ( x ) =
474
47. /(x ) = yX + 7
5 0
. /(x ) =
48. /(x ) = ^ x - y
5 1
. y'(^) = - ^ x ^ + 2
52. BiCYCLE COSTS You w ant to buy a bicy cle th at co sts $360. In order to pay
for th e bicycle, you save $30 per w eek. How m an y w eeks w ill it tak e to save
enough m on ey to buy th e bicycle? (p. 34)
53. CHARiTABLE DONATiONS Th e tab le below shows th e am o u n ts o f m oney
(in m illio n s o f dollars) received by a ch a rita b le o rg an izatio n d uring th e
first 6 years o f its existen ce. A pproxim ate th e b est-fittin g lin e for the
data. T hen use th e b est-fittin g lin e to p red ict th e am o u n t o f m on ey th e
o rg anizatio n w ill receive in th e eigh th y ear o f its ex isten ce, (p. 773)
Year
Donations
(miiiions of doiiars)
1.71
2.3
2.78
3.22
3.69
4.28
54. iCE SHOW T h e atten d an ce at an ice show w as 9 8 0 0 people. Th e tick ets for
th e ice show w ere $35 for low er-level seats and $25 for upper-level seats. Th e
to tal in co m e from tick et sales w as $28 0 ,0 0 0 . Use a lin ea r system to find th e
nu m bers o f low er-level and upper-level tick ets sold for th e ice show. (p. 760)
55. CONCERT TiCKETS Tickets to a school's b an d co n cert are $4 for students,
$8 for adults, and $ 6 for sen io r citizen s. At Friday night's co n cert, th ere
w ere 140 students, 170 adults, and 55 sen io r citiz en s in atten d a n ce. At
Saturday n igh t's co n cert, th ere w ere 126 students, 188 adults, and 64 sen ior
citizen s in atten d an ce. O rganize th is in fo rm atio n using m a trices. T h en use
m atrix m u ltip licatio n to find th e in co m e from tick et sales for Friday and
Saturday n ights' co n certs, (p. 795)
56. PHYS!CAL SC7ENCE W hile standing at th e edge o f a cliff, you drop a rock from
a height o f 85 feet above the ground. W rite an equation giving the height /?
(in feet) of the rock above the ground after t seconds. How long does it take for
the rock to hit the ground? (p. 266)
57. BASEBALL T h ree p oin ts on th e p arab o la form ed by throw ing a b a seb a ll
are (0, 6), (20, 56), and (36, 24). W rite a qu ad ratic fu n ctio n th at m odels the
b aseb all's p ath. (p. 309)
58. MANUFACTURiNG At a factory, m olten p lastic is poured in to m olds to m ake
toy blocks. E ach mold is a re cta n g u la r prism w ith a h eight th at is 3 in ch es
g reater th a n th e len gth o f ea ch side o f th e squ are b ase. A m a ch in e pours
200 cu b ic in ch es o f liquid p lastic into each mold. W hat are th e d im en sion s
o f a mold? (p. 370)
59. PROFiT Your friend starts a h ousekeepin g bu sin ess. T h e tab le below
shows th e p rofit (in dollars) o f th e b u sin ess d uring th e first 6 m o n th s o f
its existen ce. U se a graphing ca lcu la to r to fin d a p o ly n o m ial m odel for th e
data. P red ict th e profit in th e n in th m on th , (p. 393)
Month
Profit (doiiars)
18
50
106
192
60. (jS GEOMETRY You have a b ea ch b a ll th a t h as a volum e o f approxim ately

7240 cu b ic in ch es. Find th e radius o f th e b e a c h b all. (M n t; U se th e form ula
V=
for th e volum e o f a sphere.) (p. 474)
Exponential and
*
7.1 Graph Exponential Growth Functions
7.2 Graph Exponentia) Decay Functions
$
7.3 Use Functions invoiving e

7.4 Evaiuate Logarithm s and Graph Logarithm ic Functions
7.5 Appiy Prop erties of Logarithm s
'
7.6 Soive Exponentia! and Logarithm ic Equations

7.7 W rite and Appiy Exponentia) and Pow er Functions
$
Be/bre
In p rev io u s ch a p te rs, y o u le a rn e d th e fo llo w in g sk ills, w h ic h y o u 'll u se in
C h ap te r 7: g ra p h in g fu n c tio n s , fin d in g in v e rse fu n c tio n s , a n d w ritin g fu n c tio n s .
Prerequisite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
Copy and com plete th e statem en t using the graph at
the right.
1.
The d o m ain o f the function is
2. The ran ge o f the function is

3. The inverse o f the function is
? .
? .
? .
SKiLLS CHECK
Graph the function. State th e dom ain and range. (Reviewp. 4 4 6 /o r 7.1-7.3.)
4. y = - 2 V x - l
5. y = Vx + 3
6.
y = ^ x -2 + 5
9.
y = yX^, x > 0
Find the inverse of th e function. (Review p. 4 3 8 /o r 7.4.)

7.
y = 3x + 5
8. y = - 2 x ^ + 1
W rite a quad ratic function in standard form for th e p arab ola th a t passes
through the given points. (Reviewp. 3 0 9 /o r 7.7.)
10.
( 0 , - 1 ) , (1 ,2 ) ,( 3 ,1 4 )
11. (3 ,8 ), (4 .1 7 ), (7 ,5 6 )
@ M M ne7ivfW Prerequisite skiiis practice at classzone.com
12. ( - 3 , 9 ) , ( 1 , - 7 ) , ( 5 ,- 5 5 )
N on/
In C h ap te r 7, y ou w ill ap p ly th e b ig id e a s lis te d b e lo w a n d rev iew ed in th e
C h a p te r S u m m a ry o n p ag e 5 3 8 . You w ill a ls o u se th e k ey v o c a b u la ry liste d below .
Big ideas
(%jj) Graphing exponentiai and logarithmic functions
^
Soiving exponentiai and iogarithmic equations

Writing and appiying exponentiai and power functions
KEY VOCABULARY
- exponential function,
p. 478
- exponential growth
function, p. 478
* growth factor, p. 478
- asymptote, p. 478
' exponential decay

function, p. 486
' decay factor, p. 486
' natural base e, p. 492
' logarithm ofy with base
b, p. 499
common logarithm, p. 500

natural logarithm, p. 500
exponential equation,
p. 575
logarithmic equation,
p. 577
You c a n u se e x p o n e n tia l a n d lo g a rith m ic fu n c tio n s to m o d el m a n y s c ie n tific

re la tio n sh ip s. F o r ex a m p le, y ou c a n u se a lo g a rith m ic fu n c tio n to re la te th e
siz e o f a te le s c o p e le n s an d th e a b ility o f th e te le s c o p e to s e e c e r ta in sta rs.
g g jf n o t e o A l g e b r a
T h e a n im a tio n illu stra te d b e lo w fo r E x a m p le 7 o n p ag e 519 h elp s y o u a n sw er
th is q u e stio n : H ow is th e d ia m e te r o f a te le s c o p e 's o b je c tiv e le n s re la te d to th e
a p p a re n t m a g n itu d e o f th e d im m e s t sta r th a t c a n b e s e e n w ith th e te le s c o p e ?
[m a g n itu d e of s t a r s i s a m e a s u r e of
* b rig h tn e s s a s v iew ed from E arth.
S o lv e to find th e d iam eter of a te le s c o p e

th a t re v e a ls s t a r s of a given m agnitud e.
A lg e b ra at ciasszone.com
O ther anim ation s fo r C h apter 7: pages 4 8 0 , 4 87, 5 0 2 , and 5 3 8
y 1 Graph Exponentia)
Growth Functions
You g ra p h ed p o ty n o m ia! and rad ical fu n ctio n s.
You wili g ra p h and u se e x p o n e n tia ) g ro w th fu n ctio n s.
S o you ca n m o d el sp o rts e q u ip m en t co sts, a s in Ex. 4 0 .
An exp on en tial fu n ction has th e form y = aM w here a # 0 and th e b ase & is a

Key Vocabulary
exp on en tial fu nction positive n u m ber oth er th a n 1. If a > 0 and & > 1, th e n th e fu n ctio n y = a&* is an
exp on en tial grow th fu n ction , and & is ca lled th e grow th factor. The sim plest
exp on en tial grow th
type o f exp o n en tiai grow th fu n ctio n h as th e form y =
function
grow th facto r
asym ptote
KEY CONCEPT
P aren t Function fo r Exponential C row th Functions
1 T he fu n c tio n /(x ) =
w here & > 1, is 1he p aren t fu n ctio n for th e fam ily o f
^ exp o n ential grow th fu n ctio n s w ith ba se &. T h e gen eral sh ape o f th e graph o f
/(x ) = M is show n below.
/fix) - a*
/lb>l)
1 The x-axis is an
-! asymptote of the graph.
(OJj,
^
-r
11 a graph approaches more

-1 and more cioseiy.
The d om ain o f/(x ) =
The graph rises from

ifft tn right passing
through the points
(0 ,1)and(1,h).
is all real num bers. T h e ran ge Is y > 0.
EXAMPLE 1
G raph y = b* fo r h > 1
G raph y = 2*.
S o lu tio n
7
M ake a table o f values.
'7
(3,8)
X
-2
-1
/ r
12,4)
(-1
Plot th e p oin ts from th e table.
(1,2)
(0, 1)
FTifP.?
478
Chanter 7
Draw, from ic/i to right, a sm o o th cu rve th a t

b eg in s ju st above the x -a x is, passes th rou gh
th e plotted points, and m oves up to th e right
Fxnnnential and Logarithmic Functions
= 2^
f-2 '
11
4^ ,
The graph o f a fu n ctio n y = aiV is a v ertica l stretch or sh rin k o f th e graph of

y = bT T h e y -in tercep t o f th e graph o fy = nb* o ccu rs at (0, a) rath er th a n (0, 1).
EXAMPLE 2
G raph y = <rb* fo r b > 1
b. y = -
a .y ^ - 4 *
Soiu tion
a. P l o t ^ y ) and (1 ,2 ). Then, from
b. Plot (0, - 1 ) and [ t,
. Then,
from /e/t to right, draw a curve

th a t b eg in s ju st below th e x-axis,
passes th rou gh th e tw o points,
an d m oves down to th e right.
(e/t to right, draw a cu rve th at

beg in s ju s t above th e x-axis,
and m oves up to th e right.
CLASS!FY
FUNCTIONS
Note that the
function in part (b) of
Exampte 2 is not an
exponential growth
function because
a = -1 < 0.
TRANSLATiONS To graph a fu n ctio n o f th e form y = a b *

b eg in by
sk etch in g th e graph o f y = ah*. T h en tra n sla te th e graph h o rizo n tally by h u n its
and v ertically by k u nits.
G raph y== ob*
** + Ir fo r b > 1
G raph y = 4 - 2 * " * - 3 . S tate th e d om ain an d ran ge.

Soiution
B eg in by sk etch in g th e graph o f y = 4 - 2 f w hich
passes th rou gh (0, 4) and (1, 8). T h en tra n sla te
th e graph right 1 u nit and down 3 u n its to o b tain
th e graph o f y = 4 - 2 * " * - 3.
The graph's asym ptote is th e lin e y = - 3 . The
d om ain is ail reai num bers, and th e range is
y>-3.
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r Exam p ies 1, 2, and 3
G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain and ran g e.

I. y = 4 *
2. y = y - 3*
7.1
3 . / ( x ) = 3* + ' + 2
Graph Exponential Growth Functions
479
EXPONENTIAL GROWTH MODELS W hen a real-life qu an tity in crea ses by a fixed

percen t each y ear (or oth er tim e period), th e am o u n t y o f th e qu an tity after
t years can be m odeled by th e eq u ation
y = a (l + r f
w here a is th e in itia l am o u n t and r is th e p ercen t in crea se exp ressed as a
d ecim al. Note th a t th e qu an tity 1 + r is th e grow th factor.
EXAMPLE 4
So!ve a m u tti-step probtem
COMPUTERS In 1996, th ere were

2573 com p uter viru ses and oth er
com p uter secu rity incid en ts. D uring
th e next 7 y ears, th e n u m b er o f in cid en ts
in creased by abou t 92% ea ch year.
* W rite an ex p o n ential grow th m odel
giving th e n u m ber n o f in cid en ts
f years after 1996. A bout how m any
incid en ts w ere th ere in 2003?
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* G raph th e m odel.
* Use th e graph to estim ate th e y ear w hen
th ere were about 125,000 com p uter
secu rity incid ents.
S o lu tio n
F72P7
The in itia l am o u n t is a = 2573 and th e p ercen t in crea se is r = 0.92.

So, th e exp o n en tial grow th m odel is:
a = a ( l + r)'
AVOID ERRORS
Notice that the percent
increase and the growth
factor are two different
vaiues. An increase of
92% corresponds to a
growth factor of 1.92.
Write exponentiai growth modei.
= 2 5 73(1 + 0 .9 2 )'
Substitute 2573 for o and 0.92 for r.
= 257 3 (1 .9 2 )'
Simpiify.
U sing th is m odel, you ca n estim a te the

n u m ber o f in cid en ts in 2003 (f = 7) to
b e n = 2573(1.92)? = 247,485.
T he graph passes th rou gh th e p oin ts
(0, 2573) and (1, 4940.16). Plot a few
o th er poin ts. T h en draw a sm o o th cu rv e
throu gh th e poin ts.
J
U sing th e graph, you c a n estim a te th at

the n u m ber o f in cid en ts w as about
125,000 during 2002 (f"= 6).
^ !!% H S !S g A lg e b r a
GUIDED PRACTICE
at classzone.com
M
e
G?
*o
e
o
0)
-O
E
Z
250,000
200,000
150,000
100,000
50,000
/
2
4
6 ?
Years since 1996
for Exam p le 4
4. WHAT IF? In Exam ple 4, estim a te th e year in w h ich th ere w ere abou t
250,000 com p uter secu rity incid ents.
5. In th e ex p o n ential grow th m odel y = 527(1.39)*, id en tify th e in itia l am ount,
th e grow th factor, and th e p ercen t in crease.
480
Chapter 7
Exponential an d Logarithmic Functions
COMPOUND INTEREST E xp on en tial grow th fu n c tio n s are u sed in real-life

situ ation s invoiving com pound interest. C om pound in terest is in terest paid on
th e in itia i in vestm ent, calied th e principal, and on previously ea rn ed in terest.
In terest paid only on th e p rin cip al is called sim ple interest.
KEY CONCEPT
Compound Interest
C onsider an in itia l p rin cip al P d eposited in a n a cco u n t th a t pays in tere st at
an an n u al rate r (expressed as a d ecim al), co m p ou n d ed n tim es per year.
T h e am o u n t 71 in th e a cco u n t after t years is given by th is eq u atio n :
nt
r
L
EXAMPLE 5
1
J
Find th e b aian ce in a n acco u n t
FfNANCE You deposit $ 4 0 0 0 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 2.92% a n n u a l in terest. Find

th e b a la n c e after 1 year if th e in terest is com p ou n d ed w ith th e given frequency.
a. Q uarterly
b. D aily
Soiution
a. W ith in terest com p ou n d ed quarterly, th e b a la n c e a fter 1 y ear is:
r! = P[ 1 + P j
Write compound interest formuia.
= 4000( 1 + i0^92 ^
'
p = 4000, r = 0.0292, n = 4, f = 1
= 4000(1.0073)4
Simpiify.
= 4118.09
Use a caicuiator.
F T h e b a la n c e at th e end o f 1 year is $4118.09.

b. W ith in terest com p ou nd ed daily, th e b a la n c e a fter 1 y ear is:
71 = P] 1 + P j "
Write compound interest formuia.
/
n rwq? \365 - 1
= 4000 1 +
\
365 /
= 4000(1.00008)365
= 4118.52
P = 4 000, r = 0.0292, n= 365, f = 1

simpiify.
Use a caicuiator.
F T h e b a la n c e at th e end o f 1 y ear is $4118.52.
GutDED PRACTKE
6.
fo r E xam p le 5
FfNANCE You deposit $ 2 0 0 0 in an a cco u n t th at pays 4% a n n u al in terest.

Find th e b a la n c e after 3 y ears if th e in tere st is co m p ou n d ed daily.
7.1
Graph Exponential Growth Functions
481
HOMEWORK
KEY
7.1 EXERC!SES
Exs. 2 ,2 4 ,2 5 ,3 2 ,4 0 , and 41
Ex. 42
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY In th e ex p o n en tial grow th m odei y = 2 .4(1.5)*, id entify th e
in itiai am ount, th e grow th factor, and th e p ercen t in crease.
2. * WRITING W hat is an asym ptote?
EXAMPLES
1and2
on pp. 4 78-479
for Exs. 3-14
MATCHING GRAPHS M atch th e fu n ction w ith its grap h .

3. y = 3 - 2 *
GRAPHING FUNCTIONS G raph th e fu n ction .

6. y = 3 *
7. y = - 2 *
9. y = 5*
10. y = 2 - 4 *
11. g(x) = - ( 1 .5 ) *
13. x
y = W
2 * 3*
14. h(x) = -2 (2 .5 )*
8. /(x ) = 5 - 2 *
EXAMPLE 3
TRANSLATING GRAPHS G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d o m ain an d ran g e.
onp. 4 7 9
for Exs. 15-24
15.
y = - 3 - 2* + 2
18.
y = 3 **2 -i
21. /(x ) = 6 - 2*
^ * '" 3 <+ o3
16. y = 55 -* 44 * + 2
( w ) y = 2* + ' + 3
19. yy == 22- -33* *" ^2 - i 1

19.
20. y = - 3 - 4 * * ' - 2
22. g(x)
g(x) == 55 -- 33*
22.
* ++ 2^ -- 4
23. h(x) = - 2 - 5* * ' + 1
24. * MULTIPLE CHOICE T he graph o f w hich fu n ctio n is show n?

( g ) /(x ) = 2 ( 1 . 5 ) * - 1
( B ) /(x ) = 2 ( 1 . 5 ) * + 1
(C ) /(x ) = 3 ( 1 .5 ) * - 1
( g ) /(x ) = 3 ( 1 .5 ) * + 1
25.
482
Chapter 7
* MULTIPLE CHOICE The student en ro iim en t E o f a high school w as 1310

in 1998 and has in creased by 10% per y ear sin ce th en . W h ich ex p o n en tial
grow th m odel gives th e school's stud ent en ro llm en t in term s o f f, w here f is
th e nu m ber o f years since 1998?
(A ) E = 0 .1 ( 1 3 1 0 ) '
(B )
F = 1310(0.1)'
(E )
3D
B = 1310(1.1)'
^ = 1 .1 ( 1 3 1 0 ) '
Exponentiai and Logarithmic Functions
ERROR ANALYStS D escrrbe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in grap h in g th e fu n ction .

26.
27. y = 2 * * 3 + 3
y = 2 - 4*
WRHTNG MODELS in E xercises 2 8 - 3 0 , w rite a n exp on en tial grow th m odei th a t

d escrib es th e situ ation .
28. In 1992,1219 m onk p arak eets w ere observ ed in th e U nited States. For the
next 11 y ears, abou t 12% m ore p arak eets w ere observ ed ea ch year.
! ( 29 ) You deposit $ 8 0 0 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 2% a n n u al in tere st com p ou n d ed
^
daily.
30. You p u rch ase an an tiqu e tab le for $450. T h e value o f th e ta b le in crea ses by
6% per year.
31. GRAPHING CALCULATOR You deposit $1500 in a b a n k a cco u n t th a t pays 3%
an n u al in terest com p ou nd ed yearly.
a. Type 1500 into a graphing ca lcu la to r and
press
T h en en ter th e form ula
ANS * 1.03, as show n at th e right. Press
seven tim es to fin d your b a la n ce
after 7 years.
1 500
1 500
Ans * 1 . 0 3
1545
1591.35
1639.0905
1688.263215
b. Find th e n u m ber o f years it tak es for your

b a la n ce to exceed $2500.
32. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite an ex p o n en tial fu n ctio n o f th e form

y = a b * " ^ + A:w hose graph has a y -in tercep t o f 5 and an asy m p tote o f y = 2.
33. GRAPHING CALCULATOR C onsider th e ex p o n en tial grow th fu n ctio n
y = a h * " ^ + A; w here a = 2, b = 5, b = - 4 , an d A; = 3. P red ict th e e ffe c t on
th e fu n ctio n 's graph o f each ch an g e in a, b, b, or A: d escrib ed in p arts (a )-(d ).
Use a graphing calcu lato r to ch e ck your pred iction .
a.
a ch an g es to 1
b. & ch an g es to 4
c. b ch an g es to 3
d. A: ch an g es to - 1
34. CHALLENGE C onsider th e ex p o n en tial fu n c tio n /(x ) = a b T

a. Show th a t = b.
b. U se th e resu lt from p art (a) to exp lain why th ere is no ex p o n en tial
fu n ctio n o f th e fo rm /(x ) = a b * w hose graph p asses th rou g h th e p oin ts
in th e table below.
X
0
4
1
4
24
72
7.1
Graph Exponentia) Growth Functions
483
EXA M PLE 4
35. DVD PLAYERS From 1997 to 2002, th e n u m b er n (in m illion s) o f DVD

players sold in th e U nited States c a n b e m odeled by n = 0.42(2.47)^
w here f is th e n u m ber o f years sin ce 1997.
on p. 480
for Exs. 35-36
a. Identify th e in itial am oun t, th e grow th factor, and th e a n n u a l percen t

in crease.
b . Graph th e fu n ctio n . E stim ate th e n u m b er o f DVD players sold in 2001.
@ M )m e 7 u tO f
36. tNTERNET E ach M arch from 1998 to 2003, a w ebsite record ed th e nu m ber
y o f referrals it received from In tern e t sea rch en gin es. T h e resu lts ca n be
m odeled b y y = 2 5 0 0 (1 .5 0 f w here f is th e n u m ber o fy e a rs sin ce 1998.
a. Identify th e in itia l am ount, th e grow th factor, and th e a n n u a l p ercen t
in crease.
b . Graph th e fu n ctio n and state th e d o m ain an d range. E stim ate th e
nu m ber o f referrals th e w ebsite received from In tern et sea rch en gin es

in M arch o f 2002.
@ M M W e7utor
EXAMPLE 5
^ 7 ^ ACCOUNT BALANCE You deposit $ 2 2 0 0 in a b a n k a cco u n t. Find th e b a la n ce

after 4 years for each o f th e situ atio n s d escrib ed below.
on p. 481
for Exs. 37-38
a. T he acco u n t pays 3% an n u al in terest co m p ou n d ed quarterly.

b . T he acco u n t pays 2.25% an n u al in terest com p ou n d ed m onthly.
c. T h e acco u n t pays 2% an n u al in terest com p ou n d ed daily.

38. DEPOS)T!NG FUNDS You w ant to have $ 3 0 0 0 in your savings a cco u n t after
3 years. Find th e am o u n t you should deposit for ea ch o f th e situ ation s
d escribed below.
a. T he acco u n t pays 2.25% an n u a l in terest com p ou n d ed quarterly.
b . T he acco u n t pays 3.5% an n u a l in terest co m p ou n d ed m onthly.
c. T he acco u n t pays 4% an n u a l in terest com p ou n d ed yearly.

39. MULT!-STEP PROBLEM In 1990, th e p o p u latio n o f A ustin,
Texas, w as 494,290. D uring th e n ex t 10 years, th e
p opu lation in creased by abou t 3% ea ch year.
a. W rite a m odel giving th e pop u lation P (in th ou san d s)
o f Austin t years after 1990. W hat w as th e pop u lation
in 2000?
b . G raph th e m odel and state th e d om ain and range.
c. E stim ate th e year w hen th e pop u lation w as about

590,000.
Austin, Texas
40. * SHORT RESPONSE At an o n lin e au ction , th e op en in g bid for a p air of
in -lin e skates is $50. T h e p rice o f th e skates in crea ses by 10.5% per bid
during th e next 6 bids.
a. W rite a m odel giving th e p rice p (in dollars) o f th e skates a fter n bids.
b . W hat w as th e p rice after 5 bids? A ccord ing to th e m odel, w hat w ill th e
p rice be after 100 bids? Is th is pred icted p rice reason ab le? ExpJam .
484
on p. WS1
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
=MULT<PLE
REPRESENTATIONS
41. * EXTENDED RESPONSE In 2000, th e average p rice o f a fo o tb a ll tick et for

a M in n e so ta V ikings gam e w as $ 4 8 .28. D u rin g th e n ex t 4 y ears, th e p rice
in creased an average o f 6% ea ch year.
a. W rite a m odel giving th e average p rice p (in dollars) o f a tick et f years
after 2000.
b. G raph th e m odel. E stim ate th e year w hen th e average p rice o f a tick et
was about $60.
c. E xplain how you ca n use th e graph o f p(f) to d eterm in e th e m in im u m
and m ax im u m f-values in th e d o m ain for w h ich th e fu n c tio n gives
m ean in g fu l results.
42.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In 1977, th ere w ere

41 breed ing pairs o f bald eagles in M aryland. Over
th e n ex t 24 years, th e n u m b er o f b reed in g pairs
in creased by abou t 8.9% ea ch year.
a. Writing an Equation W rite a m odel giving th e
n u m ber n o f breed in g pairs o f b ald eagles in
M aryland f y ears after 1977.
b. Making a Tabie M ake a table o f values for th e
model.
c. Drawing a Graph G raph th e m odel.
d. Using a Graph About how m any breed in g pairs
o f bald eagles w ere in M aryland in 2001?
43. REASON!NG Is investing $ 3 0 0 0 at 6% an n u a l in terest and $ 3 0 0 0 at 8% an n u al

in terest equivalent to in vestin g $ 6 0 0 0 (the to tal o f th e tw o p rin cip als) at 7%
an n u al in terest (the average o f th e tw o in terest rates)? E xplain.
44. CHALLENGE T h e yearly co st for resid ents to atten d a state u niversity has
in creased from $5200 to $ 9 0 0 0 in th e last 5 years.
a. To th e n ea rest te n th o f a p ercen t, w hat has b ee n th e average a n n u a l
grow th rate in cost?
b. If th is grow th rate co n tin u es, w hat w ill th e co st b e in 5 m ore years?
M!XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 7.2
in Exs. 45-52.
Evalu ate th e power.

45. (0.6)3%. 70)
46. (0.4)2%. 10)
49. l ^ % - 3 3 0 )
50. ( ^ f % .3 3 0 )
47. (0.5)6%. 70)
48. (0.25)3% .70)

52. ( ^ ( P - 3 3 0 )
F a cto r the exp ression .

53.
x^ + 7x - 30 %. 232)
54.
x2 + 15x + 54 %. 252)
55.
2 x 2 -7^-30
56.
1 2 x 2 - 5 x + 25%. 259)
57.
x3 - 2x2 - 3 x + 6 %. 353)
58.
x3 - 64 %. 353)
259)
Solve th e eq u ation . %. 474)

59.
x^ = 3125
60.
3x3 = iQ2g
61. x '
62.
( x + 12)4 = 52
63.
-5 X 6 = _1QQQ
64.
8 =-64
( x - 9)6 = 17
485
y y Graph Exponentia!
Decay Functions
You g rap h e d and used e x p o n e n tia ] g ro w th fu n ctio n s.
You wiit g ra p h an d u se e x p o n e n tia ) d e c a y fu n ctio n s.
So you c a n m o d el d ep recia tio n , a s in Ex. 31.
Key Vocabutary
* exp on en tial d ecay
fu n ction
In L esson 7.t you studied ex p o n en tial grow th fu n ctio n s. In th is iesson, you w ili
study exp on en tial d ecay fu n ction s, w hich have th e form y = a M w here a > 0 and
0 < & < 1. The b ase & o f an ex p o n en tial decay fu n ctio n is ca lled th e d ecay factor.
* d ecay facto r
h
K EY CONCEPT
P aren t Function for Exponentia! Dec:ty Functions
^ T he f u n c tio n / M = &*, w here 0 < & < 1, is t he p aren t fu n ctio n for th e fam ily
^ o f exp o n en tial decay fu n ctio n s w ith b ase b. T he general shape o f th e graph of
" /(x ) = b ' is show n below.
E
H
f<x)= bA
( 0 < b < 1) \
The graph falls from
\
left to right, passing______ __ \
through the points
(o, If ,
(0,1iand(t,b).
"
The x-axis is an
^
graph.
r* The d om ain o f/(x ) = b^ is all real nu m ber s. T h e range i s y > 0.
EXAMPLE 1
G raph y = & * f o r O < & < 1
G rap h y =
S o iu tio n
^75P 7
486
Chapter 7
Make a table o f values.

X
-3
-2
-1
1
2
1
4
F7EPJ?
Plot th e points from th e table.
^7!fP J
Draw, from n'ghr to

a sm o o th cu rv e th a t
b eg in s ju st above th e x -axis, p asses throu gh
th e plotted points, and m oves up to th e left.
Exponentia] and Logarithmic Functions
TRANSFORMATIONS R ecall from L esson 7.1 th a t th e graph o f a fu n ctio n y = ah * is

a v ertical stretch or sh rin k o f th e graph o f y =
and th e graph o f y = nM " ^ + k
is a tran slatio n o f th e graph o f y = a&L
G ra p h y = o h * f o r O < h < 1
EXAMPLE 2
CLASS!FY
FUNCTiONS
Note that the function

in part (b) of Example 2
is not an exponential
decay function because
a = - 3 < 0.
Soiu tion
a.
Plot (0, 2) and ^1,
Plot (0, - 3 ) and (1,
T h en, from
from right to ie/'f, draw a curve

th a t b eg in s ju s t below th e x-axis,
and m oves down to th e left.
right to ic/'f, draw a cu rve th a t

b eg in s ju s t above th e x -axis,
passes th rou gh th e two points,
an d m oves up to th e left.
Jj&hnsteg/Mgebra
j. Then,
at classzone.com
GLHDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p ies 1 and 2
3. / W = 4 ( 1 ) *
EXAMPLE 3
G raph y = 3( ^
G ra p h y = ait*
** + i c f o r 0 < i t < 1
- 2 . State th e d o m ain an d ran ge.
Soiution
B eg in by sk etch in g th e graph o fy = 3 ^ j ,
w hich p asses th rou gh (0, 3) and ^1, y j.
T hen tran slate th e graph left 1 u n it and
down 2 u nits. N otice th at th e tran slated
graph p asses th rou gh ( - 1 , 1) and (o, - y j .
The graph's asym ptote is th e lin e y = - 2 .
T h e d o m ain is all real n u m bers, and th e
range is y > - 2 .
7 .2
Graph Exponentia] D ecay Functions
487
EXPONENTIAL DECAY MODELS W h en a real-life q u a n tity d ecrea ses by a fixed

percen t each year (or oth er tim e p erio d ), th e am o u n t y o f th e q u an tity after
f years can be m odeled by th e eq u ation
y = %(1 -
rf
w here % is th e in itia l am o u n t and r is th e p ercen t d ecrease expressed as a

d ecim al. Note th a t th e q u an tity 1 - r is th e d ecay factor.
Sotve a m u !ti-ste p p rob !em
SNOWMOBtLES A new snow m obile co sts $ 4200. T he

value o f th e snow m obile d ecreases by 10% ea ch year.
* W rite an exp o n ential decay m odel giving th e
snow m obile's value y (in dollars) a fter t years.
E stim ate th e value after 3 years.
* Graph th e m odel.
* Use th e graph to estim a te w hen th e value o f th e
snow m obile w ill be $2500.
S olution
T h e in itia l am o u n t is a = 4 2 0 0 an d th e p ercen t d ecrea se is r = 0.10.
So, th e ex p o n en tiai d ecay m odel is:
y = n ( l - r)?
AVO!D ERRORS
Notice that the percent
decrease. 10%. teiis
you how much value
the snowmobile loses
each year. The decay
factor, 0.90, tells you
what fraction of the
snowmobile's value
remains each year.
Write exponentiai decay modei.
= 4 2 0 0 (1 - 0.10)?
Substitute 4 2 0 0 for a and 0.10 for r.
= 4200(0.90)?
Simpiify.
W hen f = 3, th e snow m obile's value is y = 4 2 0 0 (0.90)^ = $3061.80.

The graph passes through the
points (0, 4200) and (1, 3780).
It has the f-axis as an
asym ptote. Plot a few other
points. T h en draw a sm ooth
curve through the points.
Using th e graph, you ca n
estim ate th at th e value o f th e
snow m obile w ill b e $ 2 5 0 0 after
about 5 years.
GtHDED PRACTtCE
Years
Graph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain an d ran ge.

4.
' + 1
5. y = 5 ( p ' - 2
6. g M = - 3 ( ^
' + 4
7. WHAT !F? In Exam ple 4, suppose th e value o f th e sn ow m ob ile d ecrea ses by

20% each year. W rite and graph a n eq u a tio n to m odel th is situ ation . U se the
graph to estim ate w hen th e value o f th e snow m ob ile w ill b e $2500.
8. SNOWMOBtLE T he value o f a snow m obile h as b ee n d ecreasin g by 7% each
year sin ce it w as new. A fter 3 years, th e value is $3 0 0 0 . Find th e o rig in al cost
o f th e snow m obile.
488
Chapter 7
Exponential and Logarithmic Functions
HOMEWORK
KEY
72 EXERC!SES

fb = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,1 5 ,2 7 ,2 8 ,3 3 , and 35
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY In th e ex p o n en tial decay m odel y = 1250(0.85)*, id en tify th e
in itia l am ount, th e decay factor, and th e p ercen t d ecrease.
2. * WRITING E xplain how to tell w h eth er th e fu n c tio n y = b* rep resen ts
ex p o n en tial grow th or ex p o n en tial decay.
CLASSIFYING FUNCTIONS Tell w h eth er th e fu n ction rep resen ts exp on en tial
groad h o r exp on en tial decay.
4. / M = 4
3. / M = 3 ^ *
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
6. / M = 25(0.25)*
5. /(x ) = y - 4*
GRAPHING FUNCTIONS G raph th e fu n ction .
on pp. 486-487
for Exs. 7-15
10. y = - ( 0 .2 ) *
= 2( j
12. g(x) = 2(0 .7 5 )*
14. h(x) = - 3 ^
< 3 .y -^
15. * MULTIPLE CHOKE The graph o f w hich fu n ctio n

is show n?
(B
y = -2 ( j
<B
y = -2 } j
( B
EXAMPLE 3
TRANSLATING GRAPHS G raph th e fu n ction . S tate th e d om ain an d ran g e.
on p. 487
for Exs. 16-25
16.y = ^ J
x + 1
17. y = -
+1
- 3
18.y = 2 ^
x - 4
x -2
20. y = 3 (0 .2 5 )* + 3
x- 1
22. / M = - 3
+ 2
,x + 5
23. g(x) = 6 ^ 1
X +
-
24. b(x) = 4 ^
25. GRAPHING CALCULATOR C onsider th e ex p o n en tial decay fu n ctio n

y = a b * " ^ + b w here a = 3, b = 0.4, b = 2, and b = - 1 . P red ict th e e ffe ct on
th e fu n ctio n 's graph o f each ch an g e in a, b, b, or b d escrib ed in p arts (a )-(d ).
U se a g raphing calcu lato r to ch e ck your pred ictio n .
a. a ch an g es to 4
b. b ch an g es to 0.2
c.
d. b ch an g es to 3
b ch an g es to 5
26. ERROR ANALYSIS You invest $ 5 0 0 in the

stock o f a com pany. T he value o f th e stock
d ecreases 2% each year. D escribe and
co rrect th e error in w riting a m odel for th e
value o f th e stock after f years.
= : litial U Pecay
\ am
nount/^
ounth fa
1 c to r
y = 5 0 0 ( 0 .0 2 ) *
7 .2
Graph Exponential D ecay Functions
489
27. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e asy m p tote o f th e graph o fy =

(g ) y = - 3
(B) y = - 2
(g )y = 2
+3?
3D
y=3
28. ^ OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite an ex p o n en tiai fu n ctio n w hose graph iies

betw een th e graphs o f y = (0.5)^ and y = (0 .2 5 )^ + 3.
29. CHALLENGE D o /(x ) = 5 (4 )* * a n d g (x ) = 5(0.25)^ rep resen t th e sam e
fu n ctio n ? /M^d/y your answ er.
PROBLEM SOLV)NG
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 488
for Exs. 30-31
30. MEDiCiNE W hen a person tak es a dosage o f 7 m illig ram s o f ibuprofen,

th e am ou n t 71 (in m iiiig ram s) o f m ed icatio n rem a in in g in th e person's
blo o d stream after / hours can be m odeled by th e eq u atio n A = 7(0.71)
4*
B)
/ ^
E
e
o 0.71/
ts
o 0.50/
-o 0.36/
s
0 --
Time (hours)
Find th e am o u n t o f ibuprofen rem ain in g in a person's b lo o d strea m for the
given dosage and elapsed tim e sin ce th e m ed icatio n w as taken.
a. D osage: 200 mg
Time: 1.5 hours
b. D osage: 325 mg
Tim e: 3.5 hours
c. D osage: 400 mg
T im e: 5 hours
31. BIKE COSTS You buy a new m o u n tain bike for $200. T h e value o f th e bike
d ecreases by 25% each year.
a. W rite a m odel giving th e m o u n tain bike's value y (in dollars) a fter f years.
U se th e m odel to estim ate th e value o f th e bike a fter 3 years.
b. Graph th e m odel.
c. E stim ate w hen th e value o f th e bike w ill b e $100.
@ M )m e 7 M to r
32. DEPRECIATION T h e table show s th e am ou n t d th at a boat d ep reciates during

each year f sin ce it w as new. Show th a t th e ratio o f d ep reciatio n am ou n ts
for co n secu tive years is co n sta n t. Th en w rite a n eq u atio n th a t gives d as a
fu n ctio n o f f.
Year, f
Depreciation, d
490
$1906
$1832
$1762
$1692
$1627
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
(33d * SHORT RESPONSE T h e value o f a c a r ca n b e m odeled by th e eq u atio n

y = 24,000 (0.845) ^w here t is th e n u m b er o f y ears sin ce th e ca r was
purchased.
a. G raph th e m odel. E stim ate w hen th e value o f th e ca r w ill b e $10,000.
b. Use th e m odel to pred ict th e value o f th e ca r a fter 50 y ears. Is th is a
reason able value? Explm'n.
34. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM W h en a p lant or a n im a l dies, it stops
acq u irin g carbon-14 from th e atm osp h ere. C arbon-14 decays
over tim e w ith a h alf-life o f abou t 5730 years. T he p ercen t P of
th e orig in al am ou nt o f carb on -14 th a t rem ain s in a sam ple after
f years is given by th is eq u ation :
/ i \f/5730
P - 1 0 0 (1 )
a. W hat p ercen t o f th e orig in al carb on -14 rem ain s in a
sam ple after 2500 years? 5000 years? 10,000 years?
b. Graph th e m odel.
c. An arch aeo lo g ist found a bison b o n e th a t co n ta in e d about
37% o f th e carbon-14 presen t w hen th e b iso n died. Use th e
graph to estim ate th e age o f th e b on e w hen it w as found.
35. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e n u m b er E o f eggs a Leghorn ch ick en
produces per year ca n be m odeled by th e eq u atio n E = 1 7 9 .2 (0 .8 9 )" '^
w here Mi is th e age (in weeks) o f th e ch ick en and ui > 22.
a. interpret Id entify th e decay fa cto r and th e p ercen t d ecrease.
b. Graph G raph th e m odel.
c. Estimate E stim ate th e egg prod uction o f a ch ick en th a t is 2.5 years old.
d. Reasoning ExpEnM how you ca n rew rite th e given eq u atio n so th a t tim e
is m easu red in years rath er th a n in w eeks.
36. CHALLENGE You buy a new stereo for $1300 an d are able to sell it 4 years later
for $275. A ssum e th a t th e resale value o f th e stereo decays ex p o n en tially w ith
tim e. W rite an eq u atio n giving th e stereo's resale value V (in dollars) as a
fu n ctio n o f th e tim e t (in years) sin ce you bought it.
M!XED REV!EW
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 7.3
in Exs. 37-45.
- 5%2 + 4 fp. 337)
40. y == Vx + 3 (p. 446)
4 i. y = Vx - 4 (p. 446)
43. y == 3 - 2 * (p. 478)
44.
St
cL
^ __
LC[C\
38. y =
37. y == F + 5 (p. 337)
39. y = ^4
42. y =
-IV
2
45. y =
Verify t h a t / and g a re inverse fu n ction s, (p. 438)

46. /(x ) = 5x - 2, g(x) = ^
48. /(x ) = 4 F - 7 , g M = ( ^ 7
47. / M = - 3 * + 10, g M =
,1/3
49. / M =
g(x) = V 'l2 x - 7
491
Use Functions
invoiving e
You studied e x p o n e n tia ! g ro w th an d d e c a y fu n ctio n s.
You wiii stud y fu n ctio n s involving th e n atu rai b a s e e.
So you ca n m o d ei visibi!ity u n d erw ater, a s in Ex. 5 9 .
Key Vocabulary
The history o f m ath em atics is m arked by th e d iscovery o f sp ecial n u m bers such

^ ^ and f. A nother sp ecial n u m b er is denoted by th e letter e. T h e n u m b er is
called th e n a tu ra l b ase e or th e Euler num ber a fter its discoverer, L eon h ard Euler
* n a tu ra l base e
(1707-1783). T he expression [ 1 + } ap p roach es e as u in creases.
n
('+w)
10^
10^
10^
10'
105
10^
2.59374
2.70481
2.71692
2.71815
2.71827
2.71828
KEY CONCEPT
The Natural Base e
The n atu ral b ase e is irratio n al. It is d efin ed as follow s:
As n ap p roach es +c, ( l +
ap p roach es e = 2.718281828.
Sim piify n a tu ra i b ase ex p re ssio n s

REVIEW
EXPONENTS
For help with properties
of exponents, see
p. 330.

c. (5e, - 3 x ')2 = 5 2 ( ^ 2
a. e -
= 2 5 e"6 * =
= 4e
Evatuate n a tu ra ) b ase ex p re ssio n s

Use a ca icu ia to r to evaiu ate th e exp ression .
Expression
492
Chapter 7
Keystrokes
Dispiay
a.
g g ] [e^] 4
54.59815003
b.
g g
gg ^
g g jjg a )
0.9139311853
GutDED PRACTKE
2. 2e"3 - 6 ^
3
'
24e"
4rP
1. e? . e"
41^
CO
5. Use a calcu lato r to evaluate e^4.
KEY CONCEPT
^ N aturai B ase Functions
"
A fu n ctio n o f th e form y = u e " is ca lled a n atu ral base e x p o n e n tia i/a n ch o n .

* If a > 0 and r > 0, th e fu n ctio n is a n ex p o n en tial grow th fu n ctio n .
"
* If a > 0 and r < 0, th e fu n ctio n is an ex p o n en tial d ecay fu n ctio n .
I* T h e graphs o f th e b asic fu n ctio n s y = e* and y = e "* are show n below.
G raph n a tu ra ! b ase fu n ctio n s

G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d o m ain an d ran ge.
a.
y = 3 e '2 s *
S o iu tio n
ANOTHER WAY
You can also write the

function from part (a)
in the form y = oh* in
order to graph it:
y =3(?2^*
a. B ecau se a = 3 is positive and

r = 0.25 is positive, th e fu n ctio n is
an ex p o n en tial grow th fu n ctio n .
Plot th e p o in ts (0, 3) and (1, 3.85)
and draw th e curve.
b. a = 1 is positive and r = - 0 .7 5
is negative, so th e fu n ctio n is
an ex p o n en tia l d ecay fu n ctio n .
T ran slate th e graph o fy =
right 2 u n its and up 1 u nit.
y = 3 (e ^ )*
y^= 3(1.28)*
The d o m ain is all real num bers,

and th e range is y > 0.
The d o m ain is all real num bers,

an d th e range is y > 1.
7 .3
Use Functions Involving e
493
EXAM PLE 4
Solve a mu!ti-step problem
BtOLOGY T h e len gth f (in

cen tim eters) o f a tiger shark ca n
be m odeled by th e fu n ctio n
f = 337 - 2 7 6 e * '^
w here f is th e shark's age (in years).
* Graph th e m odel.
* Use th e graph to estim ate
th e length o f a tiger shark th at
is 3 years old.
N e w b o rn sh ark
Soiution
!NTERPRET
VARiABLES
On a graphing caicuiator,
enter the function
f = 337 - 276e
using the variabies x
and y as shown below:
y = 337 - 276eî?s*
FTiEP 7
Graph th e m odel, as show n.
.fTBf ^
Use th e trace featu re to d eterm in e th at

f = 175 w hen f = 3.
^ T h e len gth o f a 3-year-old tiger shark is abou t

175 cen tim eters.
CUtDED PRACTKE
G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain an d ran g e.

6.
9.
y = 2e'5*
7. /(x ) = V-e"* + l
8. y = 1 .5 e '^ * * " - 2
WHAT <F? In Exam ple 4, u se th e given fu n c tio n to estim a te th e len g th o f a

tiger shark th a t is 5 years old.
CONT!NUOUSLY COMPOUNDED iNTEREST In L esso n 7.1, you learn ed th at th e

b a la n ce o f an a cco u n t earn in g com p ou nd in terest is given by th is form ula:
As the frequ ency n o f com p ou n d in g ap p roach es positive in finity, th e com pound

in terest form ula ap proxim ates th e follow ing form ula.
KEY CONCEPT
Continuously Compounded Interest
W hen in terest is com p ou nd ed contmaoMsfy, th e am o u n t A in a n a cco u n t a fter
f years is given by th e form ula
y4 = Pe',rf
w here P is th e p rin cip al and r is th e a n n u al in terest rate exp ressed as a
decim al.
494
Chapter 7
EXAMPLE 5
M ode! co n tin u ou sty co m p ou n d ed in te re st
FINANCE You deposit $ 4 0 0 0 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 6% an n u a l in terest

com p ou nd ed continuously. W hat is th e b a la n c e a fter 1 year?
S oiu tion
Use th e form ula for co n tin u ou sly com p ou nd ed in terest.
W rite fo rm u ia .
A = Pe"
s u b s titu te 4 0 0 0 fo r P, 0 .0 6 fo r r, a n d 1 fo r f.
4 0 0 0 e
= 4247.35
U se a caicu iato r.
F T he b a la n ce at th e end o f 1 year is $4247.35.
fo r E xam p te 5
GUIDED PRACTtCE
10. FINANCE You deposit $ 2 5 0 0 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 5% a n n u al in terest

com p ou nd ed continuously. Find th e b a la n c e a fter each am o u n t o f tim e.
a. 2 years
b. 5 years
c. 7.5 years
11. FINANCE Find th e am o u n t o f in terest ea rn ed in p arts (a )-(c ) o f E xercise 10.
HOMEWORK
KEY
7.3 EXERCtSES
onp. WS13forExs. 5,35. and57
-<t = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTtCE
Exs. 2,15,16,52,53, and 60
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: Th e n u m b er
approxim ately eq u al to 2.71828.
is a n irra tio n a l n u m b er
2 . -ft WRITING Tell w heth er th e fu n c tio n /(x ) =
is an exam ple o f
exponentiai growth or exponential decay. Explain.

EXAMPLE 1
on p. 492
for Exs. 3-18
SiMPHFYiNG EXPRESStONS S im p lify th e ex p ressio n .

3. e^ - e^
4. e ^ - e^
7. (3 e ^ M
8. e* . e " 3 * - e^
11.
12.
e^
( s ) (2 ^ )3
6. (2 e -')-4
10. e * . 5e* + 3
9. V9e^
14.
13. ^ 8 c ^
8e
15. ft MULTIPLE CHOtCE W hat is th e sim p lified form o f (4 e ^ P ?

(A ) 4 e ^
( B ) 4r?s*
(g )
(g )
64e^
64e^
!4f27r'3y)
16. ft MULTIPLE CHOICE W h at is th e sim p lified form o f 1 --------------?

3e,7^-3
x
(A )
6 e 'x
(B)
6 e^x^
(g )
(D ) 6e'''x^
^
x
7 .3
495
ERROR ANALYStS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in sim plifying th e exp ression .
17.
18.
EXAMPLE 2
EVALUATING EXPRESSiONS Use a ca ic u ia to r to evaiu ate th e exp ression .
on p. 492
for Exs. 19-30
19.
<?3
20. e " ^
21.
22.
23.
e"^^
24. e^'^
25. e?
26. e*^
27.
2<T3
28. 5<?^3
29.
30.
-6 ^ ^
e^
0.4e^^
GROWTH OR DECAY Tell w heth er th e fu n ction is a n exam p ie of exp on en tial

grow th o r exp on en tial decay.
31.
/(x) = 3e"*
( 35 ) /(x) =
32. / M = ^ e ^
j
36. /(x) = e'^
33. /(x) = e
34. /(x) = # e *
5
37. /(x) = 2e^*
38. /(x) = 4e^^
EXAMPLE 3
MATCHtNG GRAPHS M atch th e fu n ction w ith its graph .
on p. 493
for Exs. 39-50
39.
y = 0 .5 e 'S *
40. y = 2 e ^*
41. y = e '^ * + 2
'y
/
fr , 0
/ ( 1 ,3 . 3 0
(0 ,2 )
(1 ,0 . 82
'
GRAPHiNG FUNCTtONS G raph th e fu n ction . S tate th e d om ain an d ran g e.

42.
45.
y=
e"3*
y = 2e*^ - 1
48. /(x ) = y e * ^ ^ - 2
43 . y = 3 ^
44 .
y=
46. y = 2 .5 e ^ '^ + 2
47. y = 0 .6 e* * ^
49. g(x) = -ê* " ^ + 1
50. h(x) = e"^^* + ^ - 3
o.5g*
51. GRAPHiNG CALCULATOR U se th e table featu re o f a g raphing ca icu ia to r to

find th e vaiue o f n for w hich (1 + y j " gives th e vaiue o f e co rrect to 9 d ecim al
piaces. Explain th e p ro cess you u sed to find your answ er.
52. * SHORT RESPONSE C an e be expressed as a ratio o f tw o integers? Explain
your reasoning.
53. * OPEN-ENDED MATH Find vaiues o f a, h, r, and t? su ch th a t/(x ) = a e '*
f(jC)
and g(x) = he'?* are ex p o n ential decay fu n ctio n s and y is an ex p o n en tial
growth fu n ction .
54. CHALLENGE E xplain whyyl = P ^l +
ap proxim ates 2i = P e " as n
approaches positive in fin ity .' ih'nP Let nt = y . j
496
( ) = WORKED-OUT SOLUTtONS
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXA M PLE 4
on p. 494
for Exs. 55-56
55. CAMERA PHONES T he n u m b er o f ca m era ph on es ship ped globally ca n be

m odeled by th e fu n ctio n y = 1. 28 e ^ * w here x is th e n u m b er o f years since
1997 and y is th e n u m ber o f ca m era phones ship ped (in m illio n s). How m any
ca m era p hones w ere ship ped in 2002?
@ M o m ?7 u fO r
56. BtOLOGY Scien tists u sed trap s to study th e F o rm o san su b terra n ea n term ite
p op u lation in New O rleans. T h e m ean n u m b er y o f term ites co llected
an n u ally ca n be m odeled b y y = 7 3 8 e 3 ^ w h e r e fig th e n u m b er o f years
sin ce 1989. W h at w as th e m ea n n u m b er o f term ites co lle cted in 1999?
@ H o m e 7 u to r
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 495
for Exs. 57-58
573 FtNANCE You deposit $2 0 0 0 in an a cco u n t th at pays 4% a n n u a l in terest

com p ou n d ed continuously. W hat is th e b a la n c e a fter 5 years?
58. FtNANCE You deposit $ 8 0 0 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 2.65% a n n u al in terest
com p ou nded continuously. W h at is th e b a la n c e a fter 12.5 years?
59. MULH-STEP PROBLEM T h e percen t
P o f su rface light th a t filters down
th rou gh b o d ies o f w ater ca n be
m odeled by th e ex p o n en tial fu n ctio n
P(x) = 1 0 0 e ^ w here A: is a m easu re
o f th e m u rkiness o f th e w ater and
x is th e d epth below th e su rface (in
m e ters).
a. A re creatio n al su bm ersible is
traveling in clear w ater w ith a
k-value o f abou t - 0 .0 2 . W rite and
graph an eq u atio n giving th e
p ercen t o f su rface light th at filters
down th rou gh clea r w ater as a
fu n ctio n o f depth.
b. U se your graph to estim a te the
percen t o f su rface light available
at a d epth o f 40 m eters.
c. Use your graph to estim a te how
deep th e su bm ersible ca n descend
in clear w ater befo re only 50% of
su rface light is available.
60. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T he grow th o f th e b a cteria mycobacteriMzn

c a n b e m odeled by th e fu n ctio n P(f) = P p e ^ ^ w here P (f) is
th e po p u latio n after f hours and P is th e po p u latio n w hen f = 0.
a. Mode! At 1:00 P.M., th ere are 30 mycobacferiMm tMbercMiosis b a cteria in a
sam ple. W rite a fu n ctio n for th e n u m b er o f b a c te ria a fter 1:00 P.M.
b. Graph G raph th e fu n ctio n from p art (a).
c. Estim ate W hat is th e pop u lation at 5 :0 0 P.M.?
d. Reasoning D escribe how to find th e po p u latio n at 3 :4 5 P.M.
7 .3
497
61. RATE OF HEALING The area o f a w ound d ecreases ex p o n en tially w ith tim e.
T h e area A o f a w ound after f days ca n b e m odeled b y A =

w here 7^
is th e in itial w ound area. If th e in itia l w ound area is 4 squ are cen tim eters,
w hat is th e area after 14 days?
62. CHALLENGE T he height y (in feet) o f th e G atew ay Arch
in St. Louis, M issouri, ca n be m odeled by th e fu n ctio n
y = 757.7 - 6 3 .8 5 (e * ^ * ^ + e"*^27.7) whg^g ^ ^ ^ g
horizon tal d istan ce (in feet) from th e cen ter o f th e arch .
a. Use a graphing calcu lato r to graph th e fu n ctio n . How
tall is th e arch at its hig h est point?
b. About how far ap art are th e ends o f th e arch?
M!XED REV!EW
Solve the equation.
63.
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 7.4 in
Exs. 69-74.
]x + 8l = 13 (p.51)
64.
l3x + 17l = 16 (p. 51)
65. 2x^ - 4x + 9 = 0 (p. 292)
66. x^ + 12x - 3 = 0 (p.292)
67. V5x + 9 = 7 (p. 452)
68. \ 15x + 34 = x + 6 (p. 452)
Find th e inverse fu n ction , (p. 437)

5x - 3
69. /(x ) = 2x
70. /(x )
72. /(x ) = y X + 4
73. /(x ) = - 1 2 x - 6
71. /(x ) = - 4 x + 14
74. /(x ) = - y x + 7
QU!Z / o r iessons Z 7-7.3

G raph th e fu n ction . State th e dom ain an d ran ge.
1. y = 2 - 3 * ' ^ (p.478)
2. y = ( ^ ) 'f p .4 8 6 )
3. f ( x ) =
if
+ 2 (p. 486)

4. 3e* *
5. (-5<?3*)3
6.
7.
5e
G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain an d ran ge, (p. 492)

8. y = 2 e *
10. y =
9. y = 3 e * ^
11. g(x) = 4 e 3* + 1
12. TV SALES From 1997 to 2001, th e n u m b er ?! (in m illion s) o f black-and -w hite

TVs sold in th e U nited States ca n b e m odeled by n = 2 6 .8 (0 .8 5 )^w here f is
th e n u m b er o f years sin ce 1997. Id entify th e d ecay fa cto r and th e p ercen t
d ecrease. G raph th e m odel and state th e d o m ain an d range. E stim ate th e
nu m ber o f black-an d-w hite TVs sold in 1999. (p. 486)
13. FINANCE You deposit $1200 in an a cco u n t th at pays 4.5% an n u a l in terest
com pounded continuously. W hat is th e b a la n c e after 5 years? (p. 492)
498
ONUNE QLHZ at classzone.com
*7 A Evatuate Logarithms and

^
Graph Logarithmic Functions
You e v a iu a te d and g ra p h e d e x p o n e n tia i fu n ctio n s.
You wiii e v a iu a te io g a rith m s and g rap h io g a rith m ic fu n ctio n s.
So you c a n m o d e! th e w ind sp e ed o f a to rn a d o , a s in E xam p )e 4 .
Key Vocabuiary
* tog arith m o fy
w ith base %?
* com m on iogarith m
* n a tu rai iog arith m
You know th at 2^ = 4 and 2^ = 8. However, for w hat value o f % d oes 2 * = 6?

M ath em atician s d efin e th is x-value using a /ogan'f/tm and w rite x = log^ 6. The
d efin itio n o f a iog arithm ca n b e gen eraiized as follows.
KEY CONCEPT
* Definition of Logarithm with B ase b
^
^
Let & and y b e positive nu m b ers w ith & # 1. T he io g a rith m o f y w ith b ase & is
denoted by log^y and is defin ed as follow s:
if and only if
lo g ^ y = X
T he exp ression log^ y is read as "log b a se & o f y."
T his d efin itio n tells you th a t th e eq u atio n s log^ y = x and &* = y are equivalent.
T he first is in lognnThnn'c jb rm and th e secon d is in exponential Jbrnr.
EXAMPLE
R ew rite io garith m ic eq u atio n s

Exponentiai Form
Logarithmic Form
a. log^ 8 = 3
23 = 8
b. log^ 1 = 0
4=1
c. lo g ^ 12 = 1
12* = 1 2
tt
P arts (b) and (c) o f E xam ple 1 illu strate tw o sp e cia l lo g arith m values th a t you
should learn to reco gn ize. Let & b e a positive real n u m b er su ch th at h ^ 1.
Logarithm of 1
Logarithm of &with Base b
log^ 1 = 0 b eca u se & = 1.
log^ & = 1 b eca u se
GuiOED PRACTiCE
= &.
fo r E xam p le 1
R ew rite th e eq u ation in exp on en tiai form .

1. logg 81 = 4
2. logy 7 = 1
7 .4
3. lo g ^ 1 = 0
4. l o g ^ 32 = - 5
Evaiuate Logarithms and Graph Logarithmic Functions
499
EXAMPLE 2
E v a!u ate togarith m s
Evalu ate th e io g arith m .

a.
log^ 64
b. iogg 0.2
c. log^g 125
d. log^g 6
Soiu tion
To help you find th e vaiue o f log^ y, ask y o u rself w hat pow er o f & gives you y.
a.
4 to w hat pow er gives 64?
4^ = 64, so log. 64 = 3.
b. 5 to w hat pow er gives 0.2?
= 0.2, so logg 0.2 = - 1 .
c. ^ to w hat pow er gives 125?
^ j ^ = 125, so log^g 125 =
d. 36 to w hat pow er gives 6?
3 6 '^ = 6, so log^g 6 = ^ '
-3 .
SPECiAL LOGARiTHMS A co m m o n lo g arith m is a lo g arith m w ith b ase 10. It is

denoted by lo g ^ or sim ply by log. A n a tu ra i lo g arith m is a lo g arith m w ith b a se e.
It ca n be denoted by log^,, but is m ore o ften denoted by In.
Common Logarithm
Naturai Logarithm
log,o-x = lo g x
log,,x = l n x
M ost calcu lato rs have keys for evaluatin g co m m o n and n atu ral lo garith m s.
EXAMPLE 3
E vatu ate co m m o n an d n a tu ra ) togarith m s
Expression
Keystrokes
Dispiay
Check
a. log 8
ggg 8 n n i
0.903089987
io 93 ^ g ^
b. In 0.3
M U .3 H H
-1 .2 0 3 9 7 2 8 0 4
e ^ ^ 0 .3 /
^3
EXAMPLE 4
Evatuate a togarith m ic m ode)
TORNADOES T h e w ind speed s (in m iles per hour)

near th e cen ter o f a tornado c a n b e m odeled by
s = 93 log d + 65
w here d is th e d istan ce (in m iles) th a t th e tornad o
travels. In 1925, a tornado traveled 220 m iles
throu gh th ree states. E stim ate th e w ind
speed n ear th e tornad o's center.
Soiution
s = 93 log d + 65
= 93 log 2 2 0 + 65
Write function.
Substitute 220 for d.
93(2.342) + 65
Use a caicuiator.
= 282.806
Simpiify.
/Vof ckawn to sea/e
^ The w ind speed n ear th e tornad o's cen ter w as ab o u t 283 m iles per hour.
500
Chapter 7
Exponentia! and Logarithmic Functions
GUIDED PRACTKE
for Examples 2,3, and 4
Evaluate the lo g arith m . Use a ca lc u la to r if n ecessary .

5.
9.
logg 32
6. lo g ^ 3
7. log 12
8. In 0.75
WHAT <F? Use th e fu n ctio n in Exam ple 4 to e stim a te th e w ind speed n ear
a tornad o's cen ter if its p ath is 150 m iies long.
INVERSE FUNCTIONS By th e d efin itio n o f a logarith m , it follow s th a t th e

io g arith m ic fu n ctio n g(x) = iog^ x is th e inverse o f th e ex p o n en tial fu n ctio n
/(x ) = &*. T h is m ean s that:
g (/ M ) = iog^ &* = x
and
/(g (x )) =
= x
Use inverse p ro p e rtie s

b. iogg 2 5"
a. 10's4
Solu tion
a. 1 0 *^ = 4
b'8<-" = X
b. iog- 25" = iogg (53)"
Express 25 as a power with base 5.
= iogg 5 ^
= 2x
togM = x
Find inverse fu n ctio n s
For heip with finding

inverses of functions,
see p. 437.
H
cr
t)
ce
REVIEW INVERSES
b. y
= in (x + 3)
S olution
a. From th e d efin itio n o f log arith m , th e inverse o f y
b.
= in (x + 3)
x = in (y + 3)
e"
e" - 3
= 6 " is y = iogg x.
Switch x and y.
=y+3
Write in exponentia) form.
=y
Soive for y.
F The inverse o f y = in (x + 3) is y = e* - 3.
GUIDED PRACTKE
for E xam p les 5 an d 6

10.
8'Ss*
11. logy7 *3 *
12 . ^ 6 4 "
13. e '"2
14. Find th e inverse o fy = 4*.

15. Find th e inverse o fy = in (x - 5).
7 .4
Evaluate Logarithms and Graph Logarithmic Functions
501
GRAPHiNG LOGARiTHMK FUNCTiONS You ca n use th e inverse relation sh ip

betw een exp o n ential and lo g a rith m ic fu n ctio n s to graph lo g arith m ic fu n ctio n s.
KEY CONCEPT
"
P aren t Graphs for Logarithm ic Functions
T h e graph o f/(x ) = log^ x is show n below for b > 1 and foi 0 < b < 1. B ecau se
" j'M = io g ^ x a n d g(x) = b* are inverse fu n ctio n s, th e grap h o f/(x ) = log^ x
^ is th e reflectio n c f th e graph o f g(x) = b* in th e lin e y = x.
Graph ot f(x) = !og^xforh>1
Graph of f(x) = )og^xforO < h< 1
...A
g (*)=
-*
/
f(x) = log^x
!
'
f)x) = i og^x
/
z'
;* Note th at th e y-ai d s is a v ertica l asy m p tote o f th e graph o f /(x ) = log^ X.

T h e d om ain o f /( , r) = log^ x is x > 0, and th e range is all re al num bers.
EXAMPLE 7
^ r a p h !o g arith m ic fu n ctio n s
G raph th e fu n c tio n .
a. y = logg x
b. y = io g ,^ x
S o iu tio n
a. Plot several con ven ient points,
such as (1, 0), (3, 1), and
(9, 2). T h e y -ax is is a v ertical
asym ptote.
From /e/f to right, draw a curve
th a t starts ju st to th e right o f the
y-axis and m oves up throu gh
th e plotted points, as show n
below.
502
Chapter 7
b. Plot several co n v en ien t points,

su ch as (1, 0), (2, - 1 ) , (4, - 2 ) ,
and (8, - 3 ) . T he y -a x is is a
v ertica l asym ptote.
From /e/t to right, draw a curve
th at sta rts ju st to th e right of
th e y -a x is and m oves down
th rou gh th e plotted points, as
show n below.
TRANSLATIONS You ca n graph a lo g arith m ic fu n ctio n o f th e form

y = iog^ (x - b) + b by tra n sla tin g th e graph o f th e p aren t fu n c tio n y = log^ x.
EXAMPLE 8
----
Trans!ate a togarithmic graph
G rap h y = logg (x + 3) + I. State th e d om ain an d ran g e.

S o iu tio n
7
.WPPF
Sketch th e graph o f th e parent

fu n ctio n y = logg x, w h ich passes
th rou gh (1, 0), (2, 1), and (4, 2).
T ran slate th e p aren t graph left 3
u nits and up 1 u nit. T h e tran slated
graph passes th rou gh ( - 2 , 1), ( - 1, 2 ),
and (1, 3). T h e graph's asym p tote is
x = - 3 . T he d om ain is x > - 3 , and
th e range is all real num bers.
GutDED PRACTICE
fo r E xam p les 7 an d 8
G raph th e fu n ction . S tate th e d om ain an d ran ge.

16.
y = log^ *
17. y = log^g (x - 3)
HOMEWORK
KEY
74 EXERC!SES
18. /(x ) = log^ (x + 1) - 2
Q = WORKED OUT SOLUTtONS

on p. WS13 lor Exs. 13, 33, and 61
*

Exs. 2,3 6 ,6 1 , and 62
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: A lo g arith m w ith b a se 10 is ca lled a ( n ) _ ? _
logarith m .
2. * WRITING D escribe th e relation sh ip b etw een y = 5* and y = logg x.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 499
for Exs. 3-7
EXPONENTIAL FORM R ew rite th e eq u ation in exp on en tial form .

3. log^ 16 = 2
4. lo g , 343 = 3
5. logg
= -2
6 . logg^ 1 = 0
7. ERROR ANALYSIS Describe and co rrect th e error in

rewriting th e eq u atio n 2 ^ = 17 in lo g a rith m ic form .
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 500
for Exs. 8-19
EVALUATING LOGARITHMS E vaiu ate th e lo g a rith m w ith ou t using a c a lcu la to r.
8. l o g ^ l 5
12. lO ggl
16. l o g ^ l 6
9. lo g , 49
@
lo g ^ 8
17. logg 512
7 .4
10. logg 216

14. lo g g^L
18. logg 625
11. logg 64
1519. lo g ^ 121
Evaluate Logarithms and Graph Logarithmic Functions
503
EXA M PLE 3
CALCULATING LOGARITHMS Use a ca lc u la to r to evalu ate th e lo g arith m .
on p. 500
for Exs. 2 0 -2 7
20. log 14
21. In 6
22. In
24. log 27
25. In 5.38
26. log 0.746
0.43
23. log 6.213

27. In 110
EXAMPLES
USING INVERSE PROPERTIES Sim plify th e exp ression .
on p. 501
for Exs. 2 8 -3 6
28. 7'S7*
29. log 5*
30. 30'S30^
31. 10'S8
32. Iogg 36*
333 log, 81*
34. lo g . 125*
35. ^ 3 2 *
36. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h ich expression is equivalen t to log 100*?
(g)
(g)
(B ) 2x
lOx
lOOx
(D )
EXAMPLE 6
F!ND!NG INVERSES Find th e inverse o f th e fu n ction .
on p. 501
for Exs. 37 -4 4
37. y = log, x
38. y = 7*
39. y = (0.4)*
40. y = l o g ^ *
41. y = e
42. y = 2*
43. y = In (x + 1)
44. y = 6 + log x
EXAMPLES
7 and 8
GRAPHING FUNCT!ONS G raph th e fu n ction . S tate th e d om ain an d ran ge.
on pp. 5 02-503
for Exs. 4 5 -5 3
45. y = log^ x
46. y = Iogg x
47. y = l o g ^ x
48. y = log 1/ 5'
49. y = Iogg (x - 3)
50. y = Iogg x + 4
51. /(x ) = log. (x + 2) - 1
52. g(x) = Iogg (x - 4) + 2
53. b(x) = Iogg (x + 1) - 3
CHALLENGE Evalu ate th e lo g arith m . (H int; F o r each lo g arith m log^ x , rew rite b
and x as pow ers of th e sam e num ber.)
54. Iogg? 9
55. Iogg 32
56. log. gg 625
57. log 128
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
58.
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 500
for Exs. 5 8 -5 9
ALTIMETER Skydivers use an in stru m en t ca lled an a ltim e te r to track th eir

altitude as they fall. T h e altim eter d eterm in es altitu d e by m easu rin g air
pressure. T he altitu d e h (in m eters) above sea level is related to th e air
pressure P (in p ascals) by th e fu n c tio n in th e d iag ram below.
/r = 7438 m
P= 40,000 Pa
/r = -8005 In101,300
/? = 3552 m
P= 65,000 Pa
'
/?=?
P= 57,000 Pa
'
/Vof <Pan/n fo sca/e
W hat is th e altitude above sea level w hen th e air pressu re is 57,000 p ascals?
@ M M ne7M tor
59.
CHEMISTRY T h e pH value for a su b sta n ce m easu res how acid ic or a lk alin e

th e su b stan ce is. It is given by th e form ula pH = - lo g [H**l w here H^ is th e
hydrogen ion co n cen tratio n (in m oles per liter). Lem on ju ic e h as a hydrogen
ion co n cen tratio n o f 10" ^ m oles per liter. W h at is its pH value?
@ M o m e !u t o r
504
on p. WS1
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
60. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM Biologists have found th a t an allig ator's len g th f

(in inches) and w eight to (in pounds) are related by th e fu n ctio n
f = 27.1 In tc - 32.8. G raph th e fu n ctio n . U se your graph to estim a te th e
w eight o f an alligator th a t is 10 feet long.
(61^ * SHORT RESPONSE The energy m agn itu d e M
o f an earth q u ak e ca n be m odeled by
Peru
South
American
tectonic
piate
M = 0 .2 9 (ln E ) - 9.9
w here E is th e am o u n t o f energy released
(in ergs).
a. In 2001, a pow erful earth q u a k e in Peru,
cau sed by th e slippage o f tw o te cto n ic plates
along a fault, released 2.5 X 1 0 ^ ergs. W hat w as
th e energy m agnitu d e o f th e earth qu ake?
b. Find th e inverse o f th e given fu n ctio n .
D escribe w hat it represen ts.
62. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A study in Florid a found th a t th e n u m b er o f fish
sp ecies s in a pool or lake ca n b e m odeled by th e fu n ctio n
s = 30.6 - 20.5(log A) + 3.8(log A f
where A is th e area (in squ are m eters) o f th e pool or lake.
a. Graph Use a graphing ca lcu la to r to graph th e fu n ctio n on th e d om ain
200 < A < 35,000.
b. Estimate U se your graph to estim a te th e n u m ber o f fish sp ecies in a lake
w ith an area o f 30,000 squ are m eters.
c. Estimate Use your graph to estim a te th e area o f a lake th a t co n ta in s
6 sp ecies o f fish.
d. Reasoning D escribe w hat h appen s to th e n u m b er o f fish sp ecies as th e
area o f a pool or lake in crea ses. E xplain why your answ er m ak es sen se.
63. CHALLENGE T h e fu n ctio n s = 0.159 + 0.118(log tf) gives th e slope s o f a b each
in term s o f th e average d iam eter tf (in m illim eters) o f san d p a rticle s on th e
b each . Find th e inverse o f th is fu n ctio n . T h en use th e inverse to estim a te the
average d iam eter o f th e sand p articles on a b ea ch w ith a slope o f 0.2.
M!XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 7.5
in Exs. 64-^
Evalu ate th e exp ression , (p. 330)

6 4 . 2 3 . 23
68 .
65. (5*3)2
-3
66. 8* * 83 - 8 *s
67.
7 0 .^ 4"
71.
4
-2
10"
10"
Sim plify th e exp ression . A ssum e all variab les a re positive, (p. 420)
*"2 . ^ /3
76.
*3'2yt/2
73. (m 9)-"6
77.
EdE
_
^ /2
EXTRA PRACT)CE for Lesson 7.4, p. 1016
74. ^ 5 4 F y 3
75.
78. ( V F . f F ) 2
79.
(n ^3 . ^ /5 )l/6
5Vx - w J
^250^
M!XED REV!EW./P
STATE TEST PRACTtCE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 7L1-7.4
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM T he graph show n below
is a tran siatio n o f th e graph o f y = log^ x.
5. EXTENDED RESPONSE A Iocai b a n k offers

c e rtifica te o f d ep osit (CD) acco u n ts th a t you
c a n u se to save m on ey and ea rn in terest. You
are con sid erin g tw o d ifferent CDs: a th ree-y ear
CD th a t requ ires a m in im u m b a la n ce o f $1500
and pays 2% a n n u a l in terest, and a five-year
CD th a t requ ires a m in im u m b a ia n ce o f $2 0 0 0
and pays 3% an n u a l in terest. T h e in terest for
b o th a cco u n ts is com p ou nd ed m onthly.
a. If you d eposit th e m in im u m required
am o u n t in ea ch CD, how m uch m on ey is in
ea ch a cco u n t at th e end o f its term ? How
m uch in terest does each a cco u n t earn?
a. W rite an equation o f th e graph.

b. Graph the inverse o f th e fu n ctio n w hose
graph is show n above.
2. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM W hen a p iece o f paper
is folded in half, th e paper is divided in to two
regions, each o f w hich has h a if th e area o f the
paper. If th is p ro cess is repeated, th e num ber
of regions in creases w hile th e area o f each
region d ecreases. Th e tabie beiow shows th e
num ber o f regions and th e fractio n al area of
each region after each su ccessive foid.
Fold number
Number of regions
Fractional area of
each region
1
2
a. Copy and com p lete the table.

b. W rite fu n ctio n s giving th e nu m ber o f
regions R(tt) and th e fra ctio n a l area o f each
region A(n) after n foids. Teii w h ether each
fu n ctio n represents exponenfm / grorcfh,
exponential decay, or neither.
b. W hat is th e d ifferen ce in the am ou n ts

o f in terest?
c. D escribe th e b en e fits and draw backs o f
ea ch acco u n t.
6. GRiDDED ANSWER Tritium is a rad ioactive
su b sta n ce used to iilu m in a te exit signs. The
am o u n t o f tritiu m d isap p ears over tim e, a
p ro cess ca lled rad ioactive decay. If you start
w ith a 10 m illig ram sam ple o f tritiu m , th e
n u m b er y o f m illig ram s left a fter f years is
given by y = 10e "
p^yy m any m iilig ram s
o f tritiu m are ieft after 10 years? Round your
answ er to th e n ea rest hundredth.
7. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM T h e am ou n t y o f oii
co llected by a petro leu m com p any d rillin g
on th e U.S. co n tin e n ta l sh elf ca n b e m odeled
b y y = 12.263 l n x - 45.381 w here y is m easu red
in b illio n s o f b arre ls and x is the n u m b er of
w ells drilled.
3. OPEN-ENDED T he vaiue o f one item increases

by r% per year w hile th e value o f an o th er item
decreases by r% per year. A fter 2 years, b o th
item s are w orth $100. C hoose a value for r and
w rite a fu n ctio n giving each item 's value y
after t years. Graph b o th fu n ctio n s in th e sam e
coord inate piane.
4. SHORT RESPONSE You deposit $2000 in
an acco u n t th a t pays 4% an n u al in terest
com pounded continuously. W hat is your
b alan ce after 2 years? A fter how m any full
years w ill your b a ia n ce first exceed $2250?
Explain how you found your answ ers.
506
Chapter 7
a. Graph th e m odel.
b. About how m any b arrels o f oil would you
ex p e ct to co lle ct after d rillin g 1000 w ells?
c. About how m an y w ells need to b e drilled to
co lle ct 50 billio n b arrels o f oil?
C Appty Properties
of Logarithms
Be/ore
You e v a iu a te d iog arith m s.

You wii! rew rite io g a rith m ic e x p re ssio n s.
S o you c a n m o d ei th e io u d n e ss o f sou n d s, a s in Ex. 6 3 .
Key Vocabulary
' base, p. 70
KEY CONCEPT
P ro p erties of Logarithm s
Let &, m, and n be positive n u m bers such th a t h # 1.
Product Property
iog^ mn = log^ nt + log^ n
Quotient Property
iog^ ^
Pow er Property
iog^ nt" = n iog^ m
EXAMPLE 1
= iog^ m - iog^ n
Use properties of iogarithms
Use tog. 3 - 0 .7 9 2 and lo g , 7 1 .4 0 4 to evatu ate th e lo g arith m .

AVOtD ERRORS
Note that in generai
iog^
and
n
log^ n
log;, mn ^(log^ m)(iog^ n).
a- lo g , y = log, 3 - l o g , 7
Quotient property
- 0.792 - 1.404
Use the given vaiues of iog, 3 and tog, 7.
= - 0 .6 1 2
Simpiify.
b. io g , 21 = log, (3 - 7)
Write 21 as 3 . 7.
= lo g , 3 + lo g , 7
Product property
- 0.792 + 1.404
Use the given vaiues of iog, 3 and tog, 7.
= 2.196
Simpiify.
c. tog, 49 = tog, 7^
Write 49 as 7^.
= 2 lo g , 7
Power property
- 2 ( 1 .4 0 4 )
Use the given vaiue of iog, 7.
= 2.808
Simpiify.
GUIDED PRACTICE
for E xam p ie 1
Use tog- 5 0 .8 9 8 an d iogg 8 1.161 to evatu ate th e lo g arith m .

2. Iogg 4 0
3. Iogg 64
7.5
4.
iogg 125
Apply Properties o f Logarithms
507
REWR)T!NG EXPRESStONS You c a n u se th e p ro p erties o f lo g arith m s to expand

and cond en se lo g arith m ic expressions.
EXAMPLE 2
REWR!TE
EXPRESStONS
When you are

expanding or
condensing an
expression invoiving
logarithms, you may
assume any variabies
are positive.
Exp and a io garith m ic e x p re ssio n
E xp an d l o g g ^ - .
*ogg - y - = logg
- logg y
Quotient property
= iogg 5 + iogg .x^ - logg y
Product property
Power property
iogg 5 + 3 logg x - logg y
EXAMPLE 3
W hich o f th e fohow ing is eq u ivaien t to log 9 + 3 iog 2 - iog 3 ?

(A ) log 8
(B )
iog 14
(C )
iog 18
(D ) iog 24
S o iu tio n
log 9 + 3 iog 2 - iog 3 = log 9 + iog 2^ - iog 3
= log (9 - 2^) - iog 3
,
Power property
Product property
9 . 2^
Quotient property
= lo g 2 4
Simpiify.
^ T h e co rrect answ er is D. (A) (S ) (E) (B)
CutDED PRACTtCE
5. Expand log 3 x*.
6. C ond ense In 4 + 3 In 3 - In 12.
CHANGE-OF-BASE FORMULA Logarith m s w ith any b a se o th er th a n 10 or a ca n

be w ritten in term s o f co m m o n or n atu ral lo g arith m s using th e chaage-o/-hase
ybrm aia. T h is allow s you to evaluate an y lo g arith m using a caicu iator.
K EY CONCEPT
C hange-of-Base Form uia
If a, &, and c are positive n u m b ers w ith & ^ 1 and c
lo g ,a
lo g ^ a
In particu lar, log a =

and iog a =
^
lo g c
^
In c
508
Chapter 7
Exponentiai and Logarithmic Functions
1, th en :
Use th e ch a n g e -o f-b a se fo rm u ia
Evalu ate Iogg 8 using co m m o n io g arith m s an d n a tu ra i io g arith m s.
Soiution
Using com m on iogarithm s: iogg 8 =
= 0 4771 = 1.893
Using naturai iogarithm s: Iogg 8 =
Use p ro p e rtie s o f io g arith m s in reai iife

SOUND iNTENSiTY For a sound w ith in ten sity 7
(in w atts per squ are m eter), th e lou d n ess 7.(7) o f th e
sound (in d ecibels) is given by th e fu n ctio n
7.(7) = 10 lo g h w here
is th e in ten sity o f a b arely audible sound
(about 1 0 * ^ w atts per squ are m eter). An a rtist in a

record ing studio tu rn s up th e volum e o f a track so
th a t th e sound's in ten sity doubles. By how m any
d ecibels does th e lou d ness in crea se?
Soiution
L et 7 b e th e o rig in al intensity, so th a t 27 is th e
doubled intensity.
Write an expression.
In crease in lou dness = 7.(27) - 7.(7)

= 10 l o g ^ - 10 log
Substitute.
= 1 0 [ l o g ^ - lo g ^
= 10 hog 2 + log y - log y h
Product property
= 10 log 2
Simpiify.
= 3.01
Use a caicuiator.
F T he lou d ness in crea ses by abou t 3 d ecibels.
CUtDED PRACTKE
Use th e ch an g e-o f-b ase fo rm u la to evalu ate th e lo g arith m .

7.
11.
Iogg 8
8. Iogg 14
9. loggg9
10. lo g ^ 3 0
WHAT <F? In E xam ple 5, suppose th e a rtist tu rn s up th e volum e so th a t the

sound's in ten sity triples. By how m an y d ecib els d oes th e lou d ness in crease?
7 .5
Appiy Properties o f Logarithms
509
HOMEWORK
KEY
75 EXERCISES
A = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2 ,4 3 ,4 4 ,6 4 ,7 1 , and 73
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: To co n d en se th e exp ression
logg 2x + logg y, you need to u se th e ? prop erty o f lo g arith m s.
2. * WR!T!NG Describe two ways to evaiuate logy 12 using a caicu iator.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 507
for Exs. 3-14
MATCHING EXPRESStONS M atch th e exp ression w ith th e io g a rith m th a t h as th e

sam e vaiue.
3. i n 6 - l n 2
4. 2 i n 6
5. 6 i n 2
6. i n 6 + l n 2
A. in 64
B. M 3
C. I n l 2
D. in 36
APPROXtMATtNG EXPRESSiONS Use iog 4 = 0 .6 0 2 an d log 12 = 1 .0 7 9 to evaiu ate

th e iog arith m .
7. lo g 3
8. log 48
iog 144
9. log 16
10. log 64
14. lo g ^ L
13. l o g j
12. log j
EXAMPLE 2
EXPANDiNG EXPRESStONS E xp an d th e exp ression .
on p. 508
for Exs. 15-32
15. iogg 4x
16. i n l 5 x
19. i o g ^
20. In 412
4
23. logy 5%3y^
24. logg 36x^
27. iogg Vx
28. In
@ t o g 3x'
x^
6x
18. loggX^
22. In 4x^y
3y
25. l n x 2y l /3
26. loglO x^
29. l n ^ F
30. logg V9x
y'
ERROR ANALYSiS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in exp an d in g th e lo g arith m ic
exp ression .
32.
31.
logg 5x = (logg 5 ) (logg x)
In 6x^ = 3 In 0 + In x
'. /
______ t
EXAMPLE 3
CONDENSiNG EXPRESStONS C ondense th e exp ression .
on p. 508
for Exs. 33-43
33. I o g ^ 7 - l o g ^ l 0
34. In 12 - In 4
35. 2 l o g x + log 11
36. 6 In x + 4 In y
37. 5 log x - 4 log y
38. 5 log^ 2 + 7 log^ x + 4 log^ y
39. I n 4 0 + 2 1 n l + l n x
40. logg 4 + 1 logg x
41. 6 In 2 - 4 ln y
42. 2(logg 20 - logg 4) + 0.5 logg 4
43. A MULTtPLE CHOKE W h ich o f th e follow ing is eq u ivalen t to 3 log^ 6?

(g )
510
Chapter 7
log, 18
(H ) log, 72
(E )
log, 216
(D )
log, 256
44. * MULTIPLE CHOtCE W h ich o f th e foiiow ing statem en ts is n ot co rrect?

(A ) iogg 48 = iogg 16 + iogg 3
(E )
EXA M PLE 4
on p. 509
for Exs. 45-61
iogg 48 = 2 iogg 4 + iogg 3
(B )
iogg 48 = 3 iogg 2 + iogg 6
(D )
iogg 48 = iogg 8 + 2 iogg 3
CHANGE-OF-BASE FORMULA Use th e ch an g e-o f-b ase fo rm u ta to evalu ate th e

lo g arith m .
45. iog^ 7
46. iogg 13
47.
iogg 15
48. iogg 22
49. iogg 6
50. iogg 14
51.
iogg 17
52. iogg 28
53. iogg 19
54. log^ 48
55. iogg 27
56. iogg 32
57.
58. i o g g ^
59. i o g g ^
60. l o g , ^
61.
io g g ^
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and co rrect th e error

in using th e ch an g e-o f-b ase form ula.
y =
3
log 7
EXAMPLE 5
SOUND iNTENStTY in E xercises 6 2 an d 6 3 , u se th e fu n ction in E xam p ie 5.
on p. 509
for Exs. 62-63
62. Find th e d ecibel level o f th e sound m ade by each o b je ct show n below.

h.
B ark in g d o g :/=10"w /m ^
c.
Ambuiancesiren:/=10W /m^
B e e :/= 1 0 ^ ^ W /m ^
63. T he in ten sity o f th e sound o f a tru m p et is 10^ w atts per squ are m eter. Find
th e d ecibel ievei o f a trum pet.
64. * OPEN-ENDED MATH For ea ch statem en t, find positive n u m b ers M, IV,
and b (with b ^ 1) th a t show th e statem en t is false in general.
a.
iog^ (M + (V) = log?, M + iog^ JV
b. iog^ (M - N) = iog^ M - log^ N
CHALLENGE In E xercises 6 5 - 6 8 , use th e given h in t an d p ro p erties o f exp on en ts

to prove th e p ro p erty o f log arith m s.
65. Product property log^ mn = log^, m + iog^ n
(Nmb Let x = iog^ m and iet y = log^ n. T h en m = b* and
66. Quotient property iog^
= bL)
= iog^ m - iog^ n
(D m b Let x = iog^ m and let y = log^ n. T h en m = M and n = bL)

67. Power property iog^ m" = n log^ m
(Nmb Let x = log^ m. T h en m = b* and m " = b"L)
log^n
68. C hange-of-base formuia log a = ------log c
(Ninb Let x = log^ n, y = iog^ c, an d z = iog^ rr. T h en a = b* c = M, and n = c^,
so th at M = c^.)
7 .5
Apply Properties of Logarithms
511
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXA M PLE 5
on p. 509
for Exs. 69-72
69. CONVERSATION T h ree groups o f peop le are having sep arate con v ersation s in
a room . T he sound o f each con v ersatio n has a n in ten sity o f 1.4 X 10 ^ w atts
per squ are m eter. W hat is th e d ecib el levei o f th e co m b in ed con versation s in
th e room ?
@Mwne7ufor
70. PARKING GARAGE The sound m ade by each o f five ca rs in a parking garage
has an in ten sity o f 3.2 X 10"^ w atts per squ are m eter. W h at is th e d ecibel
level o f th e sound m ade by all five ca rs in th e parkin g garage?
@ M )rn e 7 u fO f
* SHORT RESPONSE T h e in ten sity o f th e sound TV ads m ake is ten tim es as

great as th e in ten sity for an average TV show. How m an y d ecib els louder is a
TV ad? /a s ii/y your answ er using p rop erties o f lo garith m s.
Intensity of Television Sound
During sh ow :
During ad:
Inten sity = /
Inte nsity = 107
72. BiOLOGY T h e loudest an im al on E a rth is th e blue w hale. It ca n prod uce a

sound w ith an in ten sity o f 10 w atts per squ are m eter. T h e loudest sound a
hu m an can m ake has an in ten sity o f 10 w atts per squ are m eter. Compare
th e d ecibel levels o f th e sounds m ade by a blue w hale and a h um an.
73. ft EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e f-stops on a 35 m illim eter ca m era co n tro l the
am ou n t o f light th at enters th e ca m era . Let s b e a m easu re o f th e am o u n t o f
light th a t strikes th e film an d l e t / b e th e f-stop. T h en s a n d / a r e related by
th e eq uation:
s = lo g ^/^
a. Use Properties E xpand th e expression for s.

b. Caicuiate T he table shows th e first eight f-stops on a 35 m illim eter
cam era. Copy and com p lete th e table. D escribe th e p a ttern you observe.
1.414
2.000
2.828
4.000
5.657
8.000
11.314
16.000
c. Reasoning M any 35 m illim eter ca m era s have n in e f-stops. W h at do you

th in k th e n in th f-stop is? E xplain your reason in g.
512
" ) = WORKED-OUTSOLUT)ONS
on p .W SI
=STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
74.
CHALLENGE Under c e rta in con d itio n s, th e w ind speed s (in knots) at an

altitud e o f h m eters above a grassy p lain ca n b e m odeled by th is fu n ctio n :
s(h) = 2 in (100b)
a. By w hat am o u n t does th e w ind speed in crea se w hen th e altitud e
doubles?
b. Show th at th e given fu n ctio n ca n b e w ritten in term s o f co m m o n
logarithm s as s(h) = , ^ (log h + 2).
ioge
M!XED REVIEW
P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p era tio n , (p. 187)
20
7*
76.
cc
1
12
!
t\)
LC
75.
-7
11
-9
17
-1 3
77. 3
1.7
2.4
6.8
9.2
5.3
7.2
Soive th e eq u a tio n . C h e ck fo r e x tra n e o u s so iu tio n s. (p. 452)
PREVtEW
Prepare for
Lesson 7.6
in Exs. 78-83.
78. V x + 1 2 + 4 = 1 1
79. ^ x + 1 0 + 6 = 4
80. Vx + 6 = V3x - 14
81. ^ 2 x - 7 = ^ 8 - x
82. Vx - 1 = x - 3
83. x + 2 = V9x + 28
U se a c a lc u la to r to e v a lu a te th e e x p re ssio n .
84.
e"fp.492)
85.
a "(p .492)
86.
(p. 492)
87.
(p. 492)
88.
log 12 (p. 499)
89.
log 1.8 (p. 499)
90.
In 24 (p. 499)
91.
In 8.49 (p. 499)
Q u i z /o r Lessons 7 .4 -7 5
E va lu ate th e lo g a rith m w ith o u t u sin g a c a lcu la to r, (p. 499)
1.
lo g ^ l6
3 . io g g8
2. l o g gl
4. ^ ^ 3 2
G rap h th e fu n c tio n . S tate th e d o m a in a n d ran ge , (p. 499)

5.
6 . y = In x + 2
y = logg x
7. y = logg (x + 4) - 1
E x p a n d th e ex p ressio n , (p. 507)

8.
lo g g5x
9. loggX
10. In 5 x y
11. logg
C o n d en se th e exp ressio n , (p. 507)

12.
logg 5 - logg 20
13. In 6 + In 4x
14. logg 5 + 3 logg 2
15. 4 In x - 5 In x
U se th e ch a n g e -o f-b a se fo rm u la to e v a lu a te th e lo g a rith m , (p. 507)

16.
logg 10
17. log^ 14
18. logg 24
19. logg 40
20.
SOUND tNTENSlTY T h e sound o f a n alarm clo ck h as a n in ten sity o f 7 = 10"*

w atts per squ are m eter. U se th e m odel 7,(7) = 10 log -p, w here 7g = 10"*^ w atts
A)
per squ are m eter, to find th e alarm clock 's lou d n ess 7,(7). (p. 507)
c%2%%?ACnV!TY
7.F
d asszon e.com
Keystrokes
7 .5 Graph Logarithm ic Functions

How can you graph iogarith m ic functions on a grap h in g
caicuiator?
You ca n use a graphing caicu iato r to graph io g arith m ic fu n ctio n s sim piy by using
th e g g g or jg g ] key. To graph a io g arith m ic fu n ctio n having a b a se o th er th a n 10
or e, you need to use th e ch an g e-o f-b ase form ula to rew rite th e fu n ctio n in term s
o f co m m o n or natu ral iogarithm s.
Graph iogarithm ic functions

Use a graph in g ca icu ia to r to g ra p h y = iogg x a n d y = iogg (x - 3) + 1.
F72P 7 1
Use th e ch an g e-o f-b ase form ula to rew rite each
fu n ctio n in term s o f co m m o n io garithm s.

y = iogg x
y = iogg (x - 3) + 1
_ iog x
_ log (x - 3)
log 2
iog 2
+ 1
6ra/?A
Enter each fu n ctio n into a
graphing caicu iator.
G raph th e fu n ctio n s.
Yi=Log(X)/Log(2)
Y2 = ( t o g ( X - 3 ) /
tog(2))+1
Y3 =
Y4 =
Y5 =
Y6 =
Use a graph in g caicu ia to r to graph th e fu n ction .

l.
y = iog^x
2.
y = loggX
3.
/(x ) = iogg x
4.
y = iogg x
5- T = logig ^
6.
g(x) = lOgg x
7.
y = iogg (x + 2)
8- y = iogg x - 1
9. /(x )
10.
y = iogg (x + 4) - 7
11.
y = logy (x 5) + 3
12.
= log^ (x - 5) - 2
g(x) = iogg (x + 6) - 6
13. REASON!NG Graph y = in x. If your caicu iato r did n ot have a n atu ral
iogarithm key, explain how you could graph y = in x using th e jggtl key.
514
Chapter 7
@M?me7ufor
**7 /Z Sotve Exponentia! and

Logarithmic Equations
You studied e x p o n e n tia ) an d io g a rith m ic fu n ctio n s.
You wiii so iv e e x p o n e n tia ] an d io g a rith m ic e q u a tio n s.
S o y ou c a n so iv e p ro b iem s a b o u t a stro n o m y , a s in E xam p ie 7.
K ey V o ca b u ia ry
exp onential
equation
iog arith m ic
equation
extran eo u s
soiution, p. 52
E xp on en tial eq u ation s are eq u atio n s in w hich v ariab le expression s o cc u r as

exponents. T he resuit below is u seful for solving ce rta in ex p o n en tial equation s.
KEY CONCEPT
P ro p erty of Equaiity for Exponentia! Equations
Aigebra
If b is a positive n u m b er oth er th a n 1, th e n b* = M if and only

i f * = y.
Exam pie
If 3* = 3^, th e n x = 5. If x = 5, th e n 3* = 3^.
Soh/e by eq u a tin g e x p o n e n ts
jj
!!

Rewrite 4 and 1 as powers with base 2.
(2 ^ = (2 " f
2^* = 2 " * + 3
2x = - x + 3
Property of equaiity for exponentia) equations
x= 1
Soive for x.
^ T he solu tion is 1.
C heck th e solu tion by su b stitu tin g it into th e o rig in al eq uation.
4 ^ (1 )-
Substitute 1 for x.
Simpiify.
4 = 4^
GUiDED PRACTiCE
Soiution checks.
for E xam p ie 1
Soive th e eq u ation
1. 9 ^ = 2 7 ^ * i
2 . 1 0 0 ^ + * = 1 0 0 0 3 **2
7 .6
3. 8 1 3 '* = ^ ^ * " ^
Solve Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
515
W hen it is n o t con venient to w rite each side o f a n ex p o n en tia ! eq u atio n using th e

sam e base, you c a n soive th e eq u atio n by ta k in g a lo g a rith m o f ea ch side.
T ake a !o g arith m o f each side

ANOTHER WAY
Solve 4* = 11.
For an alternative
the Probtem Solving
4 * = 11
log^ 4^ = iog^ 11
Take !og of each side.
x = log^ 11
Workshop.
logb* = x
i o g jl
Change-of-base formula
iog 4
x = 1.73
Use a calculator.
F T h e soiution is about 1.73. C heck th is in th e orig in ai eq uation.
NEWTON'S LAW OF COOLING An im p o rta n t a p p iication o f exp o n en tiai eq u atio n s

is ATemfon's late o/* cooling. T h is law states th a t for a co o iin g su b sta n ce w ith in itia l
tem p eratu re 7^,, th e tem p eratu re T a fter f m in u tes ca n b e m odeled by
w here 7^ is th e su rround ing tem p eratu re an d r is th e su b sta n ce's co o iin g rate.
Use an e x p o n e n tia ! m od e!
CARS You are driving on a h ot day w hen
your ca r overheats and stops ru n n in g . It
overheats at 280F and ca n b e driven again
at 230F. If r = 0.0048 and it is 80F outside,
how iong (in m inutes) do you have to w ait
untii you ca n co n tin u e driving?
S o iu tio n
+
1
F2=
II
Newton s law of cooling
230 = (280 - 8 0 )e " 4^ + gQ
Substitute for 7) 7^ 7^, and r.
150 = 200e"
Subtract 8 0 from each side.
0.75 = g-'48:
in 0.75 = in e "" "orsr
-0 .2 8 7 7 = -0 .0 0 4 8 1
60 = f

Take natural log of each side.
In e* = logp e* = x
Divide each side by -0 .0 0 4 8 .
F You have to w ait about 60 m in u tes u n til you c a n co n tin u e driving.
GUIDED PRACTICE
4. 2* = 5
516
Chapter 7
5. 7 ^ = 15
6. 4 e * 3* - 7 = 13
SOLViNG LOGARiTHMiC EQUATiONS L o g a rith m ic e q u a tio n s are eq u atio n s th at

involve lo g arith m s o f variable expression s. You c a n u se th e follow ing property to
solve som e ty p es o f lo g a rith m ic eq u ation s.
K EY CONCEPT
A?/-
P ro p erty of Equaiity fo r Logarithm ic Equations
"
II
Algebra
If b, x, and y are positive num bers w ith b ^ 1, then log^ x = log^ y

if and only if x = y.
Exampie
If log^ x = iog^ 7, then x = 7. If x = 7, then log^ x = log^ 7.
EXAMPLE 4
Soive a iogarith m ic eq u atio n
Solve logg (4 x - 7) = iogg (x + 5 ).

iogg (4x - 7) = iogg (x + 5)
4x - 7 = x + 5
Property of equaiity for iogarithmic equations
3x - 7 = 5
Subtract x from each side.
3x = 12
x = 4
Add 7 to each side,

^ T h e solu tion is 4.
C heck th e solu tion by su b stitu tin g it in to th e o rig in al equation.
logg (4x - 7) = logg (x + 5)
Write originai equation,
logg (4 - 4 - 7) ^ logg (4 + 5)
Substitute 4 for x.
logg 9 = logg 9 y
Soiution checks.
EXPONENTiATiNG TO SOLVE EQUATIONS Th e property o f eq u ality for exp o n en tial

eq u atio n s on page 515 im plies th a t if you are given an eq u atio n x = y, th en
you ca n exponentiate ea ch side to o b ta in an eq u a tio n o f th e form b * = M. T his
tech n iq u e is u sefu l for solving som e lo g a rith m ic eq u ation s.
E x p o n e n tia te each side o f an eq u ation

Solve lo g , (5x - 1) = 3.
lo g , (5x - 1) = 3
4'og,,(Sx - i) = 43
5x - 1 = 64
5x = 65
x = 13

Exponentiate each side using base 4.
b'86* = x
Add 1 to each side,
^ T h e solu tion is 13.

<WRMr
lo g , (5x - 1) = lo g , (5 - 13 - 1) = lo g , 64
B eca u se 4^ = 64, lo g , 64 = 3. /
7 .6
Soive Exponential and Logarithmic Equations
517
EXTRANEOUS SOLUTIONS B ecau se th e d om ain o f a lo g a rith m ic fu n ctio n

generally does not include all real num bers, b e su re to ch eck for extran eo u s
solutions o f lo g arith m ic eq u ation s. You c a n do th is a lg eb raically or graphically.
EXAMPLE 6
W hat is (are) th e solution(s) o f log 2 x + log (x - 5) = 2 ?

ELIMINATE CHOICES
Instead of solving the

equation in Example 6
directly, you can
substitute each possible
answer into the
equation to see whether
it is a solution.
(A )
- 5 , 10
(B )
(g )
10
(g )
5, 10
Solution
log 2% + iog (x - 5) = 2
log [2x(x - 5)] = 2
Product property of iogarithms
^Qiog [2x(* - 5)] _ ^ 2
2x (x - 5) = 100
b ' 8 b * = X
2x^ - tox = 100
2x3 _ ^
_ mo = o
x3 - 5x - 50 = 0
( x - 10)(x + 5) = 0
Factor.
x = 10
or
x = -5
C heck th e apparent solu tion s 10 and - 5 using algebra or a graph.

Aigebra Su bstitu te 10 and - 5 for x in th e orig in al eq uation.
log 2 x + log (x - 5) = 2
log 2 x + log (x - 5) = 2
log (2 . 10) + log (10 - 5) ^ 2
log [ 2 (- 5 )] + log ( - 5 - 5) ^ 2
log 20 + log 5 = 2
log (-1 0 ) + log (-1 0 ) ^ 2
log 100 ^ 2
2
B ecau se log (-1 0 ) is not

defined, - 5 is n of a solution.
So, 10 is a solution.
Graph Graph y = log 2x + log (x - 5) and y = 2
in th e sam e co o rd in ate plane. T h e graphs
in tersect only o nce, w hen x = 10. So, 10 is
th e only solution.
F T h e co rrect answ er is C. (A) (B) (6 ) @ )
GUIDED PRACTICE
fo r E xam p les 4 , 5 , and 6
Solve th e eq uation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s solutions.

7. In (7x - 4) = In (2x + 11)
9. log 5x + log (x - 1) = 2
518
Chapter 7
8. log^ (x - 6) = 5
10. log^ (x + 12) + log^ x = 3
EXAM PLE 7
Use a togarithmic mode!
ASTRONOMY T h e apparen t m agnitude o f a star

is a m easu re o f th e brig h tn ess o f th e star as it
appears to observers on E arth . T h e apparen t
m agn itu d e M o f th e d im m est star th a t ca n be
seen w ith a telesco p e is given by th e fu n ctio n
M = 5 iog D + 2
w here D is th e d iam eter (in m illim eters) o f the
telesco p e's o b jectiv e lens. If a telesco p e ca n reveal stars
w ith a m agnitu d e o f 12, w hat is th e d iam eter o f its o b jectiv e lens?
ANOTHER WAY
S o iu tio n
For an a!ternative
the Probiem Soiving
M = 5logD + 2
12 = 5 1 o g D + 2
Substitute 12 for M.
10 = 5 log D
Workshop
2 = log D
h f = 10's^
100 = D
Simpiify.
^ T h e d iam eter is 100 m illim eters.

!I ^ !S g A ) g e b r a
GUiDED PRACTICE
at classzone.com
fo r E xam p ie 7
11. WHAT !F? U se th e in fo rm atio n from Exam ple 7 to find th e d iam eter o f th e
o b jectiv e lens o f a telesco p e th a t ca n reveal stars w ith a m ag n itu d e o f 7.
HOMEWORK
KEY
76 EXEROSES
O = WORKED OUT SOLUTtONS

* = STANDARDtZED TEST PRACTtCE
Exs. 2 ,4 4 ,4 7 ,5 8 , and 60
< ^ = MULTiPLE REPRESENTAT!ONS
^
Ex. 59
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T h e eq u a tio n 5* = 8 is an exam ple o f
a(n) ? equation.
2. * WR!T)NC W h en do lo g a rith m ic eq u atio n s have ex tra n eo u s solutions?
3.
SOLVtNG EXPONENTIAL EQUATiONS Solve th e eq u ation .
Ol
X
!
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 515
for Exs. 3-11
25* " 6
9. 3 6 ^ + ^ - f i r *
10.
7.
+1
HD
il
+3
1
M
6. 2 ?4 x - 1 _
4. y3x + 4 _
inn
7 .6
5. 8* * ' = 32^* * ^
8.
11. 25'* + s = ( - I - r ^
519
EXA M PLE 2
SOLVING EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS So lve th e e q u a tio n .
on p. 516
for Exs. 12-23
12. 8* = 20
13. e** = 5
14. 7 ^ = 18
153 1 1 ^ = 33
16. 7 ^ = 12
17. 4e*2* = 17
18.10
19. - 3 ^ * + 16 = 5
20.0.5^-0.25 = 4
22. 2'** - 5 = 7
23. 4 ^ * + 4 = 4
4 = 9
21. 1 (6 ) "4*
EXAMPLE 4
1= 6
SOLVING LOGARTTHMK EQUATIONS S o lve th e e q u a tio n . C h e ck fo r e x tra n e o u s

so lu tio n s.
on p. 517
for Exs. 24-31
24.
logg (5x + 9) = logg 6x
25.
In ( 4 x - 7) = In (x + 11)
26.
In (x + 19) = In (7x - 8)
27.
logg (2x - 7) = logg (3x - 9)
28.
log (12x - 11) = log (3x + 13)
29.
logg (18x + 7) = logg (3x + 38)
30.
logg (3x - 10) = logg (14 - 5x)
31.
logg (5 - 12x) = logg (6x - 1)
EXAMPLES
5and6
EXPONENTIATING TO SOLVE EQUAHONS So lve th e e q u a tio n . C h e ck for

e x tra n e o u s so lu tio n s.
on pp. 517-518
for Exs. 32-44
32.
log^x=-l
34.
^logg 12x = 2
36.
logg (x - 4) = 6
38.
log^ (-x ) + log^ (x
40.
4 In (-x ) + 3 = 21
42.
logg 3x + logg (x -
33.
5 1 n x = 35
^ 5) 5.2 log^ 2 x = 16
+ 10) = 2
1)= 3
37.
logg x + logg (x - 2) = 3
39.
l n ( x + 3) + l n x = l
41.
logg (x + 4) + logg (x + 1) = 2
43.
logg (x - 9) + logg (x - 3) = 2
44. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e solu tion o f 3 logg (2x + 7) + 8 = 10?

(A ) - 1 .5
( B ) -1 .1 7 9
(C ) 4
(D ) 4.642
ERROR ANALYSIS D ascri&e a n d c o rr e c t th e e rro r in s o lv in g th e eq u a tio n .

45.
46.
3 *
+ '
6*
logglOx = 5
logg 3* + 1 = logg 6 "

X +
g'93
1 = x lo g g 6
10x = ^
x + 1 = 2x
X =
1= x
10
47. * OPEN-ENDED MATH Give an exam ple o f a n ex p o n en tial eq u atio n w hose

only solution is 4 and an exam ple o f a lo g a rith m ic eq u atio n w hose only
solution is 3.
CHALLENGE Solve th e eq u a tio n .
48. 3
520
Q
"
x + 4 _
g2x 5
49. 10
50. logg (x + 1) = logg 3x
51. logg x = lo g . 6x
52. 2 ^ - 12 . 2* + 32 = 0
53. 5 2x . 2 0 - 5^ - 125 = 0
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXA M PLE 3
o n p. 5 1 6
f o r E x s. 5 4 - 5 8
54. COOKING You are co o k in g b e e f stew. W hen you take th e b e e f stew o ff th e

stove, it h as a tem p eratu re o f 200P. T h e ro o m tem p eratu re is 75F and the
co o lin g rate o f th e b e e f stew is r = 0.054. How iong (in m inu tes) w ili it take to
co o l th e b e e f stew to a serving tem p eratu re o f 100F?
@ N o m ^ 7 u fo r
55. THERMOMETER As you are h an gin g an outdoor th erm om eter, its reading
drops from the indoor tem p eratu re o f 75F to 37F in one m inu te. If th e
co o iin g rate is r = 1.37, w hat is th e outdoor tem p eratu re?
@ M )m e 7 u t o r
56. COMPOUND tNTEREST You deposit $100 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 6% an n u a l

in terest. How iong w iii it tak e for th e b a la n c e to reach $1000 for ea ch given
frequ en cy o f com p ou nd ing?
a. A nnual
b. Q uarterly
c. Daily
(57^ RAD)OACT!VE DECAY One hundred gram s o f radium are stored in a

co n tain er. T h e am o u n t 1? (in gram s) o f rad iu m presen t a fter 1 years ca n be
m odeled by R = l O O e " ^ . A fter how m an y years w ill only 5 gram s of
rad iu m be present?
58. * MULTtPLE CHOKE You d eposit $ 8 0 0 in an a cco u n t th at pays 2.25% an n u al
in terest com p ou nd ed continuously. About how long w ill it tak e for th e
b a la n ce to triple?
EXAMPLE 7
o n p. 5 1 9
f o r Ex. 5 9
(A ) 24 years
(?)
36 years
(?)
(?)
52.6 years
48.8 years
59. ^
MULTiPLE REPRESENTATtONS T h e R ich ter scale is used for m easu rin g
th e m agnitu d e o f an earth q u ak e. T h e R ich ter m ag n itu d e R is given by th e
fu n ctio n
R = 0.67 log (0.37E) + 1.46
w here T is th e energy (in kilow att-hours) released by th e earth q u ak e.
Ocotillo W e lls, CA
Athens
Fukuoka
M ay 20, 2005
S e p t. 7 , 1 9 9 9
M arch 20,2005
R=4.1
R=5.9
R=6.6
a. M aking a Graph G raph th e fu n ctio n using a g raphing calcu lator. Use

your graph to approxim ate th e am o u n t o f energy released by ea ch
earth q u ak e in d icated in th e d iagram above.
b. Solving Equations W rite and solve a lo g a rith m ic eq u atio n to find th e
am ou n t o f energy released by each ea rth q u a k e in th e diagram .
7 .6
521
60. * EXTENDED RESPONSE If X-rays o f a fixed w avelength strik e a m aterial

x cen tim eters th ick , th en th e in te n sity /(x ) o f th e X-rays tra n sm itted through
th e m aterial is given by F(x) =
w here F is th e in itia l in ten sity and /t is a
n u m ber th at depends on th e type o f m ateria l and th e w avelength o f the
X-rays. The table shows th e values o f /r for various m aterials. T h ese ^-v alu es
apply to X-rays o f m edium w avelength.
M ateria)
Aluminum
Copper
Lead
Va!ue o fp
0.43
3.2
43
a.
Find th e th ick n ess o f alu m in u m shield ing th a t redu ces

th e in ten sity
o f X-rays to 30% o f th eir in itia l intensity. (Hint.' Find th e value o f x for
w hich F(x) = 0.37,,.)
b.
R epeat p art (a) for copp er shielding.
c.
Repeat p art (a) for lead shielding.
d. R easoning Your d entist puts a lead apron on you before tak in g X-rays
of your teeth to p ro tect you from h a rm fu l rad iation . B ased on your
results from p arts (a )-(c ), exp lain why lead is a b ette r m aterial to use
th a n alu m inu m or copper.
61. CHALLENGE You p lan t a sunflow er
seed lin g in your garden. The
seed lin g's height li (in cen tim eters)
after f w eeks can be m odeled by
th e fu n ctio n below, w hich is called
a logMhc/MHCh'on.
hM -
^
1 + 13e
Find th e tim e it tak es the

sunflow er seed ling to reach a
height o f 200 cen tim eters.
Weeks
M!XED REV!EW
PREVtEW
Solve th e system using an y algeb raic m eth od , (p. 160)
Prepare for
Lesson 7.7
in Exs. 62-64.
62. 3 x - y = 7
x + 2y = 14
64. x + 4y = 6
- 2 x + y = 12
63. 5x - y = 7
2 x + 5y = - 3
D eterm in e th e possible n u m b ers o f positive re a l zero s, n egative re a l zero s, and

im ag in ary zeros for th e fu n ction , (p. 379)
65.
/(x) = x - 2x + 5
66. /(x ) = x**
6x - x + 7x 8
67.
/(x) = x^ - 3x^ + 7x^ + 6x + 9
68. /(x ) = x '
10x6 - 5x" + 12x3 - 17
Use finite d ifferences and a system of eq u ation s to find a p olynom ial fu n ction
th a t fits th e d ata. You m ay w an t to u se a grap h in g ca lc u la to r to solve the
system , (p. 393)
69.
/( * )
522
19
28
27
16
-5
-3 6
70.
/( * )
12
36
80
150
O M L !N E Q U !Z at classzone.com
"""9 ALTERNATIVE METHODS

Anofhcr M/Py fo So/ve Eâmp/M 2 onP Z pp. S?6 and 5?P
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PROBLEM
METHOD
MULTiPLE REPRESENTATiONS In Exam ples 2 and 7 on pages 516 and 519,

respectively, you solved ex p o n en tial and lo g a rith m ic eq u atio n s algebraically.
You ca n also solve such eq u atio n s using tab les and graphs.
Solve th e follow ing ex p o n en tial eq u atio n : 4 * = 11.
Using a Tabie One way to solve th e eq u atio n is to m ake a table o f values.

.P7BP7 Enter th e fu n ctio n y = 4* into
a graphing calcu lato r.
FTifPJ? Create a tab le o f values for the

fu n ctio n .
X
1. 5
1 .6
1 .8
1 .9
X= 1 . 7
Yi
8
9.1896
10.556
12.126
13.929
F 7 5 P J Scroil th rou gh th e ta b le to find w hen y = 11. T h e tab le in Step 2 shows

th a ty = 11 betw een x = 1.7 and x = 1.8.
^ T he solu tion o f 4* = 11 is b etw een 1.7 an d 1.8.
Using a Graph You ca n also use a graph to solve th e equation.

FTifP 7 Enter th e fu n ctio n s y = 4 * and y = 11 into a
Yi S4* X
Y2B11
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
Y7
=
=
=
=
=
F75PJ? Graph th e fu n ctio n s. Use th e intersect featu re

to find th e in tersectio n poin t o f th e graphs.
T he graphs in ters ect at abou t (1.73, 11).
Use a viewing
window of 0 < x < 5
and 0 < y < 20.
^ Th e solu tion o f 4 * = 11 is about 1.73.
523
ASTRONOMY T h e a p p a r e n t
m a g m 'tu rfe o f a s t a r is a m e a s u r e
o f t h e b r ig h t n e s s o f t h e s t a r a s it
a p p e a r s to o b s e r v e r s o n E a r t h .
T h e a p p a r e n t m a g n it u d e M o f t h e
d im m e s t s t a r t h a t c a n b e s e e n w it h
a t e l e s c o p e is g iv e n b y t h e f u n c t i o n
M = 5 lo g D + 2
w h e r e D is t h e d ia m e t e r (in m illim e t e r s ) o f t h e t e l e s c o p e 's o b j e c t i v e le n s .
I f a t e l e s c o p e c a n r e v e a l s t a r s w i t h a m a g n it u d e o f 12 , w h a t is t h e d ia m e t e r
o f its o b j e c t i v e le n s ?
Using a Tabie N o t ic e t h a t t h e p r o b le m r e q u ir e s s o l v in g t h e f o l lo w i n g l o g a r it h m i c
e q u a t io n :
5 l o g D + 2 - 12
O n e w a y to s o lv e t h is e q u a t i o n is to m a k e a t a b ie o f v a lu e s . Y o u c a n u s e a
g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to m a k e t h e t a b le .
7 Enter t h e f u n c t i o n y = 5 lo g x + 2 in to a
g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r .
Create a t a b le o f v a lu e s fo r t h e f u n c t io n .
M a k e s u r e t h a t t h e x - v a lu e s a r e in t h e
d o m a i n o f t h e f u n c t i o n (x > 0).
FTXPJ Scroll t h r o u g h t h e t a b le o f v a l u e s to f in d
miI
w h e n y = 12 .
98
99
The table shows that y = 12
when x = 100.
Y1
2
3.5051
4.3856
5.0103
5.4949
X
a m
2
5
4
5
X= 1
101
102
X= 1 00
Yi
11.956
11.978
12
12.022
12.043
J
^ T o r e v e a l s t a r s w i t h a m a g n it u d e o f 12 , a t e l e s c o p e m u s t h a v e a n o b j e c t i v e le n s
w i t h a d ia m e t e r o f 100 m illim e t e r s .
524
Chapter 7
Exponential and Logarithm ic Functions
Using a Graph Y ou c a n a lso u s e a g ra p h to solv e th e e q u a tio n 5 log D + 2 = 12.

F7EP 7 Enter t h e f u n c t i o n s y = 5 lo g x + 2 a n d
YiB5*Log(X)+2
y = 12 in t o a g r a p h i n g c a lc u la t o r .
Y2B1 2
Y3 =
Y4 =
Y5 =
Y6 =
Y7 =
Graph t h e f u n c t io n s . U s e t h e d d e r s e c f
f e a t u r e to f i n d t h e in t e r s e c t io n p o in t o f t h e
g r a p h s . T h e g r a p h s in t e r s e c t a t (100, 12 ).
-x
Use a viewing window of

0 s x < 150 and 0 ^ y < 20.
.............................
Intersection
X=100
Y=12
F T o r e v e a l s t a r s w i t h a m a g n it u d e o f 12 , a t e l e s c o p e m u s t h a v e a n o b j e c t iv e le n s
w it h a d ia m e t e r o f 100 m i llim e t e r s .
EXPONENTIAL EQUATIONS Solve th e eq u ation

using a table and using a graph .
1. 8 - 2t?3* = - 1 4
2. 7 - 10^ ' * = - 9
10. WRtTtNG In M e t h o d 1 o f P r o b le m 1 o n
p a g e 5 2 3 , e x p l a in h o w y o u c o u ld u s e a t a b le to
f in d t h e s o lu t io n o f 4* = 11 m o r e p r e c is e ly .
11. WHAT !F? In P r o b le m 2 o n p a g e 524, s u p p o s e
3. e,5x - 8 + 3 = 15
t h e t e le s c o p e c a n r e v e a l s t a r s o f m a g n i t u d e 14.
4. 1 .6 ( 3 ) * " * + 5.6 = 6
le n s u s in g a t a b le a n d u s in g a g r a p h .
LOGAR!THM)C EQUATtONS Solve th e eq uation

using a table an d using a graph .
5 . log^ 5 x = 2
6 . lo g ( - 3 x + 7) = 1
7. 4 In x + 6 = 12
8. 11 lo g (x + 9) - 5 = 8
9. ECONOMtCS F r o m 199 8 to 2003, t h e U n it e d

S ta te s g r o s s n a t io n a l p r o d u c t y (in b i ll io n s o f
d o lla r s ) c a n b e m o d e le d b y y = 8 8 8 2 (1.0 4 )*
w h e r e x is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1998.
U s e a t a b le a n d a g r a p h to f in d t h e y e a r w h e n
t h e g r o s s n a t io n a l p r o d u c t w a s $10 t r illio n .
F in d t h e d ia m e t e r o f t h e t e l e s c o p e 's o b j e c t iv e
12. FtNANCE Y o u d e p o s it $5000 i n a n a c c o u n t

t h a t p a y s 3 % a n n u a l in t e r e s t c o m p o u n d e d
q u a r t e r ly . H o w lo n g w i l l it t a k e fo r t h e b a la n c e
t o r e a c h $6000? S o lv e t h e p r o b le m u s in g a t a b le
a n d u s in g a g ra p h .
13. OCEANOGRAPHY T h e d e n s it y d (in g r a m s p e r

c u b i c c e n t im e t e r ) o f s e a w a t e r w i t h a s a l i n i t y
o f 30 p a r t s p e r t h o u s a n d is r e la t e d to t h e w a t e r
t e m p e r a t u r e T (in d e g r e e s C e ls iu s ) b y t h e
f o l lo w i n g e q u a t io n :
d = 1.0 2 4 5 - g 0 .12 2 6 r-7.828
F o r d e e p w a t e r in t h e S o u t h A t l a n t i c O c e a n o f f
A n t a r c t ic a , d = 1.0 2 4 1 g/cm ^ . U s e a t a b le a n d a
g r a p h to f in d t h e w a t e r 's t e m p e r a t u r e .
Using A lternative M ethods
525
So!ve Exponentia] and

Logarithmic inequaiities
GOAL
Solve exponential and logarithmic inequalities using tables and graphs.
In t h e P r o b t e m S o lv in g W o r k s h o p o n p a g e s 5 2 3 - 5 2 5 , y o u le a r n e d h o w to s o lv e
e x p o n e n t ia l a n d l o g a r it h m ic e q u a t io n s u s i n g t a b le s a n d g r a p h s . Y o u c a n u s e t h e s e
s a m e m e t h o d s to s o lv e e x p o n e n t ia l a n d lo g a r i t h m i c in e q u a lit ie s .
Soive an e x p o n e n tia ! inequ aiity

CARS Y o u r f a m i l y p u r c h a s e s a n e w c a r fo r $20,000. Its v a lu e d e c r e a s e s b y 15 %
e a c h y e a r . D u r in g w h a t in t e r v a l o f t i m e d o e s t h e c a r 's v a l u e e x c e e d $10,000?
S oiution
L e t y r e p r e s e n t t h e v a lu e o f t h e c a r (in d o lla r s ) x y e a r s a ft e r it is p u r c h a s e d . A
f u n c t i o n r e la t in g x a n d y is y = 2 0,000(1 - 0 .15)*, o r y = 20,0 0 0 (0 .8 5)*. T o f i n d
t h e v a lu e s o f x fo r w h i c h y > 10,000, s o lv e t h e i n e q u a l i t y 2 0 ,0 0 0 (0 .8 5)* > 10,000.
METHOD 1 Use a tabie

FW 7
Enter t h e f u n c t i o n y = 2 0 ,0 0 0 (0 .8 5)* in to
a g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r . S e t t h e s t a r t in g
x - v a lu e o f t h e t a b le to 0 a n d t h e s te p
v a lu e to 0.1.
TABLE SETUP
TbtStart=0
A T b L = 0 J _____
I n d p n t : ETHTH Ask
D e p e n d : TTTWSt A sk
J
FTXPf Use t h e t a b le f e a t u r e to c r e a t e a t a b le o f
v a lu e s . S c r o llin g t h r o u g h t h e t a b le s h o w s
t h a t y > 10,000 w h e n 0 < x < 4 .2 .
^ T h e c a r v a lu e e x c e e d s $10,000 fo r a b o u t t h e f ir s t
4 .2 y e a r s a f t e r it is p u r c h a s e d .
T o c h e c k t h e s o lu t io n 's r e a s o n a b le n e s s , n o t e t h a t
X
4
4.1
4.3
4.4
X= 4 . 2
Y1
10440
10272
10106
9943.3
9783
j
i
]
y = 10,440 w h e n x = 4 a n d y 8874 w h e n x = 5.
So , 4 < x < 5, w h i c h a g r e e s w it h t h e s o lu t io n
o b t a in e d a b o v e .
METHOD 2 Use a graph

G r a p h y = 2 0 ,0 0 0 (0 .8 5)* a n d y = 10,000 in t h e
s a m e v i e w in g w in d o w . S e t t h e v i e w i n g w i n d o w
to s h o w 0 < x < 8 a n d 0 < y < 25,000. U s in g t h e
in te rs e c t f e a t u r e , y o u c a n d e t e r m in e t h a t t h e
g r a p h s i n t e r s e c t w h e n x 4.27.
Intersection
X = 4 . 2 6 5 0 2 4 3 Y = 10000
T he graph o f y = 20,000(0.85)* is a b o v e the

grap h o f y = 10,000 w h en 0 < x < 4.27.
^ T h e c a r v a lu e e x c e e d s $ 1 0 ,0 0 0 fo r a b o u t th e fir s t 4 .2 7 y e a rs a fte r it is p u rc h a s e d .
526
Chapter 7
Solve a logarithmic inequality

Solve l o g ^ x < 2 .
S o lu tio n
METHOD 1 Use a ta b le
^7<F^ 7 Enter th e fu n ctio n y = log^ x into a

graphing ca icu ia to r as y =
) YiEtog(X)/tog(2)
Y2 =
log 2 '
'
Y3 =
I li:
Y6 =
L
Use th e fable featu re to create a table of
values. Id entify th e x-values for w hich
y < 2. T h ese x-values are given by 0 < x < 4.
f T
y 1
i:
Make sure that the x-values are reasonable

and in the domain of the function (x > 0).
Yi
0
1
1 .585
2
2.3219
X= 4
F T h e solu tion is 0 < x < 4.
METHOD 2 Use a graph

G raph y = log^ x and y = 2 in th e sam e view ing
window. U sing th e m fersecf featu re, you ca n
d eterm in e th at th e graphs in tersect w hen x = 4.
The graph of y = log^ x is on or below
the graph of y = 2 when 0 < x < 4.
F The solution is 0 < x < 4.
PRACTICE
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 526
for Exs. 1 -6
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 527
for Exs. 7-12
Solve th e exp on en tial in eq u ality using a table an d using a grap h .

1. 3* < 2 0
2. 2 8 ( 4 ^ > 9
3. 2 4 4 (0 .3 5 )* > 5 0
4. - 6 3 ( 0 . 9 6 ) * < - 2 7
5. 95 (1 .6 )* < 1 6 2 0
6. -2 8 4 1 ^ ) > - 1 3 5
Solve th e lo g arith m ic in eq u ality using a table an d u sin g a grap h .

7. lo g g X > 3
10. 2 1 o g ^ x - l > 4
8 . lo g ^ x < 2
11. - 4 1 o g 2 X > - 2 0
9. loggX + 9 < l l
12. 0 < l o g y X < l
13. FtNANCE You deposit $1000 in a n a cco u n t th at pays 3.5% a n n u a l in terest

com p ou nd ed m onthly. W hen is your b a la n c e at least $1200?
14. RATES OF RETURN An in v estm en t th a t ea rn s a rate o f retu rn r doubles in
In 2
value in f years, w here f = ,
and r is expressed as a d ecim al. W hat
^
In (1 + r)
rates o f retu rn w ill double th e value o f an in v estm en t in less th a n 10 years?
E xtension . Solve Exp on ential an d Logarithm ic inequalities
527
'"lf%giyACT!V!TY
@M?mp7ufor
717
d asszon e.com
Keystrokes
717 Mode! Data with an Exponentia) Function

M A T E R tA L S * 1 0 0 pennies
*cup
-graphingcalculator
How can you m odei d ata with an exp o n e n tia ! function?
Coiiect and record d ata
3!
M ake a tabie iike th e one show n to record your resuits.

Number of to ss,x
Number of pennies remaining, y
F72PF]
Art
Record th e in itiai nu m ber o f p en n ies

in the table, and place the p en n ies in
a cup. Shake th e p ennies, and then
spill them onto a flat su rface.
Rem ove all o f th e p en n ies show ing

"h ead s." C ount th e nu m ber o f p en n ies
rem ain ing , and record th is n u m ber in
th e table.
Repeat Step 2 w ith th e rem ain ing p en n ies u n til th ere are no p en n ies left to
retu rn to th e cup.
D R A W C O N C LU StO N S
Use y ou r o b servation s to co m p iete th e s e ex e rcise s
1. W hat is the in itial nu m ber o f pen n ies? By w hat percen t w ould you ex p ect
th e nu m ber o f p en n ies rem ain in g to d ecrease a fter ea ch toss?
2. Use your answ ers from E xercise 1 to w rite an ex p o n en tial fu n ctio n th at
should m odel th e data in th e table.
3. Use a graphing caicu iato r to m ake a scatter p lot o f th e data pairs (x, y).
In th e sam e view ing window, graph your fu n ctio n from E xercise 2. Is th e
fu n ctio n a good m odel for th e data? Exp/am .
4. Use th e calcu lato r's exponential regression featu re to find an exp o n en tial
fu n ctio n th at m odels th e data. Compare th is fu n ctio n w ith th e fu n ctio n
you w rote in E xercise 2.
528
Chapter 7
*y *y Write and Appiy Exponentiai

* and Power Functions
You w rote linear, quadratic, and oth er poiynom iai functions.
You wiii write exponentiai and pow er functions.
So you can modei bioiogy probiem s, as in Exampie 5.
Key Vocabuiary
<pow er fu n ction ,
p. 428
* exp onentiai
fu n ction, p 478
In C hapter 2, you learn ed th a t tw o p oin ts d eterm in e a lin e. Sim ilarly, two points
d eterm in e an ex p o n en tial curve.
EXAMPLE 1
W rite an ex p o n e n tia ) fu n ctio n
W rite an exp on en tial fu n ction y = ah * w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h (1 ,1 2 )

an d ( 3 ,1 0 8 ) .
Soiution
F7BP 7
Substitute th e co o rd in ates o f th e tw o given p o in ts into y = aM .

12 =
108 =
Soive for a in th e first eq u atio n to o b ta in a =
an d su b stitu te th is
expression for a in th e seco n d eq u ation .

108 =
108 = 12&2
Substitute ^ for a in second equation,

o
Simpiify.
9 =
3 = &
Take the positive square root because b > 0.
Determine th at u = ^
= ^
= 4. So, y = 4 - 3*.
TRANSFORMING EXPONENTiAL DATA A set o f m ore th a n tw o p o in ts (x, y) fits

an ex p o n ential p attern if an d only if th e set o f tran sfo rm ed p o in ts (x, In y) fits a
lin ear pattern.
Graph of points (x,y )
Graph of points (x, in y)
.iny
! n y = x ( n: !)
*
i0,0)
(1, O.fi9i
( - 1 -fl .69 ) ^
1
( - 2,
The graph is an exponentiai curve.
7 .7
The graph is a iine.
W rite and Apply Exponential and Power Functions
529
Find an e x p o n e n tia ! m ode!
SCOOTERS A store sells m otor scoo ters. Th e tab le show s th e num ber
y o f scoo ters sold d uring th e x th y ear th a t th e store h as b ee n open.
D raw a sca tte r plot o f th e d ata p airs (x, In y). Is an

ex p o n ential m odel a good fit for th e o rig in al d ata p airs (x, y)?
* Find an ex p o n en tial m odel for th e o rig in al data.
Soiution
7
USE PtHNT-SLOPE
FORM
Use a calcu lato r to crea te a tab le o f d ata p airs (x, ln y ).

X
ln y
2.48
2.77
3.22
3.58
3.91
4.20
4.56
F72P F
Plot th e new points as show n. T h e points

lie close to a line, so a n ex p o n en tial m odel
should be a good fit for th e o rig in al data.
^7<Ff J
Find an ex p o n en tial m odel y = a h * by

ch o o sin g two p oin ts on th e line, su ch as
(1, 2.48) and (7, 4.56). Use th e se p oin ts to
w rite an eq u ation o f th e line. T h en solve fory.
Because the axes are x

and In y, the point-slope
form is rewritten as
Iny - yi = m(x - x,).
The slope of the line
through (1, 2.48) and
(7, 4.56) Is:
l n y - 2.48 = 0 . 3 5 ( x - 1)
ln y = 0.3 5 x + 2.13
y
0 .3 5x + 2 . i 3
g2.13(g0.35)*
y = 8.41(1.42)*
Equation of iine
Simpiify.
Exponentiate each side using base e.
Use properties of exponents.
Exponentia) mode)
EXPONENTIAL REGRESSION A graphing ca lcu la to r th at perform s exp o n en tial

regression u ses aii o f th e orig in al data to find th e b est-fittin g m odel.
Use e x p o n e n tia ! regressio n

SCOOTERS Use a graphing ca lcu la to r to find an ex p o n en tial m odel for th e data in
Exam ple 2. P red ict th e nu m ber o f sco o ters sold in th e eigh th year.
Soiution
Enter th e original data into a graphing ca lcu la to r
and perform an ex p o n ential regression. T he m odel
i s y = 8.46(1.42)*.
Su bstitu tin g x = 8 (for year 8) into th e m odel gives
y = 8.46(1.42)" = 140 scoo ters sold.
530
Chapter 7
Exp Re g
y=a*b*x
a= 8 .457377971
b = 1 .418848603
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p ies 1 ,2 , an d 3
W rite an exp o n en tia! fu n ction y = a b * w hose g rap h p asses th ro u g h th e given

points.
1.
4.
(1 ,6 ), (3, 24)
2. (2, 8), (3, 32)
3. (3, 8), (6, 64)
WHATiF? In E xam ples 2 an d 3, how w ould th e ex p o n en tial m odels

chang e if th e sco o ter sales w ere as show n in th e ta b le below?
Year, x
Number of scooters
soid, y
15
23
40
52
80
105
140
WRiTiNG POWER FUNCTIONS R eca ll from L esson 6.3 th a t a pow er fu n ctio n has
th e form y = ax". B ecau se th ere are only two co n sta n ts (a and &), only two points
are needed to d eterm in e a pow er cu rve th rou gh th e points.
W rite a p o w er fu nction
EXAM PLE
W rite a pow er fu n ction y = a x " w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h ( 3 ,2 ) an d (6, 9).
Soiution
F7!EP 7
^ 7 if / ^
Substitute th e co o rd in ates o f th e two given p oin ts into y = ax".

2 = a - 3"
9 = a * 6"
Soive for a in th e first eq u atio n to o b ta in a =
3"
and su b stitu te th is
expression for a in th e seco n d eq u ation .

9 = ^ -6
Substitute for o in second equation.
9 = 2*2"
Simpiify.
4.5 = 2"
log., 4.5 = b
4.5 ^ ^
log 2
2.17 = &
^7B f <?

Take iog^ of each side.
Change-of-base formuia
Use a caicuiator.
= 0.184. So, y = 0 . 1 8 4 x ^ .
Determine th at a
GutDED PRACTKE
for Exampie 4
W rite a pow er fu n ction y = a x " w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h th e given points.

5.
8.
(2 ,1 ), (7,6)
6. (3 ,4 ), (6, 15)
7. (5, 8), (10, 34)
REASONtNG Try u sin g th e m eth o d o f E xam ple 4 to fin d a pow er fu n ctio n

w hose graph passes th rou gh (3, 5) an d (3, 7). W hat ca n you conclude?
7 .7
W rite and Apply Exponential and Power Functions
531
TRANSFORMiNG POWER DATA A set o f m ore th a n two p o in ts (x, y) fits a pow er

p attern if and oniy if th e set o f tran sfo rm ed p o in ts (in x, In y) fits a iin ea r pattern .
G r a p h o f p o i n ts tx .y )
G raphofpoints(!nx,!ny)
3n y
i '
y
tn y =
in X
(1 .39,0.69
1
(1 .79,0.9)
(1.1,t15 i)
(0,0)
2
1tlx
The graph is a iine.
! Find a p o w er m ode!
B!OLOGY T h e tabie at th e right
shows th e ty p ical w ingspan s x (in
feet) and th e ty p icai w eights y (in
pounds) for severai types o f birds.
* Draw a scatte r piot o f th e data
pairs (in x , in y ). Is a power
m odei a good fit for the
originai data p airs (x, y)?
Bird
Wingspan (ft), x
W eight (tb), y
Cuckoo
1 90
0.23
Crow
2.92
1.04
Curlew
3.41
1.69
Goose
5.35
6.76
Vulture
8.40
1603
* Find a pow er m odel for the

o rigin al data.
Soiution
F72P 7
Use a caicu iato r to create a tab ie o f d ata pairs (in x, in y ).

in x
0.642
1.072
1.227
1.677
2.128
in y
-1.470
0.039
0.525
1.911
2.774
Piot th e new p o in ts as show n. T he

p o in ts lie close to a line, so a pow er
m odei should be a good fit for th e
o rigin al data.
.f 7BP <? Find a pow er m odei y = ax^ by
ch o o sin g two points on th e iine, such
as (1.227, 0 .5 2 5 ) and (2 .1 2 8 , 2 .7 7 4 ). Use
th ese p oin ts to w rite an eq u atio n o f
th e iine. T h en solve for y.
USE POiNT-SLOPE
FORM
The siope of the line is
2.774 - 0.525
^
2.128 - 1.227
532
Chapter 7
i n y y^ = m ( ln x x ^
Equation when axes are in x and in y
in y - 2.774 = 2 .5 (ln x - 2.128)
Substitute.
in y = 2.5 i n x - 2 .546
Simpiify.
In y = i n x ^ - 2 .5 4 6
Power property of iogarithms
y = e
tn jA S -
2.546
Exponentiate each side using base e.
y = <?-2-546 .
y = 0.0784X '
Simpiify.
POWER REGRESSiON A graphing ca icu ia to r th a t perform s pow er regression uses

all o f th e orig in al data to find th e b est-fittin g m odel.
Use p o w er regressio n
EXAMPLE
BiOLOGY Use a graphing ca lcu la to r to find a pow er m odel for th e d ata in

E xam ple 5. E stim ate th e w eight o f a bird w ith a w in gspan o f 4.5 feet.
S o iu tio n
PwrReg
y=a*x*b
a = . 0442336613
b = 2 .871717024
E nter th e o riginal data into a graphing ca lcu la to r

and p erform a pow er regression. T h e m odel is
y = 0.0442x2 37.
Su bstitu tin g x = 4 .5 into th e m odel gives
y = 0 .0 4 4 2 ( 4 .5 f "7 = 3.31 pounds.
CutDED PRACTKE
9.
T h e table below show s th e ato m ic n u m ber x an d th e m eltin g p oin t y (in

degrees Celsius) for th e a lk a li m etals. Find a pow er m odel for th e data.
Aikaii metai
Atomic number, x
Meiting point, y
Lithium
Sodium
Potassium
Rubidium
Cesium
11
19
37
55
180.5
97.8
63.7
38.9
28.5
HOMEWORK
KEY
77 EXERCtSES
Q = WORKED OUT SOLUTiONS

on p. WS14for Exs. 11,23, and 33
Exs. 2,27,33, and 35
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: Given a set o f m ore th a n two d ata pairs
(x, y), you ca n decide w hether a(n) ? fu n c tio n fits th e d ata w ell by m akin g
a scatte r plot o f th e p oints (x, In y).
2. * WRiTiNG E xplain how you ca n d eterm in e w h eth er a pow er fu n ctio n is a
good m odel for a set o f d ata pairs (x, y ).
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 529
for Exs. 3-10
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 530
for Exs. 11-14
WRITING EXPONENTIAL FUNCTiONS W rite an exp on en tial fu n ction y = aM

w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h th e given points.
3.
(1 ,3 ), (2, 12)
4.
(2, 24), (3 ,1 4 4 )
5.
(3 ,1 ), (5, 4)
7.
(1 ,2 ), (3 ,5 0 )
8.
(1 ,4 0 ), (3, 640)
9.
( -1 , 10), (4, 0.31)
6.
10.
(3, 27), (5, 243)

(2, 6.4), (5, 409.6)
F!ND!NG EXPONENTiAL MODELS Use th e p oin ts (x, y) to draw a s c a tte r piot of the
points (x, in y ). Then find a n exp on en tial m odei for th e d ata.
( c c ) (1, 18), (2, 36), (3, 72), (4, 144), (5, 288)
13.
(1, 9.8), (2, 12.2), (3 ,1 5 .2 ), (4, 19), (5, 23.8)
7 .7
12. (1, 3.3), (2, 10.1), (3, 30.6), (4, 92.7), (5, 280.9)
14. (1 ,1 .4 ), (2, 6.7), (3, 32.9), (4.161.4), (5, 790.9)
W rite and Apply Exponentia) and Power Functions
533
WRITING POWER FUNCTIONS W rite a pow er fu n ction y = nx^ w hose graph

p asses throu gh the given points.
EXA M PLE 4
on p. 531
for Exs. 15-22
EXAMPLE 5
15.
(4, 3), (8, 15)
16.
(5, 9), (8 ,3 4 )
17.
( 2 ,3 ), (6, 12)
18.
19.
(4, 8), (8, 30)
20.
(5, 10), (12, 81)
21.
(4, 6.2), (7, 23)
22. (3.1, 5), (6.8, 9.7)
(3 ,1 4 ), (9, 44)
F!ND!NG POWER MODELS Use th e given points (x, y) to d raw a s c a tte r piot o f the
points (in x, in y ). Then find a pow er m odei for th e d ata.
on p. 532
for Exs. 23-26
2&) (1, 0.6), (2, 4.1), (3, 12.4), (4, 27), (5, 49.5)
24. (1, 1.5), (2, 4.8), (3, 9.5), (4, 15.4), (5, 22.3)
25. (1, 2.5), (2, 3.7), (3, 4.7), (4, 5.5), (5, 6.2)
26. (1, 0.81), (2, 0.99), (3, 1.11), (4, 1.21), (5, 1.29)
27. ^ MULTiPLE CHOKE W hich eq u atio n is equivalen t to lo g y = 2x + 1?

(A ) y = 10(100)*
(B ) y = 1 0 *
(C ) y = ^ * + *
(B ) y = e '
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in w ritin g y as a fu n ction of x .

28.
29.
In y = 2x + 1
In y = 3 In x 2
y=e2* +'
In y = In 3x 2
y = e^* + e'
y = e '" 3 * - 2
y = (e^)* + e
y=
y = 7.39* + 2.72
y = (3x) (0.135) = 0 .4 0 5 x
e -2
30. CHALLENGE Take th e n atu ral lo g arith m o f b o th sides o f th e eq u atio n s

y = a b * and y = ax^. W hat are th e slope an d y -in tercep t o f th e lin e relatin g
x and In y for y = ab*? o f th e lin e relatin g In x and In y for y = ax^?
GRAPHING CALCULATOR You m ay wish to use a grap h in g

caicu ia to r to com p iete th e follow ing P rob lem Solving
exercises.
EXAMPLES
2 ,3 , 5, and 6
31. BiOLOGY Scien tists use th e circu m fere n ce o f an an im al's

fem ur to estim ate th e an im al's w eight. T h e table show s th e
fem ur circu m fere n ce C (in m illim eters) and th e w eight W
(in kilogram s) for several an im als.
on pp. 530-533
for Exs. 31-35
Anima!
Giraffe
Polar bear
Lion
Squirrel
Otter
C (mm)
173
135
93.5
13
28
W(kg)
710
448
143
0.399
9.68
a. Draw a scatter plot o f th e data pairs (In C, In W).

b. Find a pow er m odel for th e o rigin al data.
c. P red ict th e w eight o f a ch eeta h if th e circu m fere n ce o f its fem ur is
68.7 m illim eters.
@ M M n e !H fo r
Q
534
for problem solving help at classzone.t
on p. WS1
=STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
'
32. ASTRONOMY T h e table shows the m ean d ista n ce x from th e su n (in

astro n o m ical units) and th e period y (in years) o f six p lan ets. Draw a scatter
plot o f th e data pairs (ln x , ln y ). Find a pow er m odel for th e orig in al data.
Pianet
Mercury
Venus
Earth
Mars
Jupiter
Saturn
0.387
0.723
1.000
1.524
5.203
9.539
0.241
0.615
1.000
1.881
11.862
29.458
(SjHomeTM for
( 33) * SHORT RESPONSE The table shows th e nu m b ers o f b u sin ess and n o n
bu siness users o f in stan t m essagin g for th e years 1 9 9 8 -2 0 0 4 .
Years since 1997
Business users (in miMions)
20
40
80
Non-business users (in miitions)
55
97
140
160
195
235
260
a. Find an ex p o n ential m odel for th e n u m b er o f b u sin ess u sers over tim e.
b. Explain how to tell w heth er a linear, exp on ential, or pow er fu n ctio n b est
m odels th e nu m ber o f n on -b u sin ess users over tim e. T h en find th e bestfittin g m odel.
34. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM T h e b o ilin g point o f w ater in crea ses
w ith atm osp h eric pressure. At sea level, w here th e atm osp h eric
p ressure is abou t 760 m illim eters o f m ercury, w ater b o ils at 100C.
The table show s th e bo ilin g p oin t T o f w ater (in d egrees Celsius)
for several d ifferent values o f atm osp h eric pressure E (in m illim eters
o f m ercury).
149
60
234
70
355
80
a. Graph Draw a scatte r plot o f th e data pairs (In E, In T).
526
90
b. Mode) Find a pow er m odel for th e orig in al data.
760
100
1075
110
c. Predict W hen th e atm osp h eric pressure is 620 m illim eters of
m ercury, at w hat tem p eratu re does w ater boil?

35. * EXTENDED RESPONSE Your visual
near p oint is th e clo sest poin t at w hich your
eyes can see an o b je ct d istin ctly. Your n ear
point m oves farth er away from you as you
grow older. T h e d iagram shows th e n ear
p o in ty (in cen tim eters) at age x (in y ea rs).
Visua) Near Point Distances
a. Graph Draw a scatter plot o f th e data
pairs (x, ln y ).
b. Graph D raw a scatter plot o f th e data
pairs (ln x , ln y ).
c. interpret B ased on your sca tte r plots,
does an ex p o n ential fu n ctio n or a pow er

fu n ctio n b est fit th e o rig in al data?
Explain your reasoning.
d. Mode) B ased on your answ er for p art (c),
w rite a m odel for th e o rig in al data. Use
your m odel to pred ict th e n ear p o in t for
an 80-year-old person.
7.7
W rite and Appiy Exponential and Power Functions
535
36. CHALLENGE A d octor m easu res a n astron au t's p u lse
rate y (in beats per m inute) at various tim es x (in

m inutes) after th e astronau t h as fin ish ed exercising.
T he results are show n in th e tabie. T h e astron au t's
resting pulse rate is 70 beats per m inute. W rite an
exp onential m odel for th e data.
x
10
12
172
132
110
92
84
78
75
MIXED REVIEW
PREVIEW
The variab les x an d y v a ry d irectly. W rite a n eq u ation th a t relates x an d y. (p. 1071
Prepare for
Lesson 8.1
in Exs. 37-42.
37. x = 6 ,y = 48
38. x = - 7 , y = 28
39. x - 10, y = 6
40. x = 35, y = 15
41. x = 0.3, y = 1.2
42. x = 1 2 ,y = 15
Graph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain an d ran g e, (p. 4921

43. y = e*- 3 x
44. y = 4e*
45. / ( x ) = 2 g 2 * + l
46. y = e"
47. y = 2e* " ^
48. g(x) = 0.5e*
+ 3
Condense th e exp ression . Ip. 9071

49. 3 logy 4 - logy 8
50. 2 log 5 + log 4
51. I n x + 9 In y
52. 2 In 6 - 3 I n x
53. logg 7 + 6 logg x - logg 3
54. log 8 - 2 log 2 + 4 log x
55. PIZZA A pizza co sts $11 plus $2 per topping. You have $18. U se an in eq u ality
to find th e m axim u m n u m b er o f toppings you c a n order, (p. 411
QU!Z /o r Lessons X 6 -Z 7
Solve the eq u ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s solutions, (p. 5151
1. 2 * + i = 16* + 2
2. e** = 4
3. 3 ^ + 5 = 13
4. 3* + * - 5 = 10
5. log^ (4x + 7) = log^ l l x
6. In (3x 2) = In 6x
7. lo g . x = - 1
8. 6 In x = 30
9. log 2 (x + 4) = 5
W rite an exp on en tial fu n ction y =

points, fp. 5291
10. ( 1 ,5 ) ,( 2 ,3 0 )
w hose g rap h p asses th ro u g h th e given
11. (1 ,4 1 ,(2 ,3 2 )
12. (2, 15), (3, 45)
W rite a pow er fu n ction y = nx^ w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h th e given poin ts,
(p. 529)
13. (4, 8), (9, 23)
14. (3, 12), (10, 36)
15. (5 ,4 ), (11,51)
16. BIOLOGY T he average w eight y (in kilogram s) o f a n A tlan tic cod from the
G ulf o f M aine can be m odeled by y = 0.51 (1.46)* w here x is th e age o f th e cod
(in years). E stim ate th e age o f a cod th a t w eighs 15 kilogram s, (p. 515)
536
E X T R A P R A C T t C E f o r L e s s o n 7 .7 , p. 1016
O N U N E Q U tZ a tc la s s z o n e .c o m
MtXED REV!EW./PmMemS.Mng
STATE TEST PRACTKE

classzone.com
Lessons 7.5-7.7
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM T h e to tal expen d itu res
in th e U nited States for elem en tary and
second ary sch o o ls are show n below.
a. Draw a sca tte r plot o f th e data pairs (x, ln y ).
b. Draw a scatter plot o f th e data pairs
(ln x , ln y ).
c. Based on your results from p arts (a) and (b),
find a m odel for th e o rig in al data.
d. P red ict th e to ta l exp end itu res in 2005.
Years since 1997,x
Tota! expenditures
(biiiions of doiiars), y
398
416
433
450
463
2. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM In m usic, a cen t is a u nit

th a t is used to express a sm all step up or down
in pitch. T he n u m ber c o f cen ts by w hich two
n otes differ in pitch is given by
c = 1 2 0 0 log 2 ^
w here a and & are th e freq u en cies o f th e n otes
a and &.
3. OPEN-ENDED W rite an exponential function

w hose graph passes through the point (2, 7).
4. SHORT RESPONSE T h e to ta l n u m b er o f m iles
traveled by m otor v eh icles in th e U nited States
is show n below for variou s years. D oes an
ex p o n en tial m odel or a pow er m odel b est fit
th e data? E xplain your reason in g.
Years since 1 9 9 0 ,x
Miies (biiiions), y
2562
2632
2691
10
2747
11
2782
5. EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e e^jfccfmc interest

rate is a rate a sso cia ted w ith th e form ula
for co n tin u ou sly co m p ou n d ed in terest. T he
effectiv e in terest rate tak es into a cco u n t
th e effects o f com p ou n d in g on th e nom inal
interest rate (the in tere st rate in th e form ula for
co n tin u ou s com p ou n d in g).
T h e relation sh ip b etw een th e effectiv e in terest
rate E and th e n o m in a l in terest rate N is given
by th e eq u atio n
N = In (E + 1)
w here E and AT are exp ressed as d ecim als.
a. W h at is th e effectiv e in terest rate for an
a cco u n t th a t h a s a n o m in a l in terest rate o f
5% ? Leave your answ er in term s o f e.
a. T h ree n otes on th e stand ard scale are C4,

E4, and G4. You ca n co m p are th e d ifferen ce
in th e n u m ber o f ce n ts from C4 to E4 w ith
th e d ifference from E4 to G4 by evaluating
th is expression:
1200 log., g - - 1200 log,, ^
b. W h at is th e effectiv e in terest rate for an

a cco u n t th a t h as a n o m in a l in terest rate o f
10%? Leave your an sw er in term s o f e.
c. T h e effectiv e in terest rate from p a rt (b) is
how m any tim es as great as th e effective
in terest rate from p a rt (a)? W rite your
an sw er as a ratio in term s o f e.
d. Show th a t th e ratio from p a rt (c) is eq u al to
p0.05 + i
Write th e expression as a single logarith m .

b. C4 h as a freq u en cy o f 264 h ertz, E4 has
a frequ en cy o f 330 h ertz, and G4 h as a
frequ en cy o f 396 hertz. U se th is in fo rm atio n
to evaluate your exp ression from p art (a).
6. CRiDDED ANSWER You invest $ 4 0 0 0 in

an a cco u n t th a t pays 2% a n n u al in terest
com p ou n d ed continuously. To th e n ea rest year,
how long w ill it tak e to ea rn $1000 interest?
Mixed Review o f Problem Solving
CHAPTER SUMMARY
âiiHsteg Algebra
ctasszone.com
B / C /D & S S
G raphing E xp o n en tia) an d L o g arith m ic Functions
P arent fu n ctio n s for exp o n en tiai fu n ctio n s have th e form y = h h P arent fu n ctio n s
for lo g arith m ic fu n ctio n s have th e form y = iog^x.
Exponential Growth
0 1)
( ,
Exponential Decay
y = 6*
(0,
y = A*
1)
y = log^j
A >1
0<A<1
A>1
0<A<1
Soiving Exp o n en tiai an d L o g arith m ic Equations

Solving an Exponential Equation
Solving a Logarithmic Equation
If each side can be written using the

same base, equate exponents.
gX + 1 = gX
If the equation has the form

log^ x = iog^ y, use the fact that x = y.
log2 (4x - 2) = log2 3x
4x - 2 = 3x
= M*
x= 2
x + 1 = 2x
1
= x
If each side cannot be written using the

same base, take a logarithm of each side.
6*
If a logarithm Is set equal to a constant,

exponentiate each side.
= 15
logg(x+ 1) = 2
Iogg 6 * = Iogg 15
x=
log 15
log 6
x + 1 = 52
x = 24
1.511
W riting an d Appiying E xp o n en tiai an d P o w e r Functions

W rite an Exponential Model
W rite a Power Mode!
An exporlential model fits a se t of data

pairs (x,)') if a linear model fits the set of
data pair s (x, In y).
A power model fits a set of data pairs

(x, y) if a linear model fits th e set of data
pairs ( n x, In y).
' Iny
< y = A*
y = xln A
538
Chapter 7
.y
y=x*
iln y
' 1 y = Ain x
Inx
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ H o m e 7 b fo r
dasszo n e.co m
* Multi-Language Glossary
- Vocabulary practice
REVIEW KEY VOCABULARY

* exponential function, p. 478
' exponential decay function, p. 486 - common logarithm, p. 500
- exponential growth function, p. 478
' decay factor, p. 486
* natural logarithm, p. 500
-growth factor,p.478
' natural base e, p. 492
- exponentia] equation, p. 575
-asym ptote, p. 478
' logarithm of y with base b, p. 499
- iogarithmic equation, p. 577
/,
X+1
1. W h at is th e asym ptote o f th e graph o f th e fu n c tio n y = - 2 l j
+5?
2. Identify th e decay factor in th e m odei y = 7.2(0.89)*.

3. WRITING E xp lain th e m e an in g o f iog^y.
4. Copy and com p iete: A io g arith m w ith b a se e is caiied a(n)
iogarith m .
5. I s y = (1.4)* an exponenh'ai/M ncflon or a pow er/u n ction ? Explain.
REVIEW EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES

U se th e review exam p les and ex ercises below to ch eck your u n d erstan d in g o f the
co n cep ts you have learned in ea ch lesso n o f C hapter 7.
Graph Exponentia! Growth Functions
G raph y = 2 - 3*
p p .4 7 8 -4 8 5
+ 3 . State th e d om ain an d ran ge.
B egin by sk etching th e graph o f y = 2 - 3*, w hich

passes throu gh (0, 2) and (1, 6). T h en tra n sla te th e
graph right 2 u n its and up 3 u nits. N otice th a t the
tran siated graph passes th rou gh (2, 5) and (3, 9).
T he graph's asym ptote is th e lin e y = 3. T h e d om ain
is aii reai num bers, and th e range is y > 3.
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
1, 2, 3, and 5
on pp. 4 7 8 -4 8 1
for Exs. 6 - 9
G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d o m ain an d ran g e.

6.
y = 5*
7. y = 3 (2 .5 )*
8. /(x ) = - 3 - 4 * + ' - 2
9. FiNANCE You deposit $1500 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 7% a n n u a l in terest

com p ou nd ed daiiy. Find th e b a la n c e after 2 years.
Chapter Review
539
CHAPTER REV!EW
Graph Exponentia! D ecay Functions
/1
G raph y = 2 j
pp. 4 8 6 -4 9 7
- 2. State th e d om ain and ran ge.
B egin by sk etchin g th e graph o f y = 2 (y ) ,

w h ich passes th rou gh (0, 2) and ^1, y j. Then
tran slate th e graph left 2 u n its and down 2 u nits.
N otice th a t th e tran slated graph p asses throu gh
( - 2 , 0) a n d ( - l , - ^ - ) .
T he graph's asym ptote is th e lin e y = - 2 .
The d om ain is all real n um bers, and th e range
is y > - 2 .
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
EXERCISES
Graph the fu n ction . S tate th e d om ain an d ran g e.
on pp. 486-487
for Exs. 10-12
" 'H r )
-4
Use Functions !nvo!ving e
G raph y =
an d range.
25(x
12. /(x ) = 2(0.8) X
p p .4 9 2 -4 9 8
n _ g s ta te th e d om ain
B ecau se a = 1 is positive and r = 0.25 is positive,

th e fu n ctio n is an ex p o n en tial grow th fu n ctio n .
B eg in by sk etchin g th e graph o f y =
T ranslate th e graph right 1 u nit and down
5 units.
T he d om ain is all real num bers, and th e range
is y > - 5 .
EXERC!SES
EXAMPLES
3 and 5
on pp. 493-495
for Exs. 13-16
G raph th e fu n ction . State th e dom ain an d ran ge.

13. y = 2e*
14. y = e x -
15. /(x ) == e-0.4(x
16. PHYSIOLOGY N itrogen-13 is a rad ioactive isoto p e o f n itrogen used in a

physiological test called positron em ission tom ograph (PET). A ty p ical PET
scan b eg in s w ith 6.9 picogram s o f nitrogen-13 (1 p ico gram = 10
gram s).
T he nu m ber A! o f p icogram s o f nitrogen-13 rem a in in g a fter f m in u tes ca n be
m odeled by Af = 6 .9 e^
10 m inutes?
540
Chapter 7
Exponentia) and Logarithmic Functions
m any p icogram s o f n itrogen-13 rem a in after
+ 2)
@ % o m e 7 u fo r
d asszo n e.co m
Find Logarithms and Graph Logarithmic Functions
pp. 499 505
E valu ate th e lo g arith m .

a. logg625
c- log 125
b. logO.OOl
'
To help you fin d th e value o f log^ y, ask y o u rself w hat pow er o f h gives you y.
a. 5 to w hat pow er gives 625?
5* = 625, so log- 625 = 4.
b. 10 to w hat pow er gives 0.001?

10^ = Q
g Q ^
Q
= _ g
c. 125 to w hat pow er gives 5?
d. 2 to w hat pow er gives J^ ?
125" 3 = 5, go log i ^
2" =
3 -
so lo g , ^ - = - 6 .
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
2 ,4 , 7, and 8
Evalu ate th e lo g arith m w ith ou t u sin g a c a lcu la to r.
on pp. 5 0 0 -5 0 3
for Exs. 17-24
17. lo g , 243
18. lo g , 1
19. l o g .,- 216
20. log^g^.
G raph th e fu n ction . S tate th e d om ain an d ran ge.
21 . y = log 1/6 *
22. y = lo g , x - 4
23. /(x ) = In (x - 1) + 3
24. BiOLOGY R esearch ers have found th a t a fter 25 years o f age, th e average
size o f th e pupil in a person's eye d ecreases. T h e relation sh ip b etw een
pupil d iam eter d (in m illim eters) and age a (in years) c a n b e m od eled by
d = -2 .1 1 5 8 In a + 13.669. W h at is th e average d ia m eter o f a pupil for a
p erson 25 years old? 50 years old?
App!y Properties of Logarithms
pp. 5 0 7 -5 1 3
Exp an d th e exp ression .
C ondense th e exp ression .
logg y y = logg 6 x - l o g g y 3
3 lo g , 8 - logg 16 = logg 83 - logg 16
= logg 6 + logg x - logg y3
81
= log.
^3 16
= logg 6 + logg x - 3 logg y
= logg 32
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
2and3
Exp an d th e exp ression .
on p. 508
for Exs. 25 -3 1
25. log- 3xy
26. In 10x3y
2 7 .l o g
, 3y
28. ln ^ L
Condense th e exp ression .

29. 3 lo g , 4 + lo g , 6
3 0 . In 12 - 2 In x
31. 2 1 n 3 + 5 l n 2 - ln 8
Chapter Review
541
CHAPTER REV!EW
So!ve Exponentia! and Logarithm ic Equations
p p .5 1 5 -5 2 2
Soive th e equation.
a.
7* = 12
b. log^ (3% - 7) = 5
iog? 7* = iog? 12
(3x - 7) = 2 5
% = iog? 12
3x - 7 = 32
log 12 __
1.277
log 7
EXAMPLES
2 ,5 , and 6
on pp. 516-518
for Exs. 32-34
x = 13
EXERCtSES
Soive th e equation. C heck for e x tra n e o u s soiutions.
32.
5* = 32
33. iog^ (2x - 5) = 2
34. In x + in (x + 2) = 3
W rite and Appiy Exponentia! and Pow er Functions
pp. 529 536
W rite an exp o n en tia! fu n ction y - a h * w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h ( - 1 , 2) an d

( 3 ,3 2 ) .
Su bstitu te th e co o rd inates o f th e two given p oin ts into y = ah *.
2 = ab"^
Substitute 2 for y and - 1 for x.
32 = ab^
Soive for a in the first eq u atio n to o b ta in a = 2b, and su b stitu te th is expression for
a in th e second equation.
32 = (2b) b^
Substitute 2b for a in second equation.
32 = 2b^
16 = b^
2 = b
Take the positive fourth root because b > 0.
B ecau se b = 2, it follow s th a t a = 2(2) = 4. So, y = 4 - 2*.
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
1 and 5
on pp. 529-532
for Exs. 35-38
W rite an exp on en tia! fu n ction y = a b * w hose grap h p asses th ro u g h th e poin ts.

35.
(3, 8), (5, 2)
Pairs soid, y
Chapter 7
37. (2 ,9 ), (4, 324)
38. SPORTiNG GOODS A store b eg in s sellin g a new ty p e o f b a sk etb a ll shoe. T he

table shows sales o f the shoe over tim e. Find a pow er m odel for th e data.
Week, x
542
36. ( - 2 , 2), (1 ,0 .2 5 )
28
47
64
79
94
107
CHAPTER TEST
G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain an d ran ge.
-
1. y = 3*
2. y = 2 . 4 %
4. y = 4 (0 .2 5 )*
5. y = 2
6. g W =
7 .y = j ^
8. y =2.5e - 0 .5 x
9. h(x) = ^ e *
3. /(x ) = - 5 . 2* + ^ + 3
+ 2
-2
E vaiu ate th e io g arith m w ith ou t using a ca icu ia to r.

10.
iogg 25
12. iogg 1
' S 2 S !
Graph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain an d ran ge.

13.
y = iog 2 x
14. y = in x - 3
15. /(x ) = iog (x + 3) + 2
17. iog 3 + 5 iog, 2
18. iog 5 + iog x - 2 iog 3
C ondense th e exp ression.

16.
2 in 7 -3 in 4
Use th e ch an g e of b ase fo rm u ia to evaiu ate th e io g arith m .

19.
iogg 50
21. iogg 45
20. iogg 23
Soive th e eq u ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s solutions.

22. 7^* = 30
23. 3 iog (x - 4) = 6
24. iog x + iog (x + 6) = 2
25. W rite an ex p o n en tiai fu n ctio n y = a h * w hose graph p asses th rou gh ( - 1 , 48)

an d (2, 6).
26. W rite a pow er fu n ctio n y = a x ^ w hose graph p asses th ro u g h (3, 8) an d (6 ,1 5 ).
27. LANDSCAPING From 1996 to 2001, th e n u m b er o f h ousehoid s th a t p u rch ased
iaw n and garden prod ucts at hom e gard en in g cen ters in crea sed by about
4.85% per year. In 1996, abou t 62 m iiiio n househoid s p u rch ased law n and
garden products. W rite a fu n ctio n giving th e n u m b er o f h ousehoid s FF (in
m iiiio n s) th at p u rch ased iaw n an d garden prod ucts f y ears after 1996.
28. F)NANCE You deposit $2500 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 3.5% an n u a i in terest
com p ou nded continuously. W h at is th e b a la n c e a fter 8 years?
29. EARTH SCIENCE Rivers an d stream s ca rry sm aii
p articles o f sed im en t d ow n stream . T h e table
shows th e d iam eter x (in m illim eters) o f several
p articles o f sed im en t and th e speed y (in m eters
per second) o f th e cu rren t need ed to ca rry each
p article d ow nstream .
Type of sediment
0.2
0.10
Grave)
0.50
Coarse grave)
11
0.75
a. Draw a sca tte r plot o f th e d ata pairs (in x, in y).
Pebb!es
20
1.00
b. Find a pow er m odei for the orig in al data.

E stim ate th e speed o f th e cu rren t needed
to carry a p article w ith a d iam eter o f
120 m illim eters dow nstream .
Sma)) stones
45
1.50
Mud
Chapter Test
543
^ TEST PREPAR AT!OM
MULTIPLE CHOKE QUESTiONS

If you have d ifficu lty solving a m ultiple ch o ice problem directly, you m ay b e able
to use another approach to elim in a te in co rrect answ er ch o ices and o b ta in th e
co rrect answer.
W h ich exp on ential fu n ctio n has a graph th a t passes th rou gh th e p oin ts

(2, - 1 2 ) and (4, - 4 8 ) ?
(A ) y = 3 - 2 *
(B ) y = - V 3 - 2 *
(g ) y = - ^ - 3 *
(D ) y = - 3 - 2 *
M ETHOD 1
M ETH O D 2
SOLVE DtRECTLY Su bstitu te th e co o rd in ates of

the two points into y = ah * and solve th e resu lting
system .
EHM!NATE CHOtCES A n oth er m eth od is to ch eck

w h eth er b o th o f th e p o in ts are solu tion s o f th e
eq u atio n s given in th e answ er ch oices.
7 Substitute th e co o rd in ates o f th e p oints

into y = ah *.
- 1 2 = a&2
Substitute (2, -12).
- 4 8 = rd /
Substitute (4, -4 8 ).
Su b stitu te th e co o rd in ates o f th e p o in ts into the

eq u atio n in ea ch an sw er ch o ice. You ca n stop as
soon as you rea liz e th a t one o f th e p o in ts is n ot a
solution.
C hoice A:
FTifPf Soive th e first eq u atio n for a.

= a
- 1 2 =L 3 - 22
-1 2
Divide each side by

C hoice B :
FTiFP J
Substitute ^ for a in th e second
y = - V3 - 2*
- 1 2 ^ -\*3 - 22
equation and solve for &.
- 1 2 # -4 V 3
))
CO
i
Substitute.
C hoice C:
2 = h
Take the positive square

root because b > 0.
^ T he co rrect answ er is D. (A ) ( B ) ( g ) ( g )
544
Chapter 7
The eq u atio n is y = - 3 - 2*.
y = - 3 - 2^
CO
r l2 = ^ 1 2 = y d 2 = -3
^
22
4
C hoice D :
Od
find th e value o f a.
-1 2 = -1 2 /
4 Substitute th e value o f h into a = ^ to
. 32
-1 2
- 12=-12 /
!t
Divide each side by -1 2 .
- 3^
Îrr]
1
^1
Simpiify.
y =
CO
- 4 8 = -12&2
a =
12
11
1
y = 3 - 2*
- 4 8 A -1 0 8
y = -3 -2 *
- 4 8 i - 3 - 2^
-4 8 = - 4 8 /
^ T he co rrect answ er is D. (A ) ( B ) ( g ) ( g )
You buy a new p erso n a! com p uter for $1600. It is estim a ted th a t th e
com p uter's value w ill d ecrease by 50% ea ch year. A fter about how m any
years w ill th e com p uter b e w orth $250?
(3 )
1^- years
(B )
2 y ears
(C )
2^- y ears
(D ) 3 years
METHOD 1
METHOD 2
SOLVE DIRECTLY W rite and solve an eq u ation

to find th e tim e it tak es for th e com p uter to
d epreciate to $250.
EHMiNATE CHOKES Use estim a tio n to find how

long it w ill take for th e co m p u ter to d ep reciate to
$250.
Let y b e th e value (in dollars) o f th e com puter

f years after th e p u rchase. An exp o n en tial decay
m odel for th e value is:
T h e com p uter d ep reciates by 50% each year.
A fter 1 year, it w ill b e w orth 0.5($1600) = $800.
y = n (l - r)*
A fter 2 years, it w ill b e w orth 0 .5 ($ 8 0 0 ) = $400.
250 = 1600(1 - 0.5)*
A fter 3 years, it w ill b e w orth 0 .5 ($ 4 0 0 ) = $200.
0 .1 5 6 = (0.5)*
T h e com p u ter w ill b e w orth $ 2 5 0 at som e tim e

strictly b etw een 2 and 3 years after p u rch ase. So,
you c a n elim in a te ch o ices A, B, and D.
logo s 0.156 = log 5 (0-5)'

log 0.156
2.68
log 0.5
A fter 0 years, it is w orth $1600.
> T he co rre ct answ er is C. (A ) ( B ) ( 6 ) (D )
T he com p uter w ill b e w orth $250 after about
2.68
= 2^ years.
^ T he co rrect answ er is C. ( g ) ( B ) (C ) (D )
PRACTKE
E xp lain why you ca n elim in ate the highlighted an sw er ch oice.
1. W h ich pow er fu n ctio n has a graph th at passes th rou gh th e p o in ts ( - 2 , - 1 6 )
and ( 1, 2 )?
(3 ) y = - ^
( ) y=2% s
( C ) ') ^ y = 2 x ^ ^
(D ) y = 2 x ^
2. For w hich eq u atio n is 4 a solution?

(g )
(C )
+ 1 = 17
3 * * 2 + 1 = 10
(B )
log 2 (x + 2) = log 2 2x
(g )
ln ( x + 2 ) + l n x = l
3. W hat is th e d om ain o f th e fu n ctio n y = - 5 - 2 * ^

(A )
All real n u m bers
( B ) X A H re a l n u m b e rs e x c e p t - 2
(C )
All real num bers less th a n 0
(D ) All re a l n u m b ers greater th a n - 5
545
y +
TEST PRACTICE
MULT!PLE CHOKE
1. In 1999, th e tu itio n for one year at H arvard
U niversity was $22,054. D uring th e next
4 years, th e tu itio n in creased by 4.25% each
year. W hich m odei represen ts th e situation?
(A ) y = 22,054(0.0425)^
( B ) y = 2 2 ,0 5 4 (0 .4 2 5 )'
( g ) y = 22,0 5 4 (1 .0 4 2 5 )'
( g ) y = 22,05 4 (1 .4 2 5 )'
2. You deposit $1000 in an acco u n t th a t pays
3% an n u al in terest. How m u ch m ore in terest
is earn ed after 2 years if th e in terest is
com pounded daily th a n if the in terest is
com pounded m onthly?
(A ) $.07
(B )
$1.27
(g )
(g )
$1061.76
$61.76
6 . T he p o p u latio n o f th e U nited States is

ex p ected to in crea se by 0.9% each y ear from
2003 to 2014. T h e U.S. p opu lation w as about
290 m illio n in 2003. To th e n ea rest m illion ,
w hat is th e p ro jected popu lation for 2010 ?
(A )
295 m illio n
(B )
309 m illio n
(g)
574 m illio n
(g )
4891 m illion
7. W h ich expression is equivalen t to VlOOe^"?

(A )
10<?3*
(g )
7e" + 3 e ^
(g)
(2 e*P
(g )
lO e ^ *
8 . W h ich fu n ctio n is an ex p o n en tial decay

fu n ctio n ?
3. T he graph o f w hich fu n ctio n is show n?
(A )
y = 2 - 5*
(B )
y = - 2 - 5*
(g)
y = 2c"
(g)
y = 2 (0 .5 )"
9. W h ich fu n ctio n is the inverse o fy =

(A )
y = 2 In (x + 3)
- 3?
( B ) y = 2 In (x - 3)
10. W hat is (are) th e solution(s) o f th e eq u ation

log (x + 3) + lo g x = 1?
(A )
y = 2 - 4" + 1
( B ) y = - 2 - 4" + 1
(g )
y = 2 - 4" - 1
(D ) y = - 2 . 4" - 1
4. W h ich fu n ctio n ca n be o btain ed by tran slatin g

th e graph o fy = Iogg (x + 2) - 4 left 1 unit?
(A )
y = Iogg (x + 2) - 5
(g )
y = Iogg (x + 2) - 3
(g )
y = Iogg (x + 1) - 4
(g )
y = Iogg (x + 3) - 4
(A )
2, - 5
(B )
(g)
(D ) 2 ,5
11. Th e graph o f w h ich fu n ctio n is show n?
5. W h ich expression is equivalent to

3 lo g x + log 3?
546
(A )
log 9x
( B ) 4 log 3x
(g )
log 3x3
(g )
Chapter 7
^3
(A ) y =
g)
4 x '3 5
(g ) y = Ix 2
(B )
y=
(g )
y=2x^3
4 x '3
STATE TEST PRACTKE

dasszone.com
7.j
GMDDED ANSWER
SHORT RESPONSE
12. You deposit $500 in an a cco u n t th a t pays 3.5%

an n u al in terest com p ou nd ed continuously. To
th e n earest dollar, how m uch in terest have you
earn ed after 1 year?
18. To m ake fudge, you m u st h eat th e m ixtu re to

232F and th e n let it co o l at room tem peratu re,
68F. A ccord ing to th e recip e, it should take
20 m in u tes for th e fudge to rea ch 110F. To the
n ea rest th o u san d th , w hat is th e co o lin g rate
o f th e fudge? If you are in a hurry, how could
you in crea se th e co o lin g rate? Expbnn your
reasoning.
gives th e n u m b er y (in
13. The m odel y = 7.7e
th o u san d s per cu b ic cen tim eter) o f b a cteria in
a liquid cu ltu re after x hours. A fter how m any
hours w ill th ere be 50,000 b acteria per cu b ic
cen tim eter? Round your answ er to th e n ea rest
ten th o f an hour.
14. W hat is th e solution o f th e eq u ation
+ 1_
15. W hat is th e value o f log? 7 2 - 2 log? 3?
16. T he graph o f an ex p o n ential fu n ctio n
/(x ) = a b * p asses th rou gh th e p oin ts (0, 8)
and (2, 2). W hat is th e value o f/(5 )?
.,.4
,.G
19. A m ovie grosses $37 m illio n in its first w eek

of release. T h e w eekly g ross y d ecreases by
30% ea ch w eek. W rite an ex p o n en tial decay
m odel for th e w eekly gross in w eek x. W hat is a
reason ab le d om ain for th is situation? Explain
your reason in g.
20. A double ex p o n en tial fu n ctio n is a fu n ctio n of
17. W hat is th e solu tion o f th e eq u ation

log? (5x + 3) = 5?
the form y = a " . G raph th e fu n ctio n s y = 2*

a n d y = 2^ in th e sam e co o rd in ate plane.
W h ich fu n ctio n grows m ore quickly? Expiain.
EXTENDED RESPONSE
21. T he table shows th e n u m b er o f tran sisto rs per in teg rated circu it for
com puters in trod u ced in various years.
Year
Transistors
a. Let x be th e nu m ber o f years sin ce 1974, and let y b e th e n u m b er o f

tran sistors. Draw a sca tte r plot o f th e data pairs (x, In y ).
1974
6,000
1979
29,000
b. Find an ex p o n en tial m odel for th e orig in al data.
1982
134,000
c. Use your m odel to p red ict th e n u m b er o f tra n sisto rs per in tegrated

circu it in 2008.
1985
275,000
d. In 1965, G ordon M oore m ade an o bserv atio n th a t b e c a m e know n as

M oore's law. M oore's law states th a t th e n u m b er o f tra n sisto rs per
in tegrated circu it would double abou t every 18 m on th s. A ccord ing to
your m odel, does M oore's law hold? Expim'n your reasoning.
1989
1,200,000
1993
3,100,000
1997
7,500,000
22. For a tem p eratu re o f 60F and a height o f b feet above sea level, th e air
pressure P (in pounds per squ are inch) ca n b e m odeled by th e eq u ation
1999
9,500,000
2000
42,000,000
2004
125,000,000
P = 14.7e " ' ^ , and th e air d ensity D (in pounds per cu b ic foot) c a n be
m odeled by th e eq u atio n D = 0.0761e"
W hat is th e air density at 10,000 feet above sea level?

To th e n earest foot, at w hat height is th e air p ressure 12 p ou nd s per squ are
inch?
W hat is th e relation ship b etw een air pressure an d air d ensity at 60F?
Expbzin your reasonin g.
d. One rule o f th u m b states th a t air p ressure d ecreases by abou t 1% for every
80 m eter in crease in altitud e. D o you agree w ith th is? E xpiain.
547
Rationa!
Functions
8.1 Mode) inverse and Join t Variation
8.2 Graph Simp!e Rationa) Functions
^ ^ ^ ^ a p h
G eneva) R ^ n a ^ ^ M
tS i
8 .4 M u!tip)y and Divide R ationa! Exp rt

8.5 Add and Subtract Rationa) Express
8.6 Sotve Rationa! Equations
In previous chapters, you learned the following skills, w hich you'll use in C hapter 8:
writing direct variation equations, factoring polynom ials, and perform ing
polynom ial operations.
P r e r e q u is ite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
1. The asy m p tote o f the graph at the right is
? .
2. Two variables %and y show d ire ct v aria tio n

provided ? where a is a nonzero constant.
3. An e x tra n e o u s solution o f a transform ed equation
is not an actual ? o f the original equation.
SKILLS CHECK
The variables x and y vary directiy. W rite a n eq u ation th a t relates x and y.
Then find th e vaiue o fy w hen x = - 2 . (Reviewp. 107 /o r8 .1 J
4.
x = 2 ,y = 8
5. x = - l , y = 4
6. x = 1 2 , y = 2
F actor the polynom ial com pletely. (Review pp. 2 5 2 .3 5 3 /o r 8 .4 ,8.5J

7.
F - l l x - 26
8. 2 F - 4 x ^ + 2 x
9. 6 x ^ -
Perform the indicated operation. (Reviewp. 3 4 6 /o r 8 .4 ,8.5J

10.
O F -6 ) + (7 F -x )
(_2x2 + 6 ) - ( x 2 - x )
@MMne7ilfOf Prerequisite skiiis practice at classzone.com
12. (x + 2)(x
In C hapter 8, you will apply the big ideas listed below and reviewed in the
B ig id e a s
^
Graphing rationai functions
Performing operations with rationai expressions
Soiving rationai equations
KEY VOCABULARY
* inverse variation, p. 551

* constant of variation,
p. 557
- joint variation, p. 555
' rational function, p. 558

' simplified form of a
rational expression, p. 575
complex fraction, p. 584

cross multiplying, p. 589
M/Try?
You can use rational functions to m odel real-life situations. For exam ple, you can
m odel the tim e it takes to travel across the United States and back in an airplane.
A lg e b ra
The anim ation illustrated below for Exercise 41 on page 587 helps you answ er this
question: How does the tim e required to fly from New York to Los Angeles and back
depend on the speeds o f the airplane and the je t stream ?
E xam in e how flying w ith th e wind or

a g a in st th e wind a f f e c t s th e fligh t tim e.
T he w inds of th e je t strea m a f f e c t th e
overall sp e e d of an airp lan e.
^ f r UftlS.teg A lgebra at classzone.com
Other anim ations for Chapter 8 :
pages
554, 559, 568,
and
602
8.1
Investigating inverse V ariation
M A T E R i A L S - tape measure or meter stick - centimeter ruter -masking tape
How can you mode! data that show inverse variation?
Coiiect and record data

1 -fT if^ l ^?e<MK/*e a/yMMWtf AetyA^
Mw*A
Face your p artn er, w ith your to es tou ch in g

th e 3 m eter m ark. Hoid a ce n tim eter ruier
at arm 's len gth and iin e up th e "0 " end of
th e ru ier w ith th e top o f your p artn er's
head. M easure th e apparen t height of
your p a rtn er to th e n ea rest cen tim eter.
Work w ith a partner. Have your p artn er

stand ag ain st a w alk Place th e end o f
th e tape m easure against th e w ail
betw een your p artn er's feet. U se tape
to m ark o ff d istan ces from 3 m eters
to 9 m eters away from th e waii.
l-f7f^<?!
/S?r cÂer
Repeat Step 2 for each m arked d istan ce and record your resuits
in a tabie iike th e one shown.
Distance (m),x
Apparent height (cm), y
RAW C O N C LU SiO N S
1. D oes apparent height vary d irectly w ith d istan ce?

m athem aticaily.
your answ er
2. Find the product x - y for each ordered p air in th e tabie. W hat do you
notice?
3. Based on your resuits from E xercise 2, w rite an eq u atio n relatin g d ista n ce
and apparent height.
4. Use your eq u ation to pred ict your p artn er's apparen t height at an
u nm easu red d istan ce. T hen test your p red iction by m easu rin g your
p artn er's ap p aren t height at th a t d istan ce. How clo se w as your pred ictio n ?
550
Chapter 8
Rationa! Functions
Mode! !nverse and

Joint Variation
You w rote and used direct variation m odels.
You will use inverse variation and jo in t variation m odels.
So you can model music frequencies, as in Ex. 4 0.
Key Vocabulary
* inverse variatio n
You have te a m ed th at two variables x and y show d irect v ariation if y = a x for

som e non zero co n stan t a. A nother ty p e o f v ariation is catted mnerse aariatfoa.
* co n stan t of v ariatio n
* joint variation
< in v e r s e V a ria tio n
: I Two variabies x and y show inverse v a ria tio n if th ey are related as follow s:
y = y, a ^ 0
p
T he co n stan t a is th e co n sta n t of v ariatio n , and y is said to aary faacrsefy w ith x.
Ciassify d irect an d inverse v a riatio n

Teii w h eth er x and y show d irect n arration , innerse n arintion, o r neither.
Given Equation
REVtEW
DiRECT VARiATiON
The equation In part (b)

does not show direct
variation because
y = x + 3 is not of the
form y = ax.
Rewritten Equation
Type of Variation
a. xy = 7
inverse
b. y = x + 3
N either
c. ^ = x
y = 4x
D irect
W rite an in verse v a ria tio n eq u atio n

The v ariab ies x an d y v a ry inversely, an d y = 7 w hen x = 4 . W rite an eq u ation
th a t reiates x an d y. Then find y w hen x = - 2 .
Write genera! equation for inverse variation.
y =
y_
4
28 = a

Sotve for a.
^ T h e in v e rse v a r ia tio n e q u a tio n is y =
W h e n x = - 2 , y = 28 = - 1 4 .
-2
8.1
Model Inverse and Joint Variation
551
W rite an inverse variation mode)

MP3 PLAYERS T h e n u m ber o f songs th a t c a n b e stored on
an MP3 player varies inversely w ith th e average size o f a
song. A c e rta in M P3 player ca n store 2 5 0 0 songs w hen the
average size o f a song is 4 m egabytes (M B).
* W rite a m odei th a t gives th e n u m b er n o f songs th a t w iii
fit on th e M P3 piayer as a fu n ctio n o f th e average song
size 5 (in m egabytes).
* M ake a tabie show ing th e n u m ber o f songs th a t w ill fit
on th e M P3 piayer if th e average size o f a song is 2 MB,
2.5 MB, 3 MB, and 5 M B as show n below. W hat happen s
to th e n u m ber o f songs as th e average song size in creases?
L7
M P 3
2M B
M P 3
^ V M
3MB
2. 5 MB
P 3
5 MB
Soiution
iTiFP 7
Write an inverse v ariation m odei.

n =
2500 = ^
4
10,000 = a
Write genera) equation for inverse variation.

Substitute 2 5 0 0 for n and 4 for s.
Soive for a.
F A m odel is n =
^7<ff F
10,000
Make a tabie o f values.

Average size of song (MB), s
Number of songs, n
2.5
5000
4000
3333
2000
F From th e tabie, you ca n see th at th e n u m b er o f songs th at w iii fit on

th e M P3 piayer d ecreases as th e average song size in crea ses.
GuiDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p ies 1, 2, and 3
Teii w h eth er % and y show d ire ct n arratio n , Iwoerse n arlaflon , o r neither.

1.
3x = y
2. x y = 0 . 7 5
3. y = x 5
The variables * and y v ary inversely. Use th e given valu es to w rite an eq u ation
relatin g x an d y. Then find y w hen x = 2.
4. x = 4, y = 3
5. % = 8, y = - 1
6.
x = y , y = 12
7. WHAT tF? In Exam ple 3, w hat is a m odel for th e M P3 piayer if it stores

3000 songs w hen th e average song size is 5 MB?
552
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
CHECKiNG FOR iNVERSE VARiATiON The general eq u atio n y = y for inverse

v ariation ca n be rew ritten as xy = a. T h is tells you th a t a set o f d ata pairs (x, y)
shows inverse v ariation if th e prod ucts xy are co n sta n t or approxim ately
co n stan t.
(^ E E B S S E B ^
Check d a ta fo r inverse v aria tio n
COMPUTER CH!PS T he tab le com p ares th e area A (in squ are

m illim eters) o f a com p u ter ch ip w ith th e n u m b er c o f ch ips th at
can be o b tain ed from a silico n w afer.
* W rite a m odel th a t gives c as a fu n ctio n o f A
* P red ict th e n u m b er o f ch ips per w afer w hen th e area
o f a chip is 81 squ are m illim eters.
Area
Number of chips, c
58
62
66
70
448
424
392
376
Soiu tion
AVOiD ERRORS
To check data pairs

(x, y) for direct variation,
you find the quotients
y
- . However, to check
x
data pairs for inverse
variation, you find the
products xy.
Calculate th e prod uct A - c for ea ch d ata p air in th e table.

58(448) = 2 5,984
62(424) = 2 6,288
66(392) = 25,872
70(376) = 26,320
E ach prod uct is approxim ately eq u al to 2 6 ,000. So, th e d ata show
inverse variation . A m odel relating A and c is:
^
oc n i l
26,000
A - c = 26,000, or c = -
A
Make a pred ictio n . T h e n u m b er o f ch ips per w afer for a chip w ith an

area o f 81 squ are m illim eters is c = 26'000 _ ^
81
GUIDED PRACTKE
for E xam p le 4
WHAT IF? In Exam ple 4, p red ict th e n u m b er o f ch ip s per w afer w hen th e

area o f ea ch chip is 79 squ are m illim eters.
KEY CONCEPT
J o i n t V a ria tio n
' Join t v ariatio n o ccu rs w hen a qu an tity v aries d irectly w ith the product o/'two
r* or m ore o th er q u an tities. In th e eq u atio n s below, u is a non zero co n sta n t.
"
z = axy
z varies jointly with x and y.

p varies jointly with q, n and s.
8.1
Mode! inverse and Joint Variation
553
W rite a joint variation equation

The v ariab le z varies jointly w ith x and y. Also, z = - 7 5 w hen x = 3 and y = - 5 .
W rite an eq uation th a t relates x , y, and z. Then find z w hen x = 2 and y = 6.
Solution
7
Write a general jo in t v ariation eq u ation .

z = axy
F 75P F
Use the given values o f z, x, and y to find th e co n sta n t o f variation a.

- 7 5 = a ( 3 )( -5 )
Substitute - 7 5 forz, 3 forx, and - 5 fory.
-7 5 = -1 5 a
Simplify.
5 = a
J
Soive for a.
Rewrite th e jo in t variation eq u atio n w ith th e value o f a from Step 2.

z = 5xy
F75P 4
Calculate z w hen x = 2 and y = 6 using su b stitu tion .

z = 5 x y = 5 (2 )(6 ) = 60
C om pare d ifferen t ty p e s of v ariatio n

W rite an eq u ation for th e given relationsh ip .
Relationship
Equation
a.
y varies inversely w ith x.
b.
z varies jo in tly w ith x, y, and r.
z = axyr
c.
y varies inversely w ith th e squ are o f x.
T=
jr
d. z v a rie s d irectly w ith y and inversely w ith x.

e.
x varies jo in tly w ith la n d r a n d inversely w ith s.
x = ^
^fSSAlgebra at classzone.com
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r E x am p les 5 and 6
The variab le z varies jointly w ith x an d y. Use th e given valu es to w rite an

eq u ation relatin g x, y, and z. Then find z w hen x = 2 and y = 5.
9.
11.
x = 1, y = 2, z = 7
10. x = 4, y = - 3 , z = 24
x = - 2 , y = 6, z = 18
12. x = - 6 , y = - 4 , z = 56
W rite an eq u ation for th e given relationsh ip .

13. x varies inversely w ith y and d irectly w ith at.
14. p varies jo in tly w ith q and r and inversely w ith s.
554
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
HOMEWORK
KEY
8.1 EXERC!SES

onp. WS14forExs. 15,21,and39
Exs. 2,11,30, 35, and 41
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: If z varies d ire ctly w ith th e pro d u ct o f %
and y, th e n z is said to vary ? w ith x and y.
2. * WRITING D escribe how to tell w h eth er a set o f d ata p airs (x, y) shows
inverse v ariation.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 551
for Exs. 3-11
DETERMINING VARIATION Teil w h eth er x an d y show d irect n arration , irrner.se

n arration , o r neither.
7. y = x
11.
4.
y = x + 4
5. ^ = 8
6. 4 x = y
8.
x + y = 6
9. 8y = x
10. xy = 12
* MULTIPLE CHOICE W h ich eq u atio n represen ts inverse variation ?

( $ ) y = 4x
12. x = 5 ,y = - 4
13. x = l , y = 9
17. x = - 4 ,
LT)I -3*
1
II
(C ) x y = 5
14. x = 3 y = 8
18. x = - 1 2 , y = -
13-
= 7 ,y = 2
x = ,y = - 7
INTERPRETING DATA D eterm in e w h eth er x an d y show d irect v a ria tio n , incerse

v ariatio n , o r neither.
tAV,
22.
20.
23.
X
X
X
X
y
y
y
1.5
40
12
132
16
21
2.5
24
18
198
11
14
15
23
253
6.2
10
10.5
7.5
29
319
8.4
10
10
34
374
11
12
USING JOINT VARIATION W rite an eq u ation relatin g x , y, an d z given th a t z

varies join tly w ith x and y. Then find z w hen x = - 4 an d y = 5.
24. x = 2, y = - 6 , z = 24
27.
II
I
J'J
M
II
I
Go
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 554
for Exs. 24-30
CO
cu
1!
on p. 553
for Exs. 20-23
o*)l
!!
16.
EXAMPLE 4
y = x - 1
USING INVERSE VARIATION The v ariab les x an d y v a ry inversely. Use th e given

values to w rite an eq u ation relatin g x an d y. Then find y w hen x = 3 .
n
II
03
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 551
for Exs. 12-19
(B )
25. x = 8 ,y = 6 ,z = 12
26. x = - j , y = - 3 , z = 15
28. x = 9 ,y = - 2 , z = 6
29. x = 5, y = - 3 , z = 75
30. * MULTIPLE CHOICE Suppose z varies jo in tly w ith x and y, and z = - 3 6 w hen
x = 3 and y = 4. W h at is th e co n sta n t o f variation?
(3 )
-3
(B )
-2
(g )
8.1
(B )
12
Model Inverse and Joint Variation
EXA M PLE
WRiTiNG EQUATIONS W rite an eq u ation for th e given relationsh ip .
on p. 554
for Exs. 31-33
31. x varies d irectly w ith y and inversely w ith z.

32. y varies jo in tly w ith x and the squ are o f z.
33. w varies inversely w ith y and jo in tly w ith x an d z.
34.
ERROR ANALYSiS A variable z v aries jo in tly

w ith x and th e cu b e o fy and inversely w ith the
squ are root o f w. D escribe and co rrect th e error
in w riting an eq u atio n relating th e variables.
_ _ aVw
35. * OPEN-ENDED MATH L e t/(x ) rep resen t a d irect v ariation fu n ctio n , g(x)
represent an inverse v ariation fu n ctio n , and h(x) b e th e su m o f/(x ) and g(x).
W rite p ossible fu n c tio n s/(x ) and g(x) so th a t h(2) = 5.
36. CHALLENGE Suppose x varies inversely w ith y an d y v aries inversely w ith z.
How does x vary w ith z? /u sfi/y your an sw er algebraically.
^PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 5 52-553
for Exs. 37 -3 9
37. DiGiTAL CAMERAS T h e n u m ber n o f photos your d igital ca m era c a n store

varies inversely w ith th e average size s (in m egapixels) o f th e photos,
Your digital ca m era ca n store 54 photos w hen th e average photo size is
1.92 m egapixels. W rite a m odel th at gives n as a fu n ctio n o f s. How m any
photos ca n your cam era store w hen th e average photo size is 3.87 m egapixels?
@ M M ne7H fo r
38. ELECTRONKS The table below co m p ares th e cu rren t 7 (in m illiam p s) w ith
th e resistan ce 7? (in ohm s) for sev eral ele c trica l circu its. W rite a m odel th at
gives 7? as a fu n ctio n o f 7. T h en p red ict 7? w hen 7 = 34 m illiam p s.
Current (mii)iamps), 7
7.4
8.9
12.1
17.9
Resistance (ohms), R
1200
1000
750
500
@ M w n e !M to r
393 SNOWSHOES W h en you stand on snow, th e average pressure P

(in pounds per squ are inch) th a t you exert on th e snow varies
inversely w ith th e to ta l area A (in squ are in ch es) o f th e soles of
your footw ear. Suppose th e pressure is 0.43 pound per squ are
in ch w hen you w ear th e snow shoes show n. W rite a n eq u atio n
th a t gives P as a fu n ctio n o f A. T h en find th e pressu re if you
w ear th e bo o ts show n.
71 = 400 in.!
40. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM A p ian o strin g 's fr e q u e n c y /(in hertz) varies d irectly
w ith th e squ are root o f th e strin g's ten sio n P (in N ew tons) and inversely w ith
b o th th e string's len gth 7, and d iam eter d (each in cen tim eters).
a. T he m iddle C note has a freq u en cy o f 262 Hz. T h e strin g prod ucing th is
note has a ten sio n o f 670 N, a len g th o f 62 cm , an d a d iam eter o f 0.1025 cm .
W rite an eq u atio n re la tin g ^ 7) P, and d.
b. Find th e frequ en cy o f th e n o te prod uced by a strin g w ith a ten sio n o f
1629 N, a length o f 201.6 cm , and a d iam eter o f 0.49 cm .
Q
556
= WORKED-OUT SOLUTiONS
on p .W Sl
= STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
A = 60 in.:
41. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T he iar^ qfu n m ersa! gravitation states th a t th e

gravitational force F (in Newtons) b etw een tw o o b je cts v aries jo in tly w ith
th eir m asses nq and n q (in kilogram s) and inversely w ith th e squ are o f the
d istan ce d (in m eters) b etw een th e two o b jects. T h e co n sta n t o f v ariation is
d enoted by G an d is called th e aniversai g rav itatio n al constant.
a. Mode) W rite an eq u atio n th a t gives F i n term s o f nq, n q , ^ and G.

b. Approximate Use th e in fo rm atio n above abou t E a rth and th e Su n to
approxim ate th e u niversal gravitation al co n sta n t G.
c. Reasoning E xplain w hat h ap p en s to th e grav itation al force as th e m asses o f
th e two o b je cts in crea se and th e d ista n ce b etw een th em is held co n sta n t.
Explain w hat h ap p en s to th e grav itation al force as th e m asses o f th e two
o b jects are held co n sta n t and th e d ista n ce b etw een th e m in crea ses.
! 42. CHALLENGE T h e load P (in pounds) th a t c a n b e safely
su pported by a h o rizo n tal b ea m varies jo in tly w ith
th e b eam 's w idth W and th e squ are o f its d epth D, and
inversely w ith its u nsupported len gth E.
a. How does P ch an g e w hen th e w id th an d len g th o f th e
b eam are doubled?
b. How does P ch an g e w hen th e w idth and d epth o f th e
b e a m are doubled?
c. How does P ch an g e w hen all th re e d im en sio n s are
doubled?
d. D escribe several w ays a b e a m ca n b e m od ified if th e
safe load it is requ ired to su pport is in crea sed by a
factor o f 4.
M !XED REV!EW
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 8.2
in Exs. 43-51.
43.
y = x^ + 8x - 20 (p.
44.
y = -x ^ + 4x + 3 (p. 236)
45.
/(x ) = x ' + 1 (p. 337)
46.
g(x) = - V x (p. 446)
47.
y = V x + 4 - 1 (p. 446)
48.
y = y V x - 1 + 1 (p. 446)
49. y = - 3 * (p. 478)
50. h(x) = 3* + 1
2 (p. 478)
51. y =
(p. 486)
Soive th e eq u ation . C heck for e x tra n e o u s solution s, (p. 432)

52. Vx = 14
53. 2Vx - 5 = 45
54. (x + 3)5'3 = 32
55. x - 6 = V3x
56. V 2 x = x - 4
57. V 4 x - 3 = V2x + 13
EXTRA PRACUCE for Lesson 8.1, p. 1017
557
O ^ Graph Simp!e
Rationa! Functions
You g rap h ed p o iy n o m ia i fu n ctio n s.
You wiii g rap h ration ai fu n ctio n s.
So you c a n find a v e ra g e m o n th iy co sts, a s in Ex. 3 8 .
Key Vocabulary
A ratio n al fu n ction has th e form /(x ) =
* ra tio n a ! fu nction
* d om ain, p 72
* ran ge, p. 72
' asym ptote, p. 478
and t?(x)
w here p(x) and q(x) are p olyn om ials
0. T he inverse variation fu n c tio n /(x ) = is a ra tio n al fu n ctio n . The
graph o f th is fu n ctio n w hen n = 1 is show n beiow.
KEY CONCEPT
P aren t Function for Simple Rational Functions
l .
The graph o f th e p aren t fu n c tio n /(x ) = is a
hyper&o/n, w hich co n sists o f two sy m m etrica l
p arts called branches. T he d om ain and range
are aii nonzero real num bers.
!
f *) = X
vertical
asv m otote
v= n
\
0
Any fu n ctio n o f the form g(x) = (n A 0) has
th e sam e asym ptotes, dom ain, and range as
h orizo n ta
asv m otote
the fu n c tio n /(x ) =
EXAMPLE 1
G raph a ra tio n a ! fu n ctio n o f th e fo rm y = ^
Graph th e fu n ction y =
C om p are th e grap h w ith th e grap h o f y =
S o lu tio n
INTERPRET
TRANSFORMATIONS
FTiFP 7
Plot p oints to th e left and to th e right of

th e v ertical asym ptote, su ch as (3, 2),
( - 2 , - 3 ) , (2, 3), and (3, 2).
The graph of y = ^ is a
vertical stretch of the
graph of y = ^ by a
Draw th e asym ptotes x = 0 and y = 0.
^7<FP J
factor of 6.
Draw th e b ran ch es o f th e hyperbola

so th a t they pass th rou gh th e plotted
p oin ts and approach th e asym ptotes.
The graph o f y = ^ lies farth er from th e axes th a n th e graph o f y = jk

B oth graphs lie in th e first and th ird qu ad ran ts and have th e sam e asym ptotes,
dom ain, and range.
558
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
K EY CONCEPT
Graphing T r a n s itio n s of Simpie Rationa) Functions
To graph a ratio n al fu n ctio n o f th e form y = ^ ^ ^ + A;, follow th e se steps:
F72P 7
Draw th e asym ptotes x = h and y = A;.
^ 7 !f^
Plot p oin ts to th e left and to th e right of

th e v ertica l asym ptote.
^
H
<y
y = ft
Draw th e tw o b ra n ch es o f th e h yp erbola
so th a t th ey pass th rou gh th e plotted
p oints and app roach th e asym ptotes.
X - /!
G raph a ra tio n a ! fu n ction o f th e fo rm y =
EXAMPLE
+ lf
- 4 - 1. S tate th e d om ain and ran ge.

* + 2
G raph y =
S o iu tio n
!NTERPRET
TRANSFORMATIONS
F72P 7
Draw th e asym ptotes x = - 2 and y = - 1 .
^7<FP^
Plot poin ts to th e ieft o f th e v ertical

asym ptote, such as ( - 3 , 3) and ( - 4 , 1),
and p oin ts to th e right, such as ( - 1 , - 5 )
and (0, - 3 ) .
The graph of
- 1 is the
graph o fy = - ^
^TIFP J
(-4 ,1 ), /
T h e d om ain is all real n u m b ers excep t - 2 , and th e

range is all real nu m b ers excep t 1.
Algebra
GuiDED PRACTKE
Draw th e two b ra n ch es o f th e hyperbola

so th at they pass th rou gh th e plotted
poin ts and approach th e asym ptotes.
translated left 2 units

and down 1 unit.
y'
(-3 ,3 )
(-1 ,-5 )
! t
/ (0, -3 )
at ciasszone.com
G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain an d ran ge.

l. / M =
-4
3. y = L - + 2
x - 3
OTHER RATIONAL FUNCTtONS All ratio n al fu n ctio n s o f th e form y =
cx + d
also
have graphs th a t are hyp erbolas.

* The v ertical asym ptote o f th e graph is th e lin e x =
, b eca u se th e fu n ctio n is
u nd efin ed w hen th e d en o m in ato r cx + d is zero.

* The h o rizo n tal asym p tote is th e lin e y = .
8 .2
Graph Simple Rational Functions
559
Graph a rationa) function of th e form y =
EXAM PLE
G rap h y =
ox + A
c x + <of
. State th e d om ain an d ran ge.
Soiution
F7K P7
Draw th e asym ptotes. Solve x - 3 = 0

for x to find th e v erticai asym ptote x =
T h e h o rizo n tai asym ptote is th e iin e
y =
R
c
2.
Piot p oin ts to th e ieft o f th e v erticai

asym ptote, such as (2, - 5 ) and ^0,
and p oin ts to th e right, su ch as (4, 9)
and [ 6,
-fTEPJ
Draw th e two b ra n ch es o f th e h yp erb o ia so th a t th ey pass th rou gh th e

piotted p oints and approach th e asym ptotes.
^ T he d om ain is ail reai n u m b ers excep t 3.

T h e range is aii reai n u m b ers excep t 2.
( EXAMPLE 4
-----------
So!ve a m u )ti-step probtem
3-D MODELiNG A 3-D p rinter bu ilds up layers o f m aterial to m ake th reed im ensional m odeis. E ach deposited iayer b on d s to th e layer below it.
A com p any decides to m ake sm aii display m od eis o f en g in e co m p on en ts
using a 3-D printer. T h e p rin ter co sts $ 2 4 ,000. T h e m a teria l for each
m odei co sts $300.
* W rite an eq u atio n th at gives th e average co st per
m odei as a fu n ctio n o f th e n u m b er o f m od els p rinted.
* Graph th e fu n ctio n . U se th e graph to estim a te
how m any m odels m u st b e p rin ted for th e average
co st per m odei to faii to $700.
* W hat h ap p ens to th e average co st as m ore m odeis
are printed?
Solution
^7!FP 7
Write a fu n ctio n . L et c b e th e average co st and m b e th e n u m b er o f

m odels printed.
Unit cost * Number printed + Cost of printer
300m + 24,000
m
Number printed
DRAW GRAPHS
.P72PF
Because the number

of models and average
cost cannot be negative,
graph only the branch
of the hyperbola that
lies in the first quadrant.
560
Chapter 8
F72P.7
Rational Functions
Graph th e fu n ctio n . T h e asym ptotes

are th e iin es m = 0 and c = 300. T he
average co st falls to $700 per m odei
after 60 m odeis are printed.
interpret th e graph. As m ore m odeis
are printed, th e average co st per
m odei approaches $300.
*o
o
m
n.
V)
o
600
300
0
E 1200
\
o, 70C j
20
40
60
80
Number printed
GutDED PRACTKE
G raph th e fu n ction . State th e d om ain an d ran g e.

5. y -
4. y - * * *
x + 3
+ 1
6. / M
4x - 2
7. WHAT <F? In E xam ple 4, how do th e fu n c tio n an d graph ch an g e if th e co st o f
th e 3-D prin ter is $21,000?
HOMEWORK
KEY
8 2 EXERC!SES

Exs. 2,23, 35,40, and 41

Ex. 39
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T h e fu n ctio n y =
all real nu m bers excep t 3 and a(n)
2. * WRITING I s / M =
+ 3 h as a(n)
a ration al fu n ctio n ? E xp/am your answ er.
GRAPHING FUNCTtONS G raph th e fu n ction . C om p are th e grap h w ith th e
on p. 558
for Exs. 3-10
graph o fy = I .
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 559
for Exs. 11-23
4 .y = ^
^
x
0.1
of
o f all real n u m b ers excep t - 4 .
EXAMPLE 1
3. y = ^
x
8. /(x ) = ^
)y =
-5
9. g M =
- 0 .5
6. y
-6
10. AtM =
GRAPHING FUNCTtONS G raph th e fu n ction . S tate th e d o m ain an d ran ge.

j
.
11. y = - + 3
15. y =
^
x
- 7
y = x + 4 + 3
13. y =
16. y = R- + 4
X
20. y =
10
x + 7
x - 1
17. y =
-3
x + 2
^ )y =
-3
x - 4
14. / M =
1
x + 2
18. g M =
-2
x -7
11
23. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat are th e asy m p totes o f th e graph o f y = -----(g )
x = 8 ,y = 3
(g ) x = 8 ,y = - 3
(g )
x = -8 , y = 3
3?
(D ) x = - 8 , y = - 3
24. GRAPH!NG CALCULATOR C onsider th e fu n ctio n y = ^ ^ ^ + A: w here a = 1,

At = 3, and A; = - 2 . P red ict th e effect on th e fu n ctio n s graph o f ea ch ch an ge
in a, At, or A: d escribed in p arts (a )-(c ). U se a graph in g ca lcu la to r to ch eck
your p red ictio n b y graphing th e o rig in al an d revised fu n c tio n s in th e sam e
co o rd inate plane.
a.
a ch an g es to - 3
b. At ch an g es to - 1
c. A; ch an g es to 2
8 .2
Graph Simple Rational Functions
ERROR ANALYSiS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in th e grap h .

25. y =
x
26. y =
- 2
x - 1
y
X
-1
EXAMPLE 3
CRAPH!NG FUNCTtONS Graph th e fu n ction . S tate th e d om ain an d ran ge.
on p. 560
for Exs. 27-34
27. y =
x + 4
x- 3
x - 1
28.
t - yy-=
/
x + 5
31. y =
5x + 2
4x+5
32. /(x ) =
35.
36.
29. y
6 x -l
3 x -l
x + 6
4 x -8
33. g(x) =
30. y =
5x
2x + 3
8x + 3
2 x -6
34. b(x) -
5x + 3
-x + 1 0
^ OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a ra tio n al fu n c tio n su ch th a t th e d om ain is all

real nu m bers excep t - 8 and th e range is all real n u m bers excep t 3.
CHALLENGE Show th at th e eq u a tio n /(x ) =
A; rep resen ts a ration al
function by w riting th e right side as a qu otien t o f p olynom ials.
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 4
37. iNTERNET SERVICE An In tern et serv ice provider ch arges a $50 in sta lla tio n
fee and a m onthly fee o f $43. W rite and graph an eq u atio n th at gives the
average co st per m onth as a fu n ctio n o f th e n u m b er o f m o n th s o f service.
After how m any m onth s w ill th e average co st b e $53?
on p. 560
for Exs. 37-38
@ M M n e !H to r
38. ROCK CLIMBING GYM To jo in a rock clim b in g gym , you m ust pay an in itia l
fee o f $100 and a m onth ly fee o f $59. W rite and graph a n eq u atio n th at
gives th e average co st per m o n th as a fu n ctio n o f th e n u m b er o f m on th s of
m em bership. A fter how m any m o n th s w ill th e average co st b e $69?
(S W om elM tor
39^
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS The tim e t (in secon d s) it tak es for

sound to travel 1 k ilom eter ca n b e m odeled by f =
0.67 + o o l
w here T is
the air tem p eratu re (in degrees Celsius).

a. Evaluating a Function How long does it take for sound to travel 5 k ilom eters
w hen th e air tem p eratu re is 25C? Explain.
b. Drawing a Graph Suppose you are 1 k ilo m eter from a ligh tn in g strike,
and it tak es 3 second s to h ea r th e thunder. G raph th e given fu n ctio n ,
and use th e graph to estim a te th e air tem p eratu re.
O
562
onp .W Sl
=STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULT)PLE
REPRESENTAT!ONS
40. * SHORT RESPONSE A b u sin ess is studying th e co st to rem ove a pollu tan t
from th e ground at its site. Th e fu n ctio n y = ^
^ m od els th e estim ated
cost y (in th o u san d s o f dollars) to rem ove x p ercen t (expressed as a

d ecim al) o f th e p ollutant.
a. G raph th e fu n ctio n . D escribe a reason ab le d o m ain and range.
b. How m uch does it co st to rem ove 20% o f th e p ollutant? 40% o f th e
pollutant? 80% o f th e pollutant? D oes doubling th e p ercen t o f the
p ollu tant rem oved double th e cost? Explain.
41. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T he D oppier effect o ccu rs w hen th e so u rce o f a
sound is m oving relative to a listen er, so th a t th e fre q u e n c y /, (in hertz)
heard by th e listen er is d ifferent from th e fre q u e n c y ^ (in h ertz) at the
source. T he frequ en cy h eard depends on w hether th e sound so u rce is
approaching or m oving away from th e listener. In b o th eq u atio n s below,
r is th e speed (in m iles per hour) o f th e sound source.
a. An a m b u lan ce siren h as a freq u en cy o f 2000 h ertz. W rite tw o eq u atio n s

m odeling th e freq u en cies you h ea r w hen th e a m b u la n ce is ap p roach in g
and w hen th e a m b u lan ce is m oving away.
b. G raph th e eq u atio n s from p a rt (a) using th e d o m ain 0 < r < 60.
c. For any sp eed r, how does th e freq u en cy h eard for a n ap p roach in g
sound so u rce com p are w ith th e freq u en cy h eard w hen th e sou rce
m oves away?
) 42. CHALLENGE A sailb o at travels at a speed o f 10 knots for 3 hours. It th e n uses
a m otor for power, w hich in crea ses its speed to 15 knots. W rite an d graph an
eq u atio n giving th e b o at's average speed s (in knots) for th e en tire trip as a
fu n ctio n o f th e tim e 1 (in hours) th a t it u ses th e m otor for power.
MtXED REV!EW
L-_______________________
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 8.3
in Exs. 43-48.
F a cto r th e exp ression , (p. 252)

43. r?/ + 18m + 65
44. p + 15p + 56
45.
r / - 49
46.
47. x
48.
z^ - 9z + 20
- 2 0 r + 100
- 4 x - 21
G raph th e p olynom ial fu n ction . Ip. 337)

49.
/(x ) = 2x**
52. /(x ) = 3x4 + 2
50. /(x ) = x^ + 5
51. /(x) = x^ - 1
53. /(x ) = - x ^
54. /(x) = -2 x 3 + 3
56. 3gS . g*
57. e * .

55.
. e ^
+2
ONUNE QU)Z at classzone.com
563
f%-
^?A C T !V !T,Y
8.2 Graph Rationa! Functions
@M?me7ufor
ciasszone.com
Keystrokes
How can you use a graphing caicu iator to grap h rationai

functions?
M ost graphing calcu lato rs have two graph ing m od es: connected m od e an d dot
m ode. Connected m ode displays th e graph o f a ratio n al fu n ctio n as a sm ooth
curve, w hile dot m ode displays th e graph as a series o f dots.
Graph a rationai function

Graph y =
%+ 3
x - 3*
Enter th e rational fu n ction ,

using p aren theses.
G raph th e fu n ctio n in
connected m ode.
Graph th e fu n ctio n in
dot m ode.
T he graph in Step 2 inclu d es a v ertical lin e at approxim ately x = 3. T h is lin e is not

p art o f th e graph. It is sim ply th e graphing calcu lato r's attem p t at c o n n e ctin g th e
two b ran ch es o f th e graph.
Use a graphing c a lcu la to r to grap h th e ratio n a l fu n ction . C hoose a view ing

w indow th a t displays th e im p o rtan t ch a ra c te ris tics o f th e grap h .
1. y = ^ + 2
x
2. y = 7 - x
s -y = 2 ^ 8
3. y = 4 +
^
x -5
= M
4. y =
+ 2
^
x + 1
S. g(x) =
9. SKATEBOARDING You are trying to decide w h ether it is w orth jo in in g

a skate park. It co sts $100 to jo in and th e n $4 for ea ch visit. W rite a
fu n ctio n th at gives th e average co st y per visit a fter x visits. G raph the
fu n ctio n . W hat happens to th e average co st as th e n u m b er o f visits
in creases? W h at are a reason able d om ain and range for th e fu n ctio n ?
564
Chapter 8
Rationa) Functions
O 3 Graph Genera!
Rationa! Functions
You g ra p h e d ra tio n a ! fu n c tio n s invoivin g iin ear p o iy n o m ia is.
You wiii g rap h ration ai fu n c tio n s w ith h ig h er-d eg re e p o iy n o m ia is.
S o you c a n so iv e p ro b iem s a b o u t aititud e, a s in Ex. 3 5 .
Key Vocabuiary
* end behavior, p. 339
* asym ptote, p. 473
* ratio n ai fun ction ,
p. 553
KEY CONCEPT
Graphs of Rationai Functions
Let p(x) and ry(x) be p oiyn om iais w ith no co m m o n facto rs o th er th a n 1 . The
graph o f th e follow ing ra tio n al fu n ctio n has th e ch a ra cte ristic s listed below.
/M =
p(x)
r?(x)
&^x" + ^ _
* ^+ ---+
+ bg
1. T h e x -in tercep ts o f th e graph o f / a r e th e real zeros o f p(x).

2. T h e graph o f / h as a v ertical asym ptote at ea ch real zero o f r?(x).
3. T he graph o f / h as at m ost one h o rizo n tal asym ptote, w h ich is
d eterm in ed by th e d egrees m and n o f p(x) and r /x ).
m< n
The liney = 0 is a horizontal asymptote.
m= n
The line y = y*d s a horizontal asymptote.

The graph has no horizontal asymptote.
f?) > n
The graph's end behavior is the same as the graph of y = - / h / "

n
G raph a ra tio n a ! fu n ction (m < n)

G raph y = ^ . S tate th e d om ain an d ran ge.
x^ + 1
S o iu tio n
The n um erator h as no zeros, so th ere is no x -in tercep t.
The d en o m in ato r h as no real zeros, so th ere is no
v ertical asym ptote.
The d egree o f th e num erator, 0, is less th a n th e degree
o f th e d enom inator, 2. So, th e lin e y = 0 (th e x-axis) is a
ho rizo n tal asym ptote.
The graph passes th rou gh th e p o in ts ( - 3 , 0.6), ( - 1 , 3),
(0, 6), (1, 3), and (3, 0.6). T he d o m ain is all real num bers,
and th e range is 0 < y < 6.
8 .3
Graph Genera) Rationai Functions
565
EXAM PLE 2
G ra p h y =
REVIEW ZEROS OF
FUNCTtONS
For help with finding

zeros of functions,
see p. 252.
G raph a rationa! function (m = n)
2x^
x^- 9
Soiution
- T h e zero o f th e num erator 2x^ is 0, so 0 is an x -in tercep t. T h e zeros o f the
d en om inator x^ - 9 are 3 , so x = 3 and x = - 3 are v ertical asym ptotes.
T h e num erator and d en o m in ato r have th e sam e degree, so th e h orizon tal
2
asym ptote is y =
= y = 2.
Plot points betw een and beyond th e v ertical asym ptotes.

X
-5
3.1
-4
4 .6
-2
- 1 .6
-1 .6
4 .6
3.1
To the ieft of x = - 3
Betweenx=-3
andx=3
To the right of x = 3
f EXAMPLE 3
G raph a ra tio n a ! fu n ctio n (m > n)
G rap h y =* ' + ^ - 4 .
Soiution
T he num erator factors as (x + 4)(x - 1), so th e x -in te rce p ts are - 4 and 1. T h e zero
o f th e d en om in ator x - 2 is 2, so x = 2 is a v erticai asym ptote.
T he degree o f th e num erator, 2, is greater th a n th e d egree o f th e denom inator, 1,
so th e graph h as no h o rizo n tal asym ptote. T h e graph h as th e sam e end b eh avior
as th e graph o fy = x^ " ^ = x. Plot p o in ts on ea ch side o f th e v ertica l asym ptote.
X
-8
- 3 .6
-4
14
12
14
12
1 7 .6
To the ieft of x = 2 <
Totherightofx=2 <
566
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
Gu!DED PRACTKE
for Exam p ies 1 ,2 , and 3
i. r
4
x^ + 2
3x
x '- l
2. y =
3. /(x ) =
x^ - 5
x^ + 1
4. y
x - 2x - 3
x - 4
So!ve a m u tti-step probtem
MANUFACTURtNG A food m a n u fa ctu rer w ants to find the

m ost efficien t packaging for a ca n o f soup w ith a voium e
of 342 cu b ic cen tim eters. Find th e d im en sion s o f th e ca n
th a t has th is volum e and u ses th e lea st am o u n t o f m ateria l
possibie.
S oiution
F72P 7
Write an eq u atio n th a t gives th e h eight h o f th e

soup c a n in term s o f its radius r. U se th e form uia
for th e voium e o f a cylin d er and th e fact th at th e
soup can 's voium e is 342 cu b ic cen tim eters.
Formuia for voiume of cyiinder
V=
3 4 2 = irr^h
Substitute 342 for M

Soive for h.
^7!FP^
W rite a fu n ctio n th a t gives th e su rface area S o f th e soup c a n in term s

o f oniy its radius r.
Formuia for surface area of cyiinder
S = 2rrr + 2rrrh
= 2irr2 + 2rrr( ^
777 *
!NTERPRET
FUNCTiONS
The function for the

surface area is a rational
function because it can
be written as a quotient
of polynomials:
^ ^ 2nf3 + 684
= 2 ^
+ ^
S u b s t i t u t e ^ for h.
rrr
Simpiify.
Graph th e fu n ctio n for th e su rface area S

using a graphing calcu lato r. T h en use the
featu re to find th e m in im u m
vaiue o f 5.
You get a m in im u m value o f abou t 271,
w hich o ccu rs w hen r 3.79 and
342
7.58.
ir(3.79r
F So, th e soup can using th e ieast am o u n t o f m ateria l h as a radius o f about
3.79 ce n tim eters and a height o f abou t 7.58 ce n tim eters. N otice th a t th e height
and th e d iam eter are eq u a l for th is can .
GufDED PRACTKE
for E xam p ie 4
5. WHAT !F? In Exam ple 4, suppose th e m a n u fa ctu rer w ants to fin d th e m ost
efficien t packaging for a soup ca n w ith a volum e o f 544 cu b ic cen tim eters.
Find th e d im en sio n s o f th is can .
8 .3
Graph Genera! Rationa! Functions
567
HOMEWORK
KEY
8.3 EXERC!SES
Exs. 2,6,14,24, and 35

= MULTiPLE REPRESENTATtONS
Ex. 33
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: T h e graph o f a ra tio n al f u n c tio n / h a s
no ? w hen th e d egree o f th e fu n ctio n 's n u m erator is greater th a n the
d egree o f its denom inator.
2. *W R !T !N G L e t/(x )
w here p(x) and p(x) are poly n o m ials w ith no

<?(x)
com m on factors oth er th a n 1 . D escribe how to find th e x -in tercep ts and
th e vertical asym ptotes o f th e graph o f/.
EXAMPLES
1,2,and3
MATCH!NG GRAPHS M atch the fu n ction w ith its grap h .
on pp. 565-566
for Exs. 3-23
4. y
A.
10
x^ + 3
5. y =
*2 -4
C.
2
\7
6. * MULTiPLE CHOKE T h e graph o f w hich fu n ctio n is show n?

3D
y = -p ^ 7
x ^ -4
(g ) y =
*2 -4
ij^ g im a te g A lg e b r a
(g > y =
(B ) y =
3*'
*2 -4
x2 - 4
at classzone.t
ANALYZING GRAPHS iden tify th e x -in te rce p t (s) and v e rtica i asy m p tote (s) o f th e
graph of th e fu n ction .
s.
F -
10. y
7 x - 60
x + 3
y =
11. y
x + 5
x^ + 27
3x2 ^
13. ERROR ANALYStS D escribe and co rrect

th e error in find ing th e vertical
x -2
asym ptote (s) o f/(x ) =
8x
568
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
+ 7
9. /(x ) =
12. g(x) =
x2 + 9
x - 2x - 15
2x - 3x - 20
x2 + 1
The vertical a sy m p to te occurs a t

th e zero o f th e num erator x 2.
5o, th e vertical a sy m p to te is x = 2.
14.
* MULTIPLE CHOICE W hat is th e h o rizo n tal asym p tote o f th e graph o f the

function y = 4 * - 2 1 * + 5 ?
^
(A ) y = 0
12
(E) y = 4
(g ) y = I
( g ) y = 4x
GRAPHING FUNCTiONS G raph th e fu n ction .

16. y =
19. y =
x^ + 3
2x^
21. y
22. y
17. /(x ) =
x^ - x - 6
x^ + l l x + 18
2x+ 1
20. g(x) =
x^ - 5x - 36
3x
23. h(x) =
x^ - 9
2x^ + 1
x3 - 8
6 -
x^
3x^ + lOx - 8
x^ + 4
24. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite tw o d ifferent ra tio n a l fu n ctio n s w hose graphs

have th e sam e end behavior as th e graph o fy = 3x^.
GRAPHING CALCULATOR Use a grap h in g ca ic u ia to r to find th e ran ge of the
ratio n ai fu nction.
25. y =
26. y =
x^ + 2
27. y =
x^ - 9
x - 2x
2x+ 3
CHALLENGE The grap h o f a fu n ction o f th e form / ( x ) = ^

is show n. Find the
x^ + h
values o f a an d &.
30.
- f
/
- *.X
(-3 ,- D \ - 2
-k -
-b )
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 567
for Exs. 31 32
GRAPHiNG CALCULATOR You m ay w ish to u se a grap h in g ca ic u ia to r to

com p iete th e foiiow ing P rob iem Solving e xercises.
31. AGRiCULTURE A farm er m akes cy lin d rica l b ales o f hay th at
have a volum e o f 100 cu b ic feet. E ach b ale is to b e w rapped in
plastic to keep th e hay dry.
a. U sing th e form ula for th e volum e o f a cylinder, w rite an
eq u atio n th a t gives th e len g th f o f a b a le in term s o f th e
radius r.
b. W rite a fu n ctio n th at gives th e su rface area o f a b ale in
term s o f only th e radius r.
c. Find th e d im en sions o f a b ale th a t h as th e given volum e and
uses th e least am o u n t o f p lastic possible w hen th e b ale is
w rapped.
@MwneiHtor
8.3
Graph Genera! Rationa) Functions
569
32. AQUARTUM DEStGN A m an u factu rer is designing an aqu ariu m

w hose b ase is a regu iar hexagon. T he aqu ariu m should have a
volum e o f 24 cu b ic feet and use th e least am ou n t o f m aterial
possible. Let s b e th e length (in feet) o f a side o f th e base, and
let b be the height (in feet).
a. W rite an eq u atio n th at gives b in term s o f .s. (Him ; T he
volum e o f th e aqu ariu m is given by V = ^ ^ h . )
b. Find th e d im en sion s s and b th at m in im iz e th e am o u n t o f m aterial used.
(Him; T he su rface area o f th e aqu ariu m is given by 5 =
7 0
@M M ne uf r
(3 3 )
+ 6sb.)
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS T h e m ean

tem p eratu re T (in degrees Celsius) o f th e A tlantic
O cean betw een latitu d es 40N and 40S c a n b e
m odeled by
^
17,800d + 20,000
3 < f + 740d + 1000
w here d is th e d epth (in m eters).

a. Making a Tabie M ake a table o f values show ing the
m ean tem p eratu re for depths from 1000 m eters to
1300 m eters in 50 m eter intervals.
b. Using a Graph G raph th e m odel. Use your graph to
estim ate th e d epth at w hich th e m ean tem p eratu re
is 4C.
34. MULTT-STEP PROBLEM From 1993 to 2002, th e n u m b er n (in b illions) o f
shares o f stock sold on th e New York Stock E xch an ge ca n b e m odeled by
7! =
1054f + 6204
- 6 .6 2 ; + 100
w here f is th e nu m ber o f years sin ce 1993.

a. Graph the m odel.
b. D escribe th e general trends show n by th e graph.
c. E stim ate th e year when th e n u m b er o f sh ares o f stock sold w as first
greater th a n 100 billion.
35. * EXTENDED RESPONSE The a ccelera tio n due to gravity g
(in m eters per second squared) ch an g es as altitud e
chan ges and is given by th e fu n ctio n
3.99 x 10'"
b** + (l.28 X 10?)b + (4.07 X 10*3)
w here b is th e altitud e (in m eters) above sea level.
a. Graph Graph th e fu n ctio n .
b. Apply A m o u n tain eer is clim b in g to a height of
8000 m eters. W hat is th e value o f g at th is altitude?
c. Appiy A sp acecraft reach es an altitu d e o f 112 kilo m eters
r .u urt. . ^
f
^ ->
above E arth. W hat ts th e value o f g a t th is altitude?
spacecraft reached an
attitude of 112 kmm 2004.
d. Expiain D escribe w hat happens to th e value o f g as altitud e in creases.

Q
570
onp .W SI
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
36. CHALLENGE You need to build a cy lin d rical w ater ta n k u sin g 100 cu b ic feet o f
co n crete. T he sides and th e b ase o f th e ta n k m u st b e 1 foo t th ick .
a. W rite an eq u atio n th a t gives th e tan k 's in n e r height ?! in
term s o f its in n er radius r.
b. W rite an eq u atio n th at gives th e volum e V o f w ater th at th e
tan k can hold as a fu n ctio n o f r.
c. G raph th e eq u atio n from p a rt (b). W h at values o f r an d ?:
m ax im ize th e ta n k 's capacity?
M!XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 8.4
in Exs. 3 7 -'
37. F -
64 ip. 252?
40. 12x2 _ ^
43. x^ -
_ ]g ^ 259?
4x2 + 8 x - 32 (p. 353?
38. F - 8.x - 48 ip. 252?
39. 18x2 _ 37^ _ 20 (p. 259?
41. 5 F + 2 2 x - 30 ip. 259?
42. 5x2 + 4Q ^ 35^
44. x^ + 2x2 _ 3^ ^ 353J
45. x'2 - 9x2 _ 3g^
353J
Sim piify th e exp ression . Teii w hich p ro p erties of exp on en ts you used. ip. 330?
46.
50.
x^y
6X
47.
2 ..2
36xy.-3
51.
48x y
48.
6x2y 3
(* 3 y ^
49.
-2
^ 90x2y-i ^
52.
53.
( i8 x * y 2 j
^72x2y'M ^
( 1 2 x *y j
'x y ^ f
j
QU)Z / o f Lessons S. 7-8.3

The variab ies x and y v a ry inverseiy. Use th e given vaiu es to w rite a n eq u ation
reiatin g x an d y. Then find y w hen x = - 4 . fp. 551?
1. x = 8, y = 3
2. x = 2, y = - 9
4. x =
3. x = - 5 , y = ^
y = -3 2
4 ^
5- y = ^ i p .5 5 8 J
8. y
-8
ip. 565?
x 2 -l
6. y =
9. y =
x - 2
+ 1 (p. 558?
x2 - 6 ip-565?
10. g(x) =
x2 + 2
11. SOFTBALL A p itch er throw s 16 strikes

in her first 38 p itch es. T h e tab le shows
how th e pitch er's strik e p ercen tage
ch an g es if she throw s x co n secu tiv e
strikes a fter th e first 38 p itch es. W rite
a rational fu n ctio n for th e strike
p ercentage in term s o f x. G raph the
fu n ctio n . How m any co n secu tiv e
strikes m ust th e pitcher throw to reach
a strike percen tag e o f 0.60? ip. 558?
^3
2x'
ip. 565?
Total
strikes
Total
pitches
Strike
percentage
16
38
0.42
21
43
0.49
10
26
48
0.54
x + 16
x + 38
ONLINE QUIZ at ciasszone.com
571
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 8.1-8.3
1. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM Your fam ily buys a
photo prin ter to print out digital p ictures. T he
p rinter co sts $200. T he in k and paper cost
about $.60 for each photo you print.
a. W rite an eq u ation th a t gives th e average
cost o f a printed photo as a fu n ctio n o f the
nu m ber o f photos printed.
b. Graph th e fu n ctio n from p art (a). Use the
graph to estim ate th e nu m ber o f photos you
have to print befo re th e average co st drops
to $10 per printed photo.
c. W hat happens to th e average co st as the
nu m ber o f photos printed in creases?
2. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM A food m an u factu rer
w ants to find the m ost efficien t packaging for a
can iste r o f oatm eal w ith a volum e o f 1663 cu b ic
cen tim eters.
a. Use th e form ula for th e volum e o f a cylinder,
V = irr^h, to w rite an eq u ation th at gives the
height h o f a possible ca n iste r in term s o f its
radius r.
b. W rite an equation th at gives th e ca n ister's
su rface area S in term s o f its radius r by
su bstitu ting th e expression for h from
p art (a) into th e form ula for th e su rface
area o f a cylinder, S =
+ 2-n*/ h.
c. Graph th e eq u ation from p art (b) using
a graphing calcu lator. W hat are th e
d im ensions r and h o f the ca n iste r th a t u ses
the least m aterial possible?
3. SHORT RESPONSE The table show s th e
num ber y o f can d y boxes a m an u factu rer sells
each m onth at different p rices x (in d ollars). Do
th e data show inverse variation? Exp/am your
reasoning.
X
800
667
571
500
4. OPEN-ENDED W rite a ratio n al fu n ctio n w hose

dom ain is all real n um bers except x = 2 and
x = 3.
5. CRtDDED ANSWER The variables x and y vary
inversely, an d y = 4 w hen x = 5. W hat is th e
value o fy w hen x = 10?
572
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
6. EXTENDED RESPONSE The body m ass index &

o f a p erson v aries d irectly w ith th e person's
weight m and inversely w ith th e squ are o f th e
person's h eight h. A p erson who is 1.6 m eters
ta ll an d w eighs 51.2 k ilogram s h as a body m ass
index o f 20.
a. W rite a n eq u atio n th at relates &, ru, and h.
b. Use th e eq u atio n from p art (a) to com p lete
th e tab le below.
Body mass
index
Height
(m)
Weight
<kg)
45
20
1.4
41
19
1.5
c. Suppose tw o peop le w eigh th e sam e, but

th e h eight o f one p erso n is 10% greater th a n
th e h eigh t o f th e o th er person . Compare th e
body m ass in d ices o f th e two people.
7. CRiDDED ANSWER T h e in ten sity 7 o f a sound
(in w atts per squ are m eter) varies inversely
w ith th e squ are o f th e d ista n ce d (in m eters)
from th e so u rce o f th e sound. At a d ista n ce o f
1 m eter from th e stage, th e sound in ten sity o f a
rock co n cert is abou t 10 w atts per squ are m eter.
W h at is th e in ten sity o f th e sound you h ear if
you are 15 m eters from th e stage?
8. SHORT RESPONSE T h e value M (in dollars)
of a m otorcycle f y ears a fter it w as p u rch ased
new c a n b e estim ated using th e fu n ctio n
M(r) = 3 ^ 0 + 500 w here f > 1.
a. E stim ate th e m otorcycle's value 5 years after
it w as pu rch ased .
b. W hat d oes th e value o f th e m otorcycle
app roach as tim e p asses? Expfam .
O /) Mu!tip!y and Divide

Rationa! Expressions
You g ra p h e d ration a) fu n ctio n s.
You wit! m uitipiy an d divide ration ai e x p re ssio n s.
So you c a n c o m p a re th e e ffic ie n c ie s o f tw o d esig n s, a s in Ex. 51.
Key Vocabuiary
* sim plified form
of a ratio n ai
expression
* recip ro cal, p. 4
A ratio n al expression is in sim plified fo rm if its n u m erator and d en o m in ato r have

no co m m o n factors (oth er th a n 1 ). To sim plify a ra tio n al expression, apply th e
follow ing property.
KEY CONCEPT
A?/*
Simplifying Rational Expressions

Let a, &, and c b e expression s w ith & # 0 and c # 0. T h en th e follow ing
prop erty applies.
P roperty
Exampies
Divide out the common factor c.
&
^ = A ^
65
13 - R
4(
(x - 5)
Divide out the common factor 5.
13
*
Divide out the common factor x + 3.
x - 5
Sim plifying a ratio n al expression u sually req u ires tw o steps. First, factor th e
num erator and d enom inator. Then, divide out an y factors th at are co m m o n to
b o th th e num erator an d d en om in ator. H ere is an exam ple:
x^ + 7x _ %(x + 7) _ x + 7
x^
.x ' *
N otice th a t you ca n divide out co m m o n factors in th e seco n d exp ression above.

However, you ca n n o t divide out like term s in th e th ird expression.
Sim p!ify a ra tio n a ! exp ressto n

Sim plify:
AVOID ERRORS
Do not divide out

variabie terms that are
not factors.
x - 5
x - 3
^5
-3
x^ - 2x - 15
- 9
x^ 2x 15 _ (x + 3)(x 5)
x2 _ 9
(x + 3 ) ( x - 3 )
Factor numerator and denominator.
_ Lv+-3f(x - 5)
" fx -+ r3 1 (x - 3)
Divide out common factor.
= x - 5
x 3
Simpiified form
8 .4
Muitipiy and Divide Rational Expressions
573
EFFICIENCY M anu factu rers often package th eir prod ucts in a way th a t u ses th e
ieast am ou nt o f p ackaging m aterial. O ne m easu re o f th e efficien cy o f a package is
th e ratio o f its su rface area to its volum e. T he sm aller th e ratio, th e m ore efficien t
th e packaging.
So!ve a m u )ti-ste p probtem
EXAMPLE
PACKAGING A com p any m akes a tin to hold flavored

p opcorn. T he tin is a re cta n g u la r prism w ith a squ are
base. T he com p any is d esign in g a new tin w ith th e
sam e b ase and tw ice th e h eight o f th e old tin.
* Find th e su rface area and volum e o f ea ch tin.
* C alcu late th e ratio o f su rface area to volum e for
each tin.
* W hat do th e ratios tell you abou t th e efficien cies
o f th e two tin s?
Solution
Old tin
F7ZP7
New tin
S = 2s^ + 4sh
S = 2^2 + 45(2h)
Find surface area, S.
= 25^ + 857:
V=
V = 52(27!)
Find voiume, M
= 2527:
2s + 4s/z
V
^ _ 252 + 857:
2527:
_ 23(5 + 47:)
23(57:)
^ ( 2 5 + 4 7:)
5(57:)
_ 5
2 5 + 47:
$7:
F72P.7
+ 47:
57:
Write ratio of S to V.
Simplified form
b eca u se th e left side o f th e in e q u a lity has a greater
n u m erator th a n th e right side an d b o th have th e sam e (positive)

d enom inator. T he ratio o f su rface area to volum e is g reater for th e old
tin th a n for th e new tin. So, th e old tin is 7ess efficien t th a n th e new tin.
CuiDED PRACTKE
Sim plify the exp ression , if possible.

2(x + l)
(x + l)(x + 3)
x + 4
%2 -
16
40x + 20
10x + 30
c x 2 - 2x 3
o . ------------^2 - X - 6
o.
4
x(x + 2)
2x;2 + 10x
3x2
WHAT !F? In E xam ple 2, suppose th e new p o p co rn tin is th e sam e h eight as

th e old tin bu t has a b a se w ith sides tw ice as long. W h at is th e ratio o f su rface
area to volum e for th is tin?
574
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
KEY CONCEPT
Multiplying Rationa! Expressions
T he ru le for m ultiplying ratio n ai expression s is th e sam e as th e ruie for
m ultiplying n u m erica l fractio n s: m ultiply n u m erators, m ultiply denom inators,
and w rite th e new fractio n in sim plified form .
Let a, &, c, and rf b e expressions w ith b ^ 0 and rf
Property
^ - j = -^
Exampie
Simplify ^ if possibie.
5x2
6xy2
30x^3
2xy2
10y
20xy2
W h at is a sim p lified fo rm o f ^ ^
2xy2
(A) F y
)n Example 3, you can

also first simplify each
fraction, then multiply,
and finaliy simpiify the
result:
Sx^y
2xy2
8x^y
2xy2
7 .
(g )
T ?
4y
(g )
7x^y^ _ 56x2y^
4y
7x "y
(B )
7 x.7.y,4/3
Muitipiy numerators and denominators.
g^3
*y
Factor and divide out common factors.
4
. y
3x2
T p .2 .jr - ^
7x^y
F - 7 -x: * x^
7*y
y '
.y3-
Solution
7x"y3
4y
4^2
TP * 3 * jr *
S tan d ard ized T est P ra ctice
EXAMPLE
ANOTHER WAY
0.
. y
= 7x^y
Simpiified form
^ T he co rrect answ er is B. (A) (g) (C) (S)
= 7x^y
M uitipiy ratio n ai ex p re ssio n s

'
Muitipiy: 3x - 3x^
^
x^ + 4 x - 5
x^ + x - 20
3x
3 x -3 x 2
_x 2 + x 2 0 _
3 x ( l x)
x2 + 4 x - 5
3x
( x - l ) ( x + 5)
(x + 5)(x 4)
3x
Factor numerators
and denominators.
_ 3 x (l - x)(x + 5)(x - 4)
( x - l ) ( x + 5)(3x)
Muitipiy numerators
and denominators.
_ 3 x ( - l ) ( x - l)(x + 5)(x - 4)
( x - l ) ( x + 5)(3x)
Rewrite 1 x a s
(-D (x -i).
_ 3 x ( - l ) ( x *T)(^r-F^)(x - 4)
(x (x-)^S) (3x)
Divide out common

factors.
= (-l)(x -4 )
Simpiify.
= -x + 4
Multiply.
8 .4
Multiply and Divide Rational Expressions
575
Muitipiy a rationa! expression by a poiynomiai
EXAMPLE
M uitipiy:
+ - (x^ + 3% + 9)
x ^ -2 7
X+ 2
x^ - 27
(x + 3x + 9) =
%+ 2
x^ - 27
Write potynomia! as
a rationat expression.
x + 3x + 9
1
(x + 2)(x^ + 3x + 9)
Factor denominator.
(x - 3) (x^ + 3x + 9)
(x + 2) (x ^ t3x-t9 t
Divide out common factors.
(x - 3)fx^-+-3x+^9)
x + 2
x - 3
GutDED PRACTKE
Simptified form
fo r E xam ptes 3 ,4 , an d 5
M ultiply th e exp ression s. Sim plify th e resu lt.

8.
3xy
6xy-
8^y
9x'^y
9.
2x^ - lOx
x^ - 25
x + 3
2x^
KEY CONCEPT
1)
/w *
Dividing Rationa) Expressions

To divide one rational expression by another, m ultiply th e first ratio n al
expression by th e recip ro ca l o fth e seco n d ra tio n al expression.
Let a, b, c, and d b e expression s w ith h ^ 0, c ^ 0 and d # 0.
P roperty
a ^ d ______ad
d
h c he
ac
h
2 3
5 * 7
Examptes
x+1
Simptify
if possibte.
35
_________________
2x - 3
7
x + 2
2x 3
x+1
x + 2
7(2x - 3)
(x + l)(x + 2)
Divide ratio n ai ex p re ssio n s

Divide:
4- ^
2 x -1 0
7x
2x
10
x - 6x
x ^ - l l x + 30
^
+
7x
2x
10
x - l l x + 30
x^ 6x
7x
. (x - 5)(x - 6)
2(x - 5) *
x(x - 6)
7x(x -51fx^ 1
* 2fx-5f(x)(x- 61
= 7
2
576
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
Muttipty by reciprocat.
Factor.
Simptified form
Divide aâtion ai expression by a poiynomia)
EXAM PLE 7
Divide: ^
^ -r (3x^ + 5x)
4%^
6x2 + x - 15 ^
4x-"
^ 6 x ' + x - 15
4x
Muitipiy by
reciprocal
1
3x + 5x
(3x + 5 ) ( 2 x - 3 )
4^2
l
x(3x + 5)
Factor.
1 3 ^ -5 J(2 x -3 )
Divide out
common factors.
4x^(x)13x-+^7
2x - 3
4x^
GU!DED PRACTKE
Simpiified form
Divide th e exp ression s. Sim plify th e result.

11 .
4x
.
5x - 20
x^ - 2x
12.
6x+ 8
8 4 EXERCiSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
- -r- (2x^ + 5x)

Exs.
2,20,23,50, and 52
SKiLL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: To divide one ra tio n a l exp ression by
another, m ultiply th e first ra tio n al exp ression by th e ? o f th e secon d
ratio n al expression.
2. * WRiTiNG How do you know w hen a ratio n al exp ression is sim plified?
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 573
for Exs. 3-20
REASONiNG M atch the ratio n al exp ression w ith its sim plified form .
3.
x^ - 4
x - 9x + 14
14
x - 5x
x^ + 9x + 14
x - 2
x + 7
B.
x - 2
x + 2
5.
x + 5x - 14
x^ - 4x + 4
C.
x + 7
x 2
SfMPHFYfNG Sim piify th e ra tio n a l exp ression , if possibie.
10 .
14.
4x2
20x2 _
x - x 20
x2 + 2x - 15
x^ + 4x + 4
x^ - 5x + 4
11 .
2x2 + 2x - - 4
x2 - 5x - 14
3x^ + 6x^ + 12x

x^ - 8
15.
8x2
6x2 _j_
x + 2x 24
x^ + 7x + 6
12 .
- 3
16.
8 .4
9.
x -4
x^ - 64
5x^
13.
_
10x2 x - 2
17.
l l x + 24
2 - 3x - 40
x2 - 36
x2 + 12x + 36
x^ - 5x2 _
x2 - 8x + 15
577
ERROR ANALYSIS D escri& e and c o rre c t th e e rro r in sim plifying th e ratio n al
exp ression .
18.
xd + 16x - 80 _ 16x - 60 _ x + 5
-16
V -1 6
19.
2
_ x^
x^ + px + i a
X
20.
I6x
+ 2x + 3
x^ + x + i
i t MULTIPLE CHOKE W hich ratio n al exp ression is in sim p lified form ?

x ^ - x - 6
x^ + 3x + 2
x^ + 6 x + 8
x^ - 6x + 9
x^ 2x 3
x^ + 2x 3
x^ + 3x - 4
x^ + x 2
( ^ 3 GEOMETRY A farm er w ants to fence in th e field show n. W rite a sim plified

ratio n al exp ression for the ratio of th e field's p e rim e te r to its a re a .
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 574
for Exs. 21-23
22.
X
2x
X
2x
23.
^ SHORT RESPONSE W h ich o f th e fields in E xercises 21 and 22 has th e lower

fencing co st per u n it o f area? ExpJam .
EXAMPLES
3,4,and5
MULTIPLYING M ultiply th e exp ression s. Sim plify th e result.
on pp. 575-576
for Exs. 24-33
24.
26.
5 x 'y
x y
I25y
15x
x (x -3 )
(x + 3 ) ( x - 2 )
- * --------- - --------x -2
*
27.
2R 3 x - 1 2 _ x + 6
gg
x^y
6x y
4 (x + 5 )
^2
x+5
. 2 x ^ -3 2
* 4 x 16
x ^ -2 5
x ' + 3x - 4 . _ 2 x ' + 4x
x^ + 4x + 4 x ^ - 4 x + 3
A" 3x
10 . ^ 2
x^ 2 x 15
+ 5x " 36 . ^ 2 _
x - 4 9
32.
28)
DIVIDING Divide th e exp ression s. Sim plify th e result.
on pp. 576-577
for Exs. 34-43
34.
5x^v^
x
30xy^
JL
y
35.
(x + 3 ) ( x - 2 )
x (x + l)
gg_
x ' - 6x - 27 ^ x ' - 14x + 45

x^
2x^ + 2x
x + 3
x
Q
578
^2 _
_ 20 )
on p. WS1
+ 21)
lOxy
Z
xz
gy
8x^ ^
x
x + 4
2 (x -4 )
gg
x ' - 4x - 5 ^ ^ 2 +
x + 5
3x^ + 13x + 4 ^ 4x + 16
X--4
x + 2
- 8x + 15
x^ + 4x
Sx^y^z
xz
gg
+ ^
33. 4xJ + 20x . ^ 2 + g^. + ig)

x +4x
EXAMPLES
6and7
42.
x (x + l)
2(x + 5)
2 x -8
x + 5
go
48x^y3
x^-x-2
x2 + 4x - 5
43.
"t
6x + 42
3E = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
g^
+ 5)
x-2
5x+25
^
^ ^
x ^ -4 9
POtNT OSCONTtNUtTY In E xercises 4 4 - 4 6 , u se th e foiiow ing in form ation .

The graph o f a ratio n al fu n ctio n c a n have a
hole in it, called a point discontinuity, w here
th e fu n ctio n is u nd efin ed . An exam ple is
show n below.
-l
- 16 _ (jc ^ -A )(x - 4)
= x - 4
x + 4
X-4-4
y=
y 2 1 r-
is th e sam e as the
T he graph o fy =
1 - 4 ,- 8 )
graph o f y = x - 4 excep t th at th ere is a hole

at ( - 4 , - 8 ) b ecau se th e ratio n al fu n ctio n is
not defined w hen x = - 4 .
G raph th e ratio n a l fu n ction . Use a n open circle for a p oin t d iscon tin u ity.
44. y =
x + lOx + 21
x + 3
45. y =
x^ - 36
46. y =
47. CHALLENGE Find th e ratio o f th e p erim eter to th e a re a of

th e trian g le show n at th e right.
/ r
6x
2x
10
x + 2
8x
15x
&
PROBLEM SOLViNG
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 574 for
Exs. 48, 5 0 -5 2
48. (g g GEOMETRY Find th e ratio o f th e volum e o f the

squ are pyram id to th e volum e o f th e in scrib ed cone.
W rite your answ er in sim plified form .
@H oH !e7M tOf
(49j) ENTERTAINMENT From 1992 to 2002, th e gross tick et sales S (in m illio n s of
dollars) to Broadw ay show s and th e to tal atten d a n ce A (in m illio n s) at th e
shows c a n be m odeled by
S =
- 6 4 2 0 t + 292,000
6.02C - I25f + 1000
and
A=
- 4 0 7 f + 7220
5.92C - 131t + 1000
w here f is th e nu m ber o f y ears sin ce 1992. W rite a m odel for th e average dollar
am ou n t a p erson paid per tick et as a fu n ctio n o f th e year. W h at w as th e
average am o u n t a p erson paid per tick et in 1999?
@ M )m e lM fo r
50. * SHORT RESPONSE A lm ost all o f th e energy gen erated by a

lo n g -d istan ce ru n n er is released in th e form o f h eat. For a ru n n er
w ith height H and speed F) th e rate
o f h eat gen erated and th e
rate
o f h eat released c a n b e m odeled by h = k^H^V^ and
/y. =
w here k. and k^ are co n sta n ts.
a. W rite th e ratio o f h eat generated to h eat released.
b. W hen th e ratio o f h eat generated to h eat released eq u als 1,
how is speed related to height? D oes a ta ller or sh orter
ru n n er have th e advantage? Explain.
8 .4
Thermogram of runner
Muitipiy and Divide Rational Expressions
579
51.
MULTt-STEP PROBLEM A m an u fa ctu rer is co m p arin g tw o designs for a

w ater tower: a sphere and a cyiinder. B o th designs have th e sam e voium e
and th e sam e radius.
a. Show th at th e heigh t h o f th e cy iin d rica i ta n k is ^ r.

b. W rite an expression for th e su rface area o f ea ch ta n k in term s o f r.
c. Find th e ratio o f th e su rface area o f th e sp h erical ta n k to th e su rface area
o f th e cy lin d rical tan k . Fxplm'n w hat th e ratio tells you abou t w hich w ater
tow er would tak e less m ateria l to build.
52.
* EXTENDED RESPONSE T he su rface area S and th e volum e V o f a

cy lin d rical can are given by S = 2rrr^ + 2rrrh an d V =
w here r is the
radius and h is th e height.
a. Model W rite and sim plify a n expression for th e efficien cy ratio
b. Calculate Find th e efficien cy ratio for ea ch ca n listed in th e table.
c.
53.
Soup can
Coffee can
Paint can
Height, A
10.2 cm
15.9 cm
19.4 cm
Radius, r
3.4 cm
7.8 cm
8.4 cm
Compare R ank th e th ree ca n s in p art (b) acco rd in g to efficiency. Exp/m'7!

your ranking.
CHALLENGE A fuel storage co n ta in e r is shaped like a

cylinder w ith a h em isp h ere on ea ch end, as show n.
T h e length o f th e cylind er is f and th e radius o f each
hem isp h ere is r. Show th a t th e ratio o f th e su rface area
to th e volum e o f th e co n tain e r is 6(2r + f)
r(4r + 3f)
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 8.5
in Exs. 54-59.
Find th e g reatest co m m o n facto r an d th e least co m m o n m ultiple of th e p a ir o f

n um bers, (p. 9781
54.
48, 80
55.
120, 155
56.
3 8 ,9 5
57.
5 2 ,9 1
58.
66, 154
59.
3 6 0 ,4 5 0
Find th e p ro du ct, (p. 3461
580
60.
x(x^ + 4 x - 7)
61.
(x + 9 ) ( x - 5 )
62.
( x + l l ) ( x - 7)
63.
(x + 2) (x^ - 6x + 10)
64.
(3x - 7 ) ( F - 5x)
65.
(x + 5) (x^ + 8x^
r^% ?A C T !V !T Y
8.4
@ M n n e 7 u fo r
d asszon e.com
Keystrokes
V erify O perations w ith

Rationai E xpressions
----------------------
How can you use a graph in g caicu iator to verify th e

resuits of o p eration s on ration ai exp ression s?
Check a simpiified ration ai exp ression in tw o w ays

Simpiify
x - x - 1 2
. Then verify th e resu it n u m erically an d graph ically.
- 9x + 20
Sim piify th e rationai expression by factorin g th e n u m erator and denom inator,

th en dividing out co m m o n factors.
x^-x-12
_ jx -^ 4 ) (x + 3) _ x + 3
Enter th e orig in al expression as

y^ and th e sim plified result as y^.
Use th e due A: graph style fory^.
U se th e tnh/e featu re to ex am in e
co rresp o n d in g values o f th e two
expressions.
\YlBtX2-X-12)/
( X2- 9X+20)
\Y2S(X+3)/(X-5)
\Y3=
^
2
3
4
5
X= 1
\Y4 =
\Y5 =
\Y6 =
Yi
Put your ca lcu la to r in connected

m ode. D isplay th e graphs in an
appropriate view ing window.
Y2
-1
-1
-1.667
-3
ERROR
ERROR
-1.667
-3
-7
ERROR
J
.
Remember to use parentheses

correctly.
By using the thick graph style

for y^, you can see the graph of
y^ being drawn over the graph
of y^. So, the graphs coincide.
The values of y^ and y^ are

the same, exceptthaty^ is
undefined when x = 4 and
x = 5, and y^ is undefined
on lyw hen x = 5.
Sim plify th e exp ression . Verify y o u r resu lt n u m erically an d graph ically.

^
x^ 5x
x^ - 7x + 10
2 3x^ + 6x
x^ - 2x - 8
g x^ + 5x + 4
x^ + x - 12
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n an d sim plify. Verify y o u r resu lt n u m erically

and graphically.
^
x + 3 . x -1
*5 x 2
* + 3
g 4x^ - 8x
* 5x + 15
x -2
' x + 3
g x^ - 3x - 10 . x^ + 2x - 3
' x^ + 3x + 3
x^ + x - 2
8 .4
581
O C Add and Subtract

Rationa) Expressions
^
You m u!tip!ied an d divided ra tio n a ! e x p re ssio n s.

You wii! add and su b tra ct ra tio n a ! e x p re ssio n s.
S o you ca n d e te rm in e m o n th iy ca r loan p a y m e n ts, a s in Ex. 4 3 .
Key Vocabutary
com p lex fractio n
As w ith n u m erica! fractio n s, th e proced u re u sed to add (or su btract) two

rationai expressions depends upon w h eth er th e expression s have /iire or Mnh'Are
d enom inators.
4x
b.
4x
2x
x + 6
5
x + 6
S o iu tio n
a
b.
7 i 3 _ 7+3 _10_5
4x 4%
4%
4% 2x
Add numerators and simptify resuit.
2x __ 5 _ 2x 5
x+6
x+6
x+6
Subtract numerators.
CutDED PRACTtCE
for E xam p ie 1
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eration and sim piify.

1.
582
Chapter 8
7 _ 5
12x 12x
Rationa! Functions
2.
3x
1
3x^
4x _ x
x 2 x - 2
4.
2x^
x^ + 1
+
x^ + 1
KEY CONCEPT
^ Adding o r Subtracting with Unlike D enom inators
I
To add (or su btract) tw o ration a) exp ression s w ith Mnh'Le d en om in ators, find
a co m m o n d enom inator. Rew rite each ratio n ai exp ression using th e co m m o n
d enom inator. T h en add (or su btract).
Let <2, h, c, and d b e expressions w ith c
Addition
**
'
^
0 and d # 0.
Subtraction
^ -l- A =
%A+ AC =
d cdcd
cd
r:d + he
iL A = od
_ he _ <atd he
cd
cd
cd
You ca n aiways find a co m m o n d en om in ator o f tw o ratio n ai expression s by

m uitipiying th eir d en om in ators, as show n above. However, if you use th e least
co m m o n d en o m in ato r (LCD), w hich is th e ieast co m m o n m ultiple (LCM) of
th e d enom inators, you m ay have less sim plifyin g to do.
Fin d aieast^co m m o n m u itip ie(L C M )

Find th e least co m m o n m ultiple o f 4.v^ 16 an d 6jtP 2 4 x + 2 4.
Solution
FTW f
Factor each p olyn om ial. W rite n u m erical factors as prod ucts o f prim es.
4x2 _ ig = 4(^2 - 4) = M ( X + 2)(x - 2)
6x2 _ 24 x + 24 = 6(x2 - 4x + 4) = (2)(3)(x - 2)2
Form th e LCM by w ritin g ea ch factor to th e h ig h est pow er it o ccu rs in
eith er polynom ial.
LCM = (22)(3)(x + 2)(x - 2)2 = 12(x + 2)(x - 2)2
EXAMPLE
Add w ith uniike d en o m in ato rs
Add: AL- +
9x2
3^2 + 3^
REVIEW LCDS
Solution
For heip with finding

ieast common
denominators,
see p. 986.
To find th e LCD, factor each d en o m in ato r and w rite each factor to th e h igh est
pow er it o ccu rs. Note th a t 9x2 = 32^.2
3^.2 + 3 ^ = 3 ^ ^ + i), go th e LCD is
32x2 (X + 1) = 9x2 (X + ^
A +
9x2
3^.2 + 3^.
3^.2
^
9^2
Factor second denominator.
3x(x + 1)
+ ^
x+1
7x + 7
^
^
3x(x + 1)
,
9x2(x + 1)
3x
9x2(x + 1)
3x + 7x + 7
9x2(x + 1)
^
3x
L C D is9 x 2 (x + l).
Muitipiy.
Add numerators.
8 .5
Add and Subtract Rational Expressions
583
Subtract with unlike denom inators
EXAMPLE
S u b tract:
x+ 2
-2 x - 1
- 4x + 3
2 *-2
S o iu tio n
x + 2
-2 x - 1
2(x - 1)
x+ 2
2 (x -l)
AVO!D ERRORS
After you simpiify the

numerator, check to see
if the numerator has a
factor in common with
the denominator, if so,
the expression can be
simpiified further.
Factor denominators.
(% - l)(x - 3)
A- 3
-2% - 1
x -3
( x - l ) ( x - 3)
LCD i s 2 ( x - l ) ( x - 3).
-4 x -2
x^ - x - 6___ ________________
2 (x -l)(x -3 )
2 (x -l)(x -3 )
Muitipiy.
x - x - 6 ( - 4 x - 2)
2 (x - l)(x -3 )
Subtract numerators.
x^ + 3x - 4
2(x - l)(x - 3)
Simpiify numerator.
(x *T)(x + 4)
2(x- t ) ( x - 3)
Factor numerator.
x + 4
2(x - 3)
Simpiify.
GUiDED PRACTICE
fo r E x am p ies 2, 3, an d 4
Find th e ieast co m m o n m uitipie of th e p oiynom iais.

5. 5x and lOx - 15x
6.
8 x - 16 and 12x^ + 12x - 72
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n an d simplify.
7.
3
4x
1
7
x
+ 12x - 48
x^ x 12
KEY CONCEPT
8.
10 .
3x
9x - 12x
x + 1
x^ + 4x + 4
x^ - 4
A ir
Simpiifying Compiex Fractions

A co m p lex fractio n is a fra ctio n th a t co n ta in s a fra ctio n in its n um erator or
d enom inator. A com piex fra ctio n ca n b e sim p iified using eith er o f the
m ethod s beiow.
M ethod 1: If necessary, sim piify th e n u m erator and d en o m in ato r by w riting
each as a single fractio n . T h en divide th e n um erator by th e
d enom inator.
Method 2: M uitipiy th e n um erator and th e d en o m in ato r by th e ieast co m m o n
d en om in ator (LCD) o f eyery fra ctio n in th e n u m erator and
denom inator. T h en sim piify.
584
Chapter 8
Rationa! Functions
Simpiify a compiex fraction (Method 1)

L et / b e th e fo c a l le n g th o f a t h i n c a m e r a le n s , p b e th e d is ta n c e
b e tw e e n a n o b je c t b e in g p h o to g r a p h e d a n d th e le n s , a n d <7 b e th e d is ta n c e
b e tw e e n th e le n s a n d t h e film . F o r th e p h o to g r a p h to b e in fo c u s , th e v a r ia b le s
s h o u ld s a tis fy th e le n s er/M ahon b e lo w . S im p lify th e c o m p le x f ra c tio n .
PHYSICS
L ens e q u a tio n : / = ^ ^ ^
Solution
f
^
i
+
i
_ i
/ L + / L <? + P
<7
P?
PO'
p?
?+ p
EXAMPLE 6
S im p lify:
Write denominator as a singie fraction.
Divide numerator by denominator.
Simpiify a compiex fraction (Method 2)
+\
x + 4 + x-
Solution
T h e L C D o f a ll th e f r a c tio n s in th e n u m e r a to r a n d d e n o m in a to r is x (x + 4).
x
x+4
4
^2 "
x +4
x(x + 4)
1 ^ 2 * x(x + 4)
x+4 x
^
Multiply numerator and

denominator by the LCD.
x + 2(x + 4)
Simpiify.
5x
3x +
Simpiify.
GUIDED PRACTtCE
S im p lify th e c o m p le x fra ctio n .
x _ x^
. . 6 3
x
5 10
4
.^ .x
' 1 + 3
x
3
x+5
2
, l"
x 3 x + 5
8 .5
Add and Subtract Rationa) Expressions
585
8 5 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Exs. 2,15,26,37, and 44
SK!LL PRACTKE
1.
2.
EXAMPLE 1
VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le te : A f r a c tio n th a t c o n ta in s a f r a c tio n in

its n u m e r a to r o r d e n o m in a to r is c a lle d a (n ) ? .
* WRtTtNG E x p la in h o w to a d d r a tio n a l e x p r e s s io n s w ith u n lik e

d e n o m in a to rs .
HKE DENOMINATORS P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p e ra tio n a n d sim p lify.
o n p. 5 8 2
4x
fo r E x s. 3 - 8
EXAMPLE 2
o n p. 5 8 3
f o r E x s. 9 - 1 5
3x
x-
4
16x2
5x
x+3
15
x+ 3
(X5X) x +^
2x
2x
x+ 1
10.
2xând4x+ 12
11.
2 x a n d 2 x (x -5 )
12.
24x^ a n d 8 x^ - 16x
13.
x^ - 25, x, a n d x - 5
14.
9x^ - 16 a n d 3x^ - 2x
15.
* MULTtPLE CHOKE W h a t is th e le a s t c o m m o n m u itip ie o f th e p o ly n o m ia ls

3x^ - 9x a n d 6 x^?
3 x (x -3 )
(B ) 6 x^
(g ) 6 x (x -3 )
(B ) 6 x 2 ( x - 3 )
UNLIKE DENOMINATORS P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p e ra tio n a n d sim p iify.
5x
fo r E x s. 1 6 - 2 6
19.
22 .
6x
12
x+ 4
x^ - 4
20 .
x -3
x + 5x - 24
15
x- 2
23.
4x
3x^
x+ 4
-1 5 x
1
+6
+
D e sc rib e a n d c o r r e c t th e
e r ro r in a d d in g th e r a tio n a l e x p re s s io n s .
12
25. ERROR ANALYSiS
26.
MULTIPLE CHOKE
(A )
W h ic h e x p r e s s io n is e q u iv a le n t to
(B )
x+ 4
x+ 2
(x + 2 ) (x - 2 )
(x + 4)(x - 4)
(C )
18.
x- 4
5x
21.
9
x -3
24.
x^ - 5
x^ + 5x - 14
4
_
x- 5
12
5(x - 4)
+
27
x
x^ - 9
29.
x+ 2
x 4
x+ 1
x^ + 6x + 9
2^
x
Rational Functions
5x
3x - 1
28.
30.
(S )
x+ 3
25
2x
+1
x+3
x+ 7
2x
x - 8x - 4
(x + 4 ) ( x - 4 )
x+ 3
x+4
(x + 2)(x - 5)
3x - 8x + 4
(x + 4 ) ( x - 4)
UNHKE DENOMtNATORS P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p eratio n (s) an d sim p iify.
Chapter 8
3 x an d 3 (x -2 )
9.
o n pp. 5 8 3 - 5 8 4
586
2x
FINDING LCMS Find th e iea st c o m m o n m u itip ie o f th e p o iy n o m ia is.
(A )
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
6x
x- t
x
16x2
cc
4.
4x
x 5
x-
x 5
x + 3
EXAMPLES
5 and 6
o n p. 5 8 5
f o r E x s. 3 1 - 3 6
SiMPUFYtNG COMPLEX FRACTIONS Sim plify th e co m p iex fra ctio n .
31.
10
32.
2x - 5
8x
- 20
35.
2x 5
37.
33.
/ +4
34.
16
x -2
OPEN-ENDED MATH
3
sim p lify to xx
+ 4*
3
x+
2
2
+1
x
1
x^ - 4
+ 1
x 2
36.
+1
3x^ __ g
x+4
- 3x - 4
W rite tw o d if fe re n t c o m p ie x f r a c tio n s th a t e a c h
CHALLENGE S im p lify th e co m p iex fra ctio n .
38.
3 - 2x
** + 1
40.
39.
x^' + 2
x" + x^
EXAMPLE 3
o n p. 5 8 3
f o r Ex. 41
3 x '2 + ( 2 x - 1 )'*
+ 3x
T h e to ta i tim e T (in h o u rs ) n e e d e d to fly f ro m N e w Y ork to

L o s A n g e le s a n d b a c k (ig n o rin g la y o v e rs) c a n b e m o d e ie d b y th e e q u a tio n
in th e d ia g r a m , w h e re d is th e d is ta n c e e a c h w a y (in m ile s ), a is th e a v e ra g e
a ir p la n e s p e e d (in m ile s p e r h o u r), a n d j is th e a v e ra g e s p e e d o f th e je t
s tr e a m (in m iie s p e r h o u r).
d t d
41. JET STREAM
R e w rite th e e q u a tio n so t h a t th e r ig h t sid e is s im p lifie d . T h e n f in d th e to ta i

tim e if 6? = 2 4 6 8 m ile s , a = 510 m i/h , a n d j = 115 m i/h .
Aigebra
EXAMPLES
5 and 6
o n p. 5 8 5
fo r E x s. 4 2 - 4 3
at classzone.com
If tw o re s is to r s in a p a r a lle l c irc u it
h a v e r e s is ta n c e s f / a n d R.^ ( b o th in o h m s ), th e n
th e to ta i r e s is ta n c e R^ (in o h m s ) is g iv e n b y th e
e q u a tio n s h o w n . S im p lify th e c o m p le x f ra c tio n .
T h e n f in d th e to ta i r e s is ta n c e if R^ = 2 0 0 0 o h m s
an d R ^ = 5600 o hm s.
42. ELECTRONiCS
@MMneiHfor
V A ----"r
Rr
8 .5
Add and Subtract Rational Expressions
587
43^) CAR LOANS If y o u b o rr o w P d o lla rs to b u y a c a r a n d a g r e e to r e p a y th e lo a n

o v e r r y e a rs a t a m o n th ly in te r e s t r a te o f z (e x p re s s e d a s a d e c im a l) , th e n y o u r
m o n th ly p a y m e n t M is g iv e n b y e ith e r f o r m u la b e lo w .
F orm u la 1: M =
P:
F o rm u la 2: AT =
12 ?
P z(l + ; ) ^
(1
+ f)^ - i
a. S h o w th a t th e f o r m u la s a r e e q u iv a le n t b y s im p lify in g th e f ir s t fo rm u la .
b. F in d y o u r m o n th ly p a y m e n t if y o u b o rr o w $ 1 5 ,5 0 0 a t a m o n th ly in te r e s t
r a te o f 0.5% a n d r e p a y th e lo a n o v e r 4 y e a rs .
44.
* EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e a m o u n t A (in m illig ra m s ) o f a s p ir in in a

p e r s o n 's b lo o d s tr e a m c a n b e m o d e le d b y
^ =
391f2 + 0 .H 2
0.218f" + 0.991f^ + 1
w h e re f is th e tim e (in h o u rs ) a f te r o n e d o s e is ta k e n .
a. G ra p h th e e q u a tio n u s in g a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r.
b. A s e c o n d d o s e o f th e d r u g is ta k e n 1 h o u r a f te r th e f ir s t d o s e . W rite a n
e q u a tio n to m o d e l th e a m o u n t o f th e s e c o n d d o s e in th e b lo o d s tr e a m .
c. W rite a n d g r a p h a m o d e l fo r th e to m / a m o u n t o f a s p ir in in th e
b lo o d s tr e a m a f te r th e s e c o n d d o s e is ta k e n .
d. A b o u t h o w lo n g a f te r th e s e c o n d d o s e h a s b e e n ta k e n is th e g re a te s t
a m o u n t o f a s p i r in in t h e b lo o d s tr e a m ?
F in d th e n e x t tw o
e x p re s s io n s in th e p a tt e r n s h o w n . T h e n
s im p lify a ll fiv e e x p re s s io n s . W h a t
v a lu e d o th e e x p r e s s io n s a p p r o a c h ?
45. CHALLENGE
1 +
1 +
2 + 1'
1 +
2+
2+1
2+
MtXED REV!EW
PREV!EW
So lve th e eq u a tio n .
Prepare for
Lesson 8.6
in Exs. 46-54.
46. l x + 4 = 15 (p. 18)
47.
2 x = - ^ x - 18
49. x ^ + 9 x - 36 = 0 fp. 252)
50.
52. 6 x 2 - 2 5 = x2(p. 266)
48.
12x + 7 = ^ x
3x2 + x - 14 = 0 ^ 289)
51.
4 x (x - 5) = 4 x - 35
53.
4 ( x - 2 f = 144 (p. 266)
54.
3 (x + 5 f - 10 = 182
55. y = 4* (p. 478)
56.
y = - 2 . 3* (p. 478)
57.
/( x )
58. y = 4 } l f (p. 486)
59.
y=
60.
g(x) = 5 G L J
(p. 78)
(p. 78)
G raph th e fu n ctio n .
588
(p. 486)
= 1 - 2 - ' (p. 478)
ONUNE QU)Z at ciasszone.com
(p. 486)
(p.
(p.
So!ve Rationa!
Equations
You sotved p o iy n o m ia ! e q u a tio n s.
You wii) so iv e ration ai e q u a tio n s.
S o you ca n m o d ei m o b iie p h o n e co sts, a s in Ex. 3 8 .
Key V ocabuiary
* cross m u ltip ly in g
Y ou c a n u s e cro ss m u itip iy in g to so iv e a r a tio n a l e q u a tio n w h e n e a c h s id e o f th e

e q u a tio n is a s in g le r a tio n a l e x p re s s io n .
* ex tra n e o u s so iu tio n ,
p. 52
So!ve a rationa! equation by cross muitipiying

Soive:
3
_
4x + 5
x + 1
9
4x + 5
3
x+ 1
3 (4 x + 5) = 9 (x + 1)
12x + 15 = 9 x + 9
3 x + 15 = 9

Cross muitipiy.
Subtract 9x from each side.
3x =
-6
x =
k T h e s o lu tio n is - 2 . C h e c k th is in th e o r ig in a l e q u a tio n .
Write and use a rationa! mode!

A n a llo y is f o r m e d b y m ix in g tw o o r m o r e m e ta ls . S te rlin g silv e r is
a n a llo y c o m p o s e d o f 92 .5 % silv e r a n d 7.5% c o p p e r b y w e ig h t. J e w e lry silv e r
is c o m p o s e d o f 8 0 % silv e r a n d 2 0% c o p p e r b y w e ig h t. H o w m u c h p u r e silv e r
s h o u ld y o u m ix w ith 15 o u n c e s o f je w e lry silv e r to m a k e s te rlin g silv er?
ALLOYS
Soiution
P e rc e n t o f c o p p e r in m ix tu r e =
100
_ 0.2(15)
15 + x
7.5(15 + x) = 1 0 0 (0.2 )(15 )

112.5 + 7 .5 x = 3 0 0
7 .5 x = 187.5
x = 25
k Y ou
W eight o f c o p p e r in m ix tu re
T otal w eig h t o f m ix tu re
^^^
amcm^ of silver added.
Cross muitipiy.
Simpiify.
Subtract 112.5 from each side,
s h o u ld m ix 25 o u n c e s o f p u r e silv e r w ith th e je w e lry silv e r.
8 .6
Solve Rationa) Equations
589
for Examptes 1 and 2
GutDED PRACTKE
Sotve th e e q u a tio n b y cro ss m u ltip ly in g . C h e ck y o u r so iu tio n (s).
3^
5x
4.
^2 .
-4 _ 5
x + 3 x 3
1
2x + 5
3.
1 lx + !
In E x a m p le 2, s u p p o s e y o u h a v e 10 o u n c e s o f je w e lry silv er.

H o w m u c h p u r e silv e r m u s t b e m ix e d w ith th e je w e lry silv e r to m a k e
s te rlin g silv er?
WHAT !F?
USING LCDS W h e n a r a tio n a l e q u a tio n is n o t e x p r e s s e d a s a p r o p o r tio n , y o u

c a n so lv e it b y m u ltip ly in g e a c h sid e o f th e e q u a tio n b y t h e le a s t c o m m o n
d e n o m in a to r o f e a c h r a tio n a l e x p re s s io n .
EXAMPLE 3
W hat is th e so lu tio n o f + = ?
x
4
x
ELIMINATE CHOICES
Y o u c a n e lim in a t e
(B )
(g) -10
( ) -4
-8
(B )
c h o i c e D b e c a u s e it
y ie ld s a p o s itiv e v a iu e
o n t h e le ft s id e o f t h e
Solution
e q u a t i o n a n d a n e g a t iv e
v a iu e o n t h e r ig h t s id e .
4%
Muitipiy each side by the LCD, 4x.
4x[
20 7x = - 3 6
Simpiify.
7x = - 5 6

x = -8
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is B. ($ ) (B) (S ) (E)
ô!v e a rationa! equation with two soiutions

1 _
8 _ 3
x - 5
x
i
x- 5
_ 3
x
-5)(l- 8 )-x(x-5).3
\
x 5 /
x
x (x - 5) 8 x = 3 (x 5)
x^ - 5 x -
8x
= 3 x - 15
x^ - 16x + 15 = 0
(x -
l)(x -
15) = 0
x = 1 o r x = 15

Muitipiy each side by the LCD, x(x - 5).
Simpiify.
Simpiify.
Factor.
F The solutions are 1 and 15. C h eck these in the original equation.
590
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
W h e n s o lv in g a r a tio n a i e q u a tio n , y o u m a y o b ta in
s o lu tio n s th a t a r e e x tr a n e o u s . B e s u r e to c h e c k fo r e x tr a n e o u s s o lu tio n s b y
s u b s titu tin g b a c k in to th e o rig in a l e q u a tio n .
EXTRANEOUS SOLUTIONS
Check for extraneous sotutions

Solve:
* -3
8 x ____ 4x
*2_ g
x+
Solution
W rite e a c h d e n o m in a to r in f a c to r e d fo rm . T h e L C D is (x + 3)(% - 3 ).
6
_
8*2
_________________________
4x
x 3
(x + 3 )(x 3)
x+ 3
(x + 3 ) ( x - 3 ) . ^ _ = (x + 3 ) ( x - 3 ) . ^ L _
6(x +
3) = 8x^ - 4x(x - 3)
6x +
18= 8x^ 4x^ + 12x
- ( x + 3 ) ( x - 3)
4x
x+ 3
0 = 4x^ + 6x - 18
0 =
2x^
0=
( 2 x - 3)(x
2x-3
REVIEW
EXTRANEOUS
SOLUTIONS
= 0 or
3x
- 9
+
3)
x + 3
= 0
x = y or x = - 3
Y ou c a n u s e a lg e b ra o r a g r a p h to c h e c k w h e th e r e ith e r o f th e tw o s o lu tio n s
is e x tr a n e o u s .
F o r h e lp w ith
e x t r a n e o u s s o lu t io n s ,
s e e p . 51.
4 (- 3 )
__6 ____ ^ 8 ( - 3 ) '
-3 -3
(-3 ^ -g ^ -3 + 3
T h e s o lu tio n y c h e c k s , b u t th e
a p p a r e n t s o lu tio n - 3 is e x tr a n e o u s , b e c a u s e
s u b s titu tin g it in t h e e q u a tio n r e s u lts in
d iv is io n b y z e ro , w h ic h is u n d e f in e d .
Algebra
Graph
G ra p h y =
g and Y =
^
* 2 -9
Division by zero is undefined
4x
*+ 3
j
T h e g r a p h s in te r s e c t w h e n ^
w h e n x = 3.
----- .
I n t e r s e c t io n
X=1.5
Y=-4
^ T h e s o lu tio n is .
CuiDED PRACTICE
-------
Solve th e e q u a tio n b y u sin g th e LCD. C h e ck for e x tra n e o u s so lu tio n s.
5r .7, +3 _ o 3
2 x
8
A +
2
4
1
c6 . 2- , +4 _ -Q 2
x 3
_ x+ 1
x -1
* x
3x _
+1
2x
8 _ i
7- y. -34 , -------1
7 x
_ _3^
2x
* x
8 .6
5x = y +
-2
10
-1
Solve Rational Equations
591
So!ve a rationa! equation given a function
^ EXAMPLE 6
F ro m 1995 th r o u g h 2 0 0 3 , th e a n n u a l s a le s S
(in b illio n s o f d o lla rs ) o f e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a re c a n b e m o d e le d b y
VIDEO CAME SALES
+ 3220
S(f) = 848D
115D + 1000
0<f<8
w h e re f is th e n u m b e r o f y e a rs s in c e 1995. F o r w h ic h y e a r w e re
t h e to ta l s a le s o f e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a re a b o u t $ 5 .3 b illio n ?
ANOTHER WAY
For alternative m eth od s

for solving th e problem
in Exam ple 6 , turn
to p ag e 596 for th e
Problem Solving
Workshop.
S o iu tio n
848f2 + 3220
115f2 + 1000
Write given function.
5 .3 = 848f2 + 3220
115f2 + 1000
Substitute 5.3 for S(f).
S(f) =
5 .3 ( 1 1 5 r + 1000) = 8 4 8 r + 3220
6 0 9 .5 f2 + 5 3 0 0 = 8 4 8 f2 + 3220
Muitipiy each side by 115f^ + 1000.

Simplify.
5 3 0 0 = 2 3 8 .5 ^ + 32 2 0
Subtract 609.5f^ from each side.
2 0 8 0 = 2 3 8 .5 f2
8.72 =
+ 2 .9 5 = f
B e c a u s e - 2 .9 5 is n o t in th e d o m a in (0 < f < 8 ), th e o n ly s o lu tio n is 2.95.

F So, th e to ta l s a le s o f e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a re w e re a b o u t $ 5 .3 b illio n a b o u t
3 y e a rs a f te r 1995, o r in 1998.
GUiDED PRACTKE
11.
fo r E xam p le 6
WHAT iF? U se th e in f o r m a tio n in E x a m p le 6 to d e te r m in e in w h ic h y e a r th e

to ta l s a le s o f e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a re w e re a b o u t $ 4 .5 b illio n .
6 EXEROSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Exs. 2,13,28,29,34, and 36
SK!LL PRACTICE
1.
C o p y a n d c o m p le te : W h e n y o u w rite ^
5x = 3 (x + 2), y o u a r e ? .
VOCABULARY
as
2. * WRiTiNG A s tu d e n t s o lv e d th e e q u a tio n x - 4 x - 4 a n d g o t th e
s o lu tio n s 4 a n d 5. W h ic h , if e ith e r, o f th e s e is e x tr a n e o u s ? E x p la in .
3.
592
Chapter 8
REASONING D e sc rib e h o w y o u c a n u s e a g r a p h to d e te r m in e if a n
a p p a r e n t s o lu tio n o f a r a tio n a l e q u a tio n is e x tr a n e o u s .
Rationa) Functions
EXAMPLE 1
CROSS MULTtPLYtNG So lve th e e q u a tio n b y cro ss m u ltip ly in g . C h e ck for

)
tn
on p. 589
for Exs. 4 -1 3
2x
Cd
CO
7.
3% - 2
_ -1
n
MULTIPLE CHOICE
(S )
on pp. 5 9 0 -5 9 1
for Exs. 1 4 -2 7
11.
1
!
13. *
EXAMPLES
3 ,4 , and 5
8.
%- 1
10.
)9 _
4
3x
x +2
x + 6
-5
x
_
3
x+1
x+1
4(x - 4)
x^ + 2x - 8
4
x +4
W h a t is th e s o lu tio n o f
x+
(C )
(g ) -4
6.
6 _
9
x - 1
x+1
9.
x - 3 _
x
x + 5
x + 2
12.
9
x^ - 6x + 9
3x
x - 3x
- 1
(S ) 4
-1
LEAST COMMON DENOMINATOR S o lve th e e q u a tio n b y u sin g th e LCD . C h e ck for

14. + x = 5
x
16. - x
17. J - +
^
2x x + 7
20
^
x+
1
6
23. +
x
+
3
2x
+ 1
x+ 6
= ^ -9
x- 4
ERROR ANALYSIS
e q u a tio n .
26.
18.
x-
21 .
x- 3
24.
18
_ 6
x^ - 3x * - 3
19.
22
x x- 3
x+ 3
x- 3
= 2
x- 2
x + x 6
6x + 4 = 2x + 2
x+4
x- 1
25. * ^ 3 + x _ x + 5
x 3 x - 5
x -5
D e sc rib e a n d c o r r e c t th e e r r o r in th e f ir s t s te p o f s o lv in g th e
27.
3- + A = i
2x
3 x ' + 6x = 1
28. *
+ 2= 3*
x+
5 + 23 = 45
6
26
26
+ 6
/ \
MULTtPLE CHOKE
(g ) - 3 , - 1
W h a t is (a re ) th e s o lu tio n (s) o f
(g )
^45
x
/ \
x^ - 2x 3
(B ) 3
(E ) - I
- I s
\ y
29. ^ OPEN-ENDED MATH G iv e a n e x a m p le o f a r a tio n a l e q u a tio n t h a t y o u w o u ld

so lv e u s in g c ro s s m u ltip lic a tio n . T h e n g iv e a n e x a m p le o f a r a tio n a l e q u a tio n
t h a t y o u w o u ld so lv e b y m u ltip ly in g e a c h s id e b y th e L C D o f t h e f r a c tio n s .
CHALLENGE In E x ercises 3 0 -3 2, a is a n o n ze ro re a l n u m b er. T ell w h e th e r th e
a lg e b ra ic sta te m e n t is a lw a y s true, som etim es tru e, o r n e a e r tru e. E x p la in y o u r
answ er.
30. F o r th e e q u a tio n
31. T h e e q u a tio n
x- a
x-
<2
x = a is a n e x tr a n e o u s s o lu tio n .
3 _ x h a s e x a c tly o n e s o lu tio n .
x a x - a
3 2 . T h e e q u a tio n - = - + - ^
x - a x + a x a
h a s n o s o lu tio n .
8 .6
Solve Rationa! Equations
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 589
for Exs. 3 3 -3 4
33.
VOLLEYBALL So f a r in y o u r v o lle y b a ll m a tc h , y o u h a v e p u t
in to p ia y 37 o f t h e 4 4 s e rv e s y o u h a v e a tte m p te d . S o lv e th e
e q^ u a tio n MO 44 + x to f in d th e n u m b e r o f c o n s e c u tiv e
s e rv e s y o u n e e d to p u t in to p la y in o rd e r to r a is e y o u r s e rv ic e
p e r c e n ta g e to 9 0 % .
34. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A s p e e d s k a te r tra v e ls 9 k ilo m e te r s

in th e s a m e a m o u n t o f tim e t h a t it ta k e s a s e c o n d s k a te r to
tra v e l 8 k ilo m e te rs . T h e f ir s t s k a te r tra v e ls 4 .3 8 k ilo m e te r s
p e r h o u r f a s te r t h a n th e s e c o n d sk a te r.
a. U se th e v e rb a l m o d e l b e lo w to w rite a n e q u a tio n th a t
re la te s th e s k a tin g tim e s o f th e s k a te rs .
D istan ce for sk ater 1 _ D istan ce for sk ater 2
S k ater 1 sp e e d
S k ater 2 sp e e d
S o lv e th e e q u a tio n in p a r t (a) to f in d th e s p e e d s o f b o th s k a te rs .
c. H o w lo n g d id th e s k a te rs s k a te ? E x p la in y o u r a n s w e r.
b.
@ N o m e 7 u tO f
EXAMPLE 6
F ro m 1994 th r o u g h 2 0 0 3 , th e n u m b e r n (in m illio n s ) o f

C D s s h ip p e d c a n b e m o d e le d b y
35J M USK iNDUSTRY
on p. 592
for Ex. 35
n =
63 5 C - 73 50t + 27,200
2 - 1 1 .5 f + 3 9 .4
0 < f< 9
w h e re f is th e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1994. D u r in g w h ic h y e a r w a s t h e to ta l
n u m b e r o f C D s s h ip p e d a b o u t 7 20 m illio n ?
36. * EXTENDED RESPONSE Y ou c a n p a in t a r o o m in 8 h o u rs . W o rk in g
to g e th e r, y o u a n d y o u r frie n d c a n p a in t th e r o o m in ju s t 5 h o u rs .
a. L e t t b e th e tim e (in h o u rs ) y o u r f rie n d w o u ld ta k e to p a in t th e r o o m
w h e n w o rk in g a lo n e . C o p y a n d c o m p le te th e ta b le .
W ork Rate
You
Friend
b.
c.
37.
594
t room
hours
?
Tim e
5 hours
5 hours
W ork Done
'
?
?
W h a t is th e s u m o f th e e x p r e s s io n s in th e ta b le 's la s t c o lu m n ? E x p la in .
W rite a n d so lv e a n e q u a tio n to f in d h o w lo n g y o u r frie n d w o u ld ta k e to
p a in t th e r o o m w h e n w o rk in g a lo n e . E x p la in y o u r a n s w e r.
( 3 GEOMETRY G o ld e n re c ta n g le s a r e r e c ta n g le s
fo r w h ic h t h e r a tio o f th e w id th to to t h e le n g th F
is e q u a l to th e r a tio o f F to i + to. T h e r a tio o f th e
le n g th to th e w id th fo r th e s e r e c ta n g le s is c a lle d
th e g o ld e n ra lio . F in d th e v a lu e o f th e g o ld e n
r a tio u s in g a r e c ta n g le w ith a w id th o f 1 u n it.
on p. WS1
= STANDARDISED
TEST PRACTKE
38.
L e t x b e th e n u m b e r o f y e a rs s in c e 1998, ie t g(x) b e th e a v e ra g e
m o n th iy b ib (in d o iia rs ) fo r m o b iie p h o n e u s e r s in th e U n ite d S ta te s , a n d
ie t h (x ) b e t h e a v e ra g e n u m b e r o f m in u te s u s e d b y U .S. m o b ile p h o n e u s e rs .
T h e n g(x) a n d h (x ) a r e a s g iv e n b eio w .
CHALLENGE
+ 39 ^
g(x) = -0.27x3 + 1.40x3 + i
h(x) = -8.25x3 + 33 ^2 _ y 33^. + ^3g
W rite a r a tio n a i f u n c tio n /( x ) th a t g iv e s th e a v e ra g e p r ic e p e r m in u te

x y e a rs a f te r 1998.
b. F in d t h e a v e ra g e p ric e p e r m in u te in 1998.
c. In w h a t y e a r d id t h e a v e ra g e p ric e p e r m in u te fa li to 11 c e n ts ?
a.
^M tXED REVtEW
PREVIEW
39.
y = - 2 x + 7 (p. 89)
40.
y=
42.
y = -V x - 4 +
43.
y = io g 4 x
1 (p. 446)
x^ -
8x
+ 21 (p. 236)
(p. 499)
41.
/(x ) = x " - 3
44.
g(x) = x + 3
(p. 337)
6 (p. 338)
S im p iify th e ex p ressio n , (p. 266)
P r e p a r e fo r
L e s s o n 9.1
45. V52
46. V24
47. V125
48. V252
49. V8 - V90
50. V5 . V80
S'* &
52
5 ^. ^ 9
in E x s . 4 5 - 5 2 .
Q U !Z /or ZeMOFM &4-N.6

P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p e ra tio n a n d sim p iify. (p. 373)
1.
x^ - 2x - 24 . 3x^ - 6x
x^ + 3x - 10 x3 + 4x^
3.
x + 9x + 20 . x + 8x + 15
x ^ - l l x + 28
x^ 3x 4
lOx + 16
x ^ -l
4.
12x + 36
8 x + 12
( x - 1)
^2
_ gg)
X+
P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p e ra tio n a n d sim p iify. (p. 382)

5.
x+ 4
x 4
4x + 3 + 2
x^ - 16 x - 4
6x - 1
*2 + lOx + 25
Soive th e eq u a tio n . C h e ck for e x tra n e o u s so lu tio n s, (p. 389)

8.
x - 4 ________
10
x- 1 x+7
A + x+
* x x+
1
2
2x + 9
x+ 2
12 .
x 4
x 2
2x 1 =
x- 2
x -3
x+2
x- 1
3x - 1
10 .
3x + 6 _ x + 1
x^ - 4 x - 2
13.
x 1 + 2x - 1
x+3
x+6
x+3
So f a r th is b a s e b a ii s e a s o n , y o u h a v e g o tte n a h it 12 tim e s
o u t o f 60 a t-b a ts . S o lv e t h e e q u a tio n 0 .3 6 0 =
^ ^ to f in d t h e n u m b e r o f
60 + x
c o n s e c u tiv e h its y o u h a v e to g e t to r a is e y o u r b a tt in g a v e ra g e to 0 .3 6 0 . (p. 389)
14. BATTING AVERAGE
O N H N E Q U tZ a td a s s z o n e .c o m
595
ALTERNATIVE METHODS
A n o L b & r M /o y f o S o / ^ c F x c r m p /c
. p ^ rg c 5 9 2
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATtONS In E x a m p le 6 o n p a g e 592, y o u so lv e d a ra tio n a l

e q u a tio n a lg e b ra ic a lly . Y ou c a n a lso so lv e ra tio n a l e q u a tio n s u s in g ta b le s a n d g ra p h s.
P ro m 1995 th r o u g h 2 0 0 3 , th e a n n u a l s a le s S (in b illio n s

o f d o lla rs ) o f e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a r e c a n b e m o d e le d b y
8 4 8 ^ + 3220
S (f) = 115f2 + 1000 ' 0 < t < 8
V!DEO CAME SALES
w h e re f is th e n u m b e r o f y e a rs s in c e 1995. F o r w h ic h y e a r w e re th e to ta l
s a le s o f e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a re a b o u t $ 5 .3 b illio n ?
U sing a T a b ie
T h e p ro b le m r e q u ir e s s o lv in g th e fo llo w in g r a tio n a l e q u a tio n :

5.3 = 848f^ + 3220
115/2 + 1000
O n e w a y to so lv e th is e q u a tio n is to m a k e a ta b le o f v a lu e s . Y ou c a n u s e a
g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to m a k e th e ta b le .
th e f u n c tio n y = 115x2 +
a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r.
FTRf 7 Enter
1000
in to
Y 1 6 ( 8 4 8 X 2 + 3 2 2 0 )/
15X 2+ 1 0 0 0 )
Y2
(1
Y3
Y4
Y5
Y6
a ta b le o f v a lu e s fo r th e f u n c tio n .
S ta r t t h e ta b le a t z e ro so th a t th e f irs t
s e v e ra l x -v a lu e s in th e ta b le a r e in th e
d o m a in o f t h e f u n c tio n . T h e s te p v a lu e
(A T bl) s h o u ld r e p r e s e n t o n e e n tir e y e a r.
Set up
Create th e ta b le o f v a lu e s . Y ou c a n s e e
th a t y = 5 .3 w h e n x = 3.
> B e c a u s e x = 3 r e p r e s e n ts th e n u m b e r o f y e a rs
a f te r 1995, to ta l s a le s o f e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a re
w e re a b o u t $ 5 .3 b illio n in 1998.
596
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
TABLE SETUP
T b t S t a r t =0
A T b L =1
1n d p n t :
Depend:
Ask
Ask
Using a G raph You can also use a graph to solve 5.3 =
+ 3220
t h e f u n c tio n s y = 848*2
115*2 + ^QQQ
a n d y = 5 .3 in to a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r.
8 4 8 ^ + 3220
115f2 + 1000 *
F72P 7 Enter
Y i B ( 8 4 8 X 2 + 3 2 2 0 )/
(115X2+ 1 0 0 0 )
Y 2B 5-3
th e f u n c tio n s . A d ju s t th e v ie w in g
w in d o w so th a t it s h o w s th e p o in t in th e
f irs t q u a d r a n t w h e re th e g r a p h s in te rs e c t.
F7<FP^ Graph
t h e in te r s e c tio n p o in t o f th e
g ra p h s u s in g th e c a lc u la to r 's in te rse c t
fe a tu r e . T h e g r a p h s in te r s e c t a t a b o u t
(3 .0 ,5 .3 ).
F7<Ff.? Find
^ T o ta l s a le s o f e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a re w e re a b o u t $ 5 .3 b illio n 3 y e a rs a f te r 1995,
o r in th e y e a r 1998.
RATIONAL EQUATIONS Soive th e e q u a tio n u sin g a

ta b le an d u sin g a gra p h .
1.
6 . WHAT !F?
In th e p ro b le m o n p a g e 5 96, s u p p o s e
y o u w a n t to f in d th e y e a r w h e n to ta l s a le s o f
e n te r t a in m e n t s o f tw a re w e re $ 4 .5 b illio n . F in d
th is y e a r u s in g a ta b le a n d u s in g a g ra p h .
80*2 + 3 QQ
= 4.2
15*2 + 200
5* + 5 =
*2 + 4
+ 2 = 20.75
3. 9*
*- 5
6*2
= 18
4.
2 * -3
5.
14*2 + 60 = 3.5
5*2 + 7
7.
T he re c o m m e n d e d p e rc e n t p of oxygen
(b y v o lu m e ) in th e a ir th a t a d iv e r b r e a th e s is
g iv e n b y p = 660 w h e re is th e d e p th
d + 33
(in feet) o f th e d iv e r.
a. A t w h a t d e p th is a ir c o n ta in in g 5% o x y g e n
r e c o m m e n d e d ? U se a ta b le to f in d th e
a n s w e r.
b. A t w h a t d e p th is a ir c o n ta in in g 10% o x y g e n
r e c o m m e n d e d ? U se a g r a p h to f in d th e
a n s w e r.
DIVING
Using Aitem ative M ethods
597
Extension
M e a /% r
Sotve Rationa! inequaiities

GOAL
Find so iu tio n s o f ration ai ineq u alities.
In L e ss o n 8 .6 , y o u so lv e d r a tio n a i e q u a tio n s . Y ou c a n a is o so iv e r a tio n a l

in e q u a litie s u s in g ta b le s , g ra p h s , o r a lg e b ra ic m e th o d s .
( EXAMPLE 1
Soive a rationai inequaiity using a tabie
U se a ta b le to so lve * "
x -
' > jr.
Solution
S u b tr a c t x fro m e a c h s id e o f th e in e q u a lity so th a t 0 is o n o n e sid e .

- ------^
x - 2* - x > 0
E n te r y =
Subtract x from each side.
^ 1 - x in to a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r.
U se th e faM e f e a tu r e to f in d v a lu e s o f x fo r w h ic h
y is p o s itiv e .
T h e v a lu e o f y is u n d e f in e d w h e n x = 2 a n d
a p p e a r s to b e p o s itiv e w h e n x > 2. U s e a s m a lle r
s te p v a lu e fo r x to c o n v in c e y o u rs e lf o f th is .
^ T h e s o lu tio n is x > 2.
EXAMPLE
____
Soive a rationa! inequaiity by graphing
P ro m 1990 to 2001, th e n u m b e r d (in th o u s a n d s ) o f d o c to r s in th e U n ite d

S ta te s c a n b e m o d e le d b y th e f u n c tio n rf = 9661 + 50,300 ^ g ^ g ^ jg ^ g
r + 79.7
n u m b e r o f y e a rs s in c e 1990. W h e n w e re th e r e fe w e r t h a n 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 d o c to rs ?
Solution
T h e p ro b le m r e q u ir e s s o lv in g th is in e q u a lity :
966f2 + 50,300 ^
<800
+ 79.7
Ê n ^te r y , ==---------------966x2 + 50,300
, a n d y - = - 8. 0 0 in to a
'
x^ + 79.7
^
g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r.
G ra p h th e f u n c tio n s a n d u s e th e in te rs e c t
fe a tu r e . T h e g r a p h o fy ^ lie s b e lo w th e g r a p h
o fy ^ w h e n 0 < x < 9.
^ In th e y e a rs 1 9 9 0 -1 9 9 9 , th e r e w e re fe w e r
t h a n 8 0 0 ,0 0 0 d o c to rs .
598
Chapter 8
Rationai Functions
I n t e rs ec ti on
X= 9.0046842
Y=800
So!ve a rationa! inequa!ity a)gebraica!!y
EXA M PLE 3
Soive ^
a ig eb ra ica iiy .
S o iu tio n
FTif^ 7
th e in e q u a lity so th a t o n e s id e is 0. T h e n w r ite th e o th e r sid e a s

a s im p lifie d r a tio n a l e x p re s s io n .
Rew rite
AVOID ERRORS
* 2
Do not multiply each

side o f an inequaiity by
an expression invoiving
6
-2
x i f t h e expression can
take on both positive
and negative values.
>
4>0
Add 4 to each side.
+ 4 (x -2 )
>0
x -2
Write ieft side as a singie fraction.
4 x -2 > 0
^7?P^
Simpiify.
identify th e crh t'ca? x-oa/M es, w h ic h a r e th e x -v a lu e s th a t m a k e th e

n u m e r a to r o r d e n o m in a to r e q u a l to 0 .
N u m erato r e q u a l to 0:
D e n o m in a to r e q u a i to 0:
4 x -2 = 0
x -2 = 0
* = i
*= 2
So, t h e c r itic a l x -v a lu e s a r e x = y a n d x = 2.
^
I
-1
^------- !--------I------- a ------- 1-------- 1-------- !-------O i l

2
3
4
2
T h e c r itic a l x -v a lu e s d iv id e th e n u m b e r lin e in to th r e e in te rv a ls . N o te
t h a t x = y w ill b e in c lu d e d in th e s o lu tio n , b u t x = 2 w ill n o t b e c a u s e
it r e s u lts in d iv is io n b y z e ro .
^72P J
a n x -v a lu e in e a c h in te rv a l to s e e if it s a tis fie s th e o r ig in a l
in e q u a lity . If it d o e s , en e ry x -v a lu e in th e in te r v a l w ill s a tis fy th e
in e q u a lity . If it d o e s n o t, n o x -v a lu e in th e in te r v a l w ill s a tis fy th e
in e q u a lity .
Test
- i
*
-1
Test x = - 1
6
-1-2
-2> -4/
^7?^ 4
i + *
0 1 1
'
i a i #
2
3
i ^
4
Test x = 1
6 ?
T e s tx = 3
1-2
3-2
-6>-4X
6> -4/
t h e in te r v a ls w h e re th e te s te d x -v a lu e s p ro d u c e tr u e s ta te m e n ts .
j i i i + i i a - ) i i i
-1
O i l
2
3
4
Graph
^7<F^J
W rite
in e q u a litie s to d e s c r ib e th e s o lu tio n .
^ The solution is x < ^ or x > 2.
Extension: Soive Rationai inequalities
599
PRACTKE
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 598
for Exs. 1 -6
U se a tab ie to soive th e in eq u a iity .

1.
4.
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 598
for Exs. 7-12
x - 2
10
x+
3. x - 3x + 2 < x
x- 3
<0
>0
x^ - 4x +
x- 1
x- 4
< X
U se a g ra p h to so ive th e in eq u a iity .
7.
10 .
x+ 5
20
X^ +
<0
<2
8.
Soive th e in e q u a iity a ig eb ra ica iiy .
on p. 599
for Exs. 13-18
13.
3
x+
16.
5
x- 4
19.
>0
______
1
x+ 4
<0
11. 3x + 2 ^ _ 2
x- 1
EXAMPLE 3
x- 3
14.
x + 5 < -2
x+3
x+2
9.
>4
X^ + 1
12. 3x + 2 > x
x- 1
15.
18.
x+
x- 3
EGG PRODUCTION F ro m 1994 to 2 0 0 2 , th e to ta i n u m b e r E (in b iiiio n s ) o f

e g g s p r o d u c e d in th e U n ite d S ta te s c a n b e m o d e ie d b y
-3680 0< f <8

- 50'
w h e re f is th e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s in c e 1994. F o r w h a t y e a r s w a s th e n u m b e r o f
eg g s p r o d u c e d g r e a te r th a n 80 b illio n ?
600
Chapter 8
20.
PHONE COSTS
O n e p h o n e c o m p a n y a d v e rtis e s a f la t r a te o f $ .0 7 p e r m in u te
fo r lo n g -d is ta n c e c a lls . Y o u r lo n g - d is ta n c e p la n c h a rg e s $ 5 .0 0 p e r m o n th p lu s
a r a te o f $ .0 5 p e r m in u te . H o w m a n y m in u te s d o y o u h a v e to ta lk e a c h m o n th
so th a t y o u r a v e ra g e c o s t is le ss th a n $ .0 7 p e r m in u te ?
21.
Y ou s u b s c r ib e to a s a te llite te le v is io n s e rv ic e . T h e m o n th ly
c o s t fo r p r o g r a m m in g is $ 4 3 , a n d th e r e is a o n e - tim e in s ta lla tio n fe e o f $50.
T h e a v e ra g e m o n th ly c o s t c o f th e s e r v ic e is g iv e n b y c = ^ + 50 ^ g ^ g ^
th e tim e (in m o n th s ) t h a t y o u h a v e s u b s c r ib e d to th e s e rv ic e . F o r w h a t
s u b s c r ip tio n tim e s is th e a v e ra g e m o n th ly c o s t a t m o s t $47? S o lv e th e
p ro b le m u s in g a ta b le a n d u s in g a g ra p h .
22.
Y o ur s c h o o l is p u b lis h in g a w ild life c a le n d a r to r a is e m o n e y

fo r a lo c a l c h a rity . T h e to ta l c o s t o f u s in g th e p h o to s in th e c a le n d a r is $710.
In a d d itio n to th is o n e - tim e c h a rg e , th e u n it c o s t o f p r in tin g e a c h c a le n d a r
is $ 4 .5 0 .
a. T h e s c h o o l w a n ts th e a v e ra g e c o s t p e r c a le n d a r to b e b e lo w $10. W rite a
r a tio n a l in e q u a lity r e la tin g th e a v e ra g e c o s t p e r c a le n d a r to th e d e s ire d
c o s t p e r c a le n d a r.
b. S o lv e th e in e q u a lity fro m p a r t (a) b y g r a p h in g . H o w m a n y c a le n d a r s
n e e d to b e p r in te d to b r in g th e a v e ra g e c o s t p e r c a le n d a r b e lo w $ 10 ?
c. S u p p o s e t h e s c h o o l w a n te d to h a v e th e a v e ra g e c o s t p e r c a le n d a r b e
b e lo w $ 6 . H o w m a n y c a le n d a r s w o u ld th e n n e e d to b e p rin te d ?
SATELHTE TV
FUNDRAISER
Rational Functions
M!XED REV)EWo/ProM,,,, Sowing
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ciasszone.com
Lessons 8 .4 -8 6
A c y c lis t tra v e ls
50 m ile s fro m h e r h o m e to a s ta te p a r k a t a
s p e e d o f s m ile s p e r h o u r. O n th e r e t u r n tr ip ,
s h e in c r e a s e s h e r s p e e d b y 5 m ile s p e r h o u r.
1. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM
a. W rite a n e x p r e s s io n in te r m s o f s fo r th e
tim e th e c y c lis t ta k e s to tr a v e l fro m h e r
h o m e to t h e s ta te p a rk .
b. W rite a n e x p r e s s io n in te r m s o f s fo r th e
tim e th e c y c lis t ta k e s to r e tu r n h o m e fro m
t h e s ta te p a rk .
W rite a n e x p r e s s io n in s im p lifie d fo r m fo r
t h e to ta l tim e o f th e c y c lis t's r o u n d tr ip .
5.
6 . EXTENDED RESPONSE
A c a r tr a v e ls 120 m ile s in
th e s a m e a m o u n t o f tim e t h a t it ta k e s a tr u c k
to tra v e l 100 m ile s . T h e c a r tra v e ls 10 m ile s p e r
h o u r f a s te r t h a n th e tr u c k .
a. U se th e v e r b a l m o d e l b e lo w to w rite a n
e q u a tio n th a t r e la te s th e s p e e d s o f th e
v e h ic le s .
D ista n c e for c a r _ D istan c e for tru ck
S p eed o f ca r
S peed o f tru c k
b. S o lv e th e e q u a tio n f ro m p a r t (a) to f in d th e
s p e e d s o f th e c a r a n d th e tr u c k .
c. H o w m u c h tim e d id th e v e h ic le s s p e n d
tra v e lin g ? E x p la in y o u r a n s w e r.
T h e s p e e d o f a riv e r's
c u r r e n t is 3 m ile s p e r h o u r. Y ou tr a v e l 2 m ile s
w ith th e c u r r e n t a n d t h e n r e t u r n to w h e re y o u
s ta r te d in a to ta l tim e o f 1.25 h o u rs . W h a t is
y o u r s p e e d in s till w a te r?
2 . SHORT RESPONSE
3.
SHORT RESPONSE A m a n u f a c tu r e r o f i n s ta n t
ric e is c o n s id e rin g tw o d if fe re n t s ty le s o f
p a c k a g in g . O n e is a r e c ta n g u la r c o n ta in e r w ith
a s q u a r e b a s e . T h e o th e r is a c y lin d e r.
B ra ss is a n a llo y
c o m p o s e d o f 55% c o p p e r a n d 45% z in c b y
w e ig h t. Y ou h a v e 25 o u n c e s o f c o p p e r, a n d y o u
w a n t to d e te r m in e h o w m a n y o u n c e s o f z in c
y o u n e e d to m a k e b ra s s .
a. L e t x b e th e n u m b e r o f o u n c e s o f z in c y o u
n e e d . W rite a v e r b a l m o d e l a n d th e n a
r a tio n a l e q u a tio n th a t y o u c a n u s e to fin d x.
b. S o lv e th e e q u a tio n fro m p a r t (a) to f in d th e
n u m b e r o f o u n c e s o f z in c y o u n e e d to m a k e
b ra s s .
c. C o n s id e r t h e m o r e g e n e ra l c a s e w h e re y o u
h a v e c o u n c e s o f c o p p e r. In te r m s o f c, h o w
m a n y o u n c e s o f z in c m u s t b e a d d e d to m a k e
b ra s s ?
MULH-STEP PROBLEM
7.
F in d th e r a tio o f th e v o lu m e
o f th e s p h e r e to th e v o lu m e o f th e c u b e in th e
d ia g r a m b elo w .
GRtDDED ANSWER
2r
2r
a. F in d th e r a tio o f s u r fa c e a r e a to v o lu m e fo r
e a c h c o n ta in e r .
b. U s in g t h e r a tio s , w h a t c a n y o u d e te r m in e
a b o u t th e e ffic ie n c ie s o f t h e c o n ta in e r s ?
W rite tw o r a tio n a l e x p r e s s io n s
r(x) a n d s(x) s u c h t h a t r(x) a n d s(x) e a c h
c o n ta in a q u a d r a tic p o ly n o m ia l a n d
x -3
r(x) * s(x) =
4. OPEN-ENDED
x + 4'
U se th e f o r m u la V =
fo r th e v o lu m e o f a
s p h e r e a n d th e f o r m u la V = ^ fo r th e v o lu m e
o f a c u b e w h e re r is th e r a d iu s o f th e s p h e r e
a n d s is th e s id e le n g th o f th e c u b e . W rite y o u r
a n s w e r a s a d e c im a l r o u n d e d to th e n e a r e s t
h u n d r e th .
Mixed Review of Probiem Solving
601
CHAPTER SUMMARY
A ig e b ra
dasszone.com
S/C ZD&4S
/lo r
G ra p h in g R a tio n a i F u n c tio n s
U se th e fo llo w in g s te p s to g r a p h /( x ) = p M
<?(x)
jr
+/2
+ -+ a ^ + ^
+ b ^ + &Q
JX"
w h e re p (x ) a n d q(x) h a v e n o c o m m o n f a c to r s o th e r t h a n 1.
^TiFP 7
Plot th e x -in te r c e p ts . T h e x - in te r c e p ts a r e
th e re a l z e ro s o f p (x ).
^7<EP^
Draw th e v e r tic a l a s y m p to te (s). A v e r tic a l

a s y m p to te o c c u rs a t e a c h r e a l z e ro o f q*(x).
i7!F^ J
Draw
th e h o r iz o n ta l a s y m p to te , if it e x is ts .
If m < n , y = 0 is a h o r iz o n ta l a s y m p to te ,
a
If m = a , y =
is a h o r iz o n ta l a s y m p to te .
If m > a , th e r e is n o h o r iz o n ta l a s y m p to te .
F7EP 4
Plot
s e v e ra l p o in ts o n b o th sid e s o f e a c h v e r tic a l a s y m p to te .
P e r f o r m in g O p e ra tio n s w ith R a tio n a i E x p re s s io n s

Operation
Sim plify
Exampie
D iv id e o u t c o m m o n f a c t o r s
fro m th e n u m e r a to r a n d d e n o m in a to r.
Muitipiy
M u itip iy n u m e r a t o r s a n d
d e n o m i n a t o r s . T h e n sim p iify .
Divide
(x + 5 )(x ^ h T 3 )
x2 + 7x
3x
1
5 (x + 7 )
2 (3* + 1) _ ^ ,2
1
3x + 1
x + 5
1 5 x (x + 7 )
15
M u itip iy t h e fir s t e x p r e s s i o n b y
t h e r e c ip r o c a l o f t h e s e c o n d e x p r e s s i o n .
x(x^-3)
3x
f2 + 8 x + 1 5
6x + 2
3x + 1
T h e n sim p lify .
Add or Subtract
W r ite t h e e x p r e s s i o n s
w ith iik e d e n o m i n a t o r s . T h e n a d d
o r su b tra c t th e n u m e ra to rs o v e r th e
5 +
5 (x + 2)
x + 2
x (x + 2 )
x^ + 5 x + 1 0
x (x + 2 )
x (x + 2)
c o m m o n d e n o m i n a t o r . L a stly , sim p iify .
S o iv in g R a tio n a i E q u a tio n s
Solve
2
x + 1
x + 4
= 1.
th e LCD .
^7^7
Find
F72P^
Muitipiy
-f7RP<?
Soive the resulting equation.
e a c h sid e o f th e
e q u a tio n b y th e LCD .
L C D is (x + l)(x + 4).
x (x + 4) + 2 (x + 1) = (x + l)(x + 4)
x^ + 4 x + 2 x + 2 = x^ + 5 x + 4
6x
+ 2 = 5x + 4
x = 2
602
Chapter 8
Rationai Functions
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ N o m c 7 u fo r
dasszorte.com
- M u lti-L a n g u a g e G lo s s a r y
* V o c a b u la r y p r a c tic e
- inverse variation, p. 55?
- rational function, p. 558
' c o m p l e x f r a c t i o n , p. 584
- con stan t o f variation, p. 55?
< simplified form o f a rational

exp ression , p. 573
' c r o s s m u ltip ly in g , p. 589
-jo in t variation, p. 555
1.
C o p y a n d c o m p le te : If tw o v a r ia b le s x a n d y a r e r e la te d b y a n e q u a tio n o f th e fo rm
y = w h e re a A 0 , t h e n x a n d y s h o w ? .
2.
S u p p o s e z v a r ie s jo in tly w ith x a n d y. W h a t c a n y o u s a y a b o u t ?
3. C o p y a n d c o m p le te : A f u n c tio n o f th e f o r m /( x )
p o ly n o m ia ls a n d tj(x) ^
is c a lle d a (n ) ? .
p(x)
w h e re p (x ) a n d <?(x) a r e
<7(x)
4. G iv e tw o e x a m p le s o f a c o m p le x f ra c tio n .
5.
C o p y a n d c o m p le te : W h e n y o u r e w rite th e e q u a tio n = j- a s 3 (x - 1) = 2x,

y o u a re ? .
REVIEW BMMPEES AND EXERCISES

U se t h e re v ie w e x a m p le s a n d e x e rc is e s b e lo w to c h e c k y o u r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e
c o n c e p ts y o u h a v e le a r n e d in e a c h le s s o n o f C h a p te r 8 .
Mode! tnverse and Joint Variation
p p .5 5 1-5 5 7
T h e v a ria b le s x a n d y v a r y in versely, a n d y = 12 w h e n x = 3. W rite a n e q u a tio n

th a t relates x a n d y. T h en fin d y w h e n x = - 4 .
y =
Write general equation for inverse variation.
12 =
36 = a
Soive for a.
^ T h e in v e rs e v a r ia tio n e q u a tio n is y = . W h e n x = - 4 , y =
= -9 .
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 551
for Exs. 6 - 9
T h e v a ria b le s x a n d y v a r y in versely. U se th e g iv en v a lu e s to w rite a n e q u a tio n

r e la tin g x a n d y. T h en fin d y w h e n x = - 3 .
6. x = 1, y = 5
7. x = - 4 , y = - 6
8. x = - , y = 18
9.
x = - 1 2 ,y = A
Chapter Review
603
CHAPTER REV!EW
Graph Simp!e Rationa) Functions
p p .558-563
G raph y = y * J* ^ . S tate th e d o m a in a n d ran g e .

Draw th e a s y m p to te s . S o lv e x - 1 = 0 fo r x
to f in d t h e v e r tic a l a s y m p to te x = 1. T h e
h o r iz o n ta l a s y m p to te is th e lin e y = y = 2 .
Plot p o in ts to t h e le ft a n d to th e r ig h t o f th e
v e r tic a l a s y m p to te .
.MRPF
Draw th e tw o b r a n c h e s o f t h e h y p e r b o la so
th a t th e y p a s s th r o u g h t h e p lo tte d p o in ts a n d
a p p r o a c h th e a s y m p to te s .
^ T h e d o m a in is a ll r e a l n u m b e r s e x c e p t 1. T h e r a n g e is a ll r e a l n u m b e r s e x c e p t 2.
EXAMPLES
2 and 3
on pp. 559-560
for Exs. 10-12
EX ER C !SES
G raph th e fu n ctio n . S tate th e d o m a in a n d ran g e .
10. y =
x 3
11 .
y =
x+ 5
12 .
Graph Genera! Rationa! Functions

G raph y
/( x ) = 3 x - 2
x- 4
pp. 565-571
2x<=
x + 2*
* T h e n u m e r a to r h a s 0 a s its o n ly z e ro , so th e g ra p h
h a s a n x -in te r c e p t a t ( 0 , 0 ).
* T h e d e n o m in a to r h a s - 2 a s its o n ly z e ro , so th e
g r a p h h a s a v e r tic a l a s y m p to te a t x = - 2 .
* T h e d e g r e e o f t h e n u m e r a to r (2) is g re a te r t h a n
th e d e g r e e o f th e d e n o m in a to r (1). So, th e r e is n o
h o r iz o n ta l a s y m p to te . T h e g r a p h h a s th e s a m e
e n d b e h a v io r a s t h e g r a p h o f y - yX ^ * * = 2 x.
EXERO SES
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
on pp. 565-566
for Exs. 13-18
13. y
x^ +
16. y
x^ + 3
604
Chapter 8
14. y
x^ +
-8
Rational Functions
4x^
x- 1
y=
15.
6
x,2 - 3x - 40
h (x ) =
18. g(x) =
6x
x-
x '- l
x + 4
@ H o m e 7 M to r
ciasszone.com
C h a p te r R e v ie w P r a c tic e
Muitipiy and Divide Rationai Expressions

D ivid e:
3 * + 27
6x - 48
p p .573-580
x^ + 9%
x^ - 4x - 32
4 x - 32
x^ + 9x
3x + 27 . x^ + 9x _ 3x + 27
6 x - 48
x^ - 4x - 32 6x - 48
Muitipiy by redprocai.
3(x + 9)
- 8)
(x + 4 ) ( x - 8 )
x(x + 9)
-% ^ 9 1 (x + 4 )(x ^ 8 )
2 f3 )fx ^ 8 1 (x h x -4 -9 1
Factor.
6 (x
^x + 4
2x
Simpiified form
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
3 ,4 , 6, and 7
P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p era tio n . S im p lify th e resu it.
o n pp. 5 7 5 - 5 7 7
19.
so x "
fo r E x s. 1 9 - 2 2
*y
5x
20.
)6.U - 8x + 1 . 20x^ - 5x
21 .
22.
] 5x"
x - 7x + 12x
x -3
- 8
2x
6x
- 96
x' - 9
x^ 13x + 40 + (x^ - 5 x - 24)

x^ 2x 15
Add and Subtract Rationa! Expressions

Add:
6x + 2 4
p p .582-588
x+ 2
+ 9x + 20
T h e d e n o m in a to r s f a c to r a s 6 (x + 4) a n d (x + 4 )(x + 5), so th e L C D is
6 (x + 4 ) (x + 5). U s e t h i s r e s u lt to r e w rite e a c h e x p r e s s io n w ith a c o m m o n
d e n o m in a to r, a n d t h e n a d d .
6x
+ 24
x+2
^ + 9x + 20
x+ 2
(x + 4)(x + 5)
6 (x
+ 4)
6 (x
x+ 2
x
.x+ 5 +
+ 4) x + 5 (x + 4)(x + 5)
6 (x
x + 5x
+ 4)(x + 5) +
6 (x
6
6
6x
+ 12
+ 4)(x + 5)
x^ + l l x + 12
+ 4)(x + 5)
6 (x
EXERO SES
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
P erfo rm th e in d ic a te d o p e ra tio n a n d sim p lify.
on pp. 5 8 3 -5 8 4
for Exs. 2 3 -2 5
23.
6 (x + 3)
+ x+4
2x
24.
5x +
x+ t
4x- 9
x
+ 5x - 24
25.
x+ 2
x^ + 4x + 3
5x
x^
Chapter Review
605
CHAPTER REV!EW
So!ve Rationa! Equations
Solve:
p p .589-595
+ ^- = ^
2x
x
%+ 1
T h e le a s t c o m m o n d e n o m in a to r is 2 x (x + 1).
3%
x+ 1
2 x (x
3x
+ 1)
2x
^ j = 2x ( x + l )
X + 1
Muitipiy each side by the LCD, 2x(x + 1 ).
2 x (3 x ) + 6 (x + 1) = 2 (x + 1)(7)
6 x^
+ 6x +
6 x^
8x
Simpiify.
= 14x + 14
Simpiify.
- 8= 0
3x2 - 4 x - 4 = 0
(3x + 2 ) ( x - 2 ) = 0
3x + 2 = 0
x = -^
3
Factor.
or
2= 0
or
x =
Soive for x.
^ T h e s o iu tio n s a r e
a n d 2. C h e c k th e s e in th e o r ig in a i e q u a tio n to m a k e s u r e
n e ith e r s o lu tio n is e x tr a n e o u s .
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
1 ,4 , and S
o n pp. 5 8 9 - 5 9 1
Soive th e eq u a tio n b y cro ss m u itip iy in g . C h e ck y o u r so iu tio n (s).
2 6.
f o r E x s. 2 6 - 3 6
29.
=
x
x+2
27. - =
30.
2x + 5
x+
x + 12 _ 2x + 3
3
x+2
28.
x - 1 _ 3x
4
9
31.
2x _ - 3 x
x + 4 4x - 3
Soive th e e q u a tio n b y u sin g th e LCD. C h e ck fo r e x tra n e o u s so iu tio n s.

32. ^ + - = 3
2
x
34.
3x
33.
12
8( x
- 1) _ 4
x+
x ^ -4
gg 2(x + 7) _ ^ = 2x + 20
X + 4
2x+ 8
S o fa r th is s e a s o n , a b a s k e tb a ii p ia y e r h a s m a d e 60 o f
75 f re e -th r o w a tte m p ts .
a. W rite a r a tio n a i e x p r e s s io n th a t r e p r e s e n ts th e p la y e r's f r e e - th r o w
p e r c e n ta g e (e x p re s s e d a s a d e c im a l) if s h e m a k e s h e r n e x t x f re e th r o w s .
b. H o w m a n y c o n s e c u tiv e f re e th r o w s m u s t th e p ia y e r m a k e in o r d e r to r a is e
h e r f r e e - th r o w p e r c e n ta g e to a t ie a s t 82% ?
36. BASKETBALL
606
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
CHAPTER TEST
T h e v a ria b le s x a n d y v a r y in versely. U se th e g iv en v a lu e s to w rite an e q u a tio n
re la tin g x a n d y. T h en fin d y w h e n x = 4.
2.
l . x = 5, y = 2
4.
x = 3, y =
x = - 2, y =
5. x
G raph th e fu n ctio n . S tate th e d o m a in an d ran ge.
7. y = x + 5 - 3
8. y = ----^ - 1
x- 4
9.
/( x ) = 26x -+ x1
12 .
+3
g(x) = x^
2x - 1
10 .
y=
x
x^ 4-
x + 8x + 15
11. y = ^
+2
F in d th e lea st co m m o n m u ltip le o f th e p o ly n o m ia ls.

13.
(x - 3 )(x + 5) a n d x (x + 5)
14.
4x ^(x - 2) a n d 8 x (x + 2)
15.
x^ - 4 x a n d x^ - 2 x -
16.
2x +
18.
x - 3x - 4 x
x^ - 3x - 18 ^ + 1
a n d x^ + 10x^ + 2 1 x
P e rfo rm th e in d ica te d o p e ra tio n a n d sim p lify .

17.
3x^y
4x^yS
6y^
19.
x+4
x^ 8 x + 15 ________
x^ + 12x + 32 x^ - 25
21 .
3x
x+ 5
23.
3x
x^ + x 12
2xy^
20. x^ - l l x + 28 + (x^ - 16)

x^ + 5x + 4
4x + 1
x+ 5
x -3
6
24.
x+ 4
x
+
+6
2x
So lve th e eq u a tio n . C h e ck fo r e x tra n e o u s so lu tio n s.

25
3 _ x - 3
x + 2 2x + 4
^26.
1
x+
x+ 1_
6
13
x+ 6
27.
x- 2 _ x+ 2
x- 1 x+ 4
T h e in te n s ity f o f a s o u n d v a r ie s in v e rs e ly w ith th e
s q u a r e o f th e d is ta n c e r f ro m th e s o u rc e o f th e s o u n d . W rite a n e q u a tio n
r e la tin g J, r, a n d a c o n s ta n t a .
28. SOUND tNTENSlTY
Y ou h a v e s u b s c r ib e d to a c a b le te le v is io n s e rv ic e . T h e c a b le
c o m p a n y c h a rg e s y o u a o n e - tim e in s ta lla tio n fe e o f $ 3 0 a n d a m o n th ly fe e
o f $ 5 0 . W rite a n d g r a p h a m o d e l t h a t g iv e s th e a v e ra g e c o s t p e r m o n th a s a
f u n c tio n o f t h e n u m b e r o f m o n th s y o u h a v e s u b s c r ib e d to th e s e rv ic e . A fte r
h o w m a n y m o n th s w ill t h e a v e ra g e c o s t b e $ 5 6 ?
29. CABLE TV
Y ou a r e b u ild in g a n e w w e b s ite fo r y o u r s c h o o l. A c o m p a n y
t h a t h o s ts w e b s ite s o ffe rs a d e d ic a te d s e r v e r fo r a $ 5 0 s e tu p fe e p lu s a
m o n th ly fe e o f $ 9 9 . H o w m a n y m o n th s w o u ld y o u n e e d to u s e th is s e rv ic e
in o rd e r fo r y o u r a v e ra g e m o n th ly c o s t to fa ll to $ 100 ?
30. WEB HOSTING
Chapter Test
607
TEST PREPARATION
CONTEXT-BASED
S o m e o f th e in f o r m a tio n y o u n e e d to so lv e a c o n te x t-b a s e d m u ltip le c h o ic e
q u e s tio n m a y a p p e a r in a ta b le , a d ia g r a m , o r a g ra p h .
W h ic h r a tio n a l e x p r e s s io n r e p r e s e n ts th e
r a tio o f th e p e r im e te r to th e a r e a o f th e
p la y g r o u n d s h o w n in th e d ia g r a m ?
2x
2x
6x
P!an
!NTERPRET THE D!AGRAM D e te r m in e th e m is s in g d im e n s io n s o n th e d ia g r a m .
T h e n u s e th e m to w rite e x p r e s s io n s fo r th e p e r im e te r a n d a r e a o f th e p la y g ro u n d .
So!ution
C o p y t h e d ia g r a m . T h e n f in d a n d la b e l th e
m is s in g d im e n s io n s .
U se s u b tr a c t io n a n d a d d itio n to f in d th e
d im e n s io n s t h a t a r e n o t la b e le d o n th e
d ia g r a m . T h e m is s in g d im e n s io n s a r e 4 x
a n d 3%.
Find th e m issing
dim ensions an d w rite
an expression for th e
perim eter.
6x - 2 x = 4 x
2x
\
x + 2x = 3x
2x
6x
P e r im e te r = 4 x -t- x + 2 x + 3 x + 6 x + 2 x
= 18x
T h e p la y g r o u n d c o n s is ts o f tw o r e c ta n g le s ,
o n e w ith d im e n s io n s x b y 2 x a n d th e o th e r
w ith d im e n s io n s 2 x b y 6 x .
W rite an expression for

th e area.
T o f in d t h e a r e a o f th e p la y g r o u n d , a d d th e
a r e a s o f th e tw o r e c ta n g le s .
A re a = x (2 x ) + 2 x (6 x )
= 2 x^ +
12 x^
= M x^
Find th e ratio of th e
perim eter to th e area.
T h e r a tio o f t h e p e r im e te r to t h e a r e a is:
P e rim e te r _
A rea
18x _ 2^(9) __ J C
14^2
7x
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n sw e r is A. (A) ( B ) (C) (D )
608
Chapter 8
Rationa! Functions
2x
2x
6x
T h e ta b le s h o w s h o w th e fo rc e F (in p o u n d s ) n e e d e d
to lo o s e n a c e r ta in b o lt w ith a w r e n c h d e p e n d s o n th e
le n g t h f (in in c h e s ) o f th e w re n c h 's h a n d le . W h ic h
e q u a tio n r e la te s f a n d F?
( g ) F = 1500f
(E ) F =
1500
f (in.)
F('b)
375
250
( g ) F = 9 3 .7 5 f
10
150
(D ) F = 93.75
12
125
P!an
T h e ta b le sh o w s fo u r d a ta p a ir s (i, F ). T o w rite a n
e q u a tio n r e la tin g f a n d F, y o u n e e d to f in d a p a tt e r n in th e d a ta .
INTERPRET THE TABLE
W r ite a n e q u a t i o n t h a t
r e ia t e s f a n d F.
F = 1500
Solve fo r F.
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C .
(A ) (B ) ( S ) (E )
PRACTKE
1. W h ic h r a tio n a l e x p r e s s io n r e p r e s e n ts th e
r a tio o f t h e p e r im e te r to th e a r e a o f th e
f ig u re s h o w n ?
(E )
6x
T 2*_
7x
3
(E )
10x^
29
(A ) 67x
18x
9
(B ) 23x
CO ^
Id e n tify a p a t te r n in t h e
d a t a p a ir s (f, F).
Sotution
F in d th e p r o d u c t f - F fo r e a c h d a ta p a ir.
4(375) = 1500
6 (2 5 0 ) = 1500
10(150) = 1500 12(125) = 1500
E a c h p r o d u c t e q u a ls 1500, so th e d a ta s h o w in v e rs e v a r ia tio n .
A n e q u a tio n r e la tin g f a n d F is th e fo llo w in g :
f . F = 1500
U se th e re su lt fro m S tep 1.
2. W h ic h e q u a tio n r e p r e s e n ts th e o rd e r e d p a ir s in th e ta b le ?
X
10
180
90
60
45
36
<g) y =
360
(B ) y =
x
360
(E ) y =
609
g **""*""**TESTPRACTM$
MULTIPLE CHOKE
In E xercises 1 an d 2, u se th e g iv e n g ra p h o f a
ra tio n a l fu n ctio n .
1.
W h a t is th e r a n g e o f th e f u n c tio n ?
(A )
In E x ercises 5 an d 6, u se th e g iv e n g ra p h o f a
r a tio n a l fu n ctio n .
5.
A ii r e a l n u m b e r s
(B ) A ll r e a i n u m b e r s e x c e p t 2
( g ) A ll r e a l n u m b e r s e x c e p t 3
6.
(D ) A ll r e a l n u m b e r s e x c e p t 5
2. W h ic h s ta te m e n t is fa lse ?
(A )
T h e lin e x = 3 is a n a s y m p to te .
(B ) T h e lin e y = 2 is a n a s y m p to te .
( g ) T h e f u n c tio n is u n d e f in e d fo r x = 2
(D ) T h e p o in t ( - 2 ,1 ) lie s o n th e g ra p h .
W h a t a r e th e x - in te r c e p ts o f th e g ra p h ?
(A ) - 5 a n d - 2 .5
(B ) - 2 .5 a n d 4
(g )
(D )
-4 and 5
-5 and 4
W h a t is th e h o r iz o n ta l a s y m p to te o f th e g ra p h ?
(A )
x=
-2
(g )y
(g )
x=
(g ) y =
=0
1
7. C o n s id e r a r e c ta n g le w h o s e d im e n s io n s
c h a n g e b u t w h o s e a r e a r e m a in s c o n s ta n t.
T h e r e c ta n g le 's le n g th f v a r ie s in v e rs e ly
w ith its w id th re. T h e d ia g r a m b e lo w sh o w s
th e r e c ta n g le a t o n e m o m e n t in tim e . W h ic h
e q u a tio n r e la te s f a n d tc?
In E xercises 3 a n d 4, u se th e g iv en table.
3.
-12
30
-1.5
-5
-0.5
-2
-2
0.67 in.
1.72 in.
W h a t is th e r e la tio n s h ip a m o n g t h e v a ria b le s ?
(A )
T h e v a r ia b le p v a r ie s jo in tly w ith q a n d r.
(B ) T h e v a r ia b le p v a r ie s jo in tly w ith q a n d th e
s q u a r e o f r.
( g ) T h e v a r ia b le r v a r ie s in v e rs e ly w ith th e
s u m o f p a n d q.
8.
(A )
w = 0 .6 7 i
(g )
w = 1 .7 2 .f
(B )
1.1524
(D ) f = 1.1524tc
W h a t is th e a p p r o x im a te r a d iu s o f a c y lin d e r
th a t h a s th e s a m e v o lu m e a s th e r e c ta n g u la r
p r is m b e lo w a n d h a s th e le a s t s u r fa c e a r e a
p o s s ib le ?
(D ) T h e v a r ia b le q v a rie s in v e rs e ly w ith th e
s u m o f p a n d r.
4.
610
5 cm
W h a t is th e v a lu e o f r w h e n p = 2 0 a n d q = - 4 ?
(A ) - 5
(g ) -
(3 ) - j
Chapter 8
Rational Functions
.2 cm
18.5 cm
(A )
3.61 c m
(B ) 3 .8 4 c m
(g )
6 .0 0 c m
(D ) 7.66 c m
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ctasszone.com
SHORT RESPONSE
GMDDED ANSWER
9. W h a t is th e s o iu tio n o f th e e q u a tio n
x
+1
10. T h e v a r ia b le s m a n d n v a r y in v e rse ly , a n d
m = - 2 w h e n n = - 8 . W h a t is th e v a lu e o f n
w h e n m = 5?
11 .
T h e v a r ia b le <7v a r ie s jo in tly w ith r a n d th e

s q u a r e o f s a n d in v e rs e ly w ith th e s q u a r e
r o o t o f f. A lso , <7 = -1 .7 5 w h e n r = - 2 , s = 1,
a n d f = 16. W h a t is t h e v a lu e o f ^ w h e n r = 5,
s = 3, a n d f = 25?
12 .
W h a t n u m b e r is n o t in th e d o m a in o f th e
f u n c tio n /( x ) =
2x^ -
4x + 2
13. So f a r th is q u a r te r , a s tu d e n t h a s h a n d e d in 15
o f 17 h o m e w o rk a s s ig n m e n ts . S o lv e th e
e q u a tio n 0 .9 5 = jy + ^ to d e te r m i n e th e
n u m b e r o f c o n s e c u tiv e a s s ig n m e n ts th e
s tu d e n t m u s t t u r n in to r a is e h e r h o m e w o rk
p e r c e n ta g e u p to 95% .
14. L isa s te p s o n to a n e s c a la to r a n d b e g in s
d e s c e n d in g . A fte r r id in g fo r 12 fe e t, s h e
r e a liz e d th a t s h e d r o p p e d h e r k e y s o n th e
u p p e r flo o r a n d w a lk s b a c k u p th e e s c a la to r to
r e tr ie v e th e m . T h e to ta l tim e P o f h e r tr ip d o w n
a n d u p th e e s c a la to r is g iv e n b y th e e q u a tio n
12
w h e re s is t h e s p e e d o f t h e e s c a la to r a n d w is
L isa 's w a lk in g s p e e d . T h e tr ip to o k 9 s e c o n d s
a n d L isa w a lk s a t a s p e e d o f 6 f e e t p e r s e c o n d .
F in d th e s p e e d o f th e e s c a la to r.
15. F ro m 1960 to 1995 in th e U n ite d S ta te s , th e
d a ily w a te r c o n s u m p tio n C (in b illio n s o f
g a llo n s ) a n d th e p o p u la tio n P (in th o u s a n d s )
C = 2.89x^ + 61.0 a n d P = 2 4 6 0 x + 180,000
0.0293x^ + 1
w h e re x r e p r e s e n ts t h e n u m b e r o f y e a rs s in c e
1960. W rite a m o d e l fo r th e d a ily p e r c a p ita
w a te r c o n s u m p tio n (in g a llo n s p e r p e rs o n ) a s a
f u n c tio n o f th e y e a r. E x p la in a ll o f y o u r s te p s .
EXTENDED RESPONSE
16. F ro m 1980 to 2001, th e n u m b e r a (in m illio n s ) o f m a le s e n r o lle d in h ig h s c h o o l
in t h e U n ite d S ta te s c a n b e m o d e le d b y
a =
0 .0 4 4 1 X - " 0 .0 0 5 6 5 X - " -
1 .0 8 x + 7 .2 5
0 . 1 4 2 x + 1 .0 0
w h e re x is th e n u m b e r o f y e a rs s in c e 1 9 8 0 .
a. M a k e a ta b le o f v a lu e s s h o w in g t h e e n r o llm e n t a t 2 y e a r in te r v a ls fo r th e
y e a rs 1 9 8 0 to 2 0 0 0 .
b. G ra p h th e m o d e l.
c. U se y o u r g r a p h to e s tim a te th e y e a r in w h ic h 7.7 m illio n m a le s w e re
e n r o lle d in h ig h sc h o o l.
d. A n a ly z e th e g ra p h 's tr e n d . D o y o u t h in k it w ill it c o n tin u e in d e fin ite ly ?
E x p la in y o u r a n s w e r.
17. A d ig ita l v id e o r e c o r d e r c o s ts $ 9 9 . 9 9 , a n d a p r o g r a m m in g s e r v ic e fo r th e
d ig ita l v id e o r e c o r d e r c o s ts $ 1 2 . 9 5 p e r m o n th .
a. W rite a m o d e l t h a t g iv e s th e a v e ra g e c o s t p e r m o n th C a s a f u n c tio n o f th e
n u m b e r o f m o n th s m y o u h a v e s u b s c r ib e d to th e s e rv ic e .
b. G ra p h th e m o d e l. U se th e g r a p h to e s tim a te th e n u m b e r o f m o n th s t h a t y o u
n e e d to s u b s c r ib e b e fo re th e a v e ra g e c o s t d r o p s to $ 1 4 p e r m o n th .
c. W h a t is t h e e q u a tio n o f th e h o r iz o n ta l a s y m p to te ? W h a t d o e s th e
a s y m p to te re p re s e n t?
611
fJ
lunJ FiiitJjipjtjF TpyjjjiiJnJ
3A2 CuTijiJi i u n i !< M i3 ^ j u n T i u j j d oF
'
GypjjJj ujjd JtVyjip^jiipijonj uF GJydpj

GyppJj pyjJ !i!/yji3 . a p m i l i u g uF ^tl^p
^ t j p p i i n u d oF .H 'tu ^ r h u R ^ ..'
f io tn
9 7 Solve Q u ad ratic S y stem s
In p re v io u s c h a p te r s , y o u le a r n e d th e fo llo w in g s k ills, w h ic h y o u 'il u s e in C h a p te r 9

g r a p h in g q u a d r a tic f u n c tio n s , c o m p le tin g th e s q u a r e , a n d s o lv in g lin e a r s y s te m s .
Prerequisite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
C o p y an d co m p lete th e statem en t.
1.
2.
T h e g ra p h o f a (n ) ? f u n c tio n is a
T h e g ra p h o f th e
r a tio n a l fu n c tio n
p arab o la.
T = *-
sh o w n a t th e rig h t, is a ? .
3. T w o e q u a tio n s o f th e fo rm Tlx + B y = C a n d
A x + By = B f o rm a ? sy stem o f e q u a tio n s
SK!LLS CHECK
G raph. L abel th e v e rte x a n d a x is o f sy m m etry . fReviewpp. 236,243/or 9.2 J
4.
y = x ^ -3
5.
y = -0 .2 5 x 2
6.
y = 3 (x + lf
7.
y = 0 .5 ( x -2 f + 4
Solve th e e q u a tio n b y co m p le tin g th e sq u a re. (Reviewp. 284/or 9.6/

8.
x 2 -4 x + 7 = 0
9. x 2 - 8 x - 1 5 = 0
10.
T^
9 x -1 2 = 0
Solve th e sy stem u sin g a n y a lg e b ra ic m eth o d . ^Reviewp. 160/or 9.7/

11.
2 x -y = ll
x - 2y = - 3
12.
x + 5 y = -1 7
2 x 3y = 13
@ FFotH P 7tlFor Prerequisite skiiis practice at dasszone.com
13.
- 4 x + 7j
2 x 6y =
I n C h a p te r 9, y o u w ill a p p ly th e b ig id e a s lis te d b e lo w a n d r e v ie w e d in th e
C h a p te r S u m m a r y o n p a g e 6 6 8 . Y ou w ill a ls o u s e t h e k e y v o c a b u la r y lis te d b elo w .
Big ideas
^
W riting equations o f conic sections
Graphing equations o f conic sections
Solving quadratic system s
KEY VOCABULARY
* d i s t a n c e f o r m u i a .p . 6 7 4
< v e r t i c e s , p p. 6 3 4 , 6 4 2
' tr a n s v e r s e a x is , p. 6 4 2
- f o c u s , fo c i, pp. 6 2 0 , 6 3 4 , 6 4 2
' m a jo r a x i s , p. 6 3 4
' c o n i c s e c t i o n s , p. 6 5 0
* d ir e c tr ix , p. 6 2 0
- c o -v e rtic e s , p. 6 3 4
' g e n e ra ) se c o n d -d e g r e e
* c ir c ie , p . 6 2 6
- m in o r a x i s , p . 6 3 4
- h y p e r b o ia , p. 6 4 2
- e ii i p s e ,p . 6 3 4
e q u a t i o n , p. 6 5 3
' q u a d r a t i c s y s t e m , p. 6 5 8
Y ou c a n u s e c o n ic s e c tio n s to d e s c r ib e th e s h a p e s o f re a l- w o rld o b je c ts . F o r
e x a m p le , y o u c a n u s e a p a r a b o la to m o d e l th e c r o s s s e c tio n o f a r a d io te le s c o p e .
Aigebra
T h e a n im a tio n ill u s tr a te d b e lo w fo r E x e rc ise 58 o n p a g e 625 h e lp s y o u a n s w e r
th is q u e s tio n : H o w d o t h e d im e n s io n s o f a r a d io te le s c o p e d e te r m in e th e e q u a tio n
t h a t m o d e ls its c ro s s s e c tio n ?
Radio te le s c o p e s have a p a ra b o lic c r o s s

se c tio n th a t c o n c e n tr a te s radio w a v e s.
C alcu late th e fo c a ! len gth and depth of th e

te le s c o p e dish.
O theranim ationsfor Chapter 9 : p a g e s 61 5 , 6 2 1 , 6 3 5 , 6 4 3 , 6 4 9 , and 651
1 Appty the Distance and

** Midpoint Formu!as
You fo u n d th e sio p e o f a tine p a ssin g th rou g h tw o p oints.
You wiii find th e len g th an d m id point o f a tine s e g m e n t.
S o you ca n find real-w orid d ista n ce s, a s in Exs. 4 8 - 5 1 .
To f in d th e d is ta n c e d b e tw e e n A ( ^ , jq ) a n d B f ^ , Y^)a p p iy th e P y th a g o r e a n th e o r e m to r ig h t tr ia n g le ABC.
Key Vocabuiary
d ista n ce fo rm u la
m id p o in t fo rm u la
(A BY = (A CY + (BC)-^
^2 _
-,2
+ (Yz - Y i)'
^ = V ^ 2 - * t ^ + <72 - Y r^
T h e f in a l e q u a tio n is th e d is ta n c e fo rm u la.
KEY CONCEPT
T he D istan ce F orm u ia
T h e d is ta n c e d b e tw e e n ( ^ , jq ) a n d
EXAMPLE 1
Y2) is d = ^
+ (y^ * y / f -
W hat is th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n ( - 3 , 5) a n d (4, - 1 ) ?
(A) V13
V65
( B)
(C) V85
(D) 13
Soiution
L e t (-*q,y) = ( - 3 , 5) a n d ( ^ y ^ ) = (4, - 1 ) .
d =
^ (*2
+ (Yz * Y ^ = V ( 4 - ( - 3 ) ) ^ + ( - l - 5 ) ^ = V 49 + 36 = V85
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C . (A) (B) (g ) (g )
^t
EXAMPLE 2
_______________
Ciassify a triangie using the distance formuia
C ia ss ify A A B C as scalen e, isosceles, o r eryaiiafera!.
A B = V (7 - 4)^ + (3 -
6 )^
B C = V (2 - 7)^ +
(1
- 3)^
= V29
A C = V (2 - 4 f +
(1
= V 29
6f
^ B e c a u s e B C = AC, A A B C is
614
Chapter 9
= V l 8= 3 V 2
Quadratic Relations and Conic Sections
is o s c e le s .
GUIDED PRACTKE
1.
W h a t is th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n (3, - 3 ) a n d ( - 1 , 5)?
2.
T h e v e r tic e s o f a tr ia n g le a r e B ( - l , 3), S (5, 2), a n d T(3, 6 ). C la ssify A B S T a s

sc a le n e , isosceles, o r e q u ila te ra l.
K E Y CO N C EPT
y T he M idpoint F o rm u la
^ A lin e s e g m e n t's m id p o in t is e q u id is ta n t fro m

^ th e s e g m e n t's e n d p o in ts . T h e m id p o in t fo rm u la,
s h o w n b elo w , g iv e s th e m id p o in t o f th e lin e
" s e g m e n t jo in in g A ( x /,y ^ a n d B ( x ^ ,y ^ ) .
'y
^--^^midpoint 1M
)y)
JC
C In w o rd s , e a c h c o o r d in a te o f M is th e m e a n o f th e c o rre s p o n d in g c o o r d in a te s
1 o f A a n d B.
Find the midpoint of a iine segment
EXAMPLE 3
Find th e m id p o in t o f th e lin e se gm e n t jo in in g ( - 5 , 1 ) a n d ( - 1 , 6).
Solution
L e t ( x ,,y ^ =
( - 5 , 1)
a n d (x ^ .y ^) =
-5
Algebra
EXAMPLE 4
REVIEW EQUATIONS
F o r h e lp w ith
+ 1 -1 )
'
( - 1 , 6).
1 + 6 ) ^ i_ q
7)
'
at classzone.com
Find a perpendicuiar bisector
W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e p e rp e n d ic u ia r b ise cto r o f th e iin e se gm en t

jo in in g A ( 3, 4) a n d B (5, 6).
w r itin g e q u a t i o n s o f
p e r p e n d ic u la r lin e s ,
s e e p. 9 8 .
Solution
7
y
Find
l * r + * 2 T i+ T z
F72R2
1 -3 + 5 4 + 6 ) =
2
2
( 2 ' 2 J
Calculate t h e s lo p e o f AB.
m
^7<FR J
6 - 4
- -
(-3 )
B 5,^
th e m id p o in t o f th e lin e s e g m e n t.
5)
11,5)
4(- -3,4)
y - -4 x + 9
!
i
F ind th e s lo p e o f th e p e r p e n d ic u la r b is e c to r : ^ = - y y y Use p o in t- s lo p e
fo rm : y - 5 = - 4 ( x -
1),
o r y = - 4 x + 9.
^ A n e q u a tio n fo r t h e p e r p e n d ic u la r b is e c to r o f A B is y = 4 x + 9.
9.1
Apply the D istance and Midpoint Formulas
615
FINDING A CIRCLE S CENTER R e c a ll fro m g e o m e tr y t h a t th e p e r p e n d ic u la r

b is e c to r o f a n y c h o r d o f a c irc ie p a s s e s th r o u g h th e c irc le 's c e n te r. Y ou c a n u s e
th is th e o r e m to f in d th e c e n te r o f a c irc le g iv e n th r e e p o in ts o n th e c irc le .
So!ve a mu!ti-step prob!em
EXAMPLE 5
M a n y s c ie n tis ts
b e lie v e t h a t a n a s te r o id s la m m e d
in to E a r th a b o u t 65 m illio n y e a rs
a g o o n w h a t is n o w M e x ic o 's Y u c a ta n
p e n in s u la , c r e a tin g a n e n o r m o u s c r a te r
t h a t is n o w d e e p ly b u r ie d b y s e d im e n t.
U se th e la b e le d p o in ts o n th e o u tlin e
o f th e c ir c u la r c r a te r to e s tim a te its
d ia m e te r . (E a c h u n it in th e c o o r d in a te
p la n e r e p r e s e n ts 1 m ile .)
ASTEROID CRATER
Solution
.fTiFP 7
REVIEW SYSTEMS
For he!p w ith solving

system s of equations,
see p. 160.
^TiFP^
W rite e q u a tio n s fo r th e p e r p e n d ic u la r b is e c to r s o f 710 a n d O B u s in g

th e m e th o d o f E x a m p le 4.
y = - x + 34
Perpendicuiar bisector of AO
y = 3x +
Perpendicuiar bisector of 0 8
110
Find th e c o o r d in a te s o f th e c e n te r o f th e c irc le ,
w h e re 710 a n d O B in te r s e c t, b y s o lv in g th e
s y s te m f o r m e d b y th e tw o e q u a tio n s in S te p 1.
y = - x + 34
Write first equation.
3 x + 110 = - x + 34
Substitute for y.
4x = -7 6
Simpiify.
x = -1 9
Soive for x.
y = - ( - 1 9 ) + 34
Substitute the x-value into

the first equation.
y = 53
Soive for y.
T h e c e n te r o f th e c irc le is C (-1 9 , 53).

F7BP.7
Caicuiate th e r a d iu s o f th e c irc le u s in g th e d is ta n c e fo r m u ia . T h e
r a d iu s is th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n C a n d a n y o f th e th r e e g iv e n p o in ts .
OC = V (-1 9 -
0)2
+ (53 - O f = V 3170 = 56.3
Use(x^,y^) = (0,0)
and (x^y^) = (-1 9 , 53).
F T h e c r a te r h a s a d ia m e te r o f a b o u t 2 (5 6 .3 ) = 112.6 m ile s .
GUIDED PRACTICE
For th e lin e se gm en t jo in in g th e tw o g iv e n p o in ts, (a) fin d th e m id p o in t an d

(b) w rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e p e r p e n d ic u la r b ise cto r.
3. (0 ,0 ), ( - 4 , 12)
6.
616
Chapter 9
4. ( - 2 ,1 ) , ( 4 ,- 7 )
5. (3, 8 ), ( - 5 , - 1 0 )
T h e p o in ts (0, 0), ( 6 , 2), a n d (16, 8 ) lie o n a c irc le . U se th e m e th o d g iv e n in

E x a m p le 5 to f in d th e d ia m e te r o f th e c irc le .
HOMEWORK: Q = WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS

KEY!
91 EXERC!SES

E xs.2,1 8 ,19,37,and56
SK!LL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY
S ta te t h e d is ta n c e a n d m id p o in t fo rm u ia s .
W h e n f in d in g th e m id p o in t o f a lin e s e g m e n t jo in in g tw o p o in ts ,
d o e s it m a t te r w h ic h p o in t y o u c h o o s e a s (x^ y ^ ? E x p la in .
2. * WR!T)NC
EXAMPLES
1 and 3
on pp. 6 1 4 - 6 1 5
for Exs. 3 -2 1
USING THE FORMULAS F in d th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e tw o p o in ts. T h e n fin d th e

m id p o in t o f th e lin e se gm en t jo in in g th e tw o p o in ts.
3. (0 ,0 ), (8 ,1 5 )
6.
4.
( - 7 ,0 ) , (5, 3)
( 7 ^ ( 2 , - 1 ) , (6 , - 5 )
10 . ( 6 , - 3 ) , (10, - 9 )
9. ( - 4 , 8 ), ( 8 , - 4 )
12 ),
(18,
5. (0 ,6 ), ( 5 ,- 4 )
(0, 0), (4, 2)
12 .
( 11, -
12 )
15.
( - 3 .8 ,1 5 ) , (6.2, -1 1 )
18. * MULTIPLE CHOKE
11.
( - 4 , 4 ) , ( 5 ,- 4 )
13.
( - 5 ,1 ) , (1 5 ,8 )
14.
(9, 9), (-1 6 , -1 6 )
16.
(1.5, 4), (2.3, 9)
17.
( - 2 .4 , - 6 .7 ) , (3.1, - 5 .3 )
( g ) V 85
a n d (5, - 2 ) ?
( - 1 , - 2 ) , ( 8 , 4)
W h a t is th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n ( - 4 , 3) a n d ( 6 , 6 )?
(A ) V l3
19. A MULTIPLE CHOKE
8.
( g ) V l0 9
(D ) V l8 1
W h a t is th e m id p o in t o f th e iin e s e g m e n t jo in in g ( - 3 , 7)
('4
-4 5
'2
(B )
( t.
( )
- 4 ,9
'2
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe a n d co rre c t th e e rro r in fin d in g th e d ista n ce

b e tw e e n th e tw o p o in ts.
20.
( 5 ,- 1 ) , (2, 6 )
d = V (2 -
21.
(6
( - 4 , 3 ) , (2 ,8 )
d = V (2 - (- 4 ))2 - (5 - 3)2
1)2
= \ 3 6 - 25 = V11
= V 9 + 25 = V 5 4
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 6 1 4
for Exs. 2 2 - 3 0
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 615
for Exs. 3 1 - 3 6
CLASSIFYING TRIANGLES T h e v e rtic e s o f a tria n g le a re g iv en . C ia s s ify th e

tria n g ie as scalen e, isosceles, o r e q a iia te r a i.
(3, 5), (5, - 3 ) , (7, - 3 )
22.
( - 5 , 0), (0, 6 ), (5, 0)
23.
(0, - 3 ) , (0, 3), (3, 0)
24.
25.
( - 2 , 5), (1, - 1 ) , (4, 6 )
26.
( 1 ,4 ) , ( 4 ,1), (7,4 )
2 7 ) ( - 4 , 1), ( - 2 , 6 ), (0, - 1 )
28.
( - 1 , - 6 ), (1, 1), (4, - 5 )
29.
( - 4 , 3), (2, - 1 ) , ( 8 , - 1 )
30.
(3, 5), (6 , 9), (11, 9)
WR!T)NG EQUATIONS W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e p e r p e n d ic u la r b ise c to r o f th e

iin e se gm en t jo in in g th e tw o p o in ts.
31.
(3, 8 ), (7, 14)
32.
34.
(1 ,4 ), ( 6 , - 6 )
35.
37.
( - 5 , 6 ) , (1 ,8 )
( - 3 , - 5 ) , (9, - 2 )
33.
( - 3 , - 6 ), ( - 1 ,2 )
36.
(5, 10), (10, 7)
* OPEN-ENDED MATH F in d tw o p o in ts n o t o n th e lin e s x = 4 o r y = 2 s u c h

t h a t th e m id p o in t o f th e lin e s e g m e n t jo in in g th e p o in ts is (4, 2).
9.1
Apply th e D istance and Midpoint Formulas
617
GEOMETRY A M ed ian o f a tria n g le is a iin e se g m e n t jo in in g a v e rte x an d th e

m id p o in t o f th e o p p o site side. T h e o rd ered p a irs rep re se n t v e rtic e s o f a tria n g le .
W rite a n eq u a tio n o f th e lin e c o n ta in in g th e m e d ia n th a t jo in s th e first v e rte x to
th e side o p p o site it.
38.
(8 ,4 ), (0 ,0 ), (1 0 ,0 )
39.
(3, 10), (4 ,2 ), (1 0 ,8 )
40.
(2, 6), (3 ,1 ), (7,5 )
F!ND!NG A COORDINATE U se th e g iv en d ista n ce d b e tw e e n th e tw o p o in ts to fin d

th e v a lu e o f x o r y .
41.
(0, 3), (x, 5); d = 2V lO
42.
( - 3 , - 1 ) , (2, y); d = V41
43.
(x, 7), ( - 4 , 1); d = 6 V 2
44.
(1, y ), (8, 13); d = V 74
L e t (x, y) b e a n y p o in t o n th e lin e y = 2x. W rite a n d s im p lify a n

e q u a tio n th a t g iv e s th e d is ta n c e d b e tw e e n (x, y) a n d (2, 3) a s a f u n c tio n o f
x a lo n e . T h e n f in d th e c o o r d in a te s o f tw o p o in ts o n th e lin e y = 2 x th a t a re
e a c h V lO u n its f ro m (2, 3).
45. REASONiNG
46. CHALLENGE
/ x. + X? y, + y \
S h o w t h a t M l - , - I is th e m id p o in t o f th e lin e s e g m e n t
w ith e n d p o in ts (Xj, y^) a n d (x^, y 2). T o d o th is , s h o w th a t M is e q u id is ta n t

fro m e a c h e n d p o in t a n d t h a t M lie s o n th e lin e c o n ta in in g ( x ^ y j) a n d (x^, y 2).
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 1
on
p.
47.
614
f o r E x s. 4 7 - 5 !
ROBOTS A r e m o te - c o n tr o lle d r o b o t c a n b e in s tr u c te d
to m o v e b y e n te r in g c o o r d in a te s o n a c o n tr o l p a n e l.
If t h e r o b o t is in s tr u c te d to m o v e fro m ( 6 , 11) s tr a ig h t
to ( - 2 , 2 6 ), h o w f a r d o e s t h e r o b o t m o v e ? A s s u m e th e
c o o r d in a te s a r e in m e te rs .
@ M )fH e7M tor
HELICOPTER RESCUE In E x ercises 4 8 -5 1, u se th e

in fo rm a tio n g iv en to fin d th e d ista n ce a m e d ic a l
ev a cu a tio n ("m ed evac") h e lico p te r w o u ld h ave
to fly to M em o rial M ed ica l C en ter fro m each
lo ca tio n .
T h e H ig h w a y D e p a r tm e n t in S a n g a m o n C o u n ty ,
Illin o is , u s e s a m a p t h a t h a s its o rig in in c e n tr a l
S p rin g fie ld . E a c h u n it o n t h e m a p r e p r e s e n ts
1 m ile , a n d th e le tte r s N , S, E, a n d W in d ic a te
d ir e c tio n . F o r e x a m p le , 4W 5 .6 N is 4 m ile s w e s t
a n d 5.6 m ile s n o r t h o f t h e o rig in . O n a c o o r d in a te
p la n e , 4W 5.6N c o r r e s p o n d s to th e p o in t ( - 4 , 5 .6).
M e m o ria l M e d ic a l is a t 0 0 .5 N , o r (0, 0.5).
*
Washington Park
1.4W 0.8S
Spaulding Dam
2.9E 3.0S
*
*72*
A
N
49.
U n iv e rs ity o f Illin o is
50.
W a s h in g to n P a rk
51.
S p a u ld in g D a m
University
* of Illinois
2.2E5.1S
COMMUTING To g e t fro m h e r h o m e to h e r o ffic e , Li m u s t d riv e a r o u n d a la k e .

If s h e d riv e s 2 m ile s n o r th , t h e n 5 m ile s e a s t, a n d t h e n 4 m ile s s o u th , w h a t is
th e s tr a ig h t- lin e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n L i's h o m e a n d h e r o ffic e ?
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
C a p ita l A irp o r t
52.
. ",
Memorial Medical
' B 0 0.5N
48.
@M M w e7H tor
618
35
Capital .
Airport
1.1W2.8N
5 3 ^ MULTI-STEP PROBLEM T h e d ia g r a m s h o w s p a r t
o f a tr a il s y s te m a t a n a tu r e p re s e rv e . E a c h u n it
r e p r e s e n ts 0.1 m ile . S u p p o s e th a t y o u go fro m
t h e v is ito r c e n te r V to th e o b s e r v a tio n s ta n d S,
a n d t h e n ta k e a b r e a k a t M , h a lf w a y b e tw e e n th e
o b s e r v a tio n s ta n d a n d th e p ic n ic a r e a P.
a. W h a t a r e t h e c o o r d in a te s o f M ?
b. W h a t is th e to ta l d is ta n c e tr a v e le d f ro m V to M ?
c. W h a t is th e d is ta n c e fro m M b a c k to V th r o u g h P ?
EXAMPLE 3
o n p. 6 1 5
f o r Ex. 5 3
EXAMPLE 5
o n p. 6 1 6
fo r E x s. 5 4 - 5 5
Observation
Stand
54. ARCHAEOLOGY W h ile o n a n a r c h a e o lo g ic a l d ig , y o u u n c o v e r a p ie c e o f a

c ir c u la r d is h . Y ou la y th e p ie c e o n a c o o r d in a te p la n e a n d m a r k th r e e p o in ts
o n th e d is h 's e d g e a t ( - 4 , 2), (0, 0), a n d ( 6 , 4) w h e re e a c h u n i t r e p r e s e n ts
1 in c h . W h a t w a s th e o rig in a l d ia m e te r o f th e d ish ?
55. METEOR CRATERS F iv e m e te o r c r a te r s a r e c lu s te r e d to g e th e r n e a r
O d e s s a , T ex as. T h re e p o in ts o n th e e d g e o f th e c ir c u la r m a in c r a te r c a n b e
r e p r e s e n te d b y ( -2 2 0 , 2 2 0 ), (0, 0), a n d (200, 40) w h e re e a c h u n it r e p r e s e n ts
1 fo o t. W h a t is th e d ia m e te r o f th e c r a te r to th e n e a r e s t 10 feet?
56. * EXTENDED RESPONSE Y ou a r e o r d e r in g a tr ia n g u la r s a il fo r y o u r
s a ilb o a t. W h e n y o u g e t t h e sa il, y o u p la n to s e w a t h i n d e c o ra tiv e s tr ip

c o n n e c tin g th e m id p o in ts
and
o f tw o s id e s o f th e
sa il, a s s h o w n in th e d ia g r a m .
a. W rite e x p r e s s io n s fo r th e c o o r d in a te s o f
a n d M ,.
b. W rite a s im p lifie d e x p r e s s io n fo r th e le n g th o f th e s trip .
C o m p a re th is le n g th w ith th e le n g th o f th e s a il's b a s e .
c. D o y o u r r e s u lts f ro m p a r t (b) d e p e n d u p o n th e s h a p e
o f t h e tr ia n g u l a r sa il? E x p la in .
57. CHALLENGE A t tim e f = 0, a c a r b e g in s tr a v e lin g e a s t a t 60 m ile s p e r h o u r

fro m a p o in t 100 m ile s w e s t a n d 40 m ile s n o r t h o f a r a d io to w e r. T h e to w e r
h a s a tr a n s m is s i o n r a n g e o f 50 m ile s . U se th e d is ta n c e f o r m u la to f in d th e
tim e s f d u r in g w h ic h th e c a r is in r a n g e o f th e to w e r.
M!XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
G rap h th e fu n ctio n , (p. 236)
P r e p a r e fo r
58. y = 3x^
59. y = -4 x ^
60. y = -2x^
61. y = y x ^
62. y = - I x ^
63. y = ^
65. x^ - 15x + 54 (p. 232)

6 8 . x^ + 5x^ - 9x - 45 (p. 333)
. x- + 37x + 20 (p. 239)

69. x^ - 6 4 (p. 333)
L e s s o n 9 .2
in E x s. 5 8 - 6 3 .
F acto r th e ex p ressio n .
64. x^ - 6 x - 16 (p. 232)

67. 12x^ - 13x + 3 (p. 239)
66 8
Soive th e eq u a tio n . C h e ck fo r e x tra n e o u s so iu tio n s.
70. V 3x+
73.
x -1
10
(p. 432)
71. V5x -
)p. 369)
74.
x+ 4 ^
x -3
= Vx +
12
(p. 432)
^ gggj
x+4 ^
72. Vx - 3 = x - 5 (p. 432)

75
-J
+ 3 = -x 4x+ 1 ^^ ^
x+1
iÔNL!NEQU!Z at classzone.com
619
Graph and Write

Equations of Paraboias
You g ra p h ed an d w ro te e q u a tio n s o f p a ra b o ta s th a t o p e n up o r d ow n.
You wiii g rap h and w rite e q u a tio n s o f p a ra b o ia s th a t o p e n ieft o r right.
S o you ca n m ode) sou n d p ro je ctio n , a s in Ex. 5 6 .
Y ou k n o w th a t th e g r a p h o f y = ax^ is a p a r a b o la th a t o p e n s u p o r d o w n w ith
v e rte x (0, 0) a n d a x is o f s y m m e tr y x = 0. O n a n y p a r a b o la , e a c h p o in t is
e q u id is ta n t fro m a p o in t c a lle d th e fo cu s a n d a lin e c a lle d th e d ire ctrix .
Key V ocabu!ary
<fo cu s
* d ire c trix
*p a ra b o ia, p. 236
*ve rtex, p. 236
The focus lies on the

axis of symmetry.
The vertex iies haifway

between the focus and
the directrix.
The directrix is
perpendicuiar to the
axis of symmetry.
T h e e q u a tio n o f a p a r a b o la th a t o p e n s u p o r d o w n a n d h a s v e r te x (0, 0) c a n a ls o
b e w r itte n in th e fo rm x^ = 4py. P a ra b o la s c a n o p e n le ft o r r ig h t a s w ell, in w h ic h
c a s e th e e q u a tio n h a s th e fo r m y^ = 4 p x w h e n th e v e r te x is (0, 0). N o te b e lo w th a t
fo r a n y p a r a b o la , th e fo c u s a n d d ir e c tr ix e a c h lie ]p j u n its f ro m th e v e rte x .
!D E N T ) F Y
F U N C TtO N S
Notice that paraboias
th at open left or right
do not represent
functions.
y^ = 4px, p > 0
620
Chapter 9
y^ = 4px, p < 0
A )/-
KEY CONCEPT
- S ta n d a rd E q u atio n o f a P a ra b o ta w ith V e rte x a t th e Origin
II T h e s ta n d a r d f o r m o f th e e q u a tio n o f a p a r a b o la w ith v e r te x a t (0, 0) is a s

fo llo w s:
Equation
Focus
Directrix
A xis o f Sym m etry
'3<
II
( 0 , p)
y = -p
x = p
V e rtic a l (x = 0)
%
II
(p, 0 )
EXAMPLE 1
H o r iz o n ta l (y = 0)
Graph an equation of a parabota
G rap h x = -^ y ^ . Id e n tify th e fo cu s, d ir e c tr ix , a n d a x is o f sy m m e try .
Soiution
f
Rew rite
t h e e q u a tio n in s ta n d a r d fo rm .
- 8 x = y^
Muitipiy each side by -8 .
t h e fo c u s , d ir e c trix , a n d a x is o f
s y m m e try . T h e e q u a tio n h a s th e fo r m y^ = 4 p x
w h e re p = - 2 . T h e fo c u s is (p, 0), o r (2, 0).
T h e d ir e c t r ix is x = - p , o r x = 2. B e c a u s e y is
s q u a r e d , t h e a x is o f s y m m e tr y is th e x -a x is.
identify
SOLVE FOR V
th e p a r a b o ia b y m a k in g a ta b le o f v a lu e s
a n d p lo ttin g p o in ts . B e c a u s e p < 0, th e p a r a b o la
o p e n s to th e le ft. So, u s e o n ly n e g a tiv e x -v a lu e s .
Draw
T o fill in t h e t a b l e , n o t e
t h a t b e c a u s e - 8 x = y^,
y = V - 8 x . T h e v a lu e
o f y w ill b e a re a l
-i
-2
-3
-4
-5
2 .8 3
+ 4 .9 0
5 .6 6
6 .3 2
n u m b e r o n ly w h e n
x< 0.
Aigebra
at classzone.com
Write an equation of a parabota

W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e p a ra b o ia sh o w n .
Soiution
T h e g r a p h s h o w s t h a t th e v e r te x is (0, 01 a n d th e
d ir e c tr ix is y = - p = - y - S u b s titu te ^ fo r p in th e
s ta n d a r d fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f a p a r a b o la .
Standard form, verticai axis of sym m etry
x^ = 4 p y
x^ = 4
Substitute y for p.
x ' = 6y
Simpiify.
9 .2
Graph and W rite Equations o f Parabolas
621
CutDED PRACTKE
for E xam p tes 1 and 2
G rap h th e eq u a tio n . Id e n tify th e fo cu s, d ir e c tr ix , a n d a x is o f sy m m e tr y o f th e

p a ra b o ia.
I . y^ = - 6 %
2. x^ = 2y
3. y =
4. x = ^-y^
W rite th e sta n d a rd fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f th e p a ra b o ia w ith v e rte x at (0, 0)

a n d th e g iv en d ir e c tr ix o r fo cu s.
5. D i r e c t r i x : y = 2
6.
D ir e c tr ix :x = 4
7. F o c u s : ( - 2 , 0 )
PA RABOUC REFLECTORS P ara& oh'c r e je c to r s

h a v e c ro s s s e c tio n s th a t a r e p a r a b o ia s .
I n c o m in g s o u n d , tig h t, o r o th e r e n e rg y th a t
a rriv e s a t a p a r a b o lic r e fie c to r p a r a lle l to
th e a x is o f s y m m e tr y is d ir e c te d to th e fo c u s
(D ia g ra m 1). S im ila rly , e n e rg y th a t is e m itte d
fro m th e fo c u s o f a p a r a b o lic r e fle c to r a n d
th e n s tr ik e s t h e r e fle c to r is d ir e c te d p a r a lle l
to th e a x is o f s y m m e tr y (D ia g ra m 2).
8.
F o c u s: (0 ,3 )
Focus
Focus
Diagram 1
Diagram 2
Sotve a mu)ti-step probtem

SOLAR ENERGY T h e E u ro D ish , d e v e lo p e d to
p ro v id e e le c tr ic ity in r e m o te a r e a s , u s e s a
p a r a b o lic r e fle c to r to c o n c e n tr a te s u n lig h t
o n to a h ig h -e ff ic ie n c y e n g in e lo c a te d a t th e
r e fle c to r 's fo c u s. T h e s u n lig h t h e a ts h e liu m
to 650C to p o w e r th e e n g in e .
* W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e E u ro D is h 's
c ro s s s e c tio n w ith its v e rte x a t ( 0 , 0 ).
* H o w d e e p is t h e d ish ?
Soiution
F7RP 7
F7BP ^
a n e q u a tio n fo r th e c ro s s s e c tio n . T h e e n g in e is a t th e fo c u s,
w h ic h is Ipl = 4 .5 m e te r s f ro m th e v e rte x . B e c a u s e th e fo c u s is a b o v e
th e v e rte x , p is p o s itiv e , so p = 4.5. A n e q u a tio n fo r th e c ro s s s e c tio n o f
th e E u ro D is h w ith its v e rte x a t th e o rig in is a s fo llo w s:
W rite
x^ = 4 p y
Standard form , verticai axis of sym m etry
x^ = 4 (4 .5 )y
Substitute 4.5 fo r p.
x^ = 18y
Simpiify.
th e d e p th o f th e E u ro D is h . T h e d e p th is th e y -v a lu e a t th e d is h 's
o u ts id e e d g e . T h e d is h e x te n d s ^ = 4 .2 5 m e te r s to e ith e r s id e o f th e
v e r te x (0, 0), so s u b s titu te 4 .2 5 fo r x in th e e q u a tio n f ro m S te p 1.
Find
x^
= 18y
( 4 .2 5 f = 18y
1.0 = y
Equation fo r the cross section

Substitute 4.25 fo rx .
Soive fo ry .
F T h e d is h is a b o u t 1 m e te r d e e p .
622
Chapter 9
for Exampie 3
GU!DED PRACTtCE
9.
A p a r a b o lic m ic ro w a v e a n te n n a is 16 fe e t in d ia m e te r . F in d a n
e q u a tio n fo r t h e c ro s s s e c tio n o f th e a n te n n a w ith its v e r te x a t th e o rig in a n d
its fo c u s 10 f e e t to th e r ig h t o f its v e rte x . T h e n f in d th e a n te n n a 's d e p th .
MICROWAVES
HOMEWORK
KEY
9 2 EXER O SES

on p. WS16for Exs. 15,27, and 57
Exs. 2,25,38,51,52, and 59
SK!LL PRACTKE
C o p y a n d c o m p le te : A p a r a b o la is th e s e t o f a ll p o in ts in a
p la n e e q u id is ta n t f ro m a p o in t c a lle d th e ? a n d a lin e c a lle d th e ? .
1. VOCABULARY
C o m p a re t h e g r a p h s o f x^ = 4 p y a n d y^ = 4 p x .
2. * W RtUNG
EXAMPLE 1
o n p. 6 2 1
f o r E x s. 3 - 2 5
GRAPHING G rap h th e eq u a tio n . Id e n tify th e fo cu s, d ir e c tr ix , a n d a x is o f

s y m m e tr y o f th e p a ra b o ia .
3. y^ = 16x
4. x = - 6y
5.
x^ = 20 y
6.
8.
9.
y^ = - 2 x
10.
x^ = - 3 6 y
y^ = - lO x
11 . *2 = i 2 y
12 .
- 2y = x^
13.
x = 4y2
14. - x
5x = -1 5 y
16.
- y ^ = 18x
17.
- 2 4 x = 3y^
18.
14x = 6y2
20.
4 x - lly ^ = 0
21 .
5x2 + i 2y =
22.
-5 x +
7.
15j
19.
- y= 0
^
x^ = 3 0y
y^ = 2 8 x
48 y
= 0
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe a n d co rre c t th e e rro r in g ra p h in g th e p a ra b o la .

24.
23.
6x +
y r*
0.5y
= 0
X
4
(1 t '
A
X
, 4
------
EXAMPLE 2
o n p. 6 2 1
fo r E xs. 2 6 - 5 0
x = -5
y =* - ! . b

(A )
+ x= 0
W h a t is th e d ir e c tr ix o f th e p a r a b o la 15y + 3x^ = 0?
(g )
x = -1 .2 5
y = -1 .2 5
(g )
(g )
y = 1 .2 5
WRITING EQUATIONS W rite th e sta n d a rd fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f th e p a ra b o la

w ith th e g iv e n fo cu s a n d v e rte x a t (0, 0).
26. (2,0)
30.
(0 ,8 )
34. ( 0 .1
(2 7 ^ ( - 5 , 0)
31.
(0, -1 0 )
3 5 . (o,
28.
(3 ,0 )
29.
(0, - 4 )
32.
(0, - 6 )
33.
( - 9 ,0 )
36
9 .2
5f .o
37.
--9 - 0
1 6 '"
Graph and W rite Equations o f Paraboias
38. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h a t is a n e q u a tio n o f th e p a r a b o la w ith fo c u s a t

( - 8 , 0 ) a n d v e rte x a t ( 0 , 0 )?
(A) / =
-3 2 x
(g ) / =
- 0 .5 X
( g ) F = - 8y
(D ) x^ = - 3 2 y
WR!T)NG EQUATtONS W rite th e sta n d a rd fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f th e p a ra b o ia

w ith th e g iv en d ir e c tr ix an d v e rte x at (0, 0).
44. x = 2
45.
46.
11
48.
49.
50.
-1
II
42.
-7
II
41. x = - 5
y =
II
y = -4
*
II
40.
CO
II
x = 3
51. * SHORT RESPONSE P r e d ic t h o w th e in d ic a te d c h a n g e in a w iii a f fe c t th e

fo c u s, d ir e c trix , a n d s h a p e o f th e g iv e n e q u a tio n 's g ra p h . T h e n g r a p h b o th
th e o r ig in a l a n d r e v is e d e q u a tio n s in th e s a m e c o o r d in a te p la n e .
a.
x^ = ay ; a c h a n g e s fro m 1 to 4
b.
y^ = a x ; a c h a n g e s f ro m
to - y
52. * WRITING S u p p o s e th a t x^ = 4 p y a n d y = ax ^ r e p r e s e n t t h e s a m e p a r a b o la .
E x p la in h o w a a n d p a r e re la te d .
53.
VtSUAL THINKING A s Ip] in c r e a s e s , h o w d o e s th e w id th o f th e g r a p h o f

x^ = 4 p y c h a n g e ? E x p la in .
54.
CHALLENGE
C o n s id e r th e p a r a b o la w ith f o c u s (0, p ) a n d d ir e c tr ix y = - p .
L et (x, y) b e a n y p o in t o n th e p a r a b o la . U se th e f a c t t h a t (x, y) is e q u id is ta n t
f ro m th e fo c u s a n d d ir e c tr ix to s h o w th a t x^ = 4py.
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 622
for Exs. 5 5 -5 9
55.
S o la r e n e rg y c a n b e c o n c e n tr a te d u s in g lo n g tr o u g h s th a t
h a v e a p a r a b o lic c ro s s s e c tio n . T h e c o lle c te d e n e rg y 's u s e s in c lu d e h e a tin g
b u ild in g s , p ro d u c in g e le c tric ity , a n d p r o d u c in g f re s h w a te r f ro m s e a w a te r.
W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e c ro s s s e c tio n o f th e tr o u g h s h o w n . H o w d e e p is it?
SOLAR ENERGY
@ E o m e 7 u to r
56.
S c ie n tis ts s tu d y in g d o lp h in e c h o io c a fio n c a n s im u la te
th e p ro je c tio n o f a d o lp h in 's c lic k in g s o u n d s u s in g c o m p u te r
m o d e ls . T h e m o d e ls o rig in a te th e s o u n d s a t th e fo c u s o f a
p a r a b o lic re fle c to r. T h e p a r a b o la in th e g ra p h m o d e ls th e c ro s s
s e c tio n (w ith u n its in in c h e s ) o f th e r e fle c to r u s e d to s im u la te
s o u n d p r o je c tio n fo r a b o ttle n o s e d o lp h in . W h a t is th e jb c a l
le n g th (th e d is ta n c e fro m th e v e r te x to th e fo c u s)?
BIOLOGY
@M M 7!eTM tor
624
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDtZED
TEST PRACTKE
57^
MULTt-STEP PROBLEM T h e p a r a b o lic a n te n n a u s e d b y a te le v is io n s ta tio n to

tr a n s m it is 146 in c h e s in d ia m e te r . Its fo c u s is 48 in c h e s f ro m th e v e rte x .
a. S k e tc h th e a n te n n a tw ic e : o n c e o p e n in g u p w a r d a n d o n c e o p e n in g le ft.
b . U s e y o u r s k e tc h e s f ro m p a r t (a) to w rite tw o e q u a tio n s fo r th e a n te n n a 's
c ro s s s e c tio n : o n e o f th e fo rm x^ = 4 p y a n d o n e o f th e fo r m y^ = 4px .
c. H o w d e e p is th e a n te n n a 's d is h ? D o e s it m a tte r w h ic h e q u a tio n fro m
p a r t (b) y o u u s e to f in d y o u r a n s w e r? E x p /a m .
58.
RADIO TELESCOPES T h e V ery L a rg e A rra y in N e w M e x ic o c o n s is ts o f 27 ra d io

te le s c o p e s . F o r e a c h p a r a b o lic te le s c o p e d is h , t h e d ia m e te r is 25 m e te r s a n d
th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e v e r te x a n d f o c u s is 0 .3 6 tim e s th e d ia m e te r . W rite
a n e q u a tio n fo r th e c ro s s s e c tio n o f a d is h o p e n in g u p w a r d w ith its v e r te x a t
th e o rig in . H o w d e e p is e a c h d ish ?
^ B b E S ig g A lg e b r a
3* classzone.com
59.
* EXTENDED RESPONSE S e a r c h lig h ts u s e p a r a b o lic

re fle c to r s to p r o je c t th e ir b e a m s . T h e c ro s s s e c tio n o f a
9 .5 -in c h -d e e p s e a r c h lig h t r e fle c to r h a s e q u a tio n x^ = 10.5y.
a. H o w w id e is t h e b e a m o f lig h t p r o je c te d fro m th e
s e a r c h lig h t's re fle c to r?
b. W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e c ro s s s e c tio n o f a r e fle c to r
t h a t h a s t h e s a m e d e p th a s th e o r ig in a l re fle c to r, b u t
w h ic h p ro je c ts a w id e r b e a m . E x p la in h o w y o u f o u n d
y o u r a n s w e r. H o w w id e is th e n e w r e f le c to r 's b e a m ?
c. R e p e a t p a r t (b) fo r a b e a m n a r r o w e r t h a n th e o rig in a l.
60.
CHALLENGE T h e E tfu s re c tu m o f a p a r a b o la
is th e lin e s e g m e n t t h a t is p a r a lle l to th e
d ir e c trix , p a s s e s th r o u g h th e fo c u s , a n d h a s
e n d p o in ts t h a t lie o n th e p a r a b o la . F in d th e
le n g th in te r m s o f p o f th e la tu s r e c tu m o f a
p a r a b o la w ith e q u a tio n x^ = 4py.
M!XED REV!EW
P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p era tio n .
61.
(x^ - 3) - (-x ^ + 4 x -
63.
(x^ - 5x)(2x^ + 9 x - 3) (p. 346)

x^y
24xy
/p. 573)
-9x ^y 3
2y '
x- 1
+
(p. 582)
x^ - 25 x^ - 3x - 40
65.
67.
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 9.3
in Exs. 6 9 -7 4 .
1) (p. 346)
62.
(2x^ - 2 x - 3) + (7 - x - 3x3) ^ ^
64.
(x + l) (2 x - 3 )(x - 4)
(p. 346)
x^ + 15x + 36 . 8x + 96 (p. 573)

x- 3
2x^ - 18
6x
(p. 582)
68 .
x^ + x - 20 x - 4
66
F ind th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e tw o p o in ts, (p. 614)

69.
(2, 1), ( 8 , 3)
70.
( 8 , - 1 ) , ( - 2 , 4)
71.
( - 3 , 2), (5 ,1 )
72.
(-1 5 , 6 ), ( - 1 , - 3 )
73.
(2.3, 1.1), ( - 4 .6 , -1 .4 )
74.
(9.4, 6 .3 ), (8.5, - 3 .7 )
O N U N E Q U tZ a tc la s s z o n e .c o m
625
Q 3 Graph and Write

Equations of Circies
You g ra p h ed an d w ro te e q u a tio n s o f p a ra b o ia s.
You wiii g ra p h and w rite e q u a tio n s o f circies.
S o you c a n m o d ei tra n sm issio n ra n g e s, a s in Ex. 6 2 .
Key Vocabulary
* circle
* cen ter
* rad iu s
A c irc ie is th e s e t o f a ii p o in ts (x, y) in a p ia n e th a t a r e
e q u id is ta n t fro m a fix e d p o in t, c a iie d th e ce n te r o f
th e c irc ie . T h e d is ta n c e r b e tw e e n th e c e n te r a n d a n y
p o in t (x, y) o n t h e c irc ie is th e rad iu s.
F o r a c irc le w ith c e n te r a t t h e o rig in a n d r a d iu s r, th e
d is ta n c e b e tw e e n a n y p o in t (x, y) o n th e c irc ie a n d th e
c e n te r ( 0 , 0 ) is r, so th e fo llo w in g is tr u e :
V(X - 0)2 + (y - 0) 2 _
Distance formuia
(X - 0)2 + (y - 0)2 = r2
x 2 + y 2 = r2
Square each side.

Simpiify.
G rap h y2 = - x 2 + 3 6 . Id e n tify th e rad iu s o f th e circle .
Solution
F 72P 7
Rew rite th e e q u a tio n y2 = - x 2 + 36 in

s ta n d a r d fo rm a s x2 + y2 = 36.
identify t h e c e n te r a n d r a d iu s . F ro m th e
e q u a tio n , t h e g r a p h is a c irc le c e n te r e d
a t t h e o rig in w ith r a d iu s r = V 36 = 6 .
Draw th e c irc le . F irs t p lo t s e v e ra l

c o n v e n ie n t p o in ts th a t a r e 6 u n its fro m
th e o rig in , s u c h a s ( 0 , 6 ), ( 6 , 0 ), ( 0 , - 6 ),
a n d ( - 6 , 0). T h e n d ra w th e c irc le th a t
p a s s e s th r o u g h th e p o in ts .
^ {}in !3 ts g A ]g e b r a
626
Chapter 9
at ctasszone.com
Write an equation of a cirde
EXAMPLE 2
T h e p o in t (2, - 5 ) lie s o n a c ircle w h o se cen ter is th e o rig in . W rite th e sta n d a rd

fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f th e circle .
S o lu tio n
B e c a u s e t h e p o in t (2, - 5 ) lie s o n th e c irc le , th e c irc le 's r a d iu s r m u s t b e th e

d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e c e n te r (0, 0) a n d (2, 5). U se th e d is ta n c e f o rm u la .
r = V ( 2 - 0 f + ( - 5 - 0 f = ^ 4 + 25 = V 29
The radius is \ 29.
U se th e s ta n d a r d fo rm w ith
x^ + y^ =
r = V29
to w rite a n e q u a tio n o f t h e c irc le .
Standard form
= (\ 29 f
Substitute 29 for ft
x^ + y^ = 29
Simpiify.
EXAMPLE 3
W hat is a n e q u a tio n o f th e lin e ta n g e n t to th e c i r c l e d + y^ = 13 at ( - 3 ,2 ) ?
ELIMINATE CHOICES
in Exam ple 3, you can

elim inate choice D
becau se a quick sketch
of th e circle show s th at
th e siope of th e ta n g e n t
line at (-3 , 2) m ust be
positive.
(g ) y = ^
(S ) y = ^ * + 4
(S )y = ^* + ^ -
13
(S )y = -^ + ^
S o lu tio n
A lin e ta n g e n t to a c irc le is p e r p e n d ic u la r to th e
r a d iu s a t th e p o in t o f ta n g e n c y . B e c a u s e th e r a d iu s
to th e p o in t ( - 3 , 2 ) h a s s lo p e m = 2 - 0 _ _ 2 ^
-3 -0
3'
t h e s lo p e o f th e ta n g e n t lin e a t ( - 3 , 2) is th e
n e g a tiv e r e c ip r o c a l o f
or
A n e q u a tio n o f
th e ta n g e n t lin e is a s fo llo w s:
y -
2 =
y -
^ (x
2
- (-3 ))
Soive for y.
y=2*
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C.
CUiDED PRACTKE
Point-slope form
(A) (S) (S) (E)
fo r E xam p les 1, 2, and 3
G rap h th e eq u a tio n . Id e n tify th e ra d iu s o f th e circle .
1. x^ + y^ = 9
2.
49
3.
^ - 18 = -y 2
4. W rite t h e s ta n d a r d fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f th e c irc le th a t p a s s e s th r o u g h

(5, 1) a n d w h o s e c e n te r is th e o rig in .
5. W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e lin e ta n g e n t to t h e c irc le x^ + y^ = 37 a t (6 ,1 ).
9 .3
Graph and W rite Equations of Circles
627
CiRCLES AND !NEQUAL)T)ES T h e r e g io n s in s id e a n d

o u ts id e th e c irc ie x^ + y^ =
^,g d e s c r ib e d b y
in e q u a litie s , w ith x^ + y^ < r e p r e s e n tin g th e r e g io n
in s id e th e c irc ie a n d x^ + y^ > r e p r e s e n tin g
th e r e g io n o u ts id e th e c irc ie .
Write a c!rcu!ar mode!
CELL PHONES A c e iiu ia r p h o n e to w e r s e r v ic e s a 10 m iie r a d iu s . Y ou g e t a f ia t tir e

4 m ile s e a s t a n d 9 m ile s n o r t h o f th e to w e r. A re y o u in th e to w e r's ra n g e ?
Soiution
a n in e q u a lity fo r th e r e g io n
c o v e re d b y th e to w e r. F ro m th e
d ia g r a m , th is r e g io n is a ii p o in ts th a t
s a tis fy t h e fo llo w in g in e q u a lity :
x^ + / < 10^
F T ff 7
Write
t h e c o o r d in a te s
in e q u a lity fro m S te p 1.
FTifPF
Substitute
(4, 9)
inequaiity from Step 1
4^ + 9^ <: 10^
Substitute for x and y.

The inequaiity is true.
F So, y o u a r e in t h e to w e r's ra n g e .
EXAMPLE 5
A*
in to th e
x^ + y^ < 10^
97 < 100 /
- 2 - l 7 2 < 10 2
in the diagram above, the origin

represents the tower and the
positive y-axis represents north.
App!y a circu!ar mode!
CELL PHONES In E x a m p le 4, s u p p o s e th a t y o u fix y o u r tir e a n d th e n d riv e s o u th .

F o r h o w m a n y m o r e m ile s w ill y o u b e in r a n g e o f th e to w e r?
So)ution
W h e n y o u le a v e th e to w e r's ra n g e , y o u w ill b e a t a
p o in t o n th e c irc le x^ + y^ = l ( f w h o s e x - c o o r d in a te
is 4 a n d w h o s e y - c o o r d in a te is n e g a tiv e . F in d th e
p o in t (4, y) w h e re y < 0 o n th e c irc le x^ + y^ = 10^.
F
+ y^ = l ( f
4^ + y 2 = IQ
'y
</i a
!
Equation ofth e circie
A):
Substitute 4 for x.
y = V 84
Soive for y.
y = 9 .2
Use a caicuiator.
F B e c a u s e y < 0, y = - 9 .2 . Y ou w ill b e in th e to w e r 's r a n g e f ro m (4, 9)

to (4, - 9 .2 ) , a d is ta n c e o f 19 - ( - 9 .2 ) I = 18.2 m ile s .
CutDED PRACTiCE
WHAT !F? In E x a m p le s 4 a n d 5, s u p p o s e y o u d riv e w e s t a f te r f ix in g y o u r tir e .

F o r h o w m a n y m o r e m ile s w ill y o u b e in r a n g e o f th e to w e r?
628
Chapter 9
HOMEWORK O = WORKED OUT SOLUTIONS

KEY
9.3 EXEROSES
Exs. 2 ,2 1 ,4 3 ,5 9 ,6 4 , and 66
Ex. 68
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY T h e r a d iu s o f a c irc le is th e d is ta n c e f ro m a n y p o in t o n th e
c irc le to a fix e d p o in t c a lle d th e c irc le 's ? .
2. * WRITING H o w a r e t h e s lo p e o f a lin e ta n g e n t to a c irc le a n d t h e s lo p e o f

t h e r a d iu s a t th e p o in t o f ta n g e n c y re la te d ?
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 6 2 6
for Exs. 3 -2 1
MATCHING GRAPHS
M atch th e e q u a tio n w ith its g rap h .
4.
3. *2 + y2 = 9
6. *2 + y2 = 6
y2
5. x2 + y2 = 4
8 . *2 + y 2 = 3
gg
7. *2 + y2 = lg
A.
F.
\^ J
GRAPHING
G rap h th e eq u a tio n . Id e n tify th e rad iu s o f th e circle .
9. x;2 + y2 = 1
12 . %2 + y 2 = 12
10. ^
15. %2 = 15 - y2
18. 7x2 + ?y2 = H 2
+ y2 = 81
11.
13. y2 = 27 - x2
14. x2 = - y 2 + 40
16. y2 = - x 2 + 9
19. 4x2 + 4y2 =
(l? ! ) 15x2 + 15y2 = 60

2 0 . 8 x 2 + gy 2 = iQ 2
128
21. * MULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is th e r a d iu s o f th e c irc le 3x2 +
(A ) 3V 2
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 6 2 7
for Exs. 2 2 - 4 3
x2 + y2 = 25
(B ) 3V 6
( g ) 18
3^2
_
( P ) 54
WRITING EQUATIONS W rite th e sta n d a rd fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f th e circle w ith

th e g iv en rad iu s an d w h o se cen te r is th e o rig in .
22 . 12
23.
26. V 2
27. V l5
24. 2
25. 16
28. 5V2
29. 4V 6
30. ERROR ANALYSIS D e sc rib e a n d c o r r e c t th e e r r o r

in w r itin g a n e q u a tio n o f th e c irc le w ith th e g iv e n
c e n te r a n d ra d iu s .
9 .3
Center: (0 , O ); Radius: 12
Equation: x2 + y2 = 12
Graph and W rite Equations of Circies
WRITING EQUATtONS W rite th e sta n d a rd fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f th e circie th at

p a sses th ro u g h th e g iv en p o in t an d w h o se cen ter is th e o rig in .
31. ( - 6 , 0 )
32. (0 ,5 )
33. ( - 4 ,3 )
34.
(2, - 4 )
35. ( - 6 , 8 )
36. ( - 9 ,2 )
37. (4, -1 0 )
38.
( - 8, - 5 )
3 9 ) ( - 8 , 14)
40.
42.
(9 ,4 0 )
(5, - 1 2 )
41.
( - 1 1 ,- 1 1 )
W h a t is th e e q u a tio n in s ta n d a r d fo r m o f th e c irc ie th a t
p a s s e s th r o u g h th e p o in t (4, - 6 ) a n d w h o s e c e n te r is th e o rig in ?
I 43. * MULTIPLE CHOICE
( A ) ^ + y^ = 5
(B )F +y 2 =
10
(g )^ + /
= 52
(D )F + /
= 2Vl3
GRAPHING In E x ercises 4 4 -5 2 , eq u a tio n s o f b o th c ircie s a n d p a ra b o ia s a re

g iven . G raph th e eq u a tio n .
44.
+ F = 49
45.
47.
- 121 =
48.
50. 12*2 + I2y2 = 192

EXAMPLE 3
TANGENT LINES W rite a n e q u a tio n

g iven p oin t.
fo r E x s. 5 3 - 5 8
1 7 ; (1 , 4 )
5 6 . x2 + y2 = 4 0 ; ( - 6 , - 2 )
46. 7%2 + ?y2 = 63
+ ig y = 0
49.
51. 2^2 + 2y2 = 16
o n p. 6 2 7
x2 + y2 =
4x + y = 0
52. 6x
6y2
= 0
o f th e iin e ta n g e n t to th e g iv en circie at th e
5 4 . x2 +
57.
3 x = -y 2
y2 = 1 3 ; (2 , - 3 )
x2 + y2 = 106;
( -5 ,
9)
55.
x2 + y2 = 3 4 ; ( - 5 , 3)
58.
x2 + y2 = 2 5 0 ; (15, 5)
59. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite e q u a tio n s in s ta n d a r d fo rm fo r th r e e c irc ie s

c e n te r e d a t th e o rig in so th a t e a c h c irc ie p a s s e s b e tw e e n ( - 3 , 5) a n d ( - 6 , 2).
60.
U se t h e d ia g r a m to s h o w t h a t a n
a n g ie in s c r ib e d in a s e m ic irc ie is a r ig h t a n g ie .
(M n f; S h o w t h a t t h e s e g m e n ts m e e tin g a t (x, y)
h a v e s io p e s t h a t a r e n e g a tiv e re c ip ro c a ls .)
REASONING
^ > rl r , )
( - r , 0)
S u p p o s e tw o c o n g r u e n t c irc ie s
in te r s e c t so th a t e a c h p a s s e s th r o u g h th e o th e r 's
c e n te r, a s s h o w n . W rite a n e q u a tio n th a t g iv es
th e ie n g th i o f th e c h o r d f o r m e d b y jo in in g th e
in te r s e c tio n p o in ts in te r m s o f th e r a d iu s r o f
e a c h c irc ie .
61. CHALLENGE
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 4
62.
o n p. 6 2 8
fo r E x s. 6 2 - 6 4
A c e llu la r p h o n e to w e r s e r v ic e s a 15 m ile r a d iu s . O n a h ik in g
tr ip , y o u a r e 9 m ile s e a s t a n d 11 m ile s n o r t h o f th e c e ll to w e r. A re y o u in th e
re g io n s e rv e d b y th e to w er?
CELL PHONES
63.
BATS D u rin g th e w a r m e r m o n th s , m o r e t h a n 1 m iiiio n M e x ic a n f re e -ta iie d

b a ts iiv e u n d e r th e C o n g re s s A v e n u e B rid g e in A u s tin , T ex as. T h e b a ts h a v e
a n e s tim a te d f e e d in g r a n g e o f 50 m ile s . Is a lo c a tio n 40 m ile s n o r t h a n d
25 m ile s w e s t o f th e b rid g e lo c a te d w ith in th is ra n g e ?
@ M M n e 7 ttfo r
630
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
A n a p p lia n c e s to r e c la im s to p ro v id e f re e d e liv e ry u p
to 100 m ile s f ro m t h e s to re . T h e fo llo w in g p o in ts r e p r e s e n t th e lo c a tio n s o f
h o u s e s , w ith th e o rig in r e p r e s e n tin g th e s to re . (A ll c o o r d in a te s a r e in m ile s .)
W h ic h h o u s e is lo c a te d o u ts id e th e fre e d e liv e ry a re a ?
(g )
EXAMPLE 5
(6 5 3
o n p. 6 2 8
f o r E x s. 6 5 - 6 7
(9 5 ,3 0 )
(g )
(9 0 ,3 5 )
( g ) (8 0 ,5 5 )
(D)
(7 5 ,7 0 )
"C la ss B" a ir s p a c e s o m e tim e s c o n s is ts o f a s ta c k o f

c y lin d r ic a l la y e rs a s s h o w n . S e e n f ro m a b o v e , th e a ir s p a c e f o r m s c irc le s
w h o s e o rig in is t h e c o n tr o l to w e r. A p la n e in s tr a ig h t a n d le v e l flig h t flie s
t h r o u g h th e to p la y e r a lo n g th e lin e y = - 4 , a s s h o w n .
MULT!-STEP PROBLEM
Control tower
"
Top view
a. F o r h o w m a n y m ile s w ill th e p la n e b e in th e to p - m o s t la y e r o f C la s s B
a irs p a c e ?
b. F o r h o w m a n y m ile s w ill th e p la n e b e a b o v e th e m id d le la y e r o f C la s s B
a irs p a c e ?
c. F o r h o w m a n y m ile s w ill th e p la n e b e a b o v e th e lo w e s t la y e r o f C la ss B
a irs p a c e ?
66 .
* SHORT RESPONSE A c ir c u la r u tility t u n n e l 8 fe e t in d ia m e te r h a s a

6 -fo o t-w id e w a lk w a y a c ro s s its b o tto m . C o u ld a w o rk e r w h o is 6 f e e t 2
in c h e s
ta ll w a lk d o w n th e c e n te r o f th e w a lk w a y w ith o u t d u c k in g ? E x p /a m . (H in t;
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f t h e tu n n e l's c r o s s s e c tio n . F in d th e x - c o o r d in a te o f a n
e n d p o in t o f t h e w a lk w a y a n d s u b s titu te to f in d th e y -c o o rd in a te .)
A ro w o f s p r in k le r s
is to b e in s ta lle d p a r a lle l to a n d 4.5 fe e t
a w a y f ro m t h e b a c k e d g e o f a flo w e r
b e d . E a c h s p r in k le r w a te rs a r e g io n w ith
a 6 fo o t r a d iu s . H o w f a r a p a r t s h o u ld
t h e s p r in k le r s b e p la c e d to w a te r th e
e n tir e flo w e r b e d w ith t h e le a s t p o s s ib le
o v e rla p in c o v e ra g e , a s s h o w n ?
67. GROUNDSKEEPtNC
68 .
MULT!PLE REPRESENTAHONS T h e M o d ifie d M e rc a lli I n te n s ity S c a le

r a te s a n e a r th q u a k e 's " s h a k in g s tr e n g th ." I n g e n e ra l, th e r a tin g d e c r e a s e s a s
d is ta n c e fro m th e e a r th q u a k e 's e p ic e n te r in c r e a s e s . S u p p o s e a n e a r th q u a k e
h a s a M e rc a lli r a tin g o f 6.0 a t its e p ic e n te r, a 5.7 r a tin g 15 m ile s a w a y f ro m th e
e p ic e n te r, a 5.4 r a tin g 25 m ile s aw ay , a n d a 5.1 r a tin g 35 m ile s aw ay .
a. Drawing Graphs R e p re s e n t th e s itu a tio n d e s c r ib e d a b o v e u s in g c irc le s in a
c o o r d in a te p la n e .
b. W riting inequaiities F o r e a c h c irc le fro m p a r t (a), w rite a n in e q u a lity
d e s c rib in g th e c o o r d in a te s o f lo c a tio n s w ith a M e rc a lli r a tin g a t le a s t a s
g r e a t a s th e M e rc a lli r a tin g r e p r e s e n te d b y th e c irc le .
c. M aking a Prediction W h a t c a n y o u p r e d ic t a b o u t th e M e rc a lli r a tin g
12 m ile s w e s t a n d 16 m ile s s o u th o f th e e p ic e n te r? E x p la in .
9 .3
Graph and W rite Equations o f Circles
631
6 9.
T w o r a d io tr a n s m itte r s , o n e w ith
a 40 m ile r a n g e a n d o n e w ith a 60 m ile ra n g e ,
s ta n d 80 m iie s a p a r t. Y ou a r e d riv in g 60 m iie s p e r
h o u r o n a h ig h w a y p a r a h e i to th e iin e s e g m e n t
c o n n e c tin g th e tw o to w e rs . H o w io n g w iii y o u b e
w ith in r a n g e o f b o th t r a n s m it te r s s im u ita n e o u s iy ?
CHALLENGE
_________ A '
*
v
highway
highway
6 0 m i\
M!XED REV!EW
Soive th e system u sin g a n y a ig e b ra ic m eth o d , (pp. 160 and 178)
70. 3 x + 5y = 2
71. 3 x - y = - 2
- x + 2y = - 1 9
6x
73. 2 x + 5y - z = - 7
x + 3y+2z=12
x + 2y = 5
72. 2 x + 5y = 13
+ y = -2 5
3 x - 4y =
74. x + 2y - z = 10
3x - 2 y + z = - 1 8
2 x + y + 3 z = 16
75. x + 4y - 2 z = 2
3x + y - z = - 3
2 x + 5y + z = 27
Find th e p ro d u ct. If it is n o t d efin e d , sta te th e re aso n , (p. 196)

8
76.
-2
PREViEW
Soive th e eq u a tio n , (p. 266)
Prepare for
Lesson 9.4
in Exs. 7 9 -8 4 .
79. F = go
82. c 2 = 2 Q2
77.
80.
16^
*2 - 5
0
-4
- 4 1*
9 3
7 4_
78.
*4
2
0
1*
9
5
"-1 4 *
3
-1 2
81. c2 = 152 - 122

84. 100 = 32 4 - &2
= 50
83. 36 = 64 - i /
QU!Z /o r Lessons 9 .7 - 9 3
Find th e d ista n ce b e tw e e n th e tw o p o in ts. T h e n fin d th e m id p o in t o f th e iin e
segm en t jo in in g th e tw o p o in ts, (p. 674)
1. ( 4 , - 3 ) , ( 8 , - 7 )
2. ( - 2 , 5), (4, 9)
3. ( - 5 ,1 ) , ( - 4 , 8 )
4. (1, 2), (7, 1)
5. ( - 6 , - 5 ) , ( - 1 ,8 )
6.
(3, - 2 ) , ( 6 , 5)
W rite th e sta n d a rd fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n o f th e p a ra b o ia w ith th e g iv e n fo cu s

an d v e rte x at (0, 0). (p. 620)
7. (0 ,3 )
10. ( 0 , - 4 )
8. ( - 2, 0)
9. (6 ,0 )
11. (0 ,5 )
12. (- 1, 0 )
G raph th e eq u a tio n . Id e n tify th e rad iu s o f th e circie. (p. 626)
13. F + y2 = 4
14. F + y2 = 64
16. *2 + y2 = 75
17. 3x2 + 3y2 = 48
19.
632
15. x2 + y2 = 20
18. 6x2 + 6y2 = 10 8
If th e p la n e in w h ic h J u p ite r o rb its th e s u n is a c o o r d in a te
p la n e w ith its o rig in a t th e s u n a n d c o o r d in a te s in m illio n s o f m ile s , th e n
a c irc le th r o u g h th e p o in t (350, 370) ju s t e n c lo s e s J u p ite r's o rb it. I m a g in e
r e p la c in g th e s u n w ith th e s ta r KY C y g n i, w h o s e r a d iu s is a b o u t 6 5 0 m illio n
m ile s . W o u ld KY C y g n i c o n ta in J u p ite r's o rb it? E x p /m 'n . (p. 626)
ASTRONOMY
ONHNE QU!Z at ciasszone.com
c ^ ,rA C T !V !T Y
@ H o m c 7 M to r
d asszon e.co m
Keystrokes
9 .3 Graph Equations of Circies

How can you use a graphing caicuiator to graph a circie?
To g ra p h a c irc ie o n m o s t g r a p h in g c a lc u la to rs , y o u m u s t f irs t r e w rite th e c irc le 's

e q u a tio n a s tw o f u n c tio n s t h a t ta k e n to g e th e r r e p r e s e n t th e c irc le .
G raph a circie
Use a g ra p h in g c a ic u ia to r to g ra p h
= 25.
l-f7R"7l
E n te r th e tw o f u n c tio n s a s y , a n d y^.
Y ou c a n e n te r y^ a s - y j .
B e g in b y s o lv in g th e e q u a tio n fo ry .
= 25
= 25 y = V25 - x^
T o g e th e r, th e f u n c t io n s y = V25 y = -V 2 5 r e p r e s e n t th e c irc le .
and
T h e g ra p h s a r e s h o w n in th e s ta n d a r d w in d o w
( -1 0 < x < 10 a n d - 1 0 < y < 10). B e c a u s e th e
c a lc u la to r s c r e e n is n o t s q u a r e , a h o r iz o n ta l
d is ta n c e o f 1 u n it is lo n g e r t h a n a v e r tic a l d is ta n c e
o f 1 u n it, a n d th e c irc le is s tr e tc h e d in to a n o v a l.
y ra /tA
To s h o w th e c irc le in tr u e p r o p o r tio n , s e t a
w in d o w so th a t th e r a tio o f (X m ax - X m in)
to (Y m ax - Y m in) is 3 :2 . S u c h a " s q u a r e
w in d o w " c a n a ls o b e o b ta in e d b y p re s s in g
{jS sS M a n d s e le c tin g Z S q u a re .
Use a g ra p h in g c a ic u ia to r to g ra p h th e e q u a tio n . G ive th e v ie w in g w in d o w th a t

y o u u sed a n d v e r ify th a t it is a "sq u a re w in d o w ."
1. x^ + y^ = 144
2. x^ + y^ = 80
3. x^ + y^ = 576
4. 0.5x2 + Q gy 2 = ^
5 7^2 + 7y2 = 105
6. 16x2 + ^ 2 ^ g
9.3
Graph and W rite Equations of Circles
633
Q / [ Graph and Write

Equations of Eiiipses
You g ra p h ed and w ro te e q u a tio n s o f p a ra b o ia s and circies.
You wii! g rap h an d w rite e q u a tio n s o f eiiip ses.
S you c a n m o d ei an etiipticai reg io n , a s in E xam p ie 3.
A n eiiip se is th e s e t o f a ii p o in ts P in a p ia n e
s u c h th a t th e s u m o f th e d is ta n c e s b e tw e e n
P a n d tw o fix e d p o in ts , c a lle d th e foci, is a
c o n s ta n t.
Key Vocabuiary
* eiiip se
*fo ci
* ve rtices
* m ajor a xis
* cen ter
T h e iin e th r o u g h th e fo c i in te r s e c ts th e e iiip s e
a t t h e tw o v e rtices. T h e m a jo r a x is jo in s th e
v e rtic e s , its m id p o in t is th e e iiip s e 's center.
T h e iin e p e r p e n d ic u ia r to th e m a jo r a x is a t th e c e n te r in te r s e c ts th e e llip s e
a t th e tw o co -v ertice s, w h ic h a r e jo in e d b y th e m in o r a x is. In th is c h a p te r,
e iiip s e s h a v e a h o r iz o n ta l o r a v e r tic a l m a jo r a x is.
* co -vertices
* m in o r axis
vertex (0, a)
co-vertex
( 0, 6)
vertex /
, ( - a , 0) /
)DENT!FY AXES
O bserve that th e m ajor
axis o f an eiiipse
con tain s the foci and is
always longer than the
focus
. X ^ (- c ,0 )
major
axis
minor axis.
vertex
\ (a, 0)
focus
/
(c,0) /
.
minor
co-vertex /
( - 6 ,0 )!
fo c u s \
(0,c) \
co-vertex
(6,0)
focus
(0 ,- c )/
co-vertex
(0 ,- 6 )
major
axis
Eiiipse with horizonta) major axis

2
mtnor
axis
vertex (0, - a)
Eiiipse with verticai major axis
^ +^ =
K E Y CO N C EPT
S tan d a rd E q u ation o f an Eiiipse w ith C en ter a t th e Origin
Equation
Major Axis
Vertices
Co-Vertices
+ = l
a'
H o riz o n ta l
( a , 0)
(0 , b )
V e rtic a i
(0 , a )
(b, 0)
"Ar + ^ =
T h e m a jo r a n d m in o r a x e s a r e o f le n g th s 2 a a n d 2b, re s p e c tiv e ly , w h e re
a > b > 0. T h e fo c i o f t h e e llip s e lie o n th e m a jo r a x is a t a d is ta n c e o f c u n its
fro m th e c e n te r, w h e re
- b^.
634
Chapter 9
Graph an equation of an ehipse
EXAMPLE 1
G rap h th e e q u a tio n 4x^ + 25y^ = 100. id e n tify th e v e rtic e s , co -v ertice s,

a n d fo ci o f th e e liip se.
S o iu tio n
F72P 7
t h e e q u a tio n in s ta n d a r d fo rm .
Rew rite
4^2 + 25y2 = 1 0 0
4x
100
.P72PF
ANOTHER WAY
25y2
, _____
100
100
100
Simpiify.
+ = 1
25
4
identify t h e v e rtic e s , c o -v e rtic e s , a n d fo c i.
N o te t h a t %2 = 25 a n d &2 = 4, so n = 5 a n d
6 = 2 . T h e d e n o m in a to r o f th e x 2 -te rm is
g r e a te r t h a n t h a t o f th e y 2-te rm , so th e
m a jo r a x is is h o r iz o n ta l.
T h e v e r tic e s o f th e e llip s e a r e a t
( a , 0) = ( 5 , 0). T h e c o -v e r tic e s a r e a t
(0, 6 ) = (0, 2 ). F in d th e fo c i.
You can graph the

ellipse using a graphing
calculator by solving for
= n2 -
y to obtain
&2
52
22
21 ,
so c = V 2T
T h e fo c i a r e a t ( V z T , 0 ), o r a b o u t
and then entering
this equation as two
sep arate functions.
F72P J
Draw
(4.6,
0).
t h e e llip s e th a t p a s s e s th r o u g h e a c h v e r te x a n d c o -v e rte x .
at ciasszone.com
GUIDED PRACTICE
fo r E xam p ie 1
G rap h th e eq u a tio n , id e n tify th e v e rtice s , co -v e rtice s, a n d fo ci o f th e eiiip se.

3. 25^ + 9/ = , 225
Write an equation givena vertex and a co-vertex

W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e e iiip se th a t h a s a v e rte x at (0 ,4 ), a c o -v e rte x at
( - 3 , 0), an d cen te r at (0,0).
S o iu tio n
S k e tc h th e e liip s e a s a c h e c k fo r y o u r f in a l
e q u a tio n . B y s y m m e try , th e e llip s e m u s t a ls o
h a v e a v e r te x a t (0, - 4 ) a n d a c o -v e rte x a t (3, 0).
B e c a u s e th e v e r te x is o n th e y -a x is a n d th e
c o -v e rte x is o n th e x -a x is, th e m a jo r a x is is
v e r tic a l w ith a = 4, a n d th e m in o r a x is is
h o r iz o n ta l w ith 6 = 3.
^ A n e q u a tio n is ^x 2 + y^= 1, o r x 2+ = 1.
3^
4/
ib
9 .4
Graph and W rite Equations o f Eiiipses
635
jp So)ve a mu!ti-step proMem
L!GHTN!NG W h e n lig h tn in g s trik e s ,
a n e llip tic a l r e g io n w h e re th e s tr ik e
m o s t lik e ly h it c a n o fte n b e id e n tifie d .
S u p p o s e it is d e te r m in e d th a t th e r e is a
5 0% c h a n c e th a t a lig h tn in g s tr ik e h it
w ith in th e e llip tic a l r e g io n s h o w n in
th e d ia g r a m .
* W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e e llip s e .
* T h e a r e a A o f a n e llip s e is A = irah .
F in d th e a r e a o f th e e llip tic a l re g io n .
ANOTHER WAY
For an alternative
m ethod for solving th e
probiem in Exam ple 3,
turn to p ag e 640 for
th e Problem Solving
Solution
^7ZP 7 T h e m a jo r a x is is h o r iz o n ta l, w ith a =
A n e q u a tio n is
200^
100^
= 1, o r
40,000
= 200 a n d
+
= 100.
y ' = 1.
10,000
^ 7 2 P F T h e a r e a is A = ir(2 0 0 )(1 0 0 ) = 6 2 ,8 0 0 s q u a r e m e te rs .
Workshop.
Write an equation given a vertex and a focus
EXAMPLE 4
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e eiiip se th a t h a s a v e rte x at ( - 8 ,0 ) , a fo cu s

at (4, 0), an d cen ter at (0, 0).
Soiution
M a k e a s k e tc h o f th e e llip s e . B e c a u s e th e g iv e n
v e rte x a n d fo c u s lie o n th e x -a x is, th e m a jo r
a x is is h o riz o n ta l, w ith n = 8 a n d c = 4. To f in d
6 , u s e th e e q u a tio n
= nP - &2
42 = 32 - &2
&2
82
42
4 8
b = \48,or4\3
^2
F A n e q u a tio n is
82
GUIDED PRACTKE
(4V3)2
x
64
48
fo r E xam ples 2 ,3 , an d 4
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e e liip se w ith th e g iv en ch a ra c te ristic s a n d c en te r

a t ( 0 , 0).
4. V ertex : (7, 0); c o -v e rte x : (0, 2)
5. V ertex : (0, 6 ); c o -v e rte x : ( - 5 , 0]
6.
7. V ertex : ( - 5 , 0); fo c u s : (3, 0)
8.
636
Chapter 9
V ertex : (0, 8 ); fo c u s : (0, - 3 )
WHAT )F? I n E x a m p le 3, s u p p o s e t h a t th e e llip tic a l r e g io n is 2 5 0 m e te r s fro m

e a s t to w e s t a n d 3 5 0 m e te r s fro m n o r t h to s o u th . W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e
e llip tic a l b o u n d a r y a n d f in d th e a r e a o f th e re g io n .
94 EXERCtSES
HOMEWORK j Q = woRKED-OUT SOLUTIONS

KEY;
onp.WS16forExs. 11,29, and 49
!

Exs. 2 ,3 5 ,4 5 ,4 6 ,5 1 , and 52
SK!LL PRACTKE
EXAMPLE 1
o n p. 6 3 5
f o r E x s. 3 - 1 6
1.
VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le te : A n e llip s e is th e s e t o f a ll p o in ts P s u c h
t h a t t h e s u m o f t h e d is ta n c e s b e tw e e n P a n d tw o fix e d p o in ts , c a lle d th e ? .
is a c o n s ta n t.
2.
A- WRITtNG D e sc rib e h o w to f in d th e fo c i o f a n e llip s e g iv e n th e c o o r d in a te s

o f its v e r tic e s a n d c o -v e rtic e s .
GRAPHING G rap h th e eq u a tio n . Id e n tify th e v e rtice s, co -v e rtice s, a n d fo ci o f

th e eiiip se.
3 + = 1
16 4
/
9.
= 36
12. 2 5 F + 4 9 / = 1225
5.
4. 2 ^ + / = 25
4
y2
y2
7.
+ = 1
400 81
10. 9x2 + y2 = g
13. 16x2 +
25 /
36 *** 225 " *

( l l ) 16X2 y 9^2 ^
14. 72x2 + gy2 = g 4g
= 1600
ERROR ANALYSIS D escrib e a n d c o rr e c t th e e rro r in g ra p h in g th e eiiip se.
15.
16.
x2 y2
+ = 1
4
16
x2
2
y2
3
EXAMPLES
2 and 4
WR)T!NG EQUATIONS W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e e iiip se w ith th e g iv en

c h a ra cte ristics a n d cen ter at (0, 0).
o n pp. 6 3 5 - 6 3 6
17. V ertex : (5, 0)
18. V ertex : (0, -1 0 )
19. V ertex : (14, 0)
20. V ertex : (0, - 6 )
21. V ertex : (0, 12)
22. V ertex : (20, 0)
23. V ertex : (0, 8)

F o cu s: (0, 6)
24. V ertex : (4, 0)
25. V ertex : (0, 9)
26. V ertex : ( - 5 , 0)
27. V ertex : (0, - 4 )
28. V ertex : (13, 0)
( 2 9 ) C o -v e rte x : (0 , W )
30. C o -v e rte x : ( -3 V 5 , 0)
31. C o -v e rte x : (0 , - 5 V 7 )
32. C o -v e rte x : (0, 15)
33. C o -v e rte x : (2 V l5 , 0)
34. C o -v e rte x : ( - 3 2 , 0)
f o r E x s. 1 7 - 3 5
C o -v e rte x : (0, - 3 )
C o -v e rte x : (4, 0)
F o cu s: (3, 0)
F o c u s : ( - 3 , 0)
F o c u s : ( - 8 , 0)
C o -v e rte x : (0, - 9 )
C o -v e rte x : (6, 0)
C o -v e rte x : (0, -1 6 )
C o -v e rte x : (11, 0)
F o c u s: (V 7, 0)
F o c u s : (0 , - 4 V 2 )
F o c u s: ( 0 , - 2 V 3 )
F o c u s : ( -4 V 3 , 0)
F o c u s: (0, 6)
F o c u s: (0, 14)
9 .4
F o c u s : (-1 5 , 0)
F o c u s : (0, 24)
Graph and W rite Equations o f Eiiipses
637
MULTIPLE CHOKE W h a t is a n e q u a tio n o f th e e liip s e w ith c e n te r a t th e

o rig in , a v e rte x a t (0, - 1 2 ) , a n d a c o -v e rte x a t ( - 8 , 0)?
35. *
GRAPHING
In E x ercises 3 6 -4 4 , th e eq u a tio n s o f p a ra b o ia s, circie s, a n d eiiip ses

a re g iv en . G raph th e eq u a tio n .
36.
Z + / = 64
37.
2 5 Z + 8 l / = 2 02 5
39.
6 5 / = 130x
40.
30x^ + 3 0 / = 4 8 0
4/
45.
-.2 1/2
** -^ + ^ 4 = 4
38.
36 y + Z = 0
^
^
..
44.
^
-
1 6 Z + 1 0 / = 160
^ SHORT RESPONSE C o n s id e r th e g r a p h o f / , Z = 1. D e sc rib e th e e ffe c ts

9
25
o n th e g r a p h o f c h a n g in g th e d e n o m in a to r o f th e / - t e r m f ir s t f ro m 25 to
9 a n d t h e n f ro m 9 to 4. G ra p h th e o r ig in a i e q u a tio n a n d th e tw o r e v is e d
e q u a tio n s in th e s a m e c o o r d in a te p ia n e .
OPEN-ENDED MATH W rite a n e q u a tio n o f a n e iiip s e in s ta n d a r d fo rm .

G ra p h th e e q u a tio n o n a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r b y r e w r itin g it a s tw o f u n c tio n s .
G iv e a v ie w in g w in d o w th a t d o e s n o t d is to r t th e s h a p e o f th e e iiip s e , a n d
e x p ia in h o w y o u f o u n d y o u r v ie w in g w in d o w .
46. *
47.
CHALLENGE U se t h e d e f in itio n o f a n e iiip s e to s h o w t h a t c^ = <2^ b^ fo r a n y

/ = 1 a n d fo c i a t (c, 0) a n d ( - c , 0). (Hint.* D ra w a
+ 2
a
b
d ia g ra m . C o n s id e r th e p o in t P (n , 0) o n th e e iiip se .)
e iiip se w ith e q u a tio n
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 3
48.
on p. 6 3 6
for Exs. 4 8 - 5 0
MARS O n J a n u a r y 3, 2 0 0 4 , th e M a rs ro v e r S p irit b o u n c e d o n its a irb a g s to

a la n d in g w ith in G u s e v c ra te r. S c ie n tis ts h a d e s tim a te d t h a t th e r e w a s a
99% c h a n c e th e ro v e r w o u ld la n d in s id e a n e llip s e w ith a m a jo r a x is
81 k ilo m e te r s lo n g a n d a m in o r a x is 12 k ilo m e te r s lo n g . W rite a n
e q u a tio n o f th e e llip s e . T h e n f in d its a re a .
@ M )fH e7 u tO f
AUSTRALIAN FOOTBALL T h e p ia y in g fie ld fo r A u s tr a lia n f o o tb a ll is a n e llip s e
th a t is b e tw e e n 135 a n d 185 m e te r s io n g a n d b e tw e e n 110 a n d 155 m e te r s

w id e . W rite e q u a tio n s o f e llip s e s w ith v e r tic a l m a jo r a x e s t h a t m o d e l th e
la rg e s t a n d s m a lle s t fie ld s d e s c rib e d . T h e n w rite a n in e q u a lity th a t d e s c rib e s
th e p o s s ib le a r e a s o f th e s e fie ld s.
@ M M ne7H to r
638
= W ORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
Artists rendering
of ianding
50. HEALTH CARE A E fh o frip fe r u s e s s h o c k w a v e s to

b r e a k a p a r t k id n e y s to n e s o r g a lls to n e s in s id e
th e b o d y . S h o c k w a v e s g e n e r a te d a t o n e f o c u s o f
a n eih 'p so td (a th r e e - d im e n s io n a l s h a p e w ith a n
e llip tic a l c ro s s s e c tio n ) r e fle c t to th e s to n e
p o s itio n e d a t t h e s e c o n d fo c u s . W rite a n e q u a tio n
fo r t h e c r o s s s e c tio n o f th e e llip s o id w ith th e
d im e n s io n s s h o w n . H o w f a r a p a r t a r e th e foci?
Kidney -y stone
16cm
51. * SHORT RESPONSE H a ile y 's c o m e t r a n g e s fro m 0 .59 to 3 5 .3 a s tr o n o m ic a l

u n its f ro m t h e s u n , w h ic h is a t o n e fo c u s o f th e c o m e t's e llip tic a l o rb it. (A n
a s tro n o m ic a l a a i t is E a r th 's m e a n d is ta n c e f ro m t h e s u n .) E x p la in u s in g a
s k e tc h h o w to f in d a a n d c. T h e n w r ite a n e q u a tio n fo r t h e o rb it.
5 2. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A s m a ll a ir p la n e w ith e n o u g h fu e l to fly 6 0 0 m ile s
s a fe ly w ill ta k e o ff fro m a i r p o r t A a n d la n d a t a i r p o r t B, 4 50 m ile s aw ay .
a. Reason T h e r e g io n in w h ic h th e a ir p la n e c a n fly is
b o u n d e d b y a n e llip s e . E x p la in w h y th is is so.
b. Calculate L e t (0, 0) r e p r e s e n t th e c e n te r o f th e e llip s e .
F in d t h e c o o r d in a te s o f e a c h a ir p o r t.
c. Apply S u p p o s e t h e p la n e flie s f ro m a i r p o r t A s tr a ig h t
p a s t a i r p o r t B to a v e r te x o f th e e llip s e a n d th e n
s tr a ig h t b a c k to a i r p o r t B. H o w f a r d o e s th e p la n e fly?
U se y o u r a n s w e r to f in d th e c o o r d in a te s o f th e v e rte x .
d. Model W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e e llip s e .
53. CHALLENGE A n a r t m u s e u m w o rk e r le a v e s a n
8 -fo o t-ta ll p a in t in g le a n in g a g a in s t a w a ll. L ate r,
th e to p o f th e p a in t in g s lid e s d o w n th e w a ll, a n d
th e p a in t in g fa lls to th e flo o r. U se th e d ia g r a m to
f in d a n e q u a tio n o f th e p a th o f th e p o in t (x, y) a s
th e p a in t in g fa lls.
MtXED REV!EW
E va lu ate th e d e te rm in a n t o f th e m a trix , (p. 203)
3 -4
-2
6
55.
-1 - 4
3 12
56.
-J
' 1
0 -2 *
3 -4
0
2 0 5_
57.
1 8*
3 0 -2
-1 1 5
'- 6
T h e v a ria b ie s x a n d y v a r y in versely. U se th e g iv en v a lu e s to w r ite a n e q u a tio n

re la tin g x a n d y. T h en fin d y w h e n x = 4. (p. 331)
PREVIEW
Prepareifor
Lesson 9.5
in Exs. 6 4 -6 9 .
58. x = 3, y = - 6
59. x = 8, y = 5
60. x = - 1 5 , y = - 5
6 1. x = - 6 , y = ^
62. x = - ^ , y = - 7
63. x = ^ , y = ^
G raph th e fu n c tio n . S tate th e d o m a in an d ran ge , (p. 338)
64. y =
65. T = *
66. y = y y y y
67. y =
^ x- 4
68. y = ^ - 2
^ x
69. y =
+ 3
*^ x - l
ONL!NEQU!Z at dasszone.com
639
PROatBMSOtMMG """9 ALTERNATIVE METHODS

W O R K SH O P
LESSON 9.4
*
PROBLEM
A nother MMcy to Sotve Exompte 3 , poge 636

MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS I n th e s e c o n d p a r t o f E x a m p le 3 o n p a g e 63 6, y o u
f o u n d th e a r e a o f a n e llip s e u s in g a fo r m u la . Y ou c a n a ls o a p p r o x im a te th e a r e a
o f a n e llip s e b y s u m m in g th e a r e a s o f r e c ta n g le s .
W h e n lig h tn in g s tr ik e s , a n
e llip tic a l r e g io n w h e re th e s tr ik e m o s t
lik e ly h it c a n o fte n b e id e n tifie d . S u p p o s e
it is d e te r m in e d t h a t th e r e is a 5 0 % c h a n c e
th a t a lig h tn in g s tr ik e h it w ith in th e
e llip tic a l r e g io n s h o w n in th e d ia g r a m .
* W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e e llip se .
LIGHTNING
* F in d th e a r e a o f th e e llip tic a l re g io n .
METHOD
Su m m in g R ecta n g les
200^
10(T
A s y o u s a w o n p a g e 636 , th e e llip s e h a s th e e q u a tio n
= 1. A p p ro x im a te th e a r e a o f th e e llip s e a s fo llo w s.
th e f ir s t- q u a d r a n t p o r tio n o f th e
e llip s e . T h e n d r a w r e c ta n g le s o f w id th 40
a n d h e ig h t e q u a l to th e y -v a lu e o f th e
e llip s e a t th e r e c ta n g le 's le ft e d g e . T h e
f irs t r e c ta n g le 's h e ig h t is jq = 100. To f in d
th e o th e r y -v a lu e s , so lv e fo r y to o b ta in
FTifP 7 Graph
y = ^ 100 - . U se a c a lc u la to r to g e t
y^ = 98 .0 , y^ = 91.7, y^ = 80, a n d y ^ = 60.
.fTiEP^ Calculate
th e to ta l a r e a A o f th e r e c ta n g le s .
A = 4 0 (1 0 0 ) + 4 0 (9 8 .0 ) + 4 0(91 .7) + 4 0 (8 0 ) + 4 0 (6 0 ) = 17,188 m ^

th e to ta l a r e a o f th e r e c ta n g le s b y 4 to o b ta in a n e s tim a te o f
4(17,188) = 6 8 ,8 0 0 s q u a r e m e te r s fo r t h e a r e a o f th e e llip s e .
F7TP.? Multiply
P RACTICE
1. S o lve th e p ro b le m a b o v e u s in g r e c ta n g le s o f
w id th 20. Is th is e s tim a te b e tt e r o r w o rs e th a n
th e e s tim a te a b o v e ? E x p la in .
2.
640
E x p la in u s in g y o u r r e s u lts fro m
E x e rc ise 1 h o w to o b ta in a c lo s e r a n d c lo s e r
a p p r o x im a tio n o f th e e llip s e 's a re a .
REASONING
Chapter 9
S u p p o s e th a t th e e llip s e in th e
p ro b le m h a d a h o r iz o n ta l m a jo r a x is o f
2 5 0 m e te r s a n d a m in o r a x is o f 2 0 0 m e te rs .
a. W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e e llip s e .
b. U se th e m e th o d a b o v e to a p p r o x im a te th e
a r e a o f th e e llip s e .
WHAT iF?
MtXED REV)EWr,/P,oM?,,,5,iM,,9
STATE TEST PRACTKE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 9.1-9.4
i.
EXTENDED RESPONSE A c a r s k id s w h ile

t u r n in g to a v o id a n a c c id e n t. T h e c a r's s p e e d
n (in m e te r s p e r s e c o n d ) c a n b e e s tim a te d
u s in g ^ = \/9 .8 p ,r w h e re r is th e r a d iu s (in
m e te rs ) o f th e c ir c u la r sk id m a r k a n d p. is a
c o n s ta n t t h a t d e p e n d s o n th e r o a d s u r fa c e
a n d w e a th e r c o n d itio n s (0 < p < 1).
MULTt-STEP PROBLEM P a ra b o lic re fle c to r s

w ith a m ic ro p h o n e a t th e fo c u s a llo w y o u to
lis te n to s o u n d s fro m f a r aw ay . A p a r a b o lic
m ic r o p h o n e h a s a r e fle c to r t h a t is 2 2 .4 in c h e s
in d ia m e te r a n d 8 in c h e s d e e p .
a.
b.
a.
b.
c.
2.
3.
H o w fa r is t h e fo c u s f ro m t h e v e rte x ?
W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e c r o s s s e c tio n o f
th e r e f le c to r s u c h t h a t th e v e r te x is a t (0, 0)
a n d th e r e fle c to r o p e n s to t h e rig h t.
G ra p h th e e q u a tio n f ro m p a r t (b).
A f is h in g b o a t's r a d a r
h a s a r a n g e o f 16 m ile s . A s e c o n d b o a t is
12 m ile s w e s t a n d 12 m ile s s o u th o f th e fis h in g
b o a t.
a. W rite a n in e q u a lity d e s c rib in g th e r e g io n
c o v e re d b y t h e r a d a r if t h e f is h in g b o a t is
a n c h o r e d a t th e o rig in .
b. Is th e s e c o n d b o a t in r a n g e o f th e ra d a r?
c. A th i r d b o a t 6 m ile s n o r t h a n d 4 m ile s e a s t
o f th e f is h in g b o a t b e g in s m o v in g w e s tw a r d .
F o r w h a t d is ta n c e w ill th e t h i r d b o a t b e in
r a d a r r a n g e o f t h e f is h in g b o a t?
c.
6.
SHORT RESPONSE
7.
OPEN-ENDED
8.
CRtDDED ANSWER
MULT!-STEP PROBLEM
In its e llip tic a l o rb it,

M e r c u ry r a n g e s f ro m 29 m illio n m ile s to
4 4 m illio n m ile s fro m th e s u n , w h ic h is a t o n e
fo c u s o f th e o rb it.
a. D ra w a s k e tc h o f th e s itu a tio n .
b. F in d t h e v a lu e s o f <2 a n d c.
c. W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r M e rc u r y 's o rb it.
MULTt-STEP PROBLEM
F in d th e r a d iu s o f th e sk id m a r k sh o w n .
E s tim a te h o w f a s t th e c a r w a s tr a v e lin g if it
is d e te r m i n e d th a t p. = 0.7.
H o w d o e s th e c a r 's s p e e d w h ile s k id d in g
a f fe c t th e r a d iu s o f t h e c irc le ? E x p /a m .
T w o lin e s a r e ta n g e n t to th e
c irc le x^ + y^ = 13, o n e a t ( - 2 , - 3 ) a n d o n e a t
(3, - 2 ) . W h a t is th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e
tw o lin e s ? E x p la in .
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f a p a r a b o la
th a t h a s its v e r te x a t th e o rig in a n d p a s s e s
b e tw e e n ( - 2 , 4) a n d ( - 3 , 9).
T o g e t fro m
to th e b e a c h , y o u d riv e 8 m ile s
16 m ile s e a s t, a n d th e n 4 m ile s
th e s tr a ig h t- lin e d is ta n c e fro m
th e b e a c h ?
your hom e
s o u th , th e n
s o u th . W h a t is
y o u r h o m e to
Y ou c a n m a k e a s o la r h o t
d o g c o o k e r b y s h a p in g f o il-lin e d c a r d b o a r d in to
a p a r a b o lic tr o u g h a n d p a s s in g a w ire th r o u g h
th e fo c u s o f e a c h e n d p ie c e . F o r th e tr o u g h
s h o w n , h o w f a r f ro m th e b o tto m , to th e n e a r e s t
t e n t h o f a n in c h , s h o u ld th e w ire b e p la c e d ?
9. GR!DDED ANSWER
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f a n e llip s e

t h a t h a s its c e n te r a t th e o rig in , a h o r iz o n ta l
m in o r a x is , a n d lie s c o m p le te ly b e tw e e n th e
c irc le s x^ + y^ = 25 a n d x^ + y^ = 64.
4. OPEN-ENDED
Mixed Review o f Problem Soiving
641
9.5
Graph and Write

Equations of Hyperboias
You g ra p h e d and w ro te e q u a tio n s o f p a ra b o ia s, circies, an d eilip ses.
You wiii g rap h and w rite e q u a tio n s o f h y p e rb o ia s.
S o you c a n m o d el cu rved m irrors, a s in E xam p ie 3.
R e c a ll th a t a n e llip s e is th e s e t o f a ll p o in ts P in a p la n e s u c h t h a t th e s u m o f th e
d is ta n c e s b e tw e e n P a n d tw o fix e d p o in ts (th e foci) is a c o n s ta n t.
Key Vocabulary
* h y p erb o la
*fo ci
* v e rtices
A h y p e rb o la is th e s e t o f a ll p o in ts P s u c h th a t
th e tf^jfereace o f th e d is ta n c e s b e tw e e n P a n d tw o
fix e d p o in ts , a g a in c a lle d th e foci, is a c o n s ta n t.
* tra n sverse a x is
* cen ter
T h e lin e th r o u g h th e fo c i in te r s e c ts th e
h y p e r b o la a t th e tw o v e rtices. T h e tra n s v e rs e
a x is jo in s t h e v e rtic e s . Its m id p o in t is th e
h y p e r b o la 's center. A h y p e r b o la h a s tw o b ra n c h e s , a n d h a s tw o a s y m p to te s th a t
c o n ta in th e d ia g o n a ls o f a r e c ta n g le c e n te r e d a t th e h y p e r b o la 's c e n te r, a s s h o w n .
IDENTIFY AXES
If th e x^-term in
th e equation o f a
hyperbola is positive,
the transv erse axis ties
on th e x-axis. if the
y^-term is positive, the
transv erse axis lies on
the y-axis.
Hyperboia with horizontal transverse axis
Hyperboia with vertical transverse axis
=1
<P
iP
KEY CONCEPT
S ta n d a rd E q u atio n o f a H yp erb ola w ith C en ter a t th e Origin
Equation
T ransverse A xis
H o riz o n ta l
y*
a'
x _ .
iP
V e rtic a l
A sym ptotes
^y =
Vertices
(a, 0)
(0, a)
T h e fo c i lie o n t h e tr a n s v e r s e a x is, c u n its f ro m th e c e n te r, w h e re
642
Chapter 9
tP = rP + %,2
Graph an equation of a hyperbola
EXAMPLE 1
G rap h 25y^ - 4 ^ = 100. Id e n tify th e v e rtice s, fo ci, a n d a sy m p to te s o f th e

h y p erb o la .
Soiution
F72P 7
th e e q u a tio n in s ta n d a r d fo rm .
Rewrite
25y^ - 4 ^ =
w rite originai equation.
100
y^
4
mo
100
y2
25 = ^
S i'" '''" ''-
identify th e
v e r tic e s , fo c i, a n d a s y m p to te s . N o te t h a t a^ = 4 a n d
&2 = 25, so a = 2 a n d h - 5. T h e y ^ -te rm is p o s itiv e , so th e tr a n s v e r s e
a x is is v e r tic a i a n d th e v e r tic e s a r e a t (0 , 2 ) . F in d th e fo c i.
= 2^ +
52
= 29, so c = V 29
T h e fo c i a r e a t ( 0 , V 2 9 ) = (0, 5 .4 ).
T h e a s y m p to te s a r e y =
SOLVE FOR V
Draw th e h y p e r b o la . F irs t d ra w a
r e c ta n g le c e n te r e d a t th e o rig in th a t is
2 a = 4 u n its h ig h a n d 2& = 10 u n its w id e .
T h e a s y m p to te s p a s s th r o u g h o p p o s ite
c o r n e r s o f th e r e c ta n g le . T h e n , d ra w th e
h y p e r b o la p a s s in g th r o u g h th e v e r tic e s
a n d a p p r o a c h in g th e a s y m p to te s .
F7CP J
To plot points on the

hyperbola, solve its
equation for y to obtain
y = 2^,1 +
or y = * ^ x .
T hen
m ake a tab le o f values.
^ g i3 !< M e g A ]g e b r a
EXAMPLE 2
at classzorte.com
Write an equation of a hyperboia
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e h y p e rb o ia w ith fo ci at ( - 4 , 0) a n d (4, 0) an d

v e rtic e s at ( - 3 , 0) a n d (3, 0).
Soiution
T h e fo c i a n d v e r tic e s lie o n th e x -a x is e q u id is ta n t
fro m th e o rig in , so th e tr a n s v e r s e a x is is
h o r iz o n ta l a n d th e c e n te r is th e o rig in . T h e fo c i
a r e e a c h 4 u n its f ro m th e c e n te r, so c = 4. T h e
v e r tic e s a r e e a c h 3 u n its fro m th e c e n te r, so a = 3.
B e c a u s e c2 = n;2 + &2, y o u h a v e &2 = %2. F in d &2.
&2 = c2
nP = 42
32 = 7
B e c a u s e t h e tr a n s v e r s e a x is is h o r iz o n ta l, th e
s ta n d a r d fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n is a s fo llo w s:
y2 y2
- =1
Substitute 3 for o and 7 for iP.
32
7
..2
- - ^ = 1
1
7
Simpiify.
9 .5
Graph and W rite Equations of Hyperbolas
643
CuiDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam ples 1 a n d 2
G raph th e eq u a tio n . Id e n tify th e ve rtic e s , fo ci, a n d a sy m p to tes o f th e

h y p erb o ia .
I- 416 - 4 49= 1
2. 436 - ^ = 1
3. 4 y 2 - 9 F = 36
W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e h y p e rb o ia w ith th e g iv en fo ci a n d v e rtices.
4. F o ci: ( - 3 , 0), (3, 0)

V e rtic e s: ( - 1 , 0), (1, 0)
5. F o c i: (0, - 1 0 ) , (0, 10)

V e rtic e s: (0, - 6 ) , (0, 6)
Solve a muhi-step problem

PHOTOGRAPHY Y ou c a n ta k e p a n o r a m ic p h o to g r a p h s
u s in g a h y p e r b o lic m ir ro r . L ig h t ra y s h e a d in g to w a r d
th e fo c u s b e h in d th e m ir r o r a r e r e f le c te d to a c a m e r a
p o s itio n e d a t th e o th e r fo c u s a s s h o w n . A fte r a
p h o to g r a p h is ta k e n , c o m p u te r s c a n " u n w a rp " th e
d is to r te d im a g e in to a 3 60 v iew .
* W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e c ro s s s e c tio n o f th e m ir ro r .

* T h e m ir r o r is 6 c e n tim e te r s w id e . H o w ta il is it?
S o lu tio n
F7PP 7 F ro m th e d ia g r a m , a = 2 .8 1 a n d c = 3 .6 6 .
To w rite a n e q u a tio n , f in d iP .
iP = <;2 - <p = 3.662 _ 2 . 8 ^
5 go
F B e c a u s e th e tr a n s v e r s e a x is is v e r tic a l, th e s ta n d a r d fo r m o f th e
e q u a tio n fo r t h e c ro s s s e c tio n o f t h e m ir r o r is a s fo llo w s:
2
i/2
2
y = 1 or
= 1
2.812 5.50
'
7.90 5.50
F in d th e y - c o o r d in a te a t th e m ir r o r 's b o tto m e d g e . B e c a u s e th e m ir r o r
is 6 c e n tim e te r s w id e , s u b s titu te x = 3 in to th e e q u a tio n a n d so lv e.
7V 0
AVOiD ERRORS
The m irror is below th e

x-axis, so ch o o se th e
negative square root.
P
Chapter 9
4o =
Substitute 3 for x.
y2 = 2 0.8 3
Soive for jP .
y = - 4 .5 6
Soive for y.
F So, th e m ir r o r h a s a h e ig h t o f -2 .8 1 - ( -4 .5 6 ) = 1.75 c e n tim e te r s .
GutDED PRACTKE
6.
644
"
fo r E xam p ie 3
WHAT iF? In E x a m p ie 3, s u p p o s e t h a t th e m ir r o r r e m a in s 6 c e n tim e te r s w id e ,

b u t th a t a = 3 c e n tim e te r s a n d c = 5 c e n tim e te r s . H o w ta ll is th e m irro r?
Q uadratic Relations and Conic Sections
HOMEWORK
KEY
9 5 EXERC!SES

Exs. 2,15,26, 33, 35, and 43
Ex. 42
SK!LL PRACTKE
C o p y a n d c o m p le te : T h e p o in ts
( - 2 , 0) a n d (2, 0) in th e g r a p h a t th e r ig h t a re
th e ? o f th e h y p e r b o la . T h e lin e s e g m e n t
jo in in g th e s e tw o p o in ts is th e ? .
1. VOCABULARY
2.
EXAMPLE 1
o n p. 6 4 3
fo r E x s. 3 - 1 7
C o m p a re th e d e f in itio n s o f a n
e llip s e a n d a h y p e r b o la .
* WRITING
GRAPHING G raph th e e q u a tio n . Id e n tify th e ve rtice s, fo ci, a n d a sy m p to tes o f

th e h y p erb o ia .
y'
3. *2 _ = 1
25
4
6.
*2
144
4.
- ^ = 1
36
7.
-A MULTIPLE CHOICE
45y2 - 2 0 0 F = 1800?
(A )
( 2 V lO , 0)
II
5. y ' _ ^ - = 1
81
25
36
y ' _ x2 _ 1
100
196
10. 49x2
12. 25y2 - 64x2 = iQQQ
15.
- 2 = 1
9. 4%2 .- y2 = 256
8. y ' _ = 1
121
49
196
81x2 - I6y2 = 1296
11. 9y2 - 25x2 = 225

14. 49y2 - 100x2 = 4900
W h a t a r e th e fo c i o f th e h y p e r b o la w ith e q u a tio n
(0, 2 V 1 0 )
(B )
( g ) ( 7 ,0 )
(D)
(0, 7 )
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe a n d co rre c t th e e rro r in g ra p h in g th e eq u a tio n .

17.
16.
y
36
y
/
/
/
/\
\
/
\
'
EXAMPLE 2
o n p. 6 4 3
f o r E x s. 1 8 - 2 6
WRITING EQUATIONS W rite a n e q u a tio n o f th e h y p e rb o la w ith th e g iv e n fo ci

a n d v e rtice s.
F o ci: (0, - 4 ) , (0, 4)

V e rtic e s: (0, - 2 ) , (0, 2)
19.
F o c i: ( - 6 , 0), (6, 0)
V e rtic e s: ( - 2 , 0), (2, 0)
2 0. F o c i: (5, 0), (5, 0)

V e rtic e s : ( - 1 , 0), (1, 0)
21.
F o c i: (0, - 1 2 ) , (0, 12)

V e rtic e s: (0, - 7 ) , (0, 7)
22. F o ci: (-1 0 , 0), (10, 0)

V ertices: ( -5 V 3 , 0), (5V 3, 0)
23 )
F o c i: (0, - 4 V 5 ) , (0, 4V 5)
V ertices: (0, - 4 ) , (0, 4)
24. F o c i: (0, 3), (0, 3)

V ertices: (o, - 2 V2 ), (0 , 2 V2 )
25. F o c i: (-3 V 6 , 0), (3V 6, 0)

V ertice s: ( - 2 , 0), (2, 0)
18.
9 .5
645
26. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is an eq u atio n o f th e h yp erb o la w ith foci at

(o, - 6 V3 ) and (0 , 6 V 3J and w ith v ertices at (0, - 8 ) and (0, 8)?
(A ) ^
^
64
108
= 1
(g ) ^ - ^ = 1
^
44
68
(g )
^
108
64
GRAPHING In E xercises 2 7 - 3 2 , th e eq u ation s o f p arab o las, circles, ellipses, and

h yp erb olas a re given. Graph th e eq u ation .
30.
28.
49
25
144
256
= 1
is x
y^
121
29.
= 1
12y2 = 48
48x^
32. 18x^
18y^ = 288
33. * SHORT RESPONSE D escribe th e effects o f th e in d icated ch an g e on the

shape o f th e hyp erboia and on th e lo ca tio n s o f th e v ertices and foci.
a.
= l! ch an g e 36 to 4
b.
" IT ^
4 to 25
34. GRAPHING CALCULATOR G raph ea ch h yp erboia using a graphing caicu iator.

Teli w hat two fu n ctio n s you en tered into th e caicu iato r.
x _,
15
30
b. ^
8.4
5.5
= 1
35. * OPEN-ENDEO MATH Give eq u atio n s o f th ree h yp erbo las w ith h orizon tai
tran sverse axes and asym ptotes y = 2 x . Compare th e hyp erbolas.
36. REASONING U se th e d iagram at th e right to show
that I r?2 - d j = 2a. (M a t; I d^ - d J is co n sta n t, s<
ch o o se a con venient lo catio n for (x, y).)
37. CHALLENGE U sing th e d ista n ce form ula and th e
d efin itio n o f a hyperbola, w rite an eq u atio n in
stand ard form o f th e hyp erbola w ith foci at
( 2 , 0) if th e d ifferen ce in th e d ista n ce s from a
p oin t (x, y) on th e h yp erbola to th e foci is 2.
'y
'
< - c , o y ! - a , 0)
(a, 0 ) \ .
(c, 0)
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 644
for Exs. 3 8 -4 0
38. TELESCOPES A satellite is carry in g a telesco p e th a t has a h yp erbolic m irror

for w hich a = 33 and c = 56 (in cen tim eters). W rite an eq u atio n for th e cross
sectio n o f th e m irror if th e tran sv erse axis is h o rizo n tal.
@ M w n e7 H to r
39. SPINNING CUBE T h e o u tlin e o f a cu b e spin n in g

around an axis throu gh a p air o f opposite
corn ers co n tain s a p ortion o f a hyperbola,
as show n. Th e co o rd in ates given rep resen t a
vertex and a focu s o f th e hyp erbola for a cu b e
th at m easu res 1 u nit on each edge. W rite an
eq u atio n th at m odels th is hyperbola.
646
on p. WS1
* =STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTtPLE
REPRESENTAT!ONS
40.
SUN'S SHADOW E ach day, except at th e fa ll and spring eq u in oxes, th e tip

o f th e shadow o f a v erticai pole tra ce s a b ra n ch o f a hyp erbola across th e
ground. T h e diagram show s shadow p ath s for a 20 m eter ta ll flagpole in
D allas, Texas.
Focus
a. W rite an eq u atio n o f th e hyp erbola w ith cen ter at th e origin th a t m odels

th e June 21 path, given th a t a = 13.3 m eters and c = 28 .2 m eters.
b. W rite an eq u atio n o f th e hyp erbola w ith cen ter at th e orig in th a t m odels
th e Sep tem ber 1 path, given th a t a = 4.1 m eters and c = 25.0 m eters.
(4 l)
MULTt-STEP PROBLEM T he ro o f o f th e
St. Louis S cie n ce C enter has a h yp erbolic
cross sectio n w ith th e d im en sio n s show n.
a. Suppose a co o rd in ate grid is overlaid on
th e diagram w ith its origin at O, th e cen ter
o f th e narrow est p art o f th e roof. W hat are
th e co o rd in ates o f th e p oin ts at 21 and E?
b. Use your answ ers from p a rt (a) to w rite an
eq u ation th a t m odels th e cross sectio n .
c. Find th e to tal height h o f th e roof.
42.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATtONS A circu la r w alkw ay is to b e b u ilt around

a statue in a park. T here is enough co n crete available for th e w alkw ay to
have an area o f 600 squ are feet.
a. Writing an Equation Let th e insid e and outside rad ii o f th e w alkw ay be
x feet and y feet, respectively. Draw a d iagram o f th e situ ation . T h en
w rite an eq u atio n relatin g x and y.
b. Making a Tabie Give four p ossible pairs o f d im en sion s x and y th at
satisfy th e eq u atio n from p a rt (a).
c. Drawing a Graph G raph th e eq u ation from p a rt (a). W h at p o rtio n o f th e
graph rep resen ts solu tion s th a t m ake sen se in th is situation?
d. Reasoning How does th e w idth o f th e walkway, y - x, ch an g e as b o th
x and y in crease? Explain why th is m akes sense.
43.
* SHORT RESPONSE Two ston es dropped at the

sam e tim e into still w ater produce circu la r ripples
w hose in tersectio n p oints form h yp erbolas w ith
fo ci w here th e stones h it th e water. T h e graph
show s one hyp erbola form ed by ston es dropped
12 feet ap art w ith ripples at 1 foo t in tervals.
a. W rite an eq u atio n o f th is hyperbola.
b. Use th e d efin itio n o f a h yp erb o la to exp lain
why th e graph show n is a hyperbola.
(Hinh E x am in e th e d ista n ce s from ea ch
in tersectio n poin t to th e foci.)
9 .5
647
44. CHALLENGE Two m icro p h o n es piaced

1 m ile ap art record th e bugling o f a
bu ll elk. M icrophone A receives th e
sound 2 second s after m icro p h o n e B.
Sound travels at 1100 feet per secon d . Is
th is enough in fo rm atio n to d eterm in e
w here th e elk is located? If so, give the
lo cation . If not, exp lain why not.
[ M!XED REV!EW
P erfo rm th e indicated o p eration , if possible. If n ot possible, state th e reaso n .
45
12*
1 -2
-4
-4
47.
PREVIEW
-5
-1
-3
24*
6
ip. 1871
46.
48.
-1
-8
15
^8
12*
-6
32
-9
-4
0 6 -1
-2
-5
Ip. 1871
ip- 79?!
W rite th e q u ad ratic fu n ction in v e rte x form . Then identify th e v e rte x , (p. 2841
Prepare for
Lesson 9.6
in Exs. 4 9 -5 4 .
49. y = x"2 - 4x -t- 7
50. y = x^ - 2x - 5
51. y = x^ + pyx + 54
52. y = - x ^ - 8x - 20
53. y = x^ + 9x 12
54. y = 2x^ 2x 9
QU!Z /o r t CMOFM9 .4 -9 .5
G raph th e eq u ation . Identify th e v e rtice s, co -v e rtice s, an d foci o f th e eiiipse.
ip. 634)
y<?
y
2. + = 1
16
49
25
3. 36x^ + 9 / = 324
W rite an eq u ation o f th e eliipse w ith th e given c h a ra c te ris tics an d ce n te r at

( 0 ,0 ) . (p. 6341
4. Vertex: (0, 5)
Co-vertex: ( - 4 , 0)
5. Vertex: (10, 0)
F ocu s: ( - 8 , 0)
6. C o-vertex: ( - V l 5 , 0)
Focu s: (0, - 5 )
Graph th e equ ation . Identify th e v e rtice s, foci, an d asy m p totes o f the

hyp erb ola, ip. 6421
* 25
64
= i
8. 4 x 2 - 1 6 y 2 = 64
9. 12y2 - 20x2 = 240
W rite an eq u ation of th e hyperbola w ith th e given foci an d v e rtice s, (p. 6421

10. Foci: ( - 5 , 0), (5, 0)
Vertices: ( - 2 , 0), (2, 0)
11. F oci: (0, - 3 ) , (0, 3)

Vertices: (0, - 1 ) , (0, 1)
12. Foci: (-3 V 6 , 0), (3V6, 0)

V ertices: ( - 3 , 0), (3, 0)
13. ASTEROIDS T h e largest asteroid, 1 Ceres, ranges from 2.5 5 astro n o m ica l
u nits to 2.98 astro n o m ical u nits from th e sun, w h ich is lo cated at one focus
o f th e asteroid's ellip tical orbit. Find a an d c. T h en w rite an eq u atio n o f th e
orbit o f 1 Ceres, (p. 6341
648
EXTRA PRACT)CE for Lesson 9.5, p. 1018
1^)
ONHNE QU)Z at classzone.com
'" ^ " 'A
! V
! T
9.6 Expioring Intersections of

Pianes and Cones
M A T ER ! ALS *fiashlight - graph paper
How do a piane and a doubie-napped cone intersect to form

different conic sections?
The reason th at paraboias, circles, ellipses, and h yp erbolas are ca lled conics
or conic sections is th at each ca n be form ed by th e in tersectio n o f a plane and a
d ouble-napped cone, as show n below.
Parabola
Hyperbola
Find an equation of a conic
Work in a group. On a piece o f graph paper, d ra w x - a n d y -a x e s

to m ake a co o rd inate plane. T h en tap e th e paper to a w all.
Aim a flash lig h t p erp en d icu lar to th e paper so th a t th e light

form s a circle cen tered on th e origin o f th e co o rd in ate plane.
Trace th e circle on th e graph paper. Find th e circle's radius,
and use it to w rite th e stand ard form o f th e circle's eq uation.
Tilt th e flashlig ht, and aim it at th e paper to form a n ellipse

w ith a v ertical m ajo r axis and cen ter at th e origin. T race the
ellipse and w rite th e stand ard form o f its eq u ation .
Use your observations to complete these exercises

1. Compare th e eq u atio n s for your circle and for your ellip se w ith th e eq u atio n s
o f other groups. Are your eq u atio n s all th e sam e? W hy or why not?
2. Refer to th e d iagram o f a hyp erbola to exp lain how you ca n orient th e
flash lig h t b eam to form a b ra n c h o f a hyp erbola on th e w all.
9 .6
Translate and Classify Conic Sections
649
9.6
Transiate and Ctassify

Conic Sections
You graphed and w rote equations of conic sections.
You will translate conic sections.
So you can model motion, as in Ex. 49.
Key Vocabulary
* co n ic sections
(conics)
* gen era! second
d egree equation
* d iscrim in an t
B ecau se parabolas, circles, ellipses, and h yp erbolas are form ed w hen a plane
in tersects a d ouble-napped cone, th ey are ca lled co n ic sectio n s or conics.
Previously, you studied eq u atio n s o f p arab o las w ith v ertices at th e origin and
eq u atio n s o f circles, ellipses, and h yp erbolas w ith cen ters at th e origin. Now you
w ill study how tran slatin g co n ics in th e co o rd in a te plane a ffe cts th eir eq u ation s.
K E Y CO N CEPT
Standard Form of Equations of Transiated Conics

In th e follow ing equation s, th e p oin t (h, %;) is th e vertex o f th e p arab o la and the
center o f th e o th er co n ics.
(x - h f + (y - R:)2 = r2
Circle
Horizontal axis
Paraboia
(y -
Ellipse
Hyperbola
G raph (x
= 4p (x - /;)
(x - ?:)2
(y - A;)2
(x - h f
(y - A f
EXAMPLE 1
Vertical axis
= 1
(x -
= 4p (y - A:)
(x - h f , (y -
= 1
,
2 r + ( y + 3 r2 =_ 9.
Compare th e given eq u atio n to th e stand ard

form o f an eq u atio n o f a circle. You ca n
see th at th e graph is a circle w ith_center at
(h, Ac) = (2, - 3 ) and radius r = V9 = 3.
Plot th e center. T h en plot several p o in ts th at
are each 3 u nits from th e center:
650
Chapter 9
= 1
Graph the equation of a transiated circie
Soiution
.P W 7
= 1
(2 + 3, - 3 ) = (5, - 3 )
(2 - 3, - 3 ) = ( - 1 , - 3 )
(2, - 3 + 3) = (2, 0)
(2, - 3 - 3) = (2, - 6 )
Draw a circle th rou gh th e points.
EXAMPLE 2
G raph
(y -3 f
Graph the equation of a transiated hyperboia

(x + i f
S oiu tion
Com pare th e g iv e n e q u a tio n to th e s ta n d a r d f o r m s o f e q u a tio n s o f
h y p e r b o ia s . T h e e q u a tio n 's fo rm te lls y o u t h a t th e g r a p h is a h y p e r b o la
w ith a v e r tic a l tr a n s v e r s e a x is . T h e c e n te r is a t (h , A;) = ( - 1 ,3 ) . B e c a u s e
#2 = 4 a n d = 9 , y o u k n o w th a t a = 2 a n d & = 3.
Plot th e c e n te r, v e rtic e s , a n d fo c i. T h e v e r tic e s
lie a = 2 u n its a b o v e a n d b e lo w th e c e n te r, a t
( - 1 , 5) a n d ( - 1 ,1 ) . B e c a u s e
+ &^ = ^
t h e fo c i lie c = V l3 = 3 .6 u n its a b o v e a n d
b e lo w th e c e n te r, a t ( - 1, 6 . 6 ) a n d ( - 1, - 0 . 6 ).
SOLVE FOR V
To ptot additional points
on the hyperbola, solve
fory to obtain
y=32^1
(x + i f
Thenm akeatab leof

values.
Draw th e h y p e r b o la . D ra w a r e c ta n g le
c e n te r e d a t ( - 1 , 3) t h a t is 2 a = 4 u n its h ig h
a n d 2& = 6 u n its w id e . D ra w th e a s y m p to te s
t h r o u g h th e o p p o s ite c o r n e r s o f th e r e c ta n g le .
T h e n d ra w th e h y p e r b o la p a s s in g th r o u g h th e
v e r tic e s a n d a p p r o a c h in g th e a s y m p to te s .
at dasszone.com
GutDED PRACTKE
Graph th e eq u ation . Identify th e im p o rta n t c h a ra c te ris tics o f th e grap h .
1. ( x + l ) 2 + ( y - 3 ) 2 = 4
2.
( x - 2r = 8 ( y + 3 )
3. (x + 3 f -
4.
fx - 2)2
16
EXAM PLE 3
= 1
(y -
1)2
= 1
Write an equation of a transiated paraboia
W rite a n eq u ation of th e p a ra b o ia w hose v e rte x is at ( - 2 , 3 ) an d w hose

focus is a t ( - 4 , 3).
Soiu tion
F72P7
F
FTiEP J
th e fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n . B e g in b y
m a k in g a r o u g h s k e tc h o f th e p a r a b o la . B e c a u s e
th e f o c u s is to th e le ft o f th e v e rte x , th e p a r a b o la
o p e n s to th e le ft, a n d its e q u a tio n h a s th e fo rm
(y - k)^ = 4 p (x - It) w h e re p < 0.
Determine
It a n d k. T h e v e r te x is a t ( - 2 , 3 ) , so
h = - 2 a n d k - 3.
Identify
Find p . T h e v e r te x (2 , 3) a n d f o c u s (4 , 3) b o th
lie o n th e lin e y = 3, so th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e m
is Ipl = I - 4 - ( - 2 ) I = 2, a n d th u s p = 2 .
B e c a u s e p < 0, it fo llo w s th a t p = - 2 , so 4 p = - 8 .
F T h e s ta n d a rd fo rm o f th e e q u a tio n is (y - 3)2 = - 8 (x
9 .6
2 ).
651
A EXAMPLE 4
Write an equation of a translated eiiipse
W rite an eq u ation of th e eiiipse w ith foci a t (1, 2) an d (7 ,2 ) an d co -v e rtice s at

( 4 ,0 ) and ( 4 ,4 ) .
S oiution
-M2P 7
Determine th e form o f th e eq u atio n . First sketch

th e eiiipse. T h e foci lie on th e m ajo r axis, so th e
ax is is horizon tai. T he eq u atio n h as th is form :
.i2
= 1
identify h and k by fin d in g th e center, w hich is
haifw ay b etw een th e foci (or th e co -v ertices).
(h, k) =
FiND DISTANCE
The co-vertices lie on
a vertical line through
the center and the foci
iie on a horizontal line
through the center, so
you do not have to use
the distance formula.
1+ 7 2 + 2
= (4, 2)
Find h, th e d ista n ce b etw een a co -v ertex and th e cen ter (4 ,2 ), an d c, th e

d istan ce b etw een a focu s and th e center. C hoose th e co-vertex (4, 4)
and th e focu s (1, 2): & = 1 4 - 2 1 = 2 a n d c = l l - 4 l = 3 .
.W 5P4
Find a. For an eiiipse, a^ =
F T h e stand ard form o f th e eq u atio n is
EXAMPLE 5
= 2^ +
(x -4 f
13
3^ =
so a = V13.
(y -2 )2
= 1.
4
!dentify symmetries of conic sections
Identify th e iine(s) o f sy m m e try for ea ch co n ic sectio n in E xam p les 1 -4 .

S oiution
652
Chapter 9
For th e circie in Exam pie 1, any

iin e throu gh th e cen ter (2, - 3 )
is a lin e o f sym m etry.
For th e hyp erboia in Exam pie 2,

x = - 1 and y = 3 are lin es of
sym m etry.
For th e p arabo la in Exam ple 3,

y = 3 is a iine o f sym m etry.
For th e eiiip se in Exam ple 4, x = 4

an d y = 2 are lin es o f sym m etry.
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p ies 3 ,4 , an d 5
W rite an eq u ation o f th e co n ic sectio n .

5. P arabo ia w ith vertex at (3, - 1 ) an d fo cu s at (3, 2)
6. H yperboia w ith v ertices at ( -7 , 3) and ( - 1 , 3) an d foci at ( - 9 , 3) and (1, 3)
Identify th e iine(s) of sy m m e try for th e co n ic sectio n .
S.
9. ^
( ; + 5 ) '..8 ( y - 2 ,
K E Y C O N C EPT
fd r
^ C lassifying Conics U sing T h eir E q u ation s

'
^
^
Any co n ic c a n be d escrib ed by a gen erai se co n d -d eg ree eq u ation in x

and y: Ax^ + Bxy + Cy^ + D x + By + E = 0. T he exp ression B^ - 4AC is the
d iscrim in an t o f th e eq u atio n and ca n b e used to id en tify th e type o f co n ic.
Discriminant
Type of Conic
B^ -
4AC < 0, B = 0, and A = C
C ircle
4AC < 0 and eith er B # 0 or A ^ C
Eiiipse
B^ -
B^ - 4AC = 0
^
^
B^ -
P arab o ia
4AC > 0
H yperbola
If B = 0, ea ch ax is o f th e co n ic is h o riz o n ta l or v ertical.
C!assify a conk
C iassify th e co n ic given by 4 x ^ + y^ 8 x - 8 = 0 . Then g rap h th e eq u ation .
S oiu tion
N ote th a t A = 4, B = 0, and C = 1, so th e value o f th e d iscrim in a n t is:
B^ - 4AC = 02 - 4(4)(1) = - 1 6
COMPLETE
THE SQUARE
For help with
completing the square,
see p. 284.
B ecau se B^ - 4AC < 0 and A ^ C, th e co n ic is an ellipse.

To graph th e ellipse, first co m p lete th e squ are in x.
4 x ^ + j/ - 8 x - 8 = 0
<1
(4x2 _ g^) + y2 = g
4 ( F - 2x) + /
= 8
i <
\
<1
V3,0
<1, 0!
1 t-\ 3, 0)
4 (x ^ -2 x + ? ) + / = 8 + 4 (?)
4(x^ - 2x + 1) + y^ = 8 + 4(1)
4 ( x - l ) 2 + y 2 = 12
(x - l)^
3
<1,
zVXi
3)
y^ _
12
From th e eq u ation, you ca n see th a t (h, E) = (1 ,0 ) , a = V l2 = 2V 3, and B = V3.

Use th e se fa cts to draw th e ellipse.
9 .6
653
Sotve a mu!t<-step prob!em

PHYSKAL SC!ENCE In a lab exp erim en t, you record
im ages o f a steel bail roiiing past a m ag n et. T he
eq u ation 16x2 - 9y2 - 96.x + 36y - 36 = 0 m odeis
th e bail's path.
* W hat is th e shape o f th e path?
* W rite an eq u atio n for th e path in stand ard form .
* Graph th e eq u ation o f th e path.
S o lu tio n
M ff 7 identify th e shape. T he eq u atio n is a generai seco n d -d eg ree eq u atio n

w ither = 16, B = 0, and C = - 9 . Find th e value o f th e d iscrim in a n t.
- 4AC = 0^ - 4 ( 1 6 )( -9 ) = 576
B ecau se
- 4AC > 0, th e sh ape o f th e p ath is a hyperbola.
W rite an eq u atio n . To w rite a n eq u atio n o f th e hyperbola, co m p lete th e

squ are in b o th x and y sim ultaneously.
1 6 F - 9y2 - 96x + 36y - 36 = 0
(16x2 _ g g ^ _ (g y 2 _ g g y j = g g
AVOID ERRORS
1 6 (x 2 -6 x + ? ) - 9 ( y 2 - 4 y +
To c o m p le te th e sq u a re
? ) = 36 + 1 6 ( ? ) - 9 ( ? )
16(x2 - 6 x + 9) - 9(y2 - 4y + 4) = 36 + 16(9) - 9(4)
in tw o v a ria b le s, yo u
m u st add a q u an tity to
1 6 ( x - 3 ) 2 - 9 ( y - 2 ) 2 = 144
o r su b tra ct a q u an tity
from e a ch side fo r eoc/i
(x - 3)2
v ariab le.
(y - 2)2
16
F75P J
= 1
Graph th e eq u ation . From th e eq u atio n , the

tran sv erse axis is h o rizo n tal, (B, B) = ( 3 ,2 ) ,
a = V9 = 3, and B = Y 16 = 4. T h e v ertices are
at (3 a, 2), or ( 6 , 2) and (0, 2).
Plot th e cen ter and v ertices. T h en draw a
rectan g le 2 a = 6 u n its w ide and 2& = 8 u n its
high cen tered at (3, 2), draw th e asym ptotes,
an d draw th e hyperbola.
for E xam p les
/
'\
/'
(0,2)
N otice th a t th e path o f th e ball is m odeled by

ju st th e right-hand b ra n ch o f th e hyperbola.
CutDED PRACTKE
. 'T
h i ,2
1
/ //
/
/
//(6 2)
\
\
\
6 and 7
Classify th e co n ic sectio n an d w rite its eq u ation in sta n d a rd fo rm . Then graph

th e equ ation.
10. x2 + y2 - 2x + 4y + 1 = 0
11.
2x2 + y2 - 4 x - 4 = 0
y2 - 4y - 2 x + 6 = 0
13.
4x2 - y 2 _ ^
12.
14.
654
Chapter 9
- 4y _ 4 = g
ASTRONOMY An asteroid's path is m odeled by 4x2 + g 25y2 - i 2 x - 16 = 0

w here x and y are in a stro n o m ica l u n its from th e sun. C lassify th e path and
w rite its eq u ation in stand ard form . T h en graph th e eq u ation .
\
N
96 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Exs. 2 ,1 2 ,3 6 ,4 5 , 51, and 52
SK K L PRACTKE
1.
VOCABULARY E xplain why circles, ellipses, parabolas, an d h yp erb o las are

called co n ic sectio n s.
2. * WRiTiNG E xp lain how th e d iscrim in a n t o f a general seco n d -d eg ree

eq u atio n ca n b e used to id en tify w hat co n ic th e eq u atio n rep resen ts.
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
GRAPHING G raph th e eq u ation , iden tify th e im p o rta n t c h a ra c te ris tics of the

grap h .
on pp. 650-651
for Exs. 3-12
( & ) ( x + 4)2 = - 8 ( y - 2 )
6.
(y + 4)2
(x + 8)2
49
4. (x - 2)2 + (y - 7 f = 9
= 1
5.
(x + 2)2 ^ ( y - 2)2 ^ ^
36
16
(y -2 )2
9. (y - 1)2 = 4(x + 6)
(x - 6)2
25
(y + i r = 1
8. (x - 5)2 + (y + 1)2 = 64
n.
= l
(X + 3)2
(y - 4)2
= 1
16
12. * MULTiPLE CHOiCE W h at are th e co o rd in ates o f th e co -v ertices o f th e

(x - 4)2 , (y - 1)
+
= 1?
ellipse w ith eq u ation
16
4
(g )
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 6 51-652
for Exs. 13-21
(0 ,1 ), (8 ,1 )
(g )
( - 8 , 1 ) , (0 ,1 )
(g )
(4 ,3 ), ( 4 ,- 1 )
(5 )
(-4 ,3 ), ( - 4 ,- 1 )
WRITING EQUATIONS W rite an eq u ation o f th e co n ic sectio n .

13.
C ircle w ith cen ter at ( - 5 , 1) and radius 6
14.
C ircle w ith cen ter at (9, - 1 ) an d rad iu s 2
15.
P arabo la w ith v ertex at ( - 4 , - 3 ) and focu s at (1, - 3 )
16. P arabo la w ith vertex at (5, 3) an d d ire ctrix y = 6

17.
E llipse w ith v ertices at ( - 3 , 4) an d (5, 4) an d foci at ( - 1 , 4) an d (3, 4)
18.
E llipse w ith v ertices at ( - 2 , 1) an d ( - 2 , 9) and co -v ertices at ( - 4 , 5) an d (0, 5)
( 19!) H yperbola w ith v ertices at (6, - 3 ) and (6, 1) and foci at (6, - 6 ) and (6, 4)
20. H yperbola w ith v ertices at (1, 7) and (7, 7) and foci at ( - 1 , 7) an d (9, 7)
21. ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and
co rrect th e error in w ritin g an
eq u atio n o f th e eiiip se w ith
v ertices at ( -7 , 3) and (3, 3) and
co -v ertices at ( - 2 , 6) and ( - 2 , 0).
Axis is horizontal; (h, k) = ( 2, 3);
a=
j- 7 -(-2 )1
Equation:
= 5 ;b =
1 6 -3 1
(x - 2)2 ^ (y + 3)2 ^ ^
25
EXAMPLE 5
UNES OF SYMMETRY Identify th e iin e(s) o f sy m m e try for th e co n ic sectio n .
on p. 652
for Exs. 22 -2 7
22
(X + 5)2
(y - 2)2
+
16
49
25. ( y - 5 ) 2 - - ^ - ^ =
=3;
23. (y - 4)2 = 6(x + 6)
24
26. (x + 3)2 = 1 0 ( y - 1)
27. (x + 2)2 + (y + 1)2 = 121
9 .6
(*-p 2
36
(y -2 f
9
655
EXAM PLE 6
CLASS!FY!NG CONKS Use th e d iscrim in a n t to classify th e co n ic sectio n .
on p. 653
for Exs. 2 8 -3 6
28.
- lOx - 6y + 18 = 0
6 F - 2y2 + 24x + 2y - 1 = 0
29.
30.
y^ - lOy - 5x + 57 = 0
31. 4x2 + /
3 2.
9x^ + 4y2 + gy + ^
34.
x^ + y^ - 6 x + 8y - 24 = 0
^ Q
- 48x - 14y + 189 = 0
33.
x2 - 18x + 6y + 99 = 0
35.
8x2 - 9y2 _
+ 4y + 145 = o
36. ^ MULTIPLE CHOKE T he eq u atio n 4x2 + y 2 + 52 ^ - lOy + 85 = 0 represents

w hat co n ic section ?
( )
EXAMPLES
6 and 7
on pp. 6 5 3 -6 5 4
for Exs. 37 -4 4
C ircie
( B ) Eiiipse
(C )
H yperbola
(D ) P araboia
CLASSIFYING AND GRAPHING C iassify th e co n ic sectio n an d w rite its equation

in stan d ard form . Then grap h th e eq u ation .
37. x2 + y2 - I4 x + 4y - 11 = 0
38. x2 + 4y2 - lOx
39. x - 16x - 8y + 80 = 0
40. 9y2 - x2 - 54y + 8x + 56 = 0
41. 9x2 +
^2
3 6 x - 24y + 36 = 0
43. x2 + y^ + 16x - 8y + 16 = 0
45.
16y + 37 = 0
42. y2 + 14y + 16x + 33 = 0

44. x2 - 4y2 + 8 x - 24y - 24 = 0
SHORT RESPONSE C onsider a gen eral seco n d -d eg ree eq u atio n w here

B = 0 . ExpAafn how you ca n classify th e eq u ation 's graph w ithout graphing or
using the d iscrim in an t.
46. REASONING In C hapter 8 , you graphed h yp erbolas w ith eq u atio n s o f th e

fo rm y =
W rite y = ^ as a general seco n d -d eg ree eq u ation , and u se the
d iscrim inant to show th at th e graph is a hyperbola.

47. CHALLENGE Find expressions in term s o f c, At, and A; for th e co o rd in ates o f th e
foci o f a h yp erbola w ith a v ertica l tran sv erse ax is and cen ter (At, A;). T h en find
eq u atio n s o f the asym ptotes in term s o f a, At, At, and Ar.
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLES
3 and 4
on pp. 6 51-652
for Ex. 48
48. ICE SKAT!NG A figure skater p ra ctice s skating figure eights, w hich are
form ed by etch in g two extern ally tan g en t circles in th e ice. W rite eq u atio n s
for th e circles in a figure eight if ea ch is 8 feet in d iam eter, th e circles
in tersect at th e origin, and th e cen ters o f th e circles are on th e y -axis.
@AAotne7MtOf
EXAMPLES
6 and 7
on pp. 6 5 3 -6 5 4
for Exs. 4 9 -5 0
4 9 J JUMPING STILTS T he leap o f a p erson w earing "ju m p in g stilts" is m odeled

by x2 - lOx + 4y = 0 w here x and y are in feet and th e origin m arks th e start
o f th e leap. W rite an eq u ation in stand ard form for th e p ath o f th e leap. How
high and how far does th e p erson jum p ?
@/V(Mne7Mfor
50. SPACECRAFT A sp a cecra ft u ses Satu rn 's gravitation al force to "slin g sh ot"
around th e p lan et on th e p ath 21y2 - 210y - 4x2 = - 4 4 1 , w here th e origin
represents Satu rn 's cen ter and x and y are in h und red s o f th o u san d s of
kilom eters. W hat is th e shape o f th e path? W rite a n eq u atio n in stand ard
form for th e path. T hen graph th e eq uation.
656
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
51. * EXTENDED RESPONSE You are in a park su rfin g th e In tern e t on a

w ireless co n n e ctio n . A h otel's w ireless tra n sm itte r is io cated 100 yards east
and 60 yards sou th o f you. It h as a range o f 150 yards. A cafe's tra n sm itte r is
lo cated 80 yards w est and 70 yards sou th o f you. It has a ran ge o f 100 yards.
a. W ith your lo ca tio n as th e origin, w rite in e q u a litie s for circu la r regions
around th e hotel an d ca fe in w h ich you c a n get w ireless In tern e t a ccess.
b. G raph th e in eq u alities. Are you in only one region or in bo th ? Explain.
c. E xplain how to d eterm in e w h eth er th e regions overlap w ith ou t graphing.
52. * SHORT RESPONSE Tell w hat co n ic sectio n is form ed in
th e situ ation d escribed . E xplain your reasoning.
a. To u se a new tu be o f cau lk for th e first tim e, you cu t th e
co n e-sh ap ed tip diagonally as show n.
b. W hen you sh arp en a p e n cil w ith flat sides, ea ch side
in tersects th e co n e-sh a p ed tip as show n.
53. CHALLENGE A degenerate co n ic resu lts w hen th e in ters ectio n o f a plane
w ith a d ouble-napped co n e is n ot a p arab o la, circle, ellipse, or h yp erbola.
a. In D iagram 1, a plane p erp en d icu lar to th e co n e's axis passes throu gh

th e cone, in tersectin g it in a circle w hose radius d ecreases and th en
in creases. W hen is th e in ters ectio n n o t a circle? W h at is it?
b. In D iagram 2, a plane p arallel to th e co n e's axis p asses th rou gh th e cone,
in tersectin g it in a hyp erbola w hose v ertices get clo ser to g eth er an d th en
farth er apart. W h en is th e in tersectio n n o t a h yp erbola? W h at is it?
In D iagram 3, a plane p arallel to th e co n e's n appe p asses th rou gh th e
cone, in tersectin g it in a p arab o la th a t first gets narrow er, th e n flips and
gets wider. W h en is th e in tersectio n n ot a parabola? W h at is it?
MtXED REV!EW
PREViEW
P re p a re for
L esson 9 .7
Solve th e system using th e su b stitu tion o r elim in atio n m eth od , (p. 1601
54.
4x + 3y = 7
- x + 2y = 12
55. x + 3y = - 2
5x + 7y = 14
56. 3x - 2y = 13
5x -t- 3y = 29
57.
4x - 5y = - 1 4
3x + 2y = 24
58. 5x + 2y = 5
- 2 x + 3y = - 2 1
59. 2x + y = - 7
5x + 4y = - 1
in Exs. 5 4 - 5 9 .
E xp an d the exp ression . Ip. 5071

60.
ln x ^y
61. lo g ^ y ^
62. lo g^48x^
63. l n ^
Condense th e exp ression . Ip. 5071

64.
6 lo g g S -3 lo g g t
65. lo g 20 + log 1 2 5 +
2 lo g 2
66 .
2 1 n x - 2 ( ln y + 0 .2 5 l n y )
^ ^ O N L t N E Q U ! Z at classzone.com
657
9.7
So!ve Quadratic
Systems
You solved lin ear sy stem s.
You will so lv e q u a d ra tic sy stem s.
S o you ca n find in te rse ctio n s involving co n ics, a s in Ex. 4 0 .
Key Vocabulary
* q u ad ratic system
In C hapter 3, you solved system s o f lin ea r eq u atio n s by graphing, su bstitu tion ,

and elim in atio n . You ca n use th e sam e te ch n iq u e s to soive system s th a t include
one or m ore eq u atio n s o f co n ics. T h ese system s are called q u ad ratic system s.
If th e graphs o f th e eq u atio n s in a system are a lin e and a co n ic sectio n , th e
graphs can in tersect in zero, one, or two poin ts, and so th e system ca n have zero,
one, or two solutions. T h ree p ossible scen a rio s are show n below.
No solution
EXAM PLE
Two soiutions
Sotve a Hnear-quadratic system by graphing
Soive the system using a grap h in g caicu iato r.
/ - 7x + 3 = 0
2x - y = 3
Equation 1
Equation 2
S o iu tio n
F7!fP 7
Soive each eq u atio n for y.

/
- 7x + 3 = 0
2x - y = 3
= 7* - 3
AVO!D ERRORS
To graph Equation 1,
be sure to enter both
y = V7x - 3 and
y = -V7x - 3 into the
graphing calculator.
y = V 7x 3
*>*
J?
-y = -2 x + 3
Equation
y = 2 x -3
Equation2
Graph th e e q u a tio n sy = V7x - 3,

y = -V*7x - 3, and y = 2x - 3.
Use th e calcu lato r's m fersecf featu re to
find th e co o rd in ates o f th e in tersectio n
points. The graphs o fy = -V 7 x - 3 and
y = 2x - 3 in tersect at (0.75, 1.5). The
Intersection
X=.75
Y=-1.5
graphs o f y = V7x - 3 and y = 2x - 3

in tersect at (4, 5).
> The solu tions are (0.75, -1 .5 ) and (4, 5). C heck th e solu tion s by su b stitu tin g the
co o rd in ates o f th e points into ea ch o f th e o rig in al eq u ation s.
658
Chapter 9
Sotve a tmear-quadratic system by substitution

Solve th e system using substitution.
Equation 1
Equation 2
= 10
y = - 3 x + 10
S o iu tio n
Su bstitu te - 3 x + 10 for y in E qu ation 1 and soive for x.

+ y^ = io
x^ + ( - 3 x + 10)2 = tQ
x2 + 9x2 _ gQ^ + ]QQ -- IQ
10x2 _ gQx + QQ = Q
x2 - 6x + 9 = 0
(x - 3)2 = 0
x = 3
AVO!D ERRORS
You can also substitute
x = 3 in Equation 1 to
find y. This yields two
apparent solutions, (3,1)
and (3, -1). However,
(3, -1) is extraneous
because it does not
satisfy Equation 2.
Equation 1
Substitute for y.
Expand the power.
Combine iike terms.
Perfect square trinomial
To find th e y -co o rd in a te o f th e soiution, su b stitu te

x = 3 in E qu ation 2.
y = - 3 ( 3 ) + 10 = 1
^ T h e soiu tion is (3, 1).
You c a n ch e ck th e soiution by graph in g th e
eq u atio n s in th e system . You ca n see from th e graph
show n th a t th e lin e an d th e circle in tersect only at
th e p oint (3, 1).
CuiDED PRACTtCE
fo r E xam p ies 1 and 2
Soive the system using a g rap h in g ca icu ia to r.

1.
F + / = 13
y = x - 1
2. x^ + 8y2 - 4 = 0
y = 2x + 7
3. y^ + 6 x 1 = 0
y = - 0 .4 x + 2.6
Soive th e system using su b stitu tion .

4. y = 0.5x - 3
+ 4y2 - 4 = 0
5. y^ - 2 x - 10 = 0
y = -x - 1
6. y = 4 x - 8
9x2 - / - 36 = 0
QUADRATiC SYSTEMS Two d istin ct co n ic sectio n s ca n have from zero to four

p oin ts o f in tersectio n . Several p ossible scen a rio s are show n below.
\ /
/P \
No solution
One solution
Two solutions
Three solutions
Four solutions
In th e exam ples on th e n ex t page, you w ill use e lim in a tio n to solve system s o f
two seco n d -d eg ree equation s.
9 .7
Solve Quadratic System s
659
EXAMPLE 3
Solve a quadratic system by eiimination

9x2 + y^ + 2 ig = Q
^2
x" - y2 - 16 = 0
Soive th e system by elim in atio n .
Equationl
Equation 2
Solution
ANOTHER WAY
You can also solve
by substitution: Solve
Equation 2 fory^, then
substitute the result in
Equation 1.
Add th e eq u atio n s to elim in a te th e y^-term and o b ta in a qu ad ratic eq u atio n in x.

9x^ + y^ - gQ^. + 216 = 0
x 2 -y 2
10x2
-1 6 = 0
- 90x + 200 = 0
Add.
x2 9x + 20 = 0
(x 4) (x - 5) = 0
Factor.
x = 4o rx = 5
W hen x = 4, y = 0. W hen x = 5, y = 3 .
^ T he solu tions are (4, 0), (5 ,3 ), and (5, - 3 ) , as show n.
EXAMPLE 4
Soive a reai-iife quadratic system
NAViCATiON A ship uses LORAN (lo n g -d istan ce radio

navigation) to find its position. Radio sign als from
statio n s A and B lo cate th e ship on th e blue hyperbola,
and signals from statio n s B and C lo ca te th e ship on
th e red hyperbola. T h e eq u atio n s o f th e h yp erbolas are
given below. Find th e ship's position if it is ea st o f th e
y-axis.
x2 y2 16x + 32 = 0
-x 2 + y 2 - 8 y + 8 = 0
Equation 1
Equation 2
Solution
7
Add th e eq u atio n s to e lim in a te th e x2- an d y2-term s.

x2 - y2 - 16x
- x 2 + y2
+ 32 = 0
- 8y +
8 = 0
- 1 6 x - 8 y + 40 = 0
Add.
y = -2 x + 5
F7EPE
Substitute - 2 x + 5 for y in E qu ation 1 and solve for x.

x2 - y2 - I6 x + 32 = 0
x2 - ( - 2 x + 5)2 - 16x + 32 = 0
3 x 2 -4 x -7 = 0
(x + l)(3 x -7 ) = 0
x = -1 o rx =
3
FTEPJ
Chapter 9
Equation!
Substitute fory.
Simpiify.
Factor.
Substitute f o r x i n y = - 2 x + 5 to find th e solu tion s ( - 1 , 7) and
^ B ecau se th e ship is east o f th e y -axis, it is at
66 0
Soive for y.
y j.
GutOED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p tes 3 an d 4
Sotve th e system .
7.
10.
-2 y ^ + x + 2 = 0
x^ + y^ - 1 = 0
8. x^ + y^ - 16x + 39 = 0
x^ - y^ - 9 = 0
9. x^ + 4y^ + 4 x + 8y = 8
y^ - x + 2y = 5
WHAT )F? In Exam ple 4, suppose th a t a ship's LORAN system io cates th e

ship on th e two hyp erboias w hose eq u atio n s are given below. Find th e ship's
lo catio n if it is so u th o f th e x -axis.
x^ - y^ - 12x + 18 = 0
y ^ -x ^ -4 y + 2 = 0
9 7 EXEROSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Equation 1
Equation 2
onp.WS17forExs. 5,15, and41
# = STANDARDiZED TEST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,2 1 ,3 4 ,4 2 , and 44
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T h e eq u atio n s x^ + 5x + 3y^ = 9 and
4x^ - 12y + 16 = 0 form a(n) ? system o f eq u atio n s.
2. A WRiTiNG Explain w hat m eth od you would u se to solve th e follow ing
system . Do n o t solve th e system .
3x^ + y^ - 5x = 0
2x^ + y^ - 15 = 0
Equation 1
Equation 2
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 658
for Exs. 3-8
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 659
for Exs. 9-21
3. F + y2 - 32 = 0
y -x = 0
4. y + 2 F - 9 = 0
y + 4x + 1 = 0
6. y + 2x = 6
3x^ + / = 12
7. F + y^ = 16
y - 2x = 1
)y - 3x + 4 = 0
- 3 x ^ + y^ - 6 = 0
8.
3 ( y + 3)^ + 4 x = 0
y - 2 x = 11
SOLViNG BY SUBSTITUTION Solve th e system using su b stitu tion .

9. y^ x - 6 = 0
y + x = 0
12. -x ^ + 2y^ = 8
-x + y = -2
14. - 3 x + y = 6
8 x + y^ + 24 = 0
16. x^ + y^ = 20
17. 9x^ + 4y^ = 36

-x + y = -4
13. 6x^ + 3y^ = 12

y = -x + 2
20 .
19. 4x^ + 2y^ - x - y = 6

3x - y = 2
18. x^ + 6x + 4y 3 = 0
y + 3x + 1 = 0
21.
11. - 2 x + y - 8 = 0
x^ + 4y^ - 40 = 0
II
^ 5) 4x^ - 5 / = - 7 6
2x + y = - 6
10. x^ + y^ - 25 = 0
y = 2x - 10
4x^ y^ 32x 2y = - 5 9
2x + y - 7 = 0
MULTtPLE CHOKE W h ich ordered p air is a solu tion o f the lin ear-q u ad ratic
system below?
6x^ - 5x + 8y^ + y = 23
- x + y = -1
($ )
(-1 ,-2 )
(g )
(2 ,1 )
(E )
(D )
(3 ,2 )
9 .7
( -2 ,-3 )
Soive Quadratic System s
661
EXAM PLES
3 and 4
SOLVING QUADRATIC SYSTEMS S otv e th e s y s te m .

22. 6x^ - / - 15 = 0
F + y^ - 13 = 0
23. 5x^ + 25/ - 125 = 0

-x + / - 5 = 0
25. x^ - y^ - 4x + 2 = 0
- x ^ + / - 4y + 2 = 0
26.
28. x^ + /
F - /
29. x^ - /
x^ + /
24. 10y = F
x^ - 6 = - 2
27. x^ + 2 / - 10 = 0
4 / + x + 4 = 0
II
ro
on p. 660
for Exs. 22-35
x^ - y^ = - 2 7
- 16x + 39 = 0
- 9 = 0
- 8x + 8y = 24
- 8x - 8y = - 2 4
30. 16x2 - / + 16y - 128 = 0

y2 - 4 8x - 16y - 32 = 0
32. x^ - / - 32x + 128 = 0

/-x ^ -8 y + 8 = 0
31. 4x^ - 56x + 9 / = - 1 6 0

4x^ + y^ - 64 = 0
33. / + x - 3 = 0
x^ - 4 x + 3y + 1 = 0
34. ik MULTtPLE CHOKE How m an y solu tions does th e system co n sistin g o f th e

eq u atio n s x^ + / + 6x = 0 and / + x - 6 = 0 have?
(g) 0
(S )
(E )
35. ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and

co rrect th e error in using su bstitu tio n
to beg in soiving th e system beiow.
T hen soive th e system .
x^ + / - 2x - 2y = - 1
/ + x = 1
Equation 1
Equation 2
(B )
5olve Equation 2 for x: x = 1 y^

S u b s titu te for x in Equation 1:
(1 - y T + y^ - 2(1 - y2) - 2y = -1
1 - 2y^ + y^ + y^ - 2 + 2y^ - 2y = -1
2y' - 2 y = 0
^2
36. REASONING Soive th e system co n sistin g o f th e eq u atio n s
4 / = 16 - 8x^. W hat do you n o tice?
V
/ \
y^
+ / = 1 and
37. GRAPHING CALCULATOR C onsider th e system co n sistin g o f th e eq u atio n s

3 / + x^ + 4x + 18y = - 2 8 and 9 / - 4x^ + 8 x + 90y = - 1 8 5 . Solve each
eq u ation fory. T hen use a graphing ca icu ia to r to soive th e system .
38. CHALLENGE Soive th e system
o f th ree eq u atio n s show n.
x^ + / = l
x ^ + y ^ + 4x + 4 y - 5 = 0
x + y - 1= 0
Equation 1
Equation 2
Equation 3
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 659
for Exs. 39-41
39. TRAFFtC SAFETY A ca r passes a parked poiice ca r and con tin u es at a co n stan t
speed r. The poiice car begins acceleratin g at a co n sta n t rate w hen it is passed.
The diagram ind icates th e d istan ce d (in m iles) th e p oiice ca r traveis as a
fu nction o f tim e f (in m inutes) after being passed. W rite and soive a system of
equations to find how long it takes th e p olice ca r to ca tch up to th e other car.
r= 0.8 mi/min
<7=2.5f2
@ M M ne7H fo r
662

on p. WS1
* = STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
40.
BASEBALL T he path o f a b a se b a ii hit for a hom e ru n ca n b e m odeled by

y=
+ x + 3 w here x and y are in feet and hom e plate is th e origin. T he
^
484
ball lands in th e stand s, w hich are m odeled by 4y - x = - 3 5 2 for x > 400. How
far horizontally and v ertically from hom e plate does th e b all land?
@M)me7utOf
'4l!) MULTI-STEP PROBLEM To b e eligible for a p ark in g p ass on a college cam pus,
a stud ent m ust live at le ast 1 m ile from th e cam p u s center.
center
Oak Lane
College Drive
jr
Main
Street
a. W rite eq u atio n s th a t rep resen t th e circle an d O ak Lane.
b. Solve th e system th a t co n sists o f th e eq u atio n s from p a rt (a).
c. For w hat len gth o f Oak Lane are stud en ts n ot eligible for a p arkin g pass?
EXAMPLES
3and4
on p. 660
for Exs. 4 2 -4 3
42. tk SHORT RESPONSE A high sch o o l gym has a d om e-sh ap ed ce ilin g m odeled
by x^ + y^ + 60y - 3456 = 0 w here x an d y are in feet. A te n n is player in
th e gym h its a shot m odeled by x^ + y = 36 w here th e origin is lo ca ted at
th e b ase o f th e net. Solve th e system o f eq u atio n s b y b o th elim in a tio n and
su bstitu tion. Do an y solu tions rep resen t th e b a ll h ittin g th e ceilin g ? Exp/am .
43. NAVIGATION A ship's LORAN system lo cates th e ship on h yp erbolas w ith
th e given eq u ations. Find th e ship's lo ca tio n for ea ch p a ir o f hyp erbolas. In
p art (b), assu m e th e ship is w est o f th e y -axis.
a. x ^ - y 2 - 8 x + 8 = 0
y 2 -x 2 -8 y + 8 = 0
b. x y - 2 4 = 0
F - 2 5 / + 100 = 0
44. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A seism ograph m easu res

th e in ten sity o f an earth q u ak e. A seism ograp h ca n
d eterm in e d ista n ce to an earth q u ak e's epicenter,
bu t not d irectio n . On Jan u ary 22, 2003, a pow erful
earth q u ak e stru ck M exico's state o f C olim a. Th e
diagram shows ap proxim ate d ista n ce s from th ree
seism ic statio n s to th e ep icenter. T h e relative positio n s
o f th e seism ic statio n s are d escrib ed below.
M exico C ity: 700 m iles south and 300 m iles ea st o f L ajitas
La P a z : 4 00 m iles south an d 4 0 0 m iles w est o f Lajitas
a. Model U sing L ajitas as th e origin, w rite an eq u atio n of
each circle. Let each u nit rep resen t 100 m iles.
b. Eliminate U se th e eq u atio n for th e circle cen tered at L ajitas w ith ea ch of
th e o th er two eq u atio n s from p a rt (a) to elim in a te th e x^- an d y ^-term s
and find two new eq u atio n s.
c. Solve Solve th e system o f lin ea r eq u atio n s th a t resu lts from p art (b) to
find th e co o rd in ates o f th e epicenter.
d. Reasoning E xplain why th ree statio n s are required to lo ca te th e epicenter.
9 .7
Solve Quadratic System s
663
45. CHALLENGE W hat is th e w idth u/ o f th e

th ick est box th at w iii fit in a m aiibox
w ith th e d im en sion s show n? (Hint.' Use
th e P yth ago rean th eo rem and th e fa ct
th at A A R C A C D E to w rite a system of
two second -d eg ree eq uations.)
f x
No? JrawH
10 in.
fo
r MtXED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Evaiu ate th e power, fp.
Prepare for
Lesson 10.1
in Exs. 46-53.
10)
46. 2^
50.
6^
47. 5^
48. 3"
49. 4"
51. 16^
52. 113
53. 9^
W rite a poiynom iai f u n c tio n /o f ieast d egree th a t h as ra tio n a i coefficien ts, a

ieading coefficien t of 1, an d th e given zero s, (p. 379)
54. - 4 , 4, 1
55. - 3 , - 3 , 0, 2
56. 2;', - 2 :
57. 3, - V 5
58. - 1 , 2, - 3 :
59. - 2 , 0 ,4 , \ 10
60. BiOLOGY A beehive is 5 kilom eters south and 7 k ilom eters east o f a h eath er
patch. T he b ee s w ill fly up to 9 kilo m eters to feed on th e heath er. Is th e patch
located w ith in th e b ee s' feed in g range? fp. 626)
Q U )Z /or Lessons 9 .6 -9 .7
W rite an equ ation of th e co n ic sectio n , fp. 6S0)
1.
Ellipse w ith v ertices at (3, - 1 0 ) and (3, 6) and foci at (3, - 7 ) and (3, 3)
2.
P arabo la w ith vertex at ( - 5 , 2) and focu s at ( - 5 , - 1 )
3. H yperbola w ith foci at ( - 3 , 1) and (6, 1) and v ertices at (0, 1) and (3, 1)
Ciassify th e co n ic sectio n an d w rite its eq u ation in sta n d a rd form . Then graph
the equ ation , fp. 6S0)
4.
9x^ - 4y2 - 36x - 32y - 64 = 0
5.
6.
x2 + 6x - y + 16 = 0
7. 1 2 F + 45y2 + 120% + 90y - 150 = 0
- y^ - 4 x + 12y + 129 = 0
Soive th e system , fp. 658)

8. x + 2y3 = - 6
x + 8y = 0
11. y ^ - 6 x 2y 3 = 0
2y3 - 4 y + x + 6 = 0
9. x^ + 4 x + y^ + 6y = 12
2x - y = 4
12. y^ - 4x^ - 4y = 0
2x2 + y^ - 8x - 4y = _ g
10. x^ - y - 4 = 0
x2 + 3y2 - 4y - 10 = 0
13. 16x2 + 9y2 + 32 X - i 8y = 119
x2 + y2 + 2 x + 6y = 15
14. RADAR A radar statio n reports th at a ship is 10 m iles away. At th e sam e tim e,
a second statio n 20 m iles east and 15 m iles n o rth o f th e first one rep o rts th at
th e ship is 15 m iles away. W rite and solve a system o f eq u atio n s to lo cate the
ship relative to th e first station. Is only one lo ca tio n p ossible? Exp/mm fp. 658)
664
ONL!NE QUtZ atclasszone .com
Extension
P. 7
Determine Eccentricity of
Conic Sections
GOAL
Key Vocabulary
* eccen tricity
Find and appiy th e e ccen tricity o f a co n ic se c tio n .
In an ellip se th a t is n early circular,

th e ratio c: a is clo se to 0. In a
m ore oval ellipse, c : a is close
to 1. T h is ratio is th e e cc e n tricity
o f th e ellipse. Every co n ic has an
e cce n tricity e asso ciated w ith it.
Find th e e cc e n tricity o f th e co n ic sectio n rep resen ted by th e eq u ation .

-b.
a. ( * + 3 ) ' + ( y - l ^ = 25
(x + 4)2
(y -2 )
+
= 1
^
^
Soiu tion
a. B ecau se th is eq u atio n represen ts a circle, th e e c ce n tricity is e = 0.
b. T h is eq u atio n rep resen ts an ellipse w ith a = V36 = 6, & = V l6 = 4, and
2V5
c = Va^ = 2 V 5 . T h e e cce n tricity is e = =
0.745.
EXAMPLE 2
Use eccentricity to write an equation
W rite an eq u ation o f a h yp erb ola w ith ce n te r ( - 2 , 6 ), v e rte x (6 , 6 ), and e = 2 .

S oiu tion
Use th e form
(x -h )
(y -k )
= 1. T h e vertex lies 6 - ( - 2 ) = 8 u n its from the
center, so a = 8. B eca u se e = = 2, you know th a t ^ = 2, or c = 16.

(3
So, & c % - 256 64 = 192. T he eq u atio n is
(* + 2)2
(y -6 )2
64
192
= 1.
Extension: D eterm ine Eccentricity of Conic Sections
665
^ EXAMPLE 3
Use eccentricity to write a mode)
ASTRONOMY Pluto orbits th e sun in an eiiip tica i p ath w ith the cen ter o f th e sun
at one focus. T he e cce n tricity o f th e orbit is e = 0.249 and th e ien gth o f th e m ajo r
axis is abou t 79.0 astro n o m ica l u nits. Find a n eq u atio n o f Pluto's orbit. (Assum e
th a t th e m ajor axis is h orizon tal.)
S o iu tio n
y-2
1/2
T he eq u atio n o f th e orbit h as th e form
= 1. Using th e len gth o f th e m ajor

a
axis, you know th a t 2 a = 79.0, or a = 39.5. You c a n use th e e cce n tricity and th e
value o f a to find th e value o f c, and th e n u se th e values o f a and c to fin d h.
e = , so 0.249 =
or c = 9.84
a
39.5
= a^ -
so & = Va^ -
= V (39.5)2 - (9.84)2 = 38.3
y-2
y2
( 3 9 .5 f
(gggjz
i/2
So, an eq u atio n for Pluto's orbit is - - + - - = 1, or
1560
+ = i
1470
w here x and y are m easu red in a stro n o m ica l u nits.
PRACTKE
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 665
for Exs. 1-6
Find th e ecce n tricity of th e co n ic sectio n .

1. 7 ( x - 3 ) 2 + 7(y + 7 f = 56
( * - 6 ) 2 , (y -5 )2
= 1
64
^ " 4 9 " +
5. (* - 5)2 = lOy
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 665
for Exs. 7-12
2. 16(x + i r - 9 ( y - 5 ) 2 _ 144
(y - 4)2
100
(x + 2)2
= 1
6. 8 1 ( x + 4)2 + ( y - 9)2 = 81
W rite an eq uation of th e co n ic section .

7. Ellip se w ith v ertices at ( - 6 , 4) and (6, 4), and a = 0.4
8. Ellipse w ith fo ci at ( - 4 , 2) an d ( - 4 , - 2 ) , and e = 0.5
9. Ellipse w ith cen ter at (0, 5), vertex at (7, 5), and e = 0.2
10. H yperbola w ith foci at (4, - 5 ) and (4, 3), and a = 2.5
11. H yperbola w ith v ertices at (1, - 4 ) an d (7, - 4 ) , and a = 1.8
12. H yperbola w ith cen ter at ( - 2 , 3), fo cu s at ( - 5 , 3), and e = 4
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 666
for Exs. 13-14
13. ASTRONOMY Nereid, a m oon o f N eptune, has th e m o st ec ce n tric orbit o f any

m oon in th e solar system . T h e e c ce n tricity o f th e orb it is a = 0.751 and th e
length o f th e m ajor axis is about 11.0 m illio n kilom eters. Find an eq u atio n of
Nereid's orbit.
14. SATELLITES A co m m u n icatio n s satellite is in an ellip tica l orbit around
E arth, w hose cen ter is one focus o f th e orbit. T he e c ce n tricity o f th e orbit
is a = 0.394, and th e satellite is 14,300 kilom eters from E arth 's cen ter at th e
clo sest p oin t in its orbit. W hat is th e satellite's d ista n ce from E arth 's cen ter
at th e fa rth e st point in its orbit?
15. REASONING Exp/am why th e d efin itio n o f e c ce n tricity for ellip ses and
h yp erbolas im plies th a t 0 < e < 1 for an ellipse an d e > 1 for a hyperbola.
666
Chapter 9
MtXED REV!EWqfPr.M^âg
STATE TEST PRACTKE

d asszone.com
Lessons 9 .5 -9 7
1. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A p erson at th e focu s
o f one o f two facin g p arab o lic d ishes ca n h ear
even a very soft sound m ade at th e focus o f
th e other dish. Two su ch "w h isp er d ishes" are
p ositioned w ith th e ir v ertices 47 feet apart.
E ach dish's fo cu s is 1.5 feet from its vertex.
a. W rite an eq u atio n in stand ard form for the

cross sectio n o f each d ish if th e vertex o f
one dish is at th e origin and th e vertex o f the
other dish is on th e positive x-axis.
b. T h e d iam eter o f each dish is 67 in ch es. How
deep is each dish?
c. How far ap art are th e focu s and vertex for a
dish 8 feet in d iam eter and 1.25 feet deep?
2. MULT)-STEP PROBLEM A h yp erbolic m irror
re flects light d irected tow ard one focu s to th e
oth er focus. T he h yp erbolic m irror show n has
fo ci at ( 1 2 , 0) and v ertices at ( 8 , 0).
4. EXTENDED RESPONSE W h en a je t breaks th e

sound b arrier, sound w aves form a "M ach
co n e" b eh in d th e je t, and a so n ic b o o m is heard
as th e co n e p asses. T h e M ach co n e for a je t in
level fligh t m eets th e ground in a hyperbola
w ith th e je t d irectly above th e center. Suppose
a je t m akes a so n ic b o o m h eard along
Ground
a. W h at is th e sh o rtest possible h orizon tal
d ista n ce you could b e from th e je t w hen
you first h ea r th e so n ic boom ? Exp/am .
b. T h e je t p asses a seco n d tim e, creatin g a
sonic b o o m h eard along i p ** 25 *
Answer th e q u estio n from p a rt (a) for th is
so n ic boom .
c. D escribe th e relation sh ip b etw een th e two
hyperbolas.
5. SHORT RESPONSE T h e d iagram shows th e
m irro rs in a C asseg rain telesco p e. T he
eq u atio n s o f th e m irro rs are given below.
C lassify ea ch m irror as parabolic, eih'pficai,
or hyperbolic. E xplain your reason in g.
a. M irror A: y^ - 7 2 x - 450 = 0
b. M irror B: 88.4x^ - 49.7y^ - 4390 = 0
a. W rite an eq u atio n for th e m irror.

b. W rite an eq u atio n for th e p ath o f th e light
beam o rigin atin g at th e p o in t (0, 9) before
th e b eam re flects o ff th e m irror.
c. At w hat p o in t does th e light b e a m in p a rt (b)
re flect o ff th e m irror?
3. OPEN-ENDED Sketch five d ifferent exam ples o f
two co n ics th at in tersect in exactly four points.
6. CR!DDED ANSWER A logo has in tersectin g

ellip ses m odeled by 9x^ + y^ + 8y = 20 and
x^ + 4y^ = 16. W h at is th e y -co o rd in a te o f th e
u pperm ost p o in t o f in tersectio n ?
Mixed Review of Probiem Solving
667
CHAPTER SUMMARY
S/C /DE 4 S
Fty
Writing Equations of Conic Sections

Conit
Key facts
radius r
Circie
Equation
Axis o/symmefry
vertical
Focus
(0, p)
Directrix
y = "P
Axis o/symmefry
horizontai
Focus
(p, 0)
Directrix
x = -p
Mo/oruxis
horizontai
Vertices
(a, 0)
Co-vertices
(0, b)
Mp/orox;s
verticai
Vertices
(0, o)
Co-vertices
(h, 0)
7ronsverse axis
/tsympfofes
Vertices
horizontal
y = x
a
(o, 0)
7ransverse axis
Asymptotes
Vertices
vertical
y = ^x
(0, a)
x^ = 4py
Paraboia
Eiiipse
Is
+
Hyperbola
n
*^<]Tci
1
F fy
Graphing Equations of Conic Sections

Circie
Paraboia
Eiiipse
Hyperboia
(x - h r + (y - kr = r^
Soiving Quadratic System s

Method
668
Chapter 9
Description
When to use
Graphing
Graph the equations, identify any

points of intersection.
When graphing is easy or when

using a graphing caicuiator
Substitution
Solve one equation for one of the

variables and substitute it into the
other equation.
When you can easiiy solve for

one variabie (or its square) in
terms of the other variabie
Elimination
Multiply one or both equations by

a constant as needed, and add.
When you can eiiminate one or

more of the variable terms
Quadratic Reiations and Conic Sections
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ N o m p 7 u fo r
ciasszone.com
REY/EM/KEY YOCABULARY
' d ista n c e fo rm u la, p. 674
' ellipse, p. 634
* tra n s v e rs e a x is, p. 642
< m id point fo rm u la, p. 675
- v e rtice s, pp. 634,642
* co n ic se ctio n s, p. 650
- fo cu s, foci, pp. 620, 634, 642
- m a jo r a x is, p. 634
- d irectrix, p. 620
- co -v e rtice s, p. 634
* g e n e ra l s e c o n d -d e g r e e
e q u a tio n , p. 653
< circle, p. 626
- m in o r a x is, p. 634
- cen ter, pp. 626, 634, 642
- h y p erb o la, p. 642
- d iscrim in an t, p. 653
* q u a d ra tic sy ste m , p. 658
- radius, p. 626
1. Copy and com p lete: A(n) ? is th e set o f a ll p oin ts in a p lan e eq u id ista n t
from a p o in t ca lle d th e focu s an d a lin e ca lle d th e d irectrix .
2. Copy and com p lete: T h e lin e seg m en t jo in in g th e tw o co -v ertices o f a n
ellipse is th e ? .
3. Copy and com p lete: T h e lin e seg m ent jo in in g th e tw o v ertices o f a h yp erbola
is th e ? .
4. WRiTiNG D escribe how th e asy m p totes o f a h yp erb o la help you draw th e
hyperbola.
REY/EM/ EXAMPLES AND EXERCISES

Use th e review exam ples and ex ercises below to ch eck your u n d erstan d in g o f th e
co n cep ts you have learn ed in ea ch lesson o f C hapter 9.
Appiy th e D istance and Midpoint Form uias
pp. 6 J4 -6 1 9
Find th e d istan ce betw een ( - 5 , 3 ) an d (1, - 3 ) . Then find th e m id point of th e

line segm en t join in g th e tw o points.
d = \/(*2 - x,)2 + (y^ -
= V(1 - ( - 5 ) f + ( - 3 - 3 f = V72 = 6 V 2 = 8.49
^ -5 + 1 3 + (-3 )j
= (- 2 , 0 )
2
j
1 2
'
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
1 and 3
on pp. 6 1 4 -6 1 5
for Exs. 5 - 8
Find th e d istan ce betw een th e tw o poin ts. Then find th e m id point o f th e iine
segm ent join in g th e tw o poin ts.
5.
8.
( - 6 , - 5 ) , (2, - 3 )
6. ( - 2 , 5), (1, 9)
7. ( - 3 , - 4 ) , (2, 5)
SKYDiViNG A skydiver lan d s 200 yards w est and 40 y ards n o rth o f a target. A
second skydiver land s 30 yards ea st and 140 yards south o f th e sam e target.
How far from ea ch other do th e tw o skydivers land?
Chapter Review
669
CHAPTER REV!EW
Graph and W rite Equations of Paraboias
Graph x =
7
F7BPB
p p .6 2 0 -6 2 5
Identify th e focu s, d ire ctrix , an d a x is o f sy m m etry .

Rewrite x = ^ y ^ in stand ard form as y^ = 12%.
identify th e focus, d irectrix, and axis o f sym m etry.
T he eq u ation has th e form y^ = 4px w ith 4p = 12, so
p = 3. T h e fo cu s is (p, 0), or ( 3 ,0 ) , an d th e d ire ctrix
i s x = - p , o r x = - 3 . B eca u se y is squared, th e axis
o f sy m m etry is th e x-axis.
F7BP<? Draw th e parabola. B eca u se p > 0, th e p arab o la

opens to th e right. Som e p o in ts on th e p arab o la
are (0, 0), (1, + 3 .4 6 ), and (2, 4 .9 0 ).
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on p. 621
for Exs. 9-14
G raph th e eq uation . Identify th e focus, d ire ctrix , an d a x is o f sy m m e try o f th e

p arab oia.
9. F = 16y
10. y^ = - 6 x
11. x^ + 4y = 0
W rite th e stan d ard form o f th e eq u ation of th e p a ra b o la w ith th e given focus or

d ire ctrix an d vertex at ( 0 , 0 ).
12 . F o cu s: ( - 5 , 0)
13. F ocu s: (0, 3)
14.
Graph and W rite Equations of Circies
D irectrix: x = - 6
pp. 6 2 6 -6 3 2
Graph x^ = 6 4 - y^. Identify th e rad ius o f th e circle.

iTBP 7
Rewrite x^ = 64 - y^ in stand ard form as

x^ + / = 64.
F7BPB
identify th e radius. T h e graph is a circle w ith

cen ter at th e origin and radius r = V 64 = 8 .
F7BP J
Draw a circle passing throu gh p oin ts th a t are
8 u nits from th e origin, such as (8 , 0 ), ( 0 , 8 ),

( - 8 , 0 ), and (0 , - 8 ).
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on pp. 6 2 6 -6 2 7
for Exs. 15-20
Graph th e eq uation. Identify th e rad ius o f th e circie.

15.
Chapter 9
16. x^ = 40 - y^
17.
3x2 + 3y2 = 147
W rite th e stan d ard form of th e eq u ation of th e circle th a t p asses th ro u g h th e

given point and w hose cen ter is th e origin.
18.
670
x^ + y2 = 81
(5 ,9 )
19. ( - 8 , 2 )
20. ( - 7 , - 4 )
@M)me7t/for
d asszon e.com
Graph and W rite Equations of Eiiipses
pp. 6 3 4 -6 3 9
G raph 4x^ + y^ = 16. Identify th e v e rtice s, co -v e rtice s, an d foci.

7
Rewrite 4x^ +
?
y2
= 16 in stand ard form as + = 1.
4
16
identify th e vertices, co -v ertices, and foci. Note th at

16 and b - 4, so a = 4 , b = 2, and c = a - b = 1 2 ,
or c 3 .5 . T h e m ajo r ax is is v ertical. T h e v ertices are
at (0, 4 ) . T h e co -v ertices are at ( 2 , 0 ) . T h e foci are at
(0, 3 .5 ) .
J
/
1^
Draw th e ellipse.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 4
on pp. 6 3 5 -6 3 6
for Exs. 21-25
G raph th e eq uation . Identify th e v e rtice s, co v e rtice s, an d foci o f th e ellipse.

21.
16x2 + 25/
= 400
22. 81x2 + 9y2 = 729
23. 64x2 + g g ^ 2 = 2304
W rite a n eq u ation o f th e ellipse w ith th e given c h a ra c te ris tics an d ce n te r a t ( 0 ,0 ) .

24. Vertex: ( - 6 , 0); co-vertex: (0, - 3 )
25. Vertex: (0, - 8 ); focu s: (0, 5)
Graph and W rite Equations of H yperboias
G raph 42 -
9 y^ =
p p .6 4 2 -6 4 8
3 6 . Identify th e v e rtice s, foci, an d asy m p totes.
Identify th e vertices, foci, and asym ptotes. Note

th at ^ = 9 and b2 = 4, so a = 3, b = 2, and
c2 = #2 + b2 = 13 , or c ^ 3 .6 . T h e tran sv erse
axis is ho rizo n tal. T h e v ertices are a t ( 3 , 0).
T h e fo ci are at ( 3 .6 , 0 ) . T h e asy m p totes are
b^_^2.
y = x = - x .
<3
3
FfEP J
Draw asym ptotes th rou g h opposite co rn ers o f a

rectan g le cen tered at (0, 0) th a t is 2 a = 6 u n its wide
and 2 b = 4 u nits high. Draw th e hyperbola.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on p. 643
for Exs. 2 6 - 3 0
Graph th e eq uation . Identify th e v e rtice s, foci, an d asy m p totes

26. 9x2 - y2 = 9
27. 4x2 _ ^
28.
100y 2 -
36x2 = gggg
W rite an eq u ation of th e h yp erb ola w ith th e given foci an d v e rtice s.

29.
Foci: (0, 5 ); v ertices: (0, 2 )
30. F oci: ( 9 , 0); v ertices: ( 4 , 0)
Chapter Review
671
CHAPTER REV!EW
Transtate and Ciassify Conic Sections
p p .6 5 0 -6 5 7
Classify th e co n ic sectio n -4% ^ + y^ + 32% - 12y - 3 2 = 0 an d w rite its equation

in stan d ard form . Then graph th e eq u ation .
B ecau se 71 = - 4 , B = 0, and C = 1, th e d iscrim in a n t is B^ 4yiC = 16 > 0,so th e
co n ic is a h yp erboia. C om piete th e squ are to w rite th e eq u atio n in stand ard form .
-4%^ + y^ + 32% - 12y - 32 = 0
( / - 12y) - 4(%^ - 8%) = 32
(y2 - 12y + 36) - 4(%^ - 8% + 16) = 32 + 3 6 - 4(16)
(y -6 )^ -4 (x
4)
- (% - 4)^ = 1
From th e eq uation, (/:, B) = ( 4 ,6 ) , a = V4 = 2, and B = 1. T h e v ertices are
(4, 6 + 2) = (4, 8) and (4, 6 - 2) = (4, 4). T h e graph is show n above.
EXAMPLE
on p. 653
for Exs. 31-34
EXER C !SES
Classify the co n ic sectio n and w rite its eq u ation in sta n d a rd fo rm . Then graph
th e equation.
31. 4 F + 9y2 + 4 Qx + 72y + 208 = 0
32. /
33. 9 F - y2 _
34. F + y2 + 4 x -
^ ^ Q
- lOy - 8% + 1 = 0
+ 17 = 0
Soive Quadratic System s
Soive th e system .
p p .6 5 6 -6 6 4
12%^ - 81y^ + 16 = 0
2%^ + 9y = 0
W rite th e second eq u atio n a s y =

12%^ -
8l ! -
]6
12%^ - 4x" + 16 = 0
%^ - 3%^ - 4 = 0
(%^ - 4)(%^ + 1) = 0
T h en su b stitu te in th e first eq uation.
Substitute for yin first equation.

Simpiify.
Factor.
By th e zero product property, % = 2 . T h e solu tion s are ] 2, 5-j a n d ) - 2 ,
EXERC !SES
EXAMPLES
2 and 3
on pp. 6 5 9 -6 6 0
for Exs. 35 -3 7
672
Chapter 9
Soive the system .

35. y^ = 4%
2% - 5y = - 8
36 . %2 + /
- 100 = 0
% + y - 14 = 0
3 7 . 16%^ - 4y^ = 64
4%2 + 9y^ - 40% = - 6 4
CHAPTER TEST
Find th e d istan ce betw een th e tw o p oin ts. Th en find th e m id point of th e iine
segm en t join in g th e tw o poin ts.
1. ( - 1 ,5 ) , (7,3)
2. (4, 2), (8, 8)
3. ( - 1 , - 6 ) , (1,5)
4. (2, - 5 ) , (3,1)
5. ( - 6 , - 2 ) , ( - 3 , 5 )
6. (1 ,9 ), ( 1 0 ,- 2 )
8. x2 + y2 = 16
9. 64y2
7. y2 - 24x = 0
10. 18x2 + 2y2 = 18
13.
(x + 4)2
11. ( x - 6)2 + (y + 1)2 = 36
(y - 7)2
49
= 1
14.
(x - 8)2
81
(y - 2)2
^
' = 1
100
x2 = 64
12. (x + 4 f = 6 ( y - 2 )
15
(y -5 )2
- - (x + 3)2 = 1
W rite th e stan d ard fo rm of th e eq u ation of th e co n ic se ctio n w ith th e given

ch a ra cte ristics.
16. P arabo la w ith vertex at (0, 0) and d ire ctrix at x = - 6
17. P arabola w ith vertex at ( - 2 , - 1 ) an d focu s at ( - 2 , 5)
18. C ircle w ith cen ter at (0, 0) an d p assin g th rou gh ( - 5 , 2)
19. C ircle w ith cen ter at (1, - 4 ) an d radius 6
20. E llipse w ith cen ter at (0, 0), vertex at (0, 6), and co -v ertex at ( - 3 , 0)
21. E llipse w ith v ertices at ( -1 , 4) and (7, 4) and foci at (1, 4) and (5, 4)
22. H yperbola w ith v ertices at (0, - 6 ) and (0, 6) and foci at (0, - 9 ) and (0, 9)
23. H yperbola w ith vertex at (2, - 5 ) , focu s at ( - 1 , - 5 ) , and cen ter at (5, - 5 )
C lassify th e co n ic sectio n an d w rite its eq u ation in sta n d a rd form .
24. x2 + 4y2
26.
25. x2 + y2 + 8x + 12y + 3 = 0
6x 16y + 2 1 = 0
27. y2 - 16y - 12x + 40 = 0
4x2 - 9y2 - 4 0 x + 64 = 0
28. 25x2 + ^ 2 +
- 24y - 39 = 0
29. y2 - 16x2 + ^
+ 6 4 x - 31 = 0
Solve th e system .
30.
4x2 + y2 = ig
x + y = 2
31.
x2 + 4y2 - 8y = 4
y2 - 2y - 8 x - 16 = 0
32.
y2 - x2 + 2x - 5 = 0
x 2 + y 2 2 x - 3 = 0
33. WATER SURFACE A cy lin d rica l glass o f w ater has a 1.5 in ch radius. If th e
glass is tilted 60, th e w ater's su rface m eets th e glass in an ellip se w ith
m ino r axis 3 in ch es long and m ajo r axis 6 in ch es long. W rite eq u atio n s
th a t m odel th e w ater's su rface w ith th e glass upright and a fter th e glass is
tilted . U se th e cen ter o f th e w ater's su rface as th e origin.
34. ASTRONOMY T he G reen B a n k Telescope in W est
V irgin ia h as a m ain re flecto r w hose cross sectio n is
a p o rtio n o f a "p aren t" p arab o la. A diagram o f th e
reflecto r's cross sectio n and th e p aren t p arab o la is
show n. W rite an eq u atio n th a t m odels th e p aren t
p arabola if its vertex is at (0, 0). W h at is th e d ista n ce
from th e vertex to th e focus?
Chapter Test
673
Scoring Rubric
Full Credit
and correct
Partiai Credit
but has errors,
or
No Credit
- no solution is given,
or
- solution makes no
sense
The solution is set up

logically and thoroughly.
PROBLEM
Two v ertices o f an eq u ila tera l tria n g le are A(0, 0) an d B (6, 0). W rite and
solve a system o f eq u atio n s to find th e co o rd in a tes o f th e th ird v ertex C o f
A ABC. Is th ere only one possible p o sitio n for th e th ird vertex? Explain.
Below a re sam ple solutions to th e problem . Read ea ch solution and the

co m m en ts in blue to see w hy th e sam ple rep resen ts full cred it, p a rtia l cred it,
o r no cred it.
SAMPLE 1: FuH cred it soiution

B ecau se AB = 6 - 0 = 6 and A ABC is eq u ilateral, AC = BC = 6. Let (x, y)
represent th e co o rd in ates o f vertex C. Use th e d ista n ce form ula.
For TIC: \/(x - O f + (y - o f = 6
For BC: V ( x - 6 f + ( y - O f = 6
F + y2 =
36
( x - 6 f + / = 36
x^ -
12x + 36 + y^ = 36
x^ + y^ - 12x = 0
Solve th e system by adding - 1 tim es th e seco n d eq u atio n to th e first.

The correct equations
are obtained, and a vaiid
method is used to solve
the system.
= 36
-x ^ - y^ + 12x = 0
*
12x = 36
x = 3
Su bstitu te 3 for x in th e first eq u atio n : 3^ + y^ = 36, so y^ = 27, or y = 3 V 3 .

The solu tions o f th e system are (3, 3 V 3 ). So, th e th ird vertex is at c (3 , 3 V 3 )
The system is solved
correctly. Acorrect
conclusion is drawn.
or c (3 , - 3 V3 ). T here are tw o solu tions, b ec a u se C ca n b e above or below AB.
SAMPLE 2 : P artiai cred it soiution

T h e d ista n ce b etw een A and B is 6.
y2 = 36
AC = 6
BC= 6
x^ + y^ 12x = 0
Solve th e system by su b stitu tin g 3 6 for x^ + y^ in th e secon d equation,

The system is correct,
but steps are omitted in
writing and solving it.
x^ + y^ - 12x = 0
3 6 - 12x = 0
x = 3
Find y w hen x = 3: x^ + y^ = 36, so y^ = 27, an d y = 3 V 3 . T he co o rd in ates o f
The additional vertex

is omitted. An incorrect
conclusion is drawn.
674
Chapter 9
th e th ird vertex are c(3, 3 V 3 ). T h is is th e only p ossible position o f th e vertex,

b ecau se th e d im en sio n s o f a trian g le m u st b e positive.
SAMPLE 3 : P a rtia ! cred it soiution

T h e d ista n ce b etw een 4 and B is 6. So, th e
o th er two sides o f A 4 B C have len gth s o f 6.
D raw circles w ith radii o f 6 cen tered at A and
B. T he p oints o f in tersectio n o f th e circles w ill
be th e p ossible positio n s o f th e th ird vertex.
A vatid approach is used,

and the solution is set up
logically and thoroughly.
1;
2 //
E qu ation o f circle A: x^ + y^ = 36
The equations of the
circles are correct.
J B 6,(
(0,0) \ 1
y
t'
E qu ation o f circle B : (x - 6)^ + y^ = 36

T h e solu tions o f th e system are (3, 3V 3) an d (3, - 3 V 3J , so th e possible
The answer is correct, but

work is not shown.
co o rd in ates o f th e th ird v ertex are c(3, 3 V 3 j or C(3, 3V3 ).
SAMPLE 4 : No cred it so!ution

B ecau se AB = 6 and AB is h o rizo n tal, th e v ertex at C is 6 u n its above or below
eith er A or B. T he possible co o rd in ates o f C are (0, 6), (0, - 6 ) , (6, 6), or (6, - 6 ) .
The answer shows a

basic misunderstanding.
PRACT!CE
Apply th e S co rin g Rubric
U se th e ru b ric on page 674 to sco re th e solution to th e p roblem below as/M il

credit, p a r tia l credit, o r no credit. E x p la in y o u r reason in g .
PROBLEM A R S T is iso sceles w ith R T = ST and has v ertices at R ( - 2 , 2),
S(4, - 1 ) , and T(2, y). Fin d y. Is th ere only one p ossible value o fy ? Explain.
1.
V[2 - ( - 2 ) ] ' + (y - 2 ) '

\/l6 +
= V (2 - 4)2 + [y - ( - #
* 4y + 4 = \/4 + y^ + 2y + 1
- 4y + 2 0 =
+ 2y + 5
15 = 6y, so 2 .5 = y
2.
If AK5T is Isosceles with HT = 5T, then T lies

on the perpendicular bisector of R5.
Midpoint of R5 = (
Slope of RS = "1 " 2 = ^

^
4 - (-2 )
6
) = (1, 0.5)
= - 0.5
The perpendicular bisector of R 5 has a slope of

2,the negative reciprocal
of 0.5. Its equation is y 0 .5 = 2(x 1), or y = 2x 1.5. Substituting
2 for x gives y = 2.5. Since y = 2x 1.5 is a function, this is the only
value of y for x = 2.
675
SHORT RESPONSE
1. A rhom bus is a qu ad rilaterai w ith four
congruent sides. T he v ertices o f figure ABCD
a r e A ( 6 ,3 ) ,B ( - 3 , 5), C ( - 5 , - 4 ) , a n d D (4 , - 5 ) .
C an you change th e co o rd in ates o f one vertex
of ABCD to m ake it a rhom bus? If so, expiain
how and find th e co o rd inates. If not, expiain
why not.
A so cc e r field h as a pen alty -kick m ark 12 yards

from th e goal. From th e m ark's center, an arc
w ith a radius o f 10 yards is draw n outside th e
p en a lty area as show n in th e diagram . Explain
how to use an eq u atio n o f a circle to find the
d ista n ce d along th e edge o f th e p en alty area
b etw een th e en d poin ts o f th e arc.
2. A iam p for indoor gardening u ses a p arab o iic

reflecto r w ith th e height and w idth show n to
co n cen trate iight on plants. Is th e focu s o f the
reflecto r above or below th e reflecto r's bo tto m
edge? Explain your reasoning.
18 yd
penalty arc
6. A co o rd in ate grid co n ta in s tw o h yp erbolas
cen tered at th e origin, one w ith a v ertical
tran sv erse ax is an d one w ith a h o rizo n tal
tran sv erse axis. W hat are th e possible n um bers
o f solu tion s o f th e system th a t th e hyp erbolas
represent? U se sketch es to ju stify your answ er.
3. T h ree points on th e edge o f th e circu lar
C op ernicus crater on th e m o o n ca n be
represented by th e co o rd inates ( - 3 5 , 35), (0, 0),
and (40, 80) w here each u n it rep resen ts one
kilom eter. Is th e p oint located at (55, 25) inside
th e crater or outside th e crater? E xplain your
reasoning.
7. T h e Tractricioas scu lp tu re at th e Ferm i

N ational A ccelerator L ab o rato ry in Batavia,
Illin ois, h as a h yp erbolic cross sectio n as
show n below.
4. For each set o f co n cen tric circles show n below,

th e m easu res o f th e radii are th e co n secu tiv e
integers from 1 to 9. Expiain how you can
use th is in fo rm atio n to d em on strate th a t th e
p oin ts show n in red lie on an ellipse w hose foci
are th e centers o f th e circles. T h en w rite an
equation o f th e ellipse.
Use th e graph to w rite an eq u atio n o f the

h yp erbola th a t m od els th e cross sectio n o f th e
scu lp tu re. (Each u n it rep resen ts 1 foot.) T hen
exp lain how to m od ify your eq u atio n so th e
origin is at th e b o tto m left o f th e sculp tu re.
8. W ith out applying area form ulas, co m p are th e
areas o f th e ellip ses rep resen ted by
5)2 , ( y + 7 f _
12
8
Explain how you m ade your com p ariso n .
4x^ + 6y^ = 48 and ^
676
Chapter 9
STATE TEST PRACTKE
ctasszone.com
GRtDDED ANSW ER
MULTIPLE CHOKE
9.
W h ich eq u atio n represents a hyperboia?

(g )
10.
11.
F - 3y + 4x - 15 = 0
(B )
+ 4 x 18y 15 = 0
(E)
x2 - y2 + 4x - 18y - 15 = 0
(D )
- 2 F - y2 + 4x - 18y - 15 = 0
At w hat point(s) do th e graphs rep resen ted by

= 36 and -y ^ + x = 6 in tersect?
($ )
(6 ,0 )
(g )
( - 6 ,0 )
(E )
( - 7 ,-V l3 )
(g )
(6 ,0 ) and ( - 6 , 0 )
W hich statem en t abou t th e graph o f th e

eq u ation 12(x - 6) = - ( y + 4 f is n ot true?
(g )
T h e vertex is at (6, - 4 ) .
(B ) The axis o f sy m m etry is y = - 4 .
(E)
T h e focus is at (6, - 7 ) .
(D )
T h e graph represen ts a fu n ctio n .
12. T he co n ic se c tio n rep resen ted by th e eq u ation

(x - 2)2
(y - 5)
= 1 h as th e iin e o f sym m etry
81
4
x = s. W h at is th e value o f s?
13. To th e n ea rest ten th , w hat is th e d istan ce
b etw een (-1 0 , 2) an d (7, 7)?
14. W h at is th e ien gth o f th e tran sv erse axis of
th e hyp erbola rep resen ted by th e equation
9x2 - 4y2 = 324 ?
15. W h at is th e radius o f th e circle represented
by th e eq u atio n 8x2 + gy2 = y20? Round your
answ er to th e n ea rest ten th .
16. Evaiuating rr[3a + 3b - V (a + 3b) (b + 3a) ]
approxim ates th e circu m fere n ce o f an eiiipse
w ith m ajor axis o f len gth 2 a an d m in o r axis of
ien gth 2b. A pproxim ate th e circu m fere n ce of
an ellip se w ith ce n te r (0, 0), vertex (0, - 5 ) , and
focu s (0, 3). Round your answ er to th e n earest
unit.
EXTENDED RESPONSE
17. A satellite in a geostationary orbit ap pears to stay above
a single place on E arth's su rface. A satellite orig in ally in
a low orbit can b e bo o sted using an ellip tica l R o b m an n
frons/er orbit to a higher g eo statio n ary orbit. A satellite
o rigin ally in a circu la r orbit 4 200 m iles from E arth 's cen ter
is boosted to a circu lar g eo statio n ary orbit 2 2 ,2 4 0 m iles
from E arth 's center.
a. W rite eq u atio n s th a t m odel th e o rig in al and
g eo statio n ary orbits. U se E arth 's cen ter as th e origin.
b. E arth's cen ter is at one focu s o f th e tra n sfer orbit.
E xplain how you ca n find th e values o f a and c for the
tran sfer orbit.
c. W rite an eq u atio n th a t m odels th e tra n sfer orbit. U se E arth 's cen ter as th e
origin, and ch o o se a h o rizo n tal m ajo r ax is as show n in th e diagram .
18. Points one q u arter o f th e w ay along th e sides o f th e red squ are are
co n n ected to form th e blue square. T h e p attern co n tin u es.
a. Explain how to use th e m idp oint form ula to find th e co o rd in ates
o f th e v ertices for each new squ are in th e p attern.
b. Find th e co o rd inates o f th e v ertices o f th e blue and green squ ares.
c. Compare th e areas o f th e squ ares. W hat do you n o tice?
677
, CUMULATIVE REV!EW
Solve th e eq u ation . Check y o u r soiution (s).
1.
5x + 24 = 11 - 2x (p. 181
2. j4 x - 7j = 13 (p. 811
4.
2 F - 5x + 5 = 0 (p. 2921
5.
8.
7. 4 " - 5 = 3 fp. 515!
3. F - 12% + 35 = 0 Ip. 2521
P + 3x^ - 18% = 40 Ip. 3701

^ ^ 3 =
(p. 5891
3 %+ l
x + 2
6. V % - 2 = x - 4 (p. 4521
9.
%-3
+ 2 = ^ x - 3 Ip. 5891
x-3
10 .
13.
y=
2x
+ 7 (p. 89!
y = 4e" Ip. 492!
11 .
y = (x + l)^(x -
2 ) (p. 3871
14. y = In (x - 2) (p. 499!
12 .
y = Vx + 4 + 3 Ip. 446!
15. y =
^ * (p. 565!
P - 9

16.
2%^ - 20% - 48 Ip. 259!
17.
6 p + 7% - 20 (p. 259!
18. %'' + 8%^ - 4% - 32 (p. 353!
Find th e inverse o f th e fu n ction , (p. 4381

19.
/(%) = 6% - 1
20. /(%) = %'' - 5
21. /(%) = %'^
Teli w h eth er th e fu n ction is an exam p ie o f exp on en tial grow th o r exp on en tiai

decay, (pp. 486,492!
22.
J"(x) = 5(1.4")
23. /(%) = 3 (0 .6 )"
24. /(%) = 8 e ^ "
26. log^ 4 + 2 log^ 7
27. 5 iog % + log y - 3 log z
C ondense th e exp ression , (p. 507!

25.
3 In % - In 5
The variables %an d y v a ry inverseiy. Use th e given vaiu es to w rite a n eq u ation

reiatin g %an d y. (p. 551!
28.
% = 18, y = 6
29. x = 5, y = - 1 5
30. x = 6, y = 9
P erfo rm th e ind icated o p eratio n and simpiify.

31.
. 3% + 21 ^
* + 7 P - 2 5
573^
gg. 3% 8 . ^
^
^
^-3
j^ - ^ - 6
373^
33 .
582!
x + 5
x- 2 ^
Find the d istan ce betw een th e tw o p oin ts. Then find th e m id point o f th e line
segm en t joining th e tw o p oin ts, (p. 614!
34.
( - 8 , 5), ( - 4 , - 1 )
35. (3, 5), (8, 7)
36. ( - 2 , 7), (1,14)
Classify the co n ic sectio n an d w rite its eq u ation in sta n d a rd form . Then g rap h
th e equ ation , (p. 650!
37.
x^ + y^ + 12x - 4y + 15 = 0
38. 4x^ - 1 6 / - 56% + 160y - 268 = 0
39.
40. 2x^ + 3 / + 4 x + 12y - 14 = 0
41.
678
+ 6x + 4y + 16 = 0
FENCING You have 380 feet o f fen cin g to en clo se a re cta n g u la r garden. You
w ant th e length o f th e garden to b e 40 feet greater th a n th e w idth. Find th e
length and w idth o f th e garden if you use all o f th e fencing, (p. 34!
Cumulative Review: Chapters 1 - 9
42. RECREATION You have $30 to spend at a carn iv al. It co sts $ 2 .5 0 to take
one ride and $1.50 to play one gam e. W rite and graph a n in e q u a lity th at
represents th e p ossible n u m b ers o f rides you ca n tak e an d gam es you ca n
play. T h en list all ordered pairs (rides, gam es) th a t u se all $30. (p. 132)
43. BASKETBALL The p rice o f ad m issio n to a high sch o o l b a sk etb a ll gam e is
$5 for adults and $2 for students. At a gam e th a t had a to tal atten d a n ce o f
650 people, th e to tal in co m e from tick et sales w as $2500. W rite and solve a
lin ea r system to find th e n u m b ers o f adults and stud en ts w ho atten d ed th e
b ask etb all gam e. (p. 160)
44. BUStNESS Two telephone co m p a n ies co m p ete for cu sto m ers in a tow n.
Initially, each com p any h as 700 cu stom ers. Every m on th , 5% o f com p any
A's cu sto m ers sw itch to com p any B, and 2% o f co m p an y B's cu stom ers
sw itch to co m p any A. The tra n sitio n m a trix T and po p u latio n m a trix Mg
m odel th is situation.
*0.95
0.02
0.05
0.98
0=
700
700
Find M, = 7Mg, AT, = TAT^ and Mg = TAT,. E xp lain w hat th e se m a trices

represent. D escribe w hat hap p en s to th e d istrib u tio n o f cu sto m ers over
tim e if th is p attern co n tin u es, (p. 193)
45. MAPS A co u n ty m ap u ses a co o rd in ate grid for w h ich one u n it represen ts
a qu arter o f a m ile. A lake on th e m ap has an approxim ately tria n g u la r
shape w ith v ertices n ear (2, 2), (12, 19), and (18, 7). E stim ate th e area o fth e
su rface o f th e lake. (p. 203)
46. TENNIS W h ile serving, a te n n is player strik es th e b a ll at a h eigh t o f 9 feet
above th e co u rt. T h e in itia l dow nw ard v elocity o f th e b a ll is 16 feet per
second . How long does it take th e b a ll to strik e th e co u rt on th e op ponent's
side? (Hint; Use th e fu n ctio n h = - 1 6 ^ +
+ b^.) (p. 292)
47. DISCOUNTS A store is having a sale in w hich you ca n tak e $50 o ff th e co st
o f any television in th e store. T h e store also offers 15% o ff your p u rch ase
if you open a ch arge acco u n t. Use co m p ositio n o f fu n ctio n s to w rite a
new fu n ctio n th a t gives th e sale p rice o f a television th a t orig in ally co sts
t dollars if $50 is su b tracted b efo re th e 15% d isco u n t is applied. T h en find
th e sale p rice o f a television th a t o rigin ally co st $ 480. (p. 428)
48. ACCOUNT BALANCE You deposit $4 5 0 0 in a savings a cco u n t th a t pays
2.75% an n u al in terest com p ou nd ed m onthly. Find th e a cco u n t b a la n c e
after 5 years, (p. 478)
49. STAMPS T h e table shows th e cu m u lative n u m b er s o f d ifferen t d esigns o f
stam ps prod uced in th e U nited States d uring th e period 1 9 0 4 -2 0 0 4 . T he
variable f rep resen ts th e n u m b er o f years sin ce 1904. Find an ex p o n en tial
m odel for th e data. (p. 329)
t
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
100
313
459
616
751
926
1063
1260
1552
2109
2887
3894
Cumulative Review: Chapters 1 - 9
679
10.1 Apply th e C ounting P rin cip le an d P e rm u ta tio n s

10.2 U se C om b in ation s an d th e B in om ial T h e o re m
10.3 D efine a n d U se P ro b ab ility
10.4 Find P ro b ab ilities o f D isjoint a n d O verlap p in g E ven ts
1 O S Find P ro b ab ilities o f In d e p en d en t an d D ep en d en t E ven ts
MM! C o n stru ct an d In te rp re t B inom ial D istrib u tion s
In previous chap ters, you learn ed th e follow ing skills, w h ich you 'll u se in
C hapter 10: sim plifying expressions, m ultiplying b in o m ials, and fin d in g areas
P r e r e q u is ite Sk iiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
1. The coefficient o f
in the expression 3x^ - 15x^ + 4 is
? .
2. W ritten as a fraction in lowest term s, the ra tio o f 18 to 45 is
? .
3. The expressions x + 3 and 2x - 1 are exam ples o f b in om ials b ecau se they

have ? term s.
SKILLS CHECK
Simplify the expression. Review p. 2 /o r 10. TJ
Find the p roduct. Review p. 346 /o r

7. (x + y f
10.2 J
8. ( 5 x + l f
9. ( 3 x - 2 y ) 3
Find the are a of the shaded region. Assume all shapes are circles o r squares.
p?eviewpp. 9 9 1 -9 9 2 /o r ?0.3J
@ M )fn e7 itf0 f Prerequisite skills practice at dasszone.com
680
In C hapter 10, you w ill apply th e big ideas listed below and review ed in th e
C hapter Su m m ary on page 733. You w ill also use th e key v o ca b u la ry listed below.
B ig id e a s
^
Using permutations and combinations
Constructing binomiai distributions
Finding probabiiities
KEY VOCABULARY
- permutation, p. 684
' compound event, p. 707
' dependent events, p. 718
- combination, p. 690
' overlapping events, p. 707
' conditional probability, p. 718
* binomial theorem, p. 693
' disjoint events, p. 707
' random variab)e,p. 724
- probability, p. 698
' independent events, p. 717
' binomiai distribution, p. 725
You can use th e fu n d am en ta l co u n tin g p rin cip le and p erm u tatio n s to ca lcu la te
th e nu m ber o f ch o ices for a situ ation . For exam ple, you ca n co u n t th e n u m b er of
possible o u tco m es o f an event or th e n u m b er o f ways to com p lete a task.
a ig e b r a
T he a n im atio n illu strated below for E xercise 69 on page 689 helps you answ er th is
qu estion: How does th e n u m b er o f clo th in g ch o ices a ffe ct th e n u m b er o f different
ways ca n you dress m an n eq u in s in a display?
A
T
T
I-ShM
Ms
+
ls s ,S l^ s
nn
BOTTOM
[ ij
Iota!numb,ofdisplay
choices for first mannequin
,s ! .s s ,h s ..) ^ ^
for second mannequin
Total number of display choices for both mannequins =

-
Different outfits for a store display can be

made using several tops and bottoms.
^ f urnated Algebra
(b e d Answer
Find the total number of possible displays *

if there are one, two, or more mannequins. ,
at classzone.com
O th er a n im a tio n s fo r C hap ter 1 0 : p a g e s 7 0 1 , 711, 7 1 6 , 7 2 2 , an d 7 2 6
1 0 1 App!y the Counting Principte

* and Permutations
^
You counted th e num ber o f different w ays to perform a task.
You wiii use th e fundam enta! counting principie and perm utations.
So you can find num bers o f racing outcom es, as in Exam pie 4.
Key Vocabutary
' p erm u tation
*factoriai
In m any real-life problem s, you w ant to co u n t th e n u m b er o f ways

to perform a task. O ne way to do th is is to u se a tree diagram .
EXAMPLE 1
-i
U se a tr e e d iag ram
SNOWBOARDiNG A sp ortin g goods store offers 3 ty p es o f snow boards (allm ou n tain , freestyle, and carving) and 2 ty p es o f b o o ts (soft and hybrid). How
m any ch o ices does th e store offer for sn ow boarding equipm ent?
Soiution
Draw a tree diagram and co u n t th e n u m b er o f b ran ch es.
Soft
AH m o u n ta in b oard , soft b oots
Hybrid
Aii m o u n ta in b oard , hybrid b oots
Soft
F reesty ie b o ard , soft boots
Hybrid
F reesty ie b o ard , hybrid b oots
Soft
C arvin g b o ard , soft b oots
Hybrid
C arvin g b oard , hybrid boots
A ii-m ou ntain
Freestyie
C arvin g
^ T he tree h as 6 b ran ch es. So, th ere are 6 possible ch oices.

FUNDAMENTAL COUNTiNG PRiNCiPLE A nother w ay to co u n t th e ch o ices in
Exam ple 1 is to use th e /a a d a m e a fa i co am in g principle. You have 3 ch o ices for
th e board and 2 ch o ices for th e b o o ts, so th e to tal nu m ber o f ch o ices is 3 - 2 = 6.
K E Y CO N CEPT
F u n d a m e n ta ! C ounting P rin cip !e
Two Events If one event ca n o ccu r in m ways and a n o th er event ca n o cc u r in
n ways, th en th e n u m ber o f ways th at hoid events ca n o ccu r is m - n.
Three or More Events T he fu n d am en tal co u n tin g prin cip le c a n b e extended
to th ree or m ore events. For exam ple, if th ree events ca n o ccu r in m, a, and p
ways, th en th e n u m ber o f ways th a t a ii th ree events ca n o ccu r is m - n * p.
682
Chapter 1 0
Counting M ethods and Probabiiity
A EXAMPLE 2
Use the fundamenta) counting principie
PHOTOGRAPHY You are fram in g a p ictu re. T h e fram es are available in 12

different styles. E ach style is available in 55 d ifferen t colors. You also w an t blue
m at board , w hich is available in 11 d ifferent shad es o f blue. How m any different
ways c a n you fram e th e p icture?
Solution
You can use th e fu n d am en ta l co u n tin g prin cip le to find th e to ta l n u m b er o f ways
to fram e th e pictu re. M ultiply th e n u m b er o f fram e styles (12), th e n u m b er of
fram e colors (55), and th e n u m b er o f m at board s (11).
N um ber o f ways = 12 * 5 5 - 11 = 7260
^ T h e n u m ber o f d ifferen t ways you ca n fram e th e p ictu re is 7260.
EXAMPLE 3
Use the counting principie with repetition
LICENSE PLATES The stan d ard co n fig u ratio n

for a Texas licen se plate is 1 letter follow ed by
2 digits follow ed by 3 letters.
a. How m any d ifferent lice n se plates are
possible if letters and digits c a n b e repeated?
b. How m any d ifferent licen se plates are p ossible
if letters and digits c a n n o t b e repeated?
AVO!D ERRORS
Foragivensituatton,
the number of choices
without repetition is
aiways less than the
number of choices with
repetition.
Sotution
a. T h ere are 2 6 ch o ices for ea ch letter and 10 ch o ices for ea ch digit. You c a n use
th e fu n d am en tal co u n tin g p rin cip le to find th e n u m b er o f d ifferen t plates.
N um ber o f plates = 2 6 - 10 - 10 * 2 6 * 2 6 - 2 6 = 45,697,600
F W ith rep etition, th e n u m b er o f d ifferent licen se plates is 45,697,600.
b. If you ca n n o t repeat letters th ere are still 2 6 ch o ice s for th e first letter,
but th e n only 2 5 rem a in in g ch o ices for th e seco n d letter, 2 4 ch o ices for
th e third letter, and 2 3 ch o ices for th e fou rth letter. Sim ilarly, th ere are
10 ch o ices for th e first digit and 9 ch o ices for th e seco n d digit. You ca n use
th e fu n d am en tal co u n tin g prin cip le to find th e n u m b er o f d ifferent plates.
N um ber o f plates = 2 6 * 10 - 9 * 2 5 - 2 4 * 2 3 = 3 2 ,2 9 2 ,0 0 0
F W ithout rep etition , th e n u m b er o f d ifferent lice n se plates is 32,2 9 2 ,0 0 0 .
GutDED PRACTKE
1. SPORTING GOODS T h e store in E xam ple 1 also offers 3 d ifferent types

o f b icy cles (m ou ntain , racin g, an d BM X) and 3 d ifferen t w heel sizes
(20 in., 22 in., and 24 in .). How m any b icy cle ch o ices does th e store offer?
2. WHAT !F? In E xam ple 3, how do th e answ ers ch an g e for th e stand ard
co n fig u ratio n o f a New York lice n se plate, w h ich is 3 letters follow ed by
4 num bers?
10.1
Apply th e Counting Principie and Perm utations
683
PERMUTATIONS An ordering o f n o b jects is a p e rm u ta tio n o f th e o b jects. For

in stan ce, th ere are 6 p erm u tatio n s o f th e letters A, B, an d C:
ABC
ACB
BAC
BCA
CAB
CBA
You can use th e fu n d am en tal co u n tin g prin cip le to find th e n u m b er of

perm u tations o f A, B, and C. T h ere are 3 ch o ices for th e first letter. A fter th e first
letter has b een ch osen, 2 ch o ices rem ain for th e secon d letter. Finally, after th e
first two letters have b een ch osen , th ere is o n ly 1 ch o ice rem a in in g for th e fin al
letter. So, th e n u m ber o f p erm u tatio n s is 3 - 2 - 1 = 6.
DEFINE
FACTORIALS
Zero factorial is
defined as 0! = 1.
The expression 3 * 2 * 1 ca n also b e w ritten as 3 !. T h e s y m b o l! is th e fa cto ria l

sym bol, and 3! is read as "th re e factorial." In general, n! is defin ed w here n is a
positive integer as follow s:
w! = 7? * (M - 1) * (M - 2) - . . . * 3 * 2 * 1
T he n u m ber o f p erm u tatio n s o f ft d istin c t o b je cts is n!.
Find th e n u m b e r o f p e rm u ta tio n s
OLYMPKS Ten team s are co m p etin g in
th e fin al round o f th e O lym pic four-person
bobsled ding co m p etitio n .
a. In how m any d ifferent ways ca n th e
bobsledd ing team s fin ish th e com p etition ?
(Assume th ere are no ties.)
b. In how m any d ifferent ways ca n 3 o f the
bobsledd ing team s fin ish first, second,
and third to w in th e gold, silver, and
bronze m edals?
S o lu tio n
a. T here are 10! d ifferent ways th a t th e tea m s ca n fin ish th e com p etitio n .
10! = 10 - 9 * 8 * 7 * 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 * 2 . 1 = 3,628,800
b. Any o f th e 10 team s ca n fin ish first, th e n any o f th e rem a in in g 9 team s
can fin ish second, and fin ally any o f th e re m a in in g 8 te a m s ca n fin ish
third. So, th e nu m ber o f ways th at th e te a m s c a n w in th e m edals is:
10 - 9 - 8 = 720
GuiDED PRACTKE
for E xam p le 4
3. WHAT IF? In Exam ple 4, how w ould th e answ ers ch an ge if th ere w ere
12 bobsled d in g team s co m p etin g in th e fin a l round o f th e co m p etitio n ?
T he answ er to p art (b) o f Exam ple 4 is called th e n u m b er o f p erm u tatio n s o f

10 o b jects taken 3 at a tim e. It is denoted by
N otice th a t th is p erm utation
ca n be com puted using facto ria ls:
P = m
m 3
q
*
'
o - 10 - 9 * 8 * 7 - 6 * 5 - 4 * 3 - 2 - 1 _ 10! _
10!
7 *6 *5 *4 *3 *2 * 1
7!
(1 0 -3 )!
This result is generalized at th e top o f th e next page.
684
Chapter 1 0
Counting Methods and Probability
KEY CONCEPT
P e rm u ta tio n s o f n O bjects T ak en r a t a T im e
^
T h e n u m ber o f p erm u tations o f r o b je cts tak en from a group o f n d istin ct

o b je cts is denoted by ^ and is given by th is form ula:
EXAMPLE 5
Find permutations of n objects taken r at a time
MUSK You are bu rn in g a dem o CD for your band . Your ban d has 12 songs stored
on your com puter. However, you w ant to put o n ly 4 songs on th e dem o CD. In
how m an y orders c a n you b u rn 4 o f th e 12 songs onto th e CD?
EVALUATE
PERMUTATIONS
Most scientific and
graphing calculators
have a key or menu
item for evaluating P,..
Soiution
Find th e n u m ber o f p erm u tatio n s o f 12 o b je cts tak en 4 at a tim e.
n -
12!
_ 12! _ 479,001,600 _
40,320
*
qqn
F You c a n bu rn 4 o f th e 12 songs in 11,880 d ifferent orders.
CutOEO PRACTKE
for E xam p le 5
Find th e n u m b er of p erm u tation s.

4 -5 ^ 3
5 -4 ^ 1
6. gl5
7 .1 2 ^ 7
PERMUTATIONS WITH REPETITION If you con sid er th e letters E an d E to be

drsh'/icf, th ere are six p erm u tatio n s o f th e letters E, E, and Y:
EEY
EEY
EYE
EYE
YEE
YEE
However, if th e two o ccu rren ce s o f E are con sid ered in terch an g eab le, th e n th ere
are only th ree d istin g u ish ab le perm u tatio ns:
EEY
EYE
YEE
E ach o f th e se p erm u tatio n s corresp on d s to tw o o f th e o rig in al six p erm u tations

b ecau se th ere are 2!, or 2, p erm u tatio n s o f E and E. So, th e n u m b er o f
p erm u tations o f E, E, and Y c a n b e w ritten Rs ^7 *
* 3-
KEY CONCEPT
P e rm u ta tio n s w ith R ep etition
The n u m ber o f d istin g u ish ab le p erm u tatio n s o f n o b je cts w here one o b je ct is
repeated S] tim es, an o th er is repeated ^ tim es, and so on, is:
10.1
Apply the Counting Principle and Perm utations
685
EXAMPLE 6
Find permutations with repetition
Find th e n u m b er of d istin gu ish ab le p erm u tatio n s o f th e letters in

(a) MIAMI and (b) TALLAHASSEE.
S o lu tio n
a. M IAM I h as 5 letters o f w h ich M and I are ea ch rep eated 2 tim es. So, th e
number o f d istin g u ish ab le p erm u tations is 5! _ 120 = 30.
2! - 2!
2 -2
b. TALLAHASSEE h as 11 letters o f w hich A is rep eated 3 tim es, and L, S,
and E are ea ch rep eated 2 tim es. So, th e n u m b er o f d istin g u ish ab le
11!
_ 39,916,800
permutations is
= 831,600.
3! - 2! - 2! - 2!
6 -2 -2 -2
GUIDED PRACTKE
fo r E x am p le 6
Find th e n u m b er of d istinguishabie p erm u tatio n s o f th e ietters in th e w ord.

8. MALL
9. KAYAK
ioi EXERCiSES
10.
HOMEWORK
KEY
CINCINNATI
'
Exs. 2 ,1 7 ,42,55,57, and 68
SKiLL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY W hat is a perm u tatio n o f n o b jects?
2. * WRITING Sim plify th e form ula for
m akes sense.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 682
for Exs. 3 - 6
TREE DIAGRAMS An object h as an a ttrib u te from ea ch iist. M ake a tre e d iag ram
th a t shows the n u m b er of different objects th a t c a n be cre a te d .
3.
T-Shirts
686
Chapter 10
4.
Toast
Size: M, L, XL
Bread: white, wheat
Type: long-sleeved, short-sleeved
Spread: jam, margarine
Meal
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 683
for Exs. 7-10
w hen r = 0. Exp/am why th is result
6.
Furniture
Entree: chicken, fish, pasta
Wood: cherry, mahogany, oak, pine
Side: corn, green beans, potato
Finish: stained, painted, unfinished
FUNDAMENTAL COUNTING PRiNClPLE E ach event ca n o c c u r in th e given n u m b er

of w ays. Find the n u m b er of w ays aii of th e events c a n o ccu r.
7.
Event A: 2 ways; Event B: 4 ways
8.
Event A: 5 ways; Event B : 2 ways
9.
Event A: 4 ways; Event B: 3 ways;

Event C: 5 ways
10.
Event A: 3 w ays; Event B : 6 ways;

Event C: 5 w ays; Event D : 2 ways
Counting M ethods and Probability
EXAM PLE 3
on p. 683
for Exs. 11-17
LICENSE PLATES F o r th e given co n fig u ratio n , d eterm in e how m an y different

licen se plates a re possibie if (a) digits an d letters c a n be rep eated , and (b) digits
an d ietters ca n n o t be rep eated .
11.
4 letters follow ed by 3 digits
12. 2 letters follow ed by 5 digits
^ 3 ^ 4 letters follow ed by 2 d igits
14. 5 digits follow ed by 3 letters
15. 1 digit follow ed by 5 letters
16. 6 letters
17. * MULTIPLE CHOKE How m an y d ifferent licen se plates w ith 2 letters

follow ed by 4 digits are p ossible if digits and letters ca n n o t b e repeated?
( B ) 6,760,000
(A ) 3,276,000
EXAMPLES
4 and 5
on pp. 684-685
for Exs. 18-41
(g )
(g )
32 ,2 9 2 ,0 0 0
45,697,600
FACTORIALS E vaiu ate th e exp ression .
1!
18. 7!
19. 11!
20.
22. 4!
23. 0!
24. 12!
26. 3! - 4!
27. 3(4!)
28.
21.
25.
(8 -8 ' 5)!
29.
8!
6!
4! * 4!
PERMUTATIONS Find th e n u m b er of p erm u tation s.

30. ,P ,
34. 7P 4'
31. gP,
32. ,gPi
33. gPy
9^2
36* 13^*8
37. , P ,
40-
41. 15^0
39. 9P ,
38. .P.,
42. * SHORT RESPONSE Let n b e a positive integer. Find th e n u m b er o f

p erm u tatio ns o f n o b je cts tak en n - 1 at a tim e. Com pare your an sw er w ith
th e n u m ber o f p erm u tatio n s o f all n o b jects. D oes th is m ake sen se? Explain.
EXAMPLE
on p. 686
for Exs. 43-55
PERMUTATIONS WITH REPET)T!ON Find th e n u m b er of d istinguishable

p erm u tatio n s o f th e ietters in th e w ord.
43. OFF
44. TREE
45. SKILL
46. YELLOW
47.
GRAVEL
48. PANAMA
49. ARKANSAS
50. FACTORIAL
51.
MAGNETIC
52. HONOLULU
53. c /^ V E jlA N D
54. M ISSISSIPPI
55. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e n u m b er o f d istin g u ish ab le p erm u tations

o f th e letters in th e word HAWAII?
(g )
24
(B )
180
(g )
360
56. ERROR ANALYSiS In bingo, b a lls lab eled from 1 to 75 are

draw n from a co n ta in e r w ith ou t b ein g replaced . D escribe
and co rrect th e error in fin d in g th e n u m b er o f ways th e
first 4 n u m bers c a n b e ch o sen for a gam e o f bingo.
(D )
^
720
= 3 1 ,6 4 0 ,6 2 5
57. * SHORT RESPONSE Explain how th e fu n d am en tal co u n tin g p rinciple

ca n be used to ju stify th e form ula for th e n u m b er o f p erm u tatio n s o f
n d istin ct o b jects.
SOLVING EQUATIONS Soive for n.
58. P, = 8(P ,)
61.
59. P , = 5 ( ,P ,)
60. , P , = 9(P,)
CHALLENGE Find th e n u m b er o f d istin g u ish ab le p erm u tatio n s o f 6 letters

th a t are ch o sen from th e letters in th e word MANATEE.
10.1
Appty the Counting Principie and Perm utations
EXAM PLE 2
62. CLASS RINGS You w ant to p u rch ase a class ring. T h e rin g ca n be m ade
from 3 different m etais. You ca n ch o o se from 6 d ifferen t side designs and
12 d ifferent stones. How m any d ifferent cia ss rings are possible?
on p. 683
for Exs. 62-63
Metal
Side Design
Stone
Auralite
Academics
Literature
Gold
Art
Music
Silver
Athletics
Technology
@ M w n e !M fo r
63. ENVIRONMENT Sin ce 1990, th e G otdm an E n v iro n m en tal P rize has b een
aw arded an n u ally to 6 grassro o ts en v iro n m en talists, one from ea ch o f
6 regions. T h e regions co n sist o f 52 co u n tries in A frica, 47 in Europe, 45 in
Asia, 36 in island n atio n s, 19 in South and C en tral A m erica, an d 3 in N orth
A m erica. How m any d ifferent sets o f 6 co u n tries c a n b e rep resen ted by th e
prize w inn ers in a given year?
@MMne7Hfor
EXAMPLES
4, 5, and 6
on pp. 684-686
for Exs. 64-66
64. PHOTOGRAPHY A p hotographer lin es up th e 15 m em b ers o f a fam ily in a

single line in order to take a photograph. How m an y d ifferent ways ca n the
photographer arran g e th e fam ily m em b ers for th e p ictu re?
^ 5 ^ SCHOOL CLUBS A Sp an ish club is electin g a president, v ice president, and
secretary. T h e club h as 9 m em b ers w ho are eligible for th e se o ffices. How
m an y d ifferent ways c a n th e 3 o ffices b e filled?
66. MUSIC T he w indow o f a m usic store has 8 stand s in fixed positio n s w here
in stru m en ts can be displayed. In how m any ways ca n 3 id en tical guitars,
2 id en tical keyboards, and 3 id en tical v iolin s b e displayed?
67. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM You are d esign in g an e n terta in m e n t center. You w ant
to inclu d e th ree audio co m p on en ts and th ree video co m p on en ts.
a. You w ant one o f each audio com p on en t
listed at th e right. How m an y selectio n s
o f audio co m p on en ts are possible?
b. You w ant one o f each video com p on en t
listed at th e right. How m any selectio n s
of video co m p on en ts are possible?
c. How m any selectio n s o f all six audio
and video co m p on en ts are possible?
Entertainm ent Center

Audio Components
Video Components
5 receivers
7 TV sets
8 CD players
9 DVD players
6 speakers
4 game systems
68. * EXTENDED RESPONSE To keep com p uter files secu re, m an y p rogram s
requ ire th e user to enter a passw ord. Th e sh o rtest allow able passw ords are
ty p ically 6 ch aracte rs long and ca n co n ta in b o th letters and digits.
a. Calculate How m any 6 -ch a ra c te r passw ords are possible if ch a ra cters
can be repeated?
b. Calculate How m an y 6 -ch a ra c te r passw ords are possible if ch a ra cte rs
ca n n o t be repeated?
c. Draw Conclusions W h ich type o f passw ord is m ore secu re? Exp/am .
688
onp.W SI
* = STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
69.
CLOTHiNG DtSPLAY An em ployee at a clo th in g store is creatin g a display. The

display has 3 d ifferent m a n n eq u in s. E ach m a n n eq u in is to w ear a d ifferent
sw eater and a d ifferen t skirt. How m any d ifferen t displays c a n b e created ?
Algebra
at classzone.com
70. CROSS COUNTRY T h ree sch o o ls are co m p etin g in a cross co u n try race.
Sch ool A h as 6 ru n n ers, sch o o l B has 5 ru n n ers, and school C h as 4 ru n n ers.
For scoring p u rp oses, th e fin ish in g order o f th e race only con sid ers th e
scho o l o f each ru n ner. How m an y d ifferent fin ish in g orders are th ere for
th e 15 ru nners?
71. CHALLENGE You have learn ed th a t n! rep resen ts th e n u m b er o f w ays th a t
n o b jects c a n b e placed in a lin ear order, w here it m atters w h ich o b je c t is
placed first. Now consid er circu lar p erm u tatio n s in w h ich o b je cts are placed
in a circle, so th a t it does not m a tter w h ich o b je ct is placed first.
a. Suppose you are seatin g 5 people at a circu la r
table. How m any d ifferent ways ca n you
arran g e th e people aroun d th e tab le?
b. Find a form ula for th e n u m b er o f p erm u tatio n s
o f n o b je cts placed in clock w ise order aroun d a
circle w hen only th e relative order o f th e o b je cts
m atters. Explain how you derived your form ula.
fA
f
.
B ,
/
fC
g B
^
D t
E *^
^he two arrangements shown

represent the same permutation.
M !XED REV!EW
PREVtEW
Prepare for
Lesson 10.2
in Exs. 72-77.
Find the p ro du ct, ip. 3461

72.
( x - 8 ) ( x + 8)
73.
( 4 x - 5 ) ( 4 x + 5)
74.
(x + 7 r
75.
(5x - 6 y f
76.
(3 x -2 )3
77.
(4x + 3y)3
Find th e inverse o f th e fu n ction , ip. 4381

78.
/(x ) = 4 x - 9
79.
/(x ) = - x + 6
80.
/(x ) = 4x^
81.
/fx ) =jx ^, x > 0
82.
/(x ) = x^ + 5
83.
/(x ) = 3 x ^ - 1
85.
x^ +
84.
= - 2 4 x ip. 6201
= 20 ip. 6261
88. (x + 3)2 +
EXTRAPRACTtCEforLesson10.1,p.
1019
= 16 ip. 6601
89.
16 - x
= 1 ip. 6601
ONL!NEQU!Z at classzone.com
689
Use Combinations and

the Binomiai Theorem
You used the counting principie and permutations.
You wiii use combinations and the binomiai theorem .
So you can find ways to form a set, as in Example 2.
Key Vocabuiary
com b ination
P ascal's trian g ie
binom iai th eorem
In Lesson 10.1, you learn ed th at order is im p o rta n t for som e co u n tin g problem s.
For oth er co u n tin g problem s, order is n ot im p o rtan t. For in sta n ce , if you
p u rch ase a package o f trad in g card s, th e order o f th e card s insid e th e package is
n ot im p o rtan t. A co m b in ation is a selectio n o f r o b jects from a group o f n o b jects
w here th e order is not im p ortan t.
K E Y CO N CEPT
A ir
C om b in ation s o f n O bjects T ak en r a t a T im e
The n u m ber o f co m b in atio n s o f r o b je cts tak en from a group o f n d istin ct
o b jects is denoted by
and is given by th is form ula:
Find co m b in a tio n s
CARDS A standard deck o f 52 playing card s has
4 suits w ith 13 d ifferent cards in ea ch suit.
a. If th e order in w hich th e card s are d ealt is
not im p ortant, how m any d ifferent 5 -ca rd
h an d s are possible?
b. In how m any 5-ca rd han d s are all 5 card s o f
th e sam e color?
S o iu tio n
a.
The n u m b er o f ways to ch o o se 5 cards

from a deck o f 5 2 cards is:
Chapter 1 0
A
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
K
Q
J
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
A
v
V
V
v
v
v
w
v
v
v
v
v
v
K
Q
J
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
A
4
*
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
For all 5 card s to be th e sam e color, you n eed to ch o o se 1 o f th e

2 colors and th e n 5 o f th e 2 6 card s in th a t color. So, th e n u m b er o f
possible hand s is:
2^1
690
K
Q
J
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
A
52 - 51 - 50 - 49 - 48 ^471
= 2 ,5 9 8 ,9 6 0
-4 7 1 -5 !
r 52!
52*^5
47! . 5!
b.
S ta n d a rd 52-C ard D eck
26^5
2!
26!
1 !. 1! ' 2 1 !. 5!
Counting iVlethods and Probabiiity
2 . 26 - 25 - 24 - 23 - 22 --2T!
= 131,560
1- 1 *
-2 4 1 -5 !
K
Q
J
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
A
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
MULTIPLE EVENTS W h en fin d in g th e n u m b er o f ways b o th a n event /i a n d an

event B ca n occur, you need to m uitipiy, as in p a rt (b) o f E xam ple 1. W h en find ing
th e n u m ber o f ways th at event 2l or event B c a n occur, you add instead.
D ecide to m u itip iy o r add c o m b in a tio n s
EXAMPLE
THEATER W illiam Sh ak esp eare w rote 38 plays th at ca n b e divided into th ree

genres. O f th e 38 plays, 18 are com ed ies, 10 are h isto ries, an d 10 are tragedies.
a. How m any d ifferent sets o f exacf/y 2 co m ed ies an d 1 tragedy c a n you read?
b. How m any d ifferent sets o f a t m ost 3 plays ca n you read?
AVOiD ERRORS
Soiution
When finding the

number of ways to
select of most n objects,
be sure to include the
possibility of selecting
0 objects.
a.
You c a n ch o o se 2 o f th e 18 co m ed ies and 1 o f th e 10 traged ies. So, the

n u m b er o f p ossible sets o f plays is:
r . r =
18!
. 10!
t8 ^ 2 * ro l
1 6 !.2 !* 9 !- 1 !
b.
1 8 -1 7 ^
1 ^ = ^ .1 0 = 1 5 3 0
^8! - 1
You ca n read 0 ,1 , 2, or 3 plays. B eca u se th ere are 3 8 plays th a t ca n be

ch o sen , th e n u m b er o f p ossible sets o f plays is:
38Q)
38^1
38^2
ggCg = 1 + 38 + 703 + 8 4 3 6 = 9178
SUBTRACTiNC POSS)B!HT)ES C ou nting problem s th a t involve p h rases like "at

le a st" or "at m o st" are so m etim es easier to solve by su b tra ctin g p o ssib ilities you
do n ot w ant from th e to ta l n u m b er o f possib ilities.
^
EXAMPLE 3
Sotve a m u )ti-s te p p ro b !em
BASKETBALL D uring th e school year, th e girl's b a sk etb a ll tea m is sched uled

to play 12 hom e gam es. You w ant to atten d a t /east 3 o f th e gam es. How m any
d ifferent co m b in atio n s o f gam es c a n you attend?
Solution
O f th e 12 hom e gam es, you w an t to atten d 3 gam es, or 4 gam es, or 5 gam es, and
so on. So, th e n u m ber o f co m b in a tio n s o f gam es you ca n atten d is:
12^3
12^4
<2^5 ^
^ )2'-12
In stead o f adding th e se co m b in atio n s, use th e follow ing reason in g. For ea ch o f

th e 12 gam es, you c a n ch o o se to atten d or n ot atten d th e gam e, so th ere are 2**
to tal co m b in atio n s. If you attend at least 3 gam es, you do n ot atten d only a total
o f 0 , 1, or 2 gam es. So, th e n u m b er o f ways you ca n atten d at least 3 gam es is:
2*^ * (tzCo + 12C, + iz Q l = 4 0 9 6 - (1 + 12 + 66) = 4017
CutDED PRACTKE
for E xam p les 1 ,2 , and 3
Find th e n u m b er of co m b in ation s.
1. gCg
5.
2. ^Cg
3. yCg
4. ^Cg
WHAT <F? In Exam ple 2, how m any d ifferen t sets o f exacf/y 3 traged ies and
2 h isto ries ca n you read?
1 0 .2
Use Com binations and the Binomial Theorem
691
PASCAL'S TRtANGLE If you arran g e th e values o f

in a tria n g u la r p attern
in w hich each row corresp on d s to a value o f 77, you get w hat is ca lled P ascal's
trian gle. P ascal's trian g ie is n am ed a fter th e Fren ch m a th e m a ticia n
Biaise P ascai (1623-1662).
K E Y CO N CEPT
P ascal s T rian g le
P ascal's trian g ie is show n below w ith its en tries rep resen ted by co m b in atio n s
and w ith its en tries represen ted by n um bers. T h e first and last nu m b ers in each
row are 1. Every n u m ber o th er th a n 1 is th e su m o f th e clo sest tw o n u m b ers in
th e row d irectly above it.
Pascal s triangle
as combinations
H = 0 (Oth row)
oô
M = 1 (1st row)
1^0
r
2^0
M = 2 (2nd row)
r
3^0
n = 3 (3rd row)
77 = 4 (4th row)
5^0
5^1
)^ !
r
2^1r 2^2
f
3^1
u
4^1
4^0
= 5 (5th row)
77
Pascal s triangie
as numbers
f
3*^2
u
4^2
u
r
3^3
r
4*"3
u
5^2
1 3
1
4^4
r
5^3
5^4
4
5
5^5
6
10
4
10
1
5
U se P a s c a ls tria n g le
SCHOOL CLUBS The 6 m em bers o f a M odel UN club m ust ch o o se 2 represen tatives
to attend a state convention. Use P a sca l's tria n g le to find th e n u m b er of
co m b in atio ns o f 2 m em bers th at ca n be ch o sen as represen tatives.
S o lu tio n
B ecau se you need to find gC^, w rite th e 6 th row o f P a sca l's tria n g le by adding
num bers from th e previous row.
7! = 5 (5th row)
77 = 6 (6th row)
1
1
r
6^0
5
6
r
e m
10
15
6
10
20
6
15
6
6
6
1
5
F T h e value o f g Q is th e th ird n u m b er in th e 6 th row o f P a sca l's trian g le, as

show n above. Therefore, gQ = 15. T h ere are 15 co m b in a tio n s o f represen tatives
for th e convention.
CU!DEO PRACTtCE
6.
692
Chapter 10
for E xam p le 4
WHAT !F? In E xam ple 4, use P ascal's trian g le to find th e n u m ber o f

co m b in atio n s o f 2 m em bers th a t ca n b e ch o sen if th e M odel UN club
has 7 m em bers.
BINOMIAL EXPANSIONS T h ere is a n im p o rta n t relation sh ip b etw ee n pow ers of

b in o m ials and co m b in atio n s. T h e n u m bers in P ascal's tria n g le ca n b e used to
find co e fficie n ts in b in o m ia l exp an sion s. For exam ple, th e co e fficie n ts in th e
exp an sio n o f (a +
are th e n u m b ers o f co m b in a tio n s in th e row o f P ascal's
trian g le for n = 4:
(a + &)** = la'* + 4a^h + 6 % ^ + 4ah^ +
4^0
4^t
4^2
4C4
4^3
T h is result is generalized in th e b in om ial th eo rem .
A ? r %?%/*
K E Y CO N C EPT
] B in om ial T h e o re m
-
For any positive integer n, th e b in o m ia l ex p an sio n o f (a + h )" is:
(a + &)" = ^q a "h +
+ ^qa" " ^
+ - - - + ^câh"
I N otice th a t each te rm in th e exp an sio n o f (a + &)" h as th e form ^ q a "

- w here r is an integer from 0 to a.
EXAMPLE 5
E xp an d a p o w er o f a b in o m ia ! sum
Use th e b inom ial th eo re m to w rite th e b in om ial exp an sion .

(F + y f = , q ( F ) y + , q W
+ 3C, W
+ 3C3W
= ( l) M ( l) + (3)M (y) + ( 3 ) M ( / ) + (1)(1)(/)

= F + 3x^y + 3 % y + y^
POWERS OF BINOMIAL DIFFERENCES To expand a pow er o f a b in o m ia l d ifference,

you ca n rew rite th e b in o m ia l as a sum . T he resu ltin g exp an sio n w ill have term s
w hose signs alternate b etw een + and - .
AVOID ERRORS
When a binomial has
a term or terms with a
coefficient other than
1, the coefficients of
the binomia] expansion
are not the same as the
corresponding row of
Pascai's triangie.
EXAMPLE 6
Exp an d a p o w er o f a b in o m ia ! d iffe re n c e
Use th e b in om ial th e o re m to w rite th e b in om ial exp an sion .

(a - 2&)" = [a + (-2 h )]4
= ^ q a \ -2 h ) +
(-2&)* + ^ q ^ ( - 2 h ) ^ + ^ q a *(-2 h )3 + ^ q a (-2 h )"
= ( l) M ( l) + (4 )M (-2 h ) + ( S I M M
+ (4 )M (-8 & 3 ) + (l)(l)(l6& 4)
= o'* 8%^& + 2 4 a ^ 32%&3 + ig%?4
CutDED PRACTICE
fo r E x am p les 5 and 6
Use th e b in om ial th e o re m to w rite th e b in om ial exp an sion .

7.
(x + 3)5
8. (a + 2&)"
1 0 .2
9. (2p - r?)**
10. (5 - 2 y r
Use Com binations and the Binomiai Theorem
693
EXAMPLE 7
Find a c o e ffic ie n t in a n e x p a n s io n
Find th e coefficien t o fx^ in th e exp an sion o f (3 x + 2)*".

S o lu tio n
From th e b in o m iai theorem , you know th e foiiow ing:
(3x + 2)* = ^C g (3x )'(2 ) + ^ q ( 3 x ) S ( 2 f + - - - + ^ 0 ^ (3 % ) (2 )'
E ach term in th e exp an sio n has th e form ^ C ,.(3 x )*" 1 2 )1 T h e term co n ta in in g x^
o ccu rs w hen r = 6:
^Cg(3x)4(2)6 = (2 1 0 )(8 lF )(6 4 ) = l,0 8 8 ,6 4 0 x "
F T he co efficien t o f x^ is 1,088,640.
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p ie 7
11. Find th e co e fficie n t o f x^ in th e ex p an sio n o f (x - 3 f .

12. Find th e co e fficie n t o f x^ in th e ex p an sio n o f (2x + 5)^.
10 2 EXERCISES
HOMEWORK
KEY

Exs. 2, 35,40,41, and 52
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: T h e b in o m ia l ex p an sio n o f ( a + &)" is
given by th e ? .
2. * WRITING Explain th e d ifferen ce b etw een p erm u tatio n s an d co m bin atio n s.
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
COMBINATIONS Find th e n u m b er of co m b in ation s.
on pp. 690-691
for Exs. 3-18
3. gC^
4* 10^3
5.
gC g
7- l A i
8.
9.
yC g
10. ^Cg
ERROR ANALYSiS D escribe an d c o rre c t th e e rro r in finding th e n u m b er of

com b ination s.
11 .
12 .
6*^2
6!
= 720 = 3 0
(6 - 2)!
24
! = M # = 6 7 2 0
B
3j
CARD HANDS Find the n u m b er of possibie 5 -c a rd h an d s th a t co n ta in th e ca rd s

specified. The ca rd s a re taken fro m a sta n d a rd 5 2 -c a rd deck.
13. 5 face cards (kings, qu eens, or jacks)
14. 4 kings and 1 o th er card
15. 1 ace and 4 cards th at are n ot aces
16. 5 h ea rts or 5 d iam ond s
( l7 ^ At m ost 1 queen
694
Chapter 1 0
18. At ieast 1 spade
EXAM PLE 4
on p. 692
for Exs. 19-23
19. USING PATTERNS Copy P ascal's trian g le on page 692 and add row s for
n = 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10.
PASCALS TRtANGLE Use th e row s o f P ascal's tria n g le fro m E x e rcise 19 to w rite
th e b inom ial exp an sion .
20 .
EXAMPLES
Sand6
on p. 693
for Exs. 24-31
(x + 3)S
22 .
21. ( y - 3 z ) *
(a + b ^
23. ( 2 s - f T
BtNOMlAL THEOREM Use th e b in om iai th e o re m to w rite th e b in om ial exp an sion .

24. ( x + 2 r
25. ( c - 4 C
26. (a + 3h)4
27. ( 4 p - r ? r
28. ( t f 3 - 3 ) 4
29.) (2s** +
30. (3a +
31. ( F - / ) 4
EXAMPLE 7
32. Find th e co e fficie n t o f x^ in th e ex p an sio n o f (x - 2 ) ^ .
on p. 694
for Exs. 32-35
33. Find th e co e fficie n t o f x^ in th e ex p an sio n o f (3x + 2)^.

34. Find th e co e fficie n t o f x^ in th e ex p an sio n o f (x^ - 3)^.
35. * MULTIPLE CHOiCE W h ich is th e co e fficie n t o f x** in th e ex p an sio n o f (x - 3 f ?
( g )
-9 4 5
-3 5
( B )
( g )
-2 7
(D )
2835
PASCALS TRIANGLE In E xercises 3 6 an d 37, u se th e d ia g ra m s show n.

36. W hat is th e sum o f th e n u m b ers in
ea ch o f rows 0 4 o f P ascal's trian g le?
W hat is th e su m in row a?
1
!
3
4
1
2
1
1
1
3
Row 2
1
Row 3
1Row 4
6
10
10
D escribe th e p a ttern form ed by th e

su m s o f th e n u m b ers along th e diagonal
seg m ents o f P a sca l's trian gle.
RowO
Row 1
1
1
37.
REASONING In E xercises 3 8 an d 3 9 , decide w h eth er th e p robiem req u ires

combrnuttoMs o r p erm u tatio n s to find th e answ er. Then soive th e probiem .
38. NEWSPAPER Your scho o l new spaper h as an e d ito r-in -ch ief and a n a ssista n t
ed ito r-in -ch ief. T h e s ta ff o f th e new spaper h as 12 stud ents. In how m an y ways
ca n students be ch o sen for th e se tw o position s?
39. STUDENT COUNCiL Five rep resen tativ es from a sen ior cla ss o f 280 stud ents
are to be ch o sen for th e student co u n cil. In how m any ways c a n stu d en ts be
ch o sen to represen t th e sen ior class on th e stud ent co u n cil?
40. * MULTiPLE CHOKE A relay ra ce h as a te a m o f 4 ru n n ers w ho ru n d ifferent
p arts o f th e race. T h ere are 20 stud ents on your track squad. In how m any
ways c a n th e co a ch select stud ents to co m p ete on th e relay team ?
(g )
4845
( g ) 4 0 ,0 0 0
(g )
116,280
41. * SHORT RESPONSE E xplain how th e form ula for

0 ! = 1.
(g )
160,000
suggests th e d efin itio n
CHALLENGE Verify th e identity. /u sfi/y ea ch o f y o u r steps.

42- C .= 1
43- C = 1
44. Cr -
45.
46-
47. n + iC, = q + C r _ i
= ?p
ri
1 0 .2
Use Com binations and th e Binomiai Theorem
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLES
1 ,2 , a n d 3
on pp. 690-691
for Exs. 48-50
48. MUSIC You w ant to p u rch ase 3 CDs from an

o n lin e co lle ctio n th a t co n ta in s th e types o f m usic
show n at the right. You w ant ea ch CD to co n ta in
a d ifferent type o f m u sic such th a t 2 CDs are
d ifferent types o f co n tem p o rary m u sic and 1 CD
is a type o f ciassicai m usic. How m any d ifferent
sets o f m usic types can you ch oose?
e @ e
a
a
a
a
a
@ CDs
B lu es
Country
C o n certo
Jazz
Symph ony
Opera
Rap
R o c k & Roll
(49 ^ FLOWERS You are buying a bouquet. T h e fio rist h as 18 ty p es o f fiow ers th at
you can use to m ake th e bouquet. You w ant to u se exacf/y 3 types o f flow ers.
How m any d ifferent co m b in atio n s o f flow er ty p es c a n you u se in your
bouquet?
@ ffo m e H r to r
50. ARCADE GAMES An arcad e has 20 d ifferent arcad e gam es. You w ant to play
at least 14 o f them . How m an y d ifferent co m b in a tio n s o f a rcad e gam es ca n
you play?
51. MULTI-STEP PROBLEM A televised singing co m p etitio n picks a w in n er
from 20 o rigin al co n testa n ts over th e co u rse o f five episodes. D uring each
o f th e first, second, and th ird episodes, 5 singers are elim in ated by the
end o f th e episode. T he fou rth ep isod e elim in a te s 2 m ore singers, and the
w in n er is selected at th e end o f th e fifth episode.
a. How m any co m b in atio n s o f 5 singers out o f th e o rig in al 20 ca n be
elim in ated d uring th e first episode?
b. How m any co m b in atio n s o f 5 singers out o f th e 15 singers who started
th e second episode can be elim in a ted during th e seco n d episode?
c. How m any co m b in atio n s o f singers ca n b e elim in a ted d uring th e third
episode? d uring th e fou rth episode? during th e fifth episode?
d. Find the to tal nu m ber o f ways in w hich th e 20 orig in al co n testa n ts ca n b e
elim in ated to produce a w inner.
52. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A group o f 15 high sch o o l stu d en ts is v olu nteering
at a lo cal fire station. O f th ese students, 5 w ill be assign ed to w ash fire
trucks, 7 w ill b e assign ed to rep ain t th e station 's interior, an d 3 w ill b e
assigned to do m a in ten a n ce on th e station 's exterior.
a. Calculate One way to cou nt th e nu m ber o f possible jo b
assign m ents is to find th e nu m ber o f p erm u tatio n s
o f 5 kk's (for "w ash "), 7 7?'s (for "re p a in tin g "), and 3
M 's (for "m a in te n a n c e "). Use th is m eth od to w rite
th e nu m ber o f possible jo b assign m en ts first as an
expression involving facto rials and th en as a num ber.
b. Calculate A nother way to co u n t th e n u m b er o f p ossible
jo b assign m en ts is to first ch o o se th e 5 W s, th e n ch o o se
th e 7 R's, and th e n ch o o se th e 3 M 's. U se th is m eth o d to
w rite th e nu m ber o f p ossible jo b assign m en ts first as an
expression involving facto rials and th e n as a num ber.
c. Analyze Compare your results from p arts (a) and (b).
Exp/am why they m ake sense.
696
on p. WS1
* = STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
Volunteers in Aniak, Alaska
53. CHALLENGE A polygon is conoex if no lin e th a t co n ta in s

a side o f th e polygon co n ta in s a p oin t in th e in terio r of
th e polygon. C onsider a convex polygon w ith n sides.
a. Use th e co m b in atio n s form ula to w rite a n expression
for th e n u m b er o f lin e seg m ents th a t jo in p airs o f
v ertices on an n-sided polygon.
b. U se your result from p art (a) to w rite a form ula for th e
n u m ber o f d iagonals o f an n-sided con vex polygon.
M!XED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 10.3
in Exs. 54-57.
Find th e a re a o f th e figure, ipp. 991-992)

54. C ircle w ith radius 16 in ch es
55. R ectan gle w ith sides 8.25 feet and 12.1 feet
56. Trian gle w ith b a se 15 ce n tim eters and h eight 18 cen tim eters
57. Trapezoid w ith b ases 12 m eters and 16 m eters, and h eight 9 m eters
Solve th e eq u ation .
58. 8V4x - 5 = 19 ip. 492)
59. ( x - 2 )3 ^ = 216 ip. 492)
61. 1 0 ^ - 5 = 11 ip. 919)
62
_ X+ 3
(p. 989)
x + 1
60. In (x + 4) = In 5 ip. 919)

63.
x -3
3 =
2x fp.989)
x + 3
W rite an eq u ation o f the p erp e n d icu ia r b isecto r of th e iine segm en t join in g th e

tw o points, ip. 614)
64. ( - 4 , - 2 ) , (6, 2)
65. (9, - 2 ) , (3, 6)
66. ( - 8 , - 1 3 ) , (7, 10)
67. (6, 9.3), (0, 8.2)
Q U !Z /or Lessons 70.7-70.2

F o r th e given licen se piate co n figu ratio n , find how m an y p iates a re possibie if
ietters and digits (a) c a n be rep eated and (b) ca n n o t be rep eated , ip. 682)
1. 2 letters follow ed by 3 digits
2. 3 digits follow ed by 3 letters
Find th e n u m b er of d istinguishable p erm u tatio n s o f th e le tte rs in th e w ord. ip. 682)

3. AWAY
4. IDAHO
5. LETTER
6. TEN N ESSEE
Find th e n u m b er o f co m b in ation s, ip. 690)

7* s Q
8.
9a . g^Q
C
10. ^ C ji
Use the b in om ial th eo rem to w rite th e b in om ial exp an sion , ip. 690)
11. (x + 5H
1 2 .j( 2 s - 3 )
13. (3M + y r
14. (2x3 _ gy)5
15. Find th e co e fficie n t o f x^ in th e exp an sio n o f (x + 2)^. ip. 690)

16. MENU CHOICES A pizza parlor ru n s a sp ecial w here you ca n buy a large
pizza w ith 1 ch eese, 1 vegetable, and 2 m eats for $12. You have a ch o ice of
5 ch eeses, 10 vegetables, and 6 m eats. How m any d ifferen t v ariation s o f th e
pizza sp ecial are possible? ip. 690)
10.2, p. 1019
ONHNE QU)Z at dasszone.com
697
You determined the number of ways an event couid occur.

You wiii find the iikeiihood that an event wiii occur.
So you can find reai-life geom etric probabiiities, as in Ex. 39.
Key Vocabu!ary
* probability
* th eo reticai
probabiiity
*odds
* exp erim en tai
probabiiity
* geom etric
probabiiity
W hen you roil a stand ard six-sided die, th e p ossible resu lts are called outcomes.
The o u tcom es o f rolling a die are 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 . An eoent is an outcom e or a
co lle ctio n o f outcom es. For exam ple, th e event "ro llin g an odd n u m b er" co n sists
o f th e o u tcom es 1, 3, and 5.
The p robabiiity o f an event is a n u m b er from 0 to 1 th a t in d icates th e likelih ood
th e event w ill occur, as show n on th e n u m b er lin e below . P ro b ab ilities ca n be
w ritten as fractio n s, d ecim als, or p ercen ts.
Event is more likely not to o c c u r
Event is more likely to o c cu r
f= 0
f= i
Event w ill not occur.
Event is equally likely to occur or not occur.
Event is certain to occur.
KEY CONCEPT
T h e o re tics) P ro b a b i!ity of an Event
W hen all o u tcom es are equally likely, th e
th e o re tica l p robabiiity th at a n event A
w ill o ccu r is:
P(A) =
Number of outcomes in event A

Total number of outcomes
outcomes
P(A) =
The th e o retical probability o f a n event is often
sim ply called th e probability o f th e event.
Find probabiiities of events

You roil a stan d ard six-sided die. Find th e p robab iiity o f (a) roiiing a 5
and (b) roiiing an even num ber.
a.
There are 6 possible outcom es. Only 1 ou tco m e corresp on d s to rolling

a 5.
,
N u m b e ro fw a y sto ro lla 5
<
-------- =
P(rollmg a 5) = ------- -------Number of ways to roll the die
6
b. A to tal o f 3 ou tcom es correspon d to rolling an even n u m ber: a 2, 4, or 6 .

P(rolling even num ber) =
698
Chapter 1 0
Number of ways to roll an even number
N um ber o f ways to roll th e die
U se p e rm u ta tio n s o r c o m b in a tio n s
ENTERTAINMENT A co m m u n ity cen ter h o sts a ta len t co n test
for lo cal m u sician s. On a given evening, 7 m u sician s are
scheduled to perform . T he order in w hich th e m u sician s
perform is random ly selected during th e show.
a. W hat is th e probability th a t th e m u sician s p erform in
alp h ab etical order by th e ir last n am es? (Assum e th a t no
tw o m u sician s have th e sam e last n am e.)
b. You are friends w ith 4 o f th e m u sician s. W h at is th e
p ro bability th a t th e first 2 p erform ers are your friends?
S o lu tio n
a. T here are 7! d ifferent perm utations o f th e 7 m u sician s. O f th ese, only 1 is in
a lp h ab etical order by last n am e. So, th e p ro b ab ility is:
P (alphabetical order) =
= 5040 ^ 0-000198
b. T here are yC^ d ifferent com binations o f 2 m u sician s. O f th ese,

your friends. So, th e p ro b ab ility is:
" 2^ " 7^
P(first 2 p erform ers are your friends) =
CutDED PRACTKE
are 2 o f
0 .286
You have an equally likely ch a n ce o f ch oosin g an y in teg er fro m 1 th ro u g h 2 0 .

Find th e p robability o f th e given event.
1.
3.
A p e rfe ct squ are is ch o sen .
2. A fa cto r o f 30 is ch o sen .
WHAT IF? In E xam ple 2, how do your answ ers to p arts (a) an d (b) ch an g e if
th ere are 9 m u sician s sched uled to perform ?
ODDS You c a n also u se odds to m easu re th e likelih o od th a t an event w ill occur.

Odds m easu re th e ch a n c e s in^nuor o f a n event o ccu rrin g or th e ch a n c e s uguitMf
an event o ccu rrin g.
K E Y C O N C EPT
^ Odds in F a v o r o f o r Odds A gain st a n E ven t

7 W hen all o u tcom es are equally likely, th e odds in favor o f an event A and the
odds ag ain st an event A are defin ed as follow s:
Odds in favor o f event A =
N u m berqfqutcqm e s_inA
Number oi outcomes not m A
Odds ag ain st event A = Number of outcomes not in A

Number of outcomes m
7 You ca n w rite th e odds in favor o f or a g ain st an event in th e form y or in th e

form a : b.
1 0 .3
Define and Use Probability
699
Find odds
AVO!D ERRORS
Note that the odds in
favor of drawing a 10,
which are y L , dr) n t
A card is draw n from a sta n d a rd d eck of 5 2 ca rd s. Find (a) th e odds in

/b n o r of d raw ing a 10 and (b) th e odds agn in sf d raw in g a chib.
Solution
Number of tens
_
Number of non-tens
4 _
equal the probability of

drawing a 10, which
a. Odds in favor o f draw ing a 10 =
is ^ L = - L .
b. Odds ag ain st draw ing a ciub _ Number of non-ciubs _ 39

Number of ciubs
52
13
EXPERIMENTAL PROBABILITY So m etim es it is n ot possibie or con ven ient to

find th e th e o retical p ro babiiity o f a n event. In su ch ca ses, you m a y b e able to
calcu late an experim ents! pro& aM ify by p erform in g an exp erim en t, con d u ctin g
a survey, or looking at th e h isto ry o f th e event.
K E Y CO N CEPT
E x p e rim e n ta l P ro b ab ility o f a n E v en t
W h en an exp erim en t is perform ed th a t co n sists o f a c e rta in n u m b er o f trials,
th e exp erim en tal probabiiity of an event A is given by:
P(A) =
Number of trials where A occurs

Total number of trials
3 " e x p e r im e n ta ! p ro b a b i!ity
SURVEY The b ar graph shows how
old adults in a survey w ould ch o o se
to be if they could ch o o se an y age.
Find th e exp erim en tal probabiiity
th at a random ly selected adult would
prefer to be at least 40 years old.
Solution
T he to tal n u m ber o f peop le surveyed is:
Desired age
463 + 1085 + 879 + 551 + 300 + 238 = 3516

O f th o se surveyed, 551 + 300 + 238 = 1089 would prefer to b e at least 40.
P(at least 40 years old) =
GuiDED PRACTKE
1089
3516
0.310
A ca rd is ran d om ly draw n fro m a stan d ard deck. Find th e ind icated odds.
4.
6.
700
Chapter 10
In favor o f draw ing a h ea rt
5. A gainst draw ing a queen
WHAT IF? In Exam ple 4, w hat is th e exp erim en ta l p ro b ab ility th a t a n adult

would prefer to be (a) at m o st 39 years old and (b) at lea st 30 years old?
GEOMETRIC PROBABILITY Som e p ro b ab ilities are found by ca lcu la tin g a ratio o f

two lengths, areas, or volum es. Su ch p ro b ab ilities are g e o m e tric probabilities.
Find a g e o m e tric p ro b a b iiity

DARTS You throw a d art at th e squ are board show n.
Your d art is eq u ally likely to h it any p oin t insid e th e
board. Are you m ore likely to get 10 p oin ts or 0 points?
S o iu tio n
Area of smallest circle
Area of entire board
P(10 points) =
77 * 3^
18^
P (0 points) =
977
324
18 in.
AL = 0.0873
36
Area outside largest circle

Area of entire board
18^ - (77 - 9^) _ 324 - 8 I 77 _ 4 lg2
324
4
0.215
F B ecau se 0.215 > 0.0873, you are m ore likely to get 0 poin ts.
Algebra
CutDED PRACTKE
7.
10.3
at classzone.com
fo r E xam p le 5
WHAT !F? In Exam ple 5, are you m ore likely to get 5 p o in ts or 0 points?
EXERCiSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Exs. 2 ,1 9 ,2 6 ,2 7 ,3 2 , and 42
'
Ex. 40
SK!LL PRACTICE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: A probability th a t is th e ratio o f two
lengths, areas, or volum es is called a(n) ? probability.
2. * WRITING E xplain th e d ifferen ce b etw een th e o re tic a l p ro b ab ility and
ex p erim en tal probability. Give an exam ple o f each.
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 698
for Exs. 3-16
CHOOSING NUMBERS You have a n equally likely ch a n ce of ch o osin g an y integer

fro m 1 th ro u g h 5 0 . Find th e p robab ility of th e given event.
3. An even n u m ber is chosen .
4. A n u m b er less th a n 35 is ch osen .
5.
6. A prim e n u m b er is ch osen .
A p erfect squ are is ch o sen .
^ 7 ^ A factor o f 150 is ch o sen .

9.
A tw o-digit n u m b er is ch o sen .
8. A m ultiple o f 4 is ch osen .
10. A p e rfe ct cu b e is ch o sen .
1 0 .3
Define and Use Probabiiity
701
CHOOSING CARDS A ca rd is ran d om iy d raw n from a sta n d a rd deck o f 52 ca rd s.

Find th e probabiiity o f d raw ing th e given ca rd .
EXAM PLE 2
on p. 699
for Exs. 17-19
11.
T he king o f diam onds
12. A king
13.
A spade
14. A b ia c k c a rd
15.
A card oth er th a n a 2
16. A fa ce card (a king, queen, or jack)
LOTTERIES In E xercises 17 an d 18, find th e p robab ility of w in n ing th e lo ttery

acco rd in g to th e given ru ies. A ssum e n u m b ers a re selected at ran d om .
(l7^) You m ust co rrectiy seiect 6 out o f 48 n u m bers. T h e order o f th e n um bers is
not im p ortan t.
18. You m ust co rrectly seiect 4 num bers, ea ch a n in teg er from 0 to 9. T he order o f
the num bers is im portan t.
19. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W hat is th e p ro b ab iiity (rounded to th ree d ecim ai
piaces) th at 2 rand om iy seiected m on th s b o th have 31 days?
(A ) 0.159
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 700
for Exs. 20 -2 5
(B ) 0.227
(g )
0.318
(D ) 0.340
ODDS You ran d om ly ch oose a m arb le fro m a bag. The bag co n ta in s 10 black,
8 red, 4 w hite, an d 6 biue m arb ies. Find th e in d icated odds.
20. in favor o f ch o o sing w hite
21. In favor o f ch o o sin g biue
22.
23. A gainst ch o o sin g biack
Against ch o o sin g red
ERROR ANALYSIS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e rro r in ca lcu la tin g th e odds again st
getting a 5 o r 6 w hen ro b in g a six-sided die.
24.
25.
Odds against 5 or 6 = ^4 = ^2 x
\
Odds ag___________
ainst 5 or 6 = ^
//
"
26. * OPEN-ENDED MATH Flip a co in 10 tim es. W hat is th e exp erim en tai
p robabiiity o f gettin g heads?
27. * SHORT RESPONSE T h e p ro b ab iiity o f event A is 0.3. W hat are th e odds in
favor o f event A? Exp/am .
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 700
for Exs. 2 8 -3 2
ROLLING A D!E The resu lts of rolling a six-sided die 150 tim e s a re show n. Use
th e table to find th e exp erim en tal p robab ility o f th e given even t. C om pare y ou r
answ er to th e th e o re tica l p robab ility o f th e event.
28. Roiling a 5 .
29. Robing an even nu m ber
30. Robing a n u m ber less th a n 5
31. R obing any n u m ber but a 3
n z B
Rot!
Number of
occurrences
27
22
18
z BE
26
27
30
32. * MULTIPLE CHOKE You fbp a co in 80 tim es. You get head s 37 tim es and tad s
43 tim es. W hat is th e exp erim en ta i p ro b ab iiity o f gettin g heads?
(A ) 0.4625
(B ) 0.5
(C )
0.5375
(g )
0.8605
33. REASONING Find th e p ro bability th a t th e vertex o f th e graph o f y = x^ - 6x + c

is above the x-ax is if c is a random ly ch o sen in teger from 1 to 20.
702
on p. WS1
* = STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTtCE
= MULTtPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
34. CHALLENGE Suppose you th row a d art at ea ch squ are targ et below. A ssum e
th a t th e dart is eq u ally likely to h it any p o in t in sid e th e target.
TargetA
T a rg e tB
12 in.
TargetC
12 in.
a. Caicuiate W hat is th e p ro b ab iiity th a t th e dart lan d s in sid e th e circle in

target A? inside a circle in target B? insid e a circle in targ et C?
b. Generalize C onsider th e general ca s e w here a squ are target w ith sides
12 in ch es long co n ta in s
id en tical circles arran ged in n row s and
n co lu m n s. M ake a co n je c tu re abou t th e p ro b ab ility th a t a d art land s
insid e one o f th e circles. T h en prove your co n jectu re.
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 701
for Exs. 35-37
GEOMETRIC PROBABILITY Find th e p robab ility th a t a d a rt th row n a t th e given

ta rg e t wiii h it th e shaded region . A ssum e th e d a rt is eq u aliy iikely to h it an y
p oint inside th e ta rg e t.
37.
35.
@ M o m e 7 u to r
38.
JURY SELECTiON A ju ry o f 12 people is selected from a pool o f 30 people th at

in clu d es 12 m en and 18 w om en. W hat is th e p ro bab ility th a t th e ju ry w ill be
co m p osed o f 12 w om en?
@ M M n e7 H f0 r
ARCHERY T h e stand ard arch ery target used in

co m p etitio n has a d iam eter o f 80 cen tim eters.
Find th e p ro bability th a t an arrow shot at th e target
w ill h it th e cen ter circle, w hich h as a d iam eter of
16 cen tim eters. A ssum e th e arrow is equally likely
to h it any p o in t insid e th e target.
40.
<%> MULTtPLE REPRESENTATtONS On a ty p ica l weekday, th ere are 1,181,100

one-w ay trips tak en on th e public tra n sp o rta tio n system operated by th e
M assach u setts Bay T ransit Authority. O f th e se trips, 37 6 ,9 0 0 are bu s rides.
Suppose a one-w ay trip is selected at random .
a. Using Fractions W hat is th e probability, exp ressed as a fractio n , th a t th e
trip was tak en on a bus?
b. Using Decimais W hat is th e probability, expressed as a d ecim al, th a t th e
trip w as tak en on a bus?
c. Using Percents W hat is th e probability, exp ressed as a p ercen t, th a t th e
trip w as tak en on a bus?
d. Using Odds W hat are th e odds in favor o f th e trip having b een on a bus?
1 0 .3
Define and Use Probability
703
41. GULF COAST T he m ap shows

the len gth o f sh o relin e (in m iles)
along th e G ulf o f M exico for each
state th a t borders th e body o f
water. W hat is th e p ro bability th at
a ship co m in g ashore at a random
point in th e G u lf o f M exico lands
in th e given state?
a. Texas
Gu/f of Mexico
b. Florida
c. A labam a
42. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A m a g ician cla im s to b e able to read m inds.

To test th is claim , five cards n u m b ered 1 th rou gh 5 are used. A su b ject
selects two cards from th e five cards and co n cen tra te s on th e num bers.
a. W hat is th e p ro bability th at th e tw o nu m b ers ch o sen are 3 and 4?
b. W hat is th e p ro bability th at th e m a g ician c a n co rrectly id en tify the
two num bers by guessing?
c. Suppose th e m ag ician is able to co n sisten tly id en tify th e two num bers
about h a lf th e tim e. D oes th is support th e m ag ician 's cla im to b e a
m ind reader? Explain.
43. CHALLENGE In a guessing gam e, one piayer secre tly p laces four differentcolored pegs on a board in each o f four p o sitio n s: A, B, C, or D. A secon d
player guesses th e co n fig u ratio n o f th e pegs by p lacin g a n id en tical set of
pegs in slots A, B, C, and D on an id en tical board . T h e seco n d player is th en
told how m an y o f th e pegs are in th e co rrect slot.
a. W hat is th e p ro bability th at th e seco n d player has all four pegs co rrect
on th e first guess?
b. W hat is th e p ro bability th a t th e seco n d player has exactly one peg
co rrect on th e first guess?
c. T he second player is told she h as placed tw o pegs in th e co rrect slot. T he
player th en sw itches two o f th e pegs. W hat is th e p ro b ab ility th a t th e
player now has all four pegs in th e co rrect slot?
M !XED REV!EW
44.
y = 4(0.75)^ (p. 486)
45.
/(x ) = 3e
(p. 492)
47.
y = ( ^ f p .4 7 8 )
48.
g(x) = ^ L . - 2 ( p . M 8 )
46.
y = In x + 2 (p. 499)
49.
y = ^ p L i ( p .5 6 5 )
x^ - 4
Evalu ate th e exp ression w ithout using a ca lcu la to r, (p. 499)

50.
lo g ^64
51. l n e
52. Iogg 36
53. ^ 5 1 2
54.
In
55 .log 9
56. logq27
57. < g , ^
60. ^
61* 12^*5
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 10.4
in Exs. 5 8 - 6
704
Find th e n u m b er of co m b ination s, (p. 690)

58. gCg
M!XEDREV!EW./Pr.Mem;.MM,
STATE TEST PRACTtCE

ctasszone.com
Lessons 10.1-10.3
1. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM Five people w alk into a
m ovie th e a te r and look for em pty seats.
a. Find th e n u m ber o f ways th e people ca n be
seated if th ere are 5 em pty seats.
b. Find th e n u m ber o f ways th e people ca n b e
seated if th ere are 8 em pty seats.
c. G eneralize your resu lts from p arts (a)
and (b) by w riting an expression involving
factorials for th e nu m ber o f ways th e people
ca n be seated if th ere are n em pty seats.
d. W hat is th e m in im u m value o f n such th at
th ere are at least 1 m illio n ways th e people
can be seated?
4. GRtDDED ANSWER In a high school fash ion

show, how m an y w ays c a n 1 fresh m an ,
2 sophom ores, 2 ju n io rs, and 3 sen io rs lin e
up in front o f th e ju d g es if th e co n testa n ts in
th e sam e class are con sid ered id en tical?
5. EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e graph show s th e
results o f a survey in 2 0 0 4 th a t asked U.S.
adults w hich sp ort th ey w ould m o st like to
p articip a te in at th e Su m m er O lym pics.
Sum m er Otympics Sports
2. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM You and a friend are

m eetin g at th e gym to work out. You b o th agree
to arrive b etw een 9 :0 0 A.M. and 9 :3 0 A.M. You
w ill w ait for each oth er for up to 10 m inu tes.
a. Let x b e your arrival tim e (in m inu tes after
9 :0 0 A .M .), an d let y b e your friend's arrival
tim e (in m in u tes after 9 :0 0 A .M .). W rite
in eq u alities rep resentin g th e tim e intervals
in w hich you and your friend arrive.
b. If you and your friend are to m eet, th e
d ifference b etw een your arrival tim es
m ust not exceed 10 m inu tes. W rite two
in eq u alities th a t show th is fact.
c. Graph your in eq u alities from p arts (a) and
(b) in th e sam e co o rd inate plane.
d. U sing your graph from p art (c), find the
p robability th at you and your friend w ill
m eet at th e gym.
3. GR1DDED ANSWER You w ant to m ake a fruit
sm o o th ie using 3 o f th e fru its listed . How m any
different fru it sm o o th ies c a n you m ake?
a. Find th e p ro b ability th a t a rand om ly

selected U.S. adult w ould like to p articip ate
in tra ck and field.
b. Is your answ er from p a rt (a) a theoretical
or experim ental probability? Explain.
c. W hat are th e odds in favor o f a random ly
selected U.S. adult p referrin g to p articip ate
in g ym n astics?
6. SHORT RESPONSE You m u st tak e 18 elective
co u rses to m eet your g rad uation requ irem en ts
for college. T h ere are 30 co u rses th a t you are
in terested in. D oes fin d in g th e n u m b er of
p ossible co u rse selectio n s involve perm utations
or com binations? E xplain . How m any different
co u rse selectio n s are possible?
7. OPEN-ENDED Give an exam ple o f a real-life
problem for w h ich th e answ er is th e sum o f two
co m b in a tio n s. Show how to find th e answ er.
8. GRtDDED ANSWER An ice crea m shop offers
a ch o ice o f 31 flavors. How m an y d ifferent ice
crea m co n es c a n b e m ade w ith th ree scoops of
ice crea m if ea ch scoop is a d ifferen t flavor and
th e order o f th e scoo p s is n ot im portan t?
How can you use a Venn d iagram to find probabiiities invoiving

tw o even ts?
In Lesson 10.3, you learned how to com p ute th e p ro b ab ility o f on e event.
In som e situations, however, you m ight b e in terested in th e p ro b ab ility th at
two events w ill o ccu r sim ultaneously. You also m ight b e in terested in th e
probability th at at least one o f two events w ill occur. T h is activ ity d em o n strates
how a Venn diagram is u seful for com p u tin g su ch pro b ab ilities.
Use a Venn d iagram to coiiect d ata

[FTKPf]
[.W 2PFI
Copy the Venn diagram show n below.

Ask th e m em bers o f your class if they
have a sister, have a brother, have b o th ,
or have neither. W rite th eir n am es in th e
appropriate p art o f th e Venn diagram .
Copy and co m p lete th e freq u en cy table.

W hen d eterm in in g th e freq u en cy for a
category, b e sure to inclu d e all th e stud ents
who are in th e category. Note th a t a student
ca n belong to m ore th a n one category.
Category
RAW C O N C L U S ) O N S
Number of students
Have a sister
Have a brother
Have both a
sister and brother
Do not have a
sister or brother
Use y o u r d ata to co m p iete th e se ex e rcise s
1. A student from your class is selected at random . Find th e p ro b ab ility o f

each event. Exp/am how you found your answ ers.
a. T he student has a sister.
b. T he student has a brother.
c. Th e student has a sister and a brother.
d. T he student does not have a sister or a brother.
2. Find th e probability th at a random ly selected student from your class
has either a sister or a brother. Exp/am how you found your answ er.
3. How could you calcu late th e answ er to E xercise 2 using your answ ers
from E xercise 1?
706
Chapter 10
Counting M ethods and Probabiiity
1 Q / I Find Probabiiities of Disjoint

and Overiapping Events
You fo u n d p ro b ab iiities o f sim p ie e v e n ts.
You wiii find p ro b a b iiities o f co m p o u n d e v e n ts.
S o you ca n so iv e p ro b iem s a b o u t m e te o ro io g y , a s in Ex. 4 4 .
Key Vocabuiary
W h e n y o u c o n s id e r a ll t h e o u t c o m e s fo r e it h e r o f t w o e v e n t s A a n d B , y o u fo r m
*co m p o u n d ev en t
t h e M/non o f A a n d B . W h e n y o u c o n s id e r o n ly t h e o u t c o m e s s h a r e d b y b o t h A a n d
' o v e r ta p p in g e v e n t s
B , y o u f o r m t h e in te rs e c tio n o f/ I a n d B . T h e u n i o n o r i n t e r s e c t io n o f t w o e v e n t s is
* d i s jo i n t o r m u t u a l i y
e x c lu s iv e e v e n t s
c a tte d a c o m p o u n d e v e n t.
is empty.
T o f in d P (A o r B) y o u m u s t c o n s id e r w h a t o u t c o m e s , i f a n y , a r e in t h e in t e r s e c t io n
o f A a n d B . T w o e v e n t s a r e o v e r la p p in g i f t h e y h a v e o n e o r m o r e o u t c o m e s in
c o m m o n , a s s h o w n in t h e f ir s t d ia g r a m . T w o e v e n t s a r e d i s jo i n t , o r m u t u a l l y
e x c lu s iv e , i f t h e y h a v e n o o u t c o m e s in c o m m o n , a s s h o w n in t h e t h ir d d ia g r a m .
KEY CONCEPT
A)/*
Probabitity of Compound Events

jy
I f A a n d B a r e a n y t w o e v e n t s , t h e n t h e p r o b a b i t it y o f A o r B is:
I:
t
P ( A o r B) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P ( A a n d B)
I f A a n d B a r e d is jo in t e v e n t s , t h e n t h e p r o b a b it i t y o f A o r B is:
P ( A o r B) = P (A ) + P (B )
Find probabiiity of disjoint events

A c a r d is r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d f r o m a s t a n d a r d d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s . W h a t i s t h e
p r o b a b i i i t y t h a t i t is a 1 0 o r a f a c e c a r d ?
Soiution
L e t e v e n t A b e s e le c t i n g a 10 a n d e v e n t B b e s e l e c t i n g
a f a c e c a r d . A h a s 4 o u t c o m e s a n d B h a s 12 o u t c o m e s .
B e c a u s e A a n d B a r e d is jo in t , t h e p r o b a b i li t y is:
16 _
1 0 .4
0.308
104 l Ovj
IK * Kv Q*Qv\
t ! K 4 K * Q4 Q * j
\ t 0 4 i o*i \ J * J v
/
14 J*
Find P ro b ab ilities o f D isjo in t an d O v eriap p in g E vents
707

A c a r d is r a n d o m i y s e i e c t e d f r o m a s t a n d a r d d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s . W h a t is t h e
p r o b a b iiity t h a t it is a fa c e c a r d o r a s p a d e ?
JT
26
25
52
(S )
(g) ^
^
13
Soiution
A V O !D E R R O R S
When two events 4

and B overtap, as in
Exampie 2, P{4 or B)
does not equat
P(4) + P(B).
L et e v e n t A b e s e ie c tin g a fa c e c a rd a n d e v e n t B
b e s e le c t i n g a s p a d e . A h a s 12 o u t c o m e s a n d B
h a s 13 o u t c o m e s . O f t h e s e , 3 o u t c o m e s a r e
c o m m o n to A a n d B. S o , t h e p r o b a b ili t y o f
s e l e c t i n g a f a c e c a r d o r a s p a d e is:
P (A o r B) =
P(A) + P(B) - P(A a n d B ) = ^ +

52
52
52
52
2b
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is B. (A ) (B ) (C ) (D)
EXAMPLE 3
Use a form uia to find P (4 and B)
SEN iO R CLASS O u t o f 200 s t u d e n t s in a s e n io r c la s s , 1 1 3 s t u d e n t s a r e e it h e r

v a r s it y a t h le t e s o r o n t h e h o n o r r o ll. T h e r e a r e 74 s e n io r s w h o a r e v a r s i t y
a t h le t e s a n d 5 1 s e n io r s w h o a r e o n t h e h o n o r r o ll. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ili t y
t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e le c t e d s e n io r is b o t h a v a r s i t y a t h le t e a n d o n t h e h o n o r ro ll?
Soiution
L e t e v e n t A b e s e le c t i n g a s e n io r w h o is a v a r s i t y a t h l e t e a n d e v e n t B b e
s e l e c t i n g a s e n io r o n t h e h o n o r ro ll. F r o m t h e g iv e n in f o r m a t io n y o u k n o w t h a t
^
= m i' ^
**^ = M o* ^
P ( A o r B ) = P ( A ) + P ( B ) - P (A a n d B)
M o ^ M () ^
W rite g e n e ra ) fo rm u ta.
S u b stitu te k n o w n p ro b ab iiitie s.
P (A a n d B) - ^ y
+ ^ y - ^ y
S o !v e fo r P(A and B).
P ( A a n d B) = ^ y
= ^ y = 0.06
Sim piify.
G utO EO PRACTtCE
f o r E x a m p ie s 1 , 2 , a n d 3
A c a r d is r a n d o m ly s e le c te d f r o m a s ta n d a r d d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s . F in d th e
p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e g iv e n e v e n t .
1.
3.
S e le c t i n g a n a c e o r a n e ig h t
2. S e le c t in g a 10 o r a d i a m o n d
W H AT !F ? I n E x a m p le 3, s u p p o s e 3 2 s e n io r s a r e in t h e b a n d a n d 64 s e n io r s
a r e in t h e b a n d o r o n t h e h o n o r ro ll. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a r a n d o m ly
s e le c t e d s e n io r is b o t h in t h e b a n d a n d o n t h e h o n o r ro ll?
708
C hapter 1 0
C ou nting M eth o d s an d P robabiiity
CO M PLEM EN TS T h e e v e n t A , c a H e d t h e c o m p le m e n t o f e v e n t A c o n s i s t s o f a ll
o u t c o m e s t h a t a r e n o t in A T h e n o t a t io n A is r e a d a s 'A b a r."
KEY CONCEPT
Probabitity of the Comptement of an Event
T h e p r o b a b i ii t y o f t h e c o m p ie m e n t o f A is P ( A ) = 1 - P (A ).
EXAMPLE 4
Find probabiiities of com piem ents
AN O TH ER W AY
DiCE W h e n t w o s ix - s id e d d ic e a r e ro lle d ,
For an alternative
t h e r e a r e 3 6 p o s s ib le o u t c o m e s , a s s h o w n .
m ethod for so lvin g the

problem in Exam ple 4,
F in d t h e p r o b a b ili t y o f t h e g i v e n e v e n t .
turn to p ag e 7 14 for
th e P ro b iem S o lv in g
B H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
a . T h e s u m is n o t 6.
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
b . T h e s u m is le s s t h a n o r e q u a l to 9.
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
E H
W o rksh o p .
Sotution
^ - 0 .8 6 1
JO
t!
OJlOJ
0 )0
!!
6
36
ii
a. P f s u m is n o t 6) = 1 - P ( s u m is 6) = 1
$ = 0.833
6
Use a com piem ent in reai iife

FO RTU N E CO O K!ES A r e s t a u r a n t g iv e s a f r e e f o r t u n e c o o k ie t o e v e r y g u e s t . T h e
r e s t a u r a n t c la i m s t h e r e a r e 500 d if f e r e n t m e s s a g e s h id d e n in s id e t h e f o r t u n e
c o o k i e s . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a g r o u p o f 5 p e o p l e r e c e iv e a t le a s t 2 f o r t u n e
c o o k ie s w i t h t h e s a m e m e s s a g e in s id e ?
Soiution
T h e n u m b e r o f w a y s to g iv e m e s s a g e s to t h e 5 p e o p le is 500^. T h e n u m b e r o f
w a y s to g iv e d iffe r e n t m e s s a g e s to t h e 5 p e o p l e is 5 0 0 * 4 9 9 * 4 9 8 - 4 9 7 - 4 9 6 . So,
t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a t le a s t 2 o f t h e 5 p e o p l e h a v e t h e s a m e m e s s a g e is:
P ( a t le a s t 2 a r e t h e s a m e ) = 1
= 1
P (n o n e a re th e sam e)
500 - 4 99 - 498 - 4 9 7 * 496
500^
0.0199
CU iDED P R A C T K E
fo r E x a m p te s 4 a n d 5
F in d P (A ).
4. P (A ) = 0.45
5. P (A ) = j
6. P (A ) = 1 C A
7 . P (A ) = 0.03
8. W H A T )F? I n E x a m p le 5, h o w d o e s t h e a n s w e r c h a n g e i f t h e r e a r e o n ly
100 d if f e r e n t m e s s a g e s h id d e n in s id e t h e f o r t u n e c o o k ie s ?
1 0 .4
Find P ro babilities o f D isjoint an d O v erlap p in g E vents
709
10.4 EXERC!SES
H O M EW O RK
K EY
= W O RKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
onp. WS18 for Exs. 11,21, and 45

*
= STANDARDIZED T E ST PRA C TK E
Exs. 2,15,34,39,40,44, and 47
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p ie t e : T h e u n io n o r in t e r s e c t io n o f t w o e v e n t s is
c a i ie d a (n )
? .
2. * W R IT IN G A r e t h e e v e n t s A a n d A d is jo in t ? E x p la in . T h e n g iv e a n e x a m p ie
o f a r e a i- iif e e v e n t a n d its c o m p ie m e n t .
EXAM PLE 1
on p. 707
for Exs. 3-8
EXAM PLES
2and3
on p. 708
for Exs. 9-15
D ISJO IN T EV EN TS E v e n t s A a n d B a r e d i s jo i n t . F i n d P (A o r B ) .
3. P (A ) = 0.3, P (B ) = 0.1
4. P (A ) = 0 .5 5 , P (B ) = 0.2
5. P (A ) = 0.41, P (B ) = 0 .2 4
6. P (A ) =
7 . P (A ) = I , P ( B ) = I
8. P (A ) =
P (B ) = ^
P (B ) = I
O VERLA PPIN G EV EN TS F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d p r o b a b i i it y .
9. P (A ) = 0.5, P (B ) = 0 .3 5
10. P (A ) = 0.6, P (B ) = 0.2
P (A a n d B) = 0.2
P ( A o r B) = 0.7
P (A o r B) =
P ( A a n d B] =
12 . P (A ) = 0.46, P (B ) = 0 .3 7
13 . P (A ) =
^ l ) P (A ) = 0.28, P (B ) = 0.64
P ( A o r B) = 0.71
P (A a n d B ) =
P (B ) = ^
14 . P (A ) =
P (B ) = ^
P(A a n d B) = 0.31
P(A a n d B) = y
P ( A o r B) = ^
P(A o r B) = __?_
P(A o r B) = _ ? _
P ( A a n d B) =
=
15. * M U LTIPLE C H O K E W h a t is P ( A o r B) i f P (A ) = 0.41, P (B ) = 0 .53 , a n d

P ( A a n d B) = 0 .27?
(g )
0 .12
(B )
0 .6 7
(g )
0.80
EXAM PLE 4
FINDING P R O B A B IL IT IE S OF C O M PLEM EN TS F i n d P ^ A ).
on p. 709
forExs. 16-ic
16 . P (A ) = 0.5
1 7 . P (A ) = 0
(D )
18 . P (A ) = A
0.94
19 . P (A ) = ^
CHOOSING CARDS A c a r d i s r a n d o m i y s e l e c t e d f r o m a s t a n d a r d d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s .
F in d t h e p r o b a b i i i t y o f d r a w i n g t h e g iv e n c a r d .
20. A k in g a n d a d ia m o n d
2 h ) A k in g o r a d ia m o n d
22. A s p a d e o r a c lu b
2 3. A 4 o r a 5
24. A 6 a n d a f a c e c a r d
2 5. N o t a h e a r t
E R R O R ANALYSIS D e s c r i b e a n d c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r i n f i n d i n g t h e p r o b a b i i i t y o f
r a n d o m i y d r a w i n g t h e g iv e n c a r d f r o m a s t a n d a r d d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s .
27.
26.
P ( h e a r t o r f a c e ca rd )
= P ( h e a r t) + P ( fa c e ca rd )
52
52
= 25
52
710
C hapter 1 0
C ou nting M eth od s an d P robability
P ( c lu b o r 9 )
= P(c!ub) + P (9 ) + P (clu b an d 9 )
= J 3 + _ 4 _ + _L
52
52
52
26
FtNDtNG P R O B A B tH T tE S F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d p r o b a b i i i t y . S t a t e w h e t h e r A a n d B
a r e d i s jo i n t e v e n t s .
28.
3 1.
29.
P (A ) = 0.2 5
30. P (A ) =
P (A ) = 0.6
P (B ) = 0.38
P (B ) = 0.4
P (B ) = 0.32
P ( A o r B) = 0.50
P (A o r B l =
P ( A a n d B) = _ ?
P (A a n d B) = 0.2 5
32.
P (A ) = ^
P ( A o r B ) = 0.65
P ( A a n d B) = 0
33.
P (A ) = ^
P (A ) = 16 %
P(B) = I
b
P (B ) =
P(A o r B) = ^
P(A o r B)
P ( A o r B) = 3 2 %
P(A a n d B) =
P(A a n d B) =
P(B) =
P ( A a n d B) = 8 %
34. i r O PEN -EN D ED M ATH D e s c r ib e a r e a l- lif e s it u a t io n t h a t i n v o lv e s t w o

d is jo in t e v e n t s A a n d B. T h e n d e s c r i b e a r e a l- lif e s i t u a t i o n t h a t i n v o lv e s t w o
o v e r la p p in g e v e n t s C a n d D .
RO LU N G D!CE T w o s ix - s i d e d d i c e a r e r o i i e d . F i n d t h e p r o b a b i i i t y o f t h e g iv e n
e v e n t . ( R e f e r t o E x a m p l e 4 o n p a g e 7 0 9 f o r t h e p o s s i b i e o u t c o m e s .)
3 5 . T h e s u m is 3 o r 4.
3 6. T h e s u m is n o t 7.
37.
38. T h e s u m is le s s t h a n 8 o r g r e a t e r t h a n 11.
39.
T h e s u m is g r e a t e r t h a n o r e q u a l to 5.
* M U LTIPLE CHOiCE T w o s ix - s id e d d ic e a r e r o lle d . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y

t h a t t h e s u m is a p r im e n u m b e r ?
(S )
18
12
4 0 . * SH O R T R E SPO N SE U s e t h e f ir s t d ia g r a m a t
t h e r ig h t to e x p l a i n w h y t h i s e q u a t io n is t r u e :
P(A) + P (B ) = P ( A o r B) + P ( A a n d B)
4 1 . CHALLENGE U s e t h e s e c o n d d ia g r a m a t t h e
r ig h t to d e r iv e a f o r m u la fo r P (A o r B o r C ) .
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAM PLES
42. CLASS ELECTiO N S Y o u a n d y o u r b e s t f r ie n d a r e a m o n g s e v e r a l c a n d id a t e s
1, 2 , a n d 3
r u n n i n g fo r c la s s p r e s id e n t. Y o u e s t im a t e t h a t t h e r e is a 4 5 % c h a n c e y o u w i ll
on pp. 7 0 7 -7 0 8
for Exs. 4 2 - 4 4
w i n a n d a 2 5 % c h a n c e y o u r b e s t f r ie n d w i l l w i n . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t
e it h e r y o u o r y o u r b e s t f r ie n d w i n t h e e le c t io n ?
@ H o m e7 M fo r
4 3.
BtO LO G Y Y o u a r e p e r f o r m i n g a n e x p e r im e n t to d e t e r m in e h o w w e li p la n t s
g r o w u n d e r d if f e r e n t l ig h t s o u r c e s . O u t o f t h e 30 p la n t s in t h e e x p e r im e n t ,
12 r e c e iv e v is ib le lig h t, 15 r e c e iv e u lt r a v io l e t lig h t, a n d 6 r e c e iv e b o t h v is ib le
a n d u lt r a v io le t lig h t. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i ii t y t h a t a p la n t in t h e e x p e r im e n t
r e c e iv e s e it h e r v is ib l e lig h t o r u lt r a v io le t lig h t?
^ g im o te g A ig e b ra
at classzone.com
1 0 .4
Find P rob ab ilities o f D isjoin t an d O v erlap p in g E ven ts
71
EXA M PLES
4 and S
44. * M ULTIPLE C H O K E R e fe r to t h e c h a r t b e lo w . W h ic h o f t h e f o l lo w i n g
p r o b a b iiit ie s is g r e a t e s t ?
on p. 709
for Exs. 4 4 - 4 6
(A )
P ( r a in s o n S u n d a y )
(B )
P ( d o e s n o t r a in o n S a tu r d a y )
(& )
P f r a in s o n M o n d a y )
(D )
P f d o e s n o t r a i n o n F rid a y )
F o u r D ay F o r e c a s t
Frid ay
S a tu rd a y
Sunday
M o n d ay
^_
__
'
-XX. ... ...
inh.
Chance of Rain
Chance of Rain
Chance of Rain
Chance of Rain
5%
30%
80%
90%
^45^ DRA M A CLUB T h e o r g a n i z e r o f a c a s t p a r t y fo r a d r a m a c lu b a s k s e a c h o f

6 c a s t m e m b e r s to b r in g o n e f o o d it e m f r o m a lis t o f 10 it e m s . W h a t is t h e
p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a t le a s t 2 o f t h e 6 c a s t m e m b e r s b r in g t h e s a m e ite m ?
46. HOME ELECTRONICS A d e v e lo p m e n t h a s 6 h o u s e s w i t h t h e s a m e m o d e l o f
g a r a g e d o o r o p e n e r . E a c h o p e n e r h a s 4 0 9 6 p o s s ib le t r a n s m it t e r c o d e s .
W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a t le a s t 2 o f t h e 6 h o u s e s h a v e t h e s a m e c o d e ?
4 7. * EXTEN D ED R E SP O N SE U s e t h e g i v e n i n f o r m a t io n a b o u t a f a r m e r 's
t o m a t o c r o p to c o m p le t e p a r t s ( a ) - ( c ) .
a . 4 0 % o f t h e t o m a t o e s a r e p a r t ia l l y r o t t e n , 3 0 % o f t h e t o m a t o e s h a v e b e e n
f e d o n b y in s e c t s , a n d 1 2 % a r e p a r t ia l l y r o t t e n a n d h a v e b e e n f e d o n
b y i n s e c t s . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d t o m a t o is
p a r t ia l l y r o t t e n o r h a s b e e n fe d o n b y in s e c t s ?
b . 2 0 % o f t h e t o m a t o e s h a v e b ite m a r k s f r o m a c h i p m u n k a n d 7 % h a v e b it e
m a r k s <znd a r e p a r t ia l l y r o t t e n . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a r a n d o m ly
s e le c t e d t o m a t o h a s b it e m a r k s o r is p a r t ia l l y r o t t e n ?
c. S u p p o s e t h e f a r m e r f in d s o u t t h a t 6 % o f t h e t o m a t o e s h a v e b it e m a r k s
o n d h a v e b e e n f e d o n b y in s e c t s . D o y o u h a v e e n o u g h in f o r m a t io n to
d e t e r m in e t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a r a n d o m ly s e le c t e d t o m a t o h a s b e e n fe d
o n b y i n s e c t s o r is p a r t i a l l y r o t t e n o r h a s b it e m a r k s f r o m a c h ip m u n k ? If
n o t, w h a t o t h e r in f o r m a t io n d o y o u r e q u ir e ?
48. M U L T I-ST E P P R O BLEM F o llo w t h e s t e p s b e lo w to e x p lo r e a f a m o u s
p r o b a b ilit y p r o b le m c a l l e d t h e M r th d o y p r o b le m . ( A s s u m e t h a t t h e r e a r e
3 6 5 p o s s ib le b ir t h d a y s .)
a . C a lc u la te S u p p o s e t h a t 6 p e o p l e a r e c h o s e n a t r a n d o m . F in d t h e
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a t le a s t 2 o f t h e p e o p l e s h a r e t h e s a m e b ir t h d a y .
b . C a lc u la te S u p p o s e t h a t 10 p e o p le a r e c h o s e n a t r a n d o m . F in d t h e
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a t le a s t 2 o f t h e p e o p le s h a r e t h e s a m e b ir t h d a y .
c . M o d e l G e n e r a l iz e t h e r e s u lt s f r o m p a r t s (a) a n d (b) b y
w r i t i n g a f o r m u la fo r t h e p r o b a b ilit y P (x ) t h a t a t le a s t
2 p e o p le in a g r o u p o f x p e o p le s h a r e t h e s a m e b ir t h d a y .
(Hmf.- U s e ^P^. n o t a t io n in y o u r fo r m u la .)
d. A n a ly z e E n te r t h e f o r m u la f r o m p a r t (c) in to a g r a p h i n g
c a lc u la t o r . U s e t h e f n N e f e a t u r e to m a k e a t a b le o f
v a lu e s . F o r w h a t g r o u p s iz e d o e s t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a t
le a s t 2 p e o p le s h a r e t h e s a m e b i r t h d a y f ir s t e x c e e d 50 % ?
712
on p. WS1
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
49. P E T S T O R E A p e t s t o r e h a s 8 b la c k L a b r a d o r r e t r ie v e r p u p p ie s (5 f e m a le s a n d
3 m a le s ) a n d 12 y e l l o w L a b r a d o r r e t r ie v e r p u p p ie s (4 f e m a l e s a n d 8 m a le s ) .
Y o u r a n d o m l y c h o o s e o n e o f t h e L a b r a d o r r e t r ie v e r p u p p ie s . W h a t is t h e
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t it is a f e m a le o r a y e ll o w L a b r a d o r r e t r ie v e r ?
5 0 . CHALLENGE Y o u o w n 50 D V D s c o n s is t i n g o f 2 5 c o m e d ie s , 15 d r a m a s , a n d
10 t h r ille r s . Y o u r a n d o m l y p ic k 4 m o v ie s to w a t c h d u r i n g a l o n g t r a i n rid e .
W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t y o u p ic k a t le a s t o n e D V D o f e a c h t y p e o f m o v ie ?
M!XED REV!EW
U s e t h e g iv e n v a lu e s t o w r i t e a n e q u a t i o n r e l a t i n g x a n d y . T h e n f i n d t h e v a lu e
o f y w hen x = 8.
5 1 . x , y v a r y d ir e c t ly ; % = - 5 , y = 20 ip. 107)
5 2 . x , y v a r y d ir e c t l y ; x = 5 4 , y = - 9 ip. 107)
53 . x , y v a r y in v e r s e ly ; x = 12 , y = - 4 Ip. 551)
5 4 . x , y v a r y in v e r s e ly ; x = - 2 , y = - 3 ip. 551)
F i n d t h e i n v e r s e o f t h e f u n c t i o n , ip 437)
5 5 . / (x ) = 3 x - 7
5 6 . / (x ) = - 5 x + 3
5 8 . / (x ) = - 2 .5 x 5
gg
5 7 . / (x ) = - 6 x 2 , x < 0
= 4x2 - 1 2 , x > 0
6 0 . / (x ) = 0.2x2 + e g
P R E V IE W
E a c h e v e n t c a n o c c u r i n t h e g iv e n n u m b e r o f w a y s . F i n d t h e n u m b e r o f w a y s a l l
Prepare for
o f t h e e v e n t s c a n o c c u r , ip. 682)
Lesson 10.5
in Exs. 6 1 -6 4 .
6 1 . E v e n t A : 2 w a y s , E.vent B: 4 w a y s
6 2. E v e n t A : 13 w a y s , E v e n t B: 7 w a y s
6 3 . E v e n t /I: 3 w a y s , E v e n t B: 5 w a y s ,
6 4. E v e n t A : 12 w a y s , E v e n t B : 11 w a y s ,
E v e n t C: 8 w a y s , E v e n t D : 10 w a y s
E v e n t C: 6 w a y s
Q U )Z /o r Lessons 7 0 .3 -7 0 .4
A c a r d is r a n d o m ly d ra w n fr o m a s ta n d a r d d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s . F in d th e
p r o b a b i l i t y o f d r a w i n g t h e g iv e n c a r d ,
ip 698)
1. T h e q u e e n o f h e a rts
2. A n ace
3 . A d ia m o n d
4. A re d ca rd
5 . A c a r d o t h e r t h a n a 10
6. T h e 6 o f c lu b s
Y ou r a n d o m ly s e le c t a m a r b le fr o m a b a g . T h e b a g c o n ta in s 8 b la c k , 13 re d ,
7 w h i t e , a n d 1 2 b l u e m a r b l e s . F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d o d d s , ip 698)
7 . In f a v o r o f c h o o s in g b lu e
8 . In fa v o r o f c h o o s i n g b la c k o r w h it e
9. A g a in s t c h o o s i n g re d
10. A g a i n s t c h o o s i n g r e d o r w h it e
F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d p r o b a b i l it y , ip 707)
1 1. P (A ) = 0.6
12. P ( A ) = _ ? _
1 3 . P (A ) = 0 .7 5
14 . P (A ) = 8 %
P (B ) = 0 .3 5
P (B ) = 0 .4 4
P (B )= _ L _
P (B )= 3 3 %
P (A o r B) = _ ? _
P (A o r B) = 0 .56
P (A o r B) = 0.83
P (A o r B) = 4 1%
P (A a n d B) = 0.2
P ( A a n d B) = 0 .12
P ( A a n d B ) = 0 .2 5
P (A a n d B) = _?
1 5 . C O M P U T E R S A m a n u f a c t u r e r o f c o m p u t e r c h ip s f in d s t h a t 1% o f t h e c h ip s
p r o d u c e d a r e d e f e c t iv e . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t o u t o f 8 c h ip s , a t le a s t 2
a r e d e fe c t iv e ? ip. 707)
E X T R A P R A C T K E for Lesson 1 0.4, p. 1019
O N L !N E Q U ! Z at dasszone.com
713
""*9 ALTERNATIVE METHODS

LESSON 10.4
Another M^ry fo So/^c Excm p/c 4 , page 7 0 5
M U L T tP L E R E P R E S E N T A T IO N S In E x a m p le 4 o n p a g e 709, y o u f o u n d t h e o r e t ic a l
p r o b a b ili t ie s i n v o lv in g t h e s u m o f t w o d ic e . Y o u c a n a ls o p e r fo r m a s i m a la h o n to
e s t im a t e t h e s e p r o b a b iiit ie s .
PROBLEM
D K E W h e n t w o s ix - s id e d d ic e a r e r o iie d , t h e r e a r e 36 p o s s ib le o u t c o m e s .
F in d t h e p r o b a b i lit y o f t h e g iv e n e v e n t .
a . T h e s u m is n o t 6.
METHOD
b.
T h e s u m is le s s t h a n o r e q u a l to 9.
U s in g a S im u l a t io n A n a lt e r n a t i v e a p p r o a c h is to u s e t h e r a n d o m n u m b e r f e a t u r e
o f a g r a p h in g c a l c u la t o r to s im u la t e r o l l in g t w o d ic e . Y o u c a n t h e n u s e t h e r e s u lt s
o f t h e s i m u la t io n to f i n d t h e e x p e r im e n t a l p r o b a b ilit ie s fo r t h e p r o b le m .
F75P 7
G e n e r a t e t w o lis t s o f 120
S o r t t h e s u m s in lis t Lg in
r a n d o m in t e g e r s f r o m 1 to 6 b y
a s c e n d i n g o r d e r u s in g t h e
e n t e r in g r a n d ln t ( l,6 ,1 2 0 ) in to
c o m m a n d S o rtA (L ^ ). S c r o ll
lis t s
t h r o u g h t h e lis t a n d c o u n t t h e
a n d L^,. D e f in e lis t
to
b e t h e s u m o f lis t s ^ a n d L^.
2
6
Li
1
6
L 3 ( 1 )=
6
1
1
2
6
8
L2
fre q u e n c y o f e a c h su m .
L3
L3
2
2
2
2
6
3
12
L3(1
L4
Ls
=2
F in d t h e p r o b a b ilit ie s .
a . D iv id e t h e n u m b e r o f t im e s t h e s u m w a s 6 b y t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f
s im u la t e d r o lls , t h e n s u b t r a c t t h e r e s u lt f r o m 1.
b . D iv id e t h e n u m b e r o f t im e s t h e s u m w a s g r e a t e r t h a n 9 b y t h e t o t a l
n u m b e r o f s im u la t e d ro lls , t h e n s u b t r a c t t h e r e s u lt f r o m 1.
PRACT! CE
1. W R iT iN G C o m p a r e t h e p r o b a b ilit ie s f o u n d
SiM U L A TiO N S U s e t h e r e s u lt s o f t h e s im u la t io n
in t h e s im u la t i o n a b o v e w i t h t h e t h e o r e t ic a l
a b o v e to f in d t h e e x p e r im e n t a l p r o b a b ilit y
p r o b a b ilit ie s f o u n d in E x a m p le 4 o n p a g e 709.
t h a t t h e s u m is n o t 8 o r 9. C o m p a r e t h is to t h e
2 . SiM U LA TiO N S U s e t h e r e s u lt s o f t h e s im u la t io n
t h e o r e t ic a l p r o b a b i lit y o f t h e e v e n t .
a b o v e to f in d t h e e x p e r im e n t a l p r o b a b i lit y t h a t
REASO N IN G H o w c o u ld y o u c h a n g e t h e
t h e s u m is g r e a t e r t h a n o r e q u a l to 4. C o m p a r e
s im u l a t io n a b o v e s o t h a t t h e r e s u lt s w o u ld b e
t h i s to t h e t h e o r e t ic a l p r o b a b i lit y o f t h e e v e n t .
c lo s e r to t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r o b a b i lit i e s o f t h e
e v e n ts? E xp/am .
714
C hapter 1 0
C ou nting M eth o d s an d P robability
Extension
Appiy Set Theory

COAL
K e y V o c a b u ia r y
D efin e th e c o n c e p ts o f sets, o p e ra tio n s on s e ts, an d su b sets.
A s e t is a c o l l e c t i o n o f d i s t i n c t o b je c t s . E a c h o b j e c t in a s e t is c a l l e d a n e l e m e n t
*se t
o r m e m b e r o f t h e s e t. A s e t is d e n o t e d b y e n c l o s i n g its e le m e n t s in b r a c e s . F o r
*u n io n
e x a m p le , i f A is t h e s e t o f p o s it iv e in t e g e r s le s s t h a n 5, t h e n A = }1, 2, 3, 4}.
* in te r s e c tio n
T h e r e a r e t w o s p e c i a l s e t s t h a t a r e o f t e n u s e d . T h e s e t w i t h n o e le m e n t s is c a lle d
* c o m p ie m e n t
t h e e m p t y s e t a n d is d e n o t e d b y 0. T h e s e t o f a ll e le m e n t s u n d e r c o n s id e r a t io n is
* su b set
c a l l e d t h e u n i v e r s a i s e t a n d is d e n o t e d b y D.
KEY CONCEPT
Operations on Sets
T h e u n io n o f tw o sets
A a n d B is w r it t e n a s
A U B a n d is t h e s e t
A U B
o f a ll e le m e n t s in
e ith e r A o r B.
T h e in te r s e c tio n o f tw o
s e t s A a n d B is w r i t t e n
a s A D B a n d is t h e s e t
An B
o f a ll e le m e n t s in b o th
A a n d B.
T h e c o m p ie m e n t o f a set
A is w r i t t e n a s A a n d is
t h e s e t o f a ll e le m e n t s in
t h e u n i v e r s a l s e t Ll t h a t
a r e n o f in A .
Perform operations on sets

L e t V b e t h e s e t o f a i i i n t e g e r s f r o m 1 to 1 0 . L e t A = {1 , 2 , 4 , 8 } a n d ie t
B = { 2 ,4 , 6 , 8 , 1 0 } . F in d t h e in d ic a te d s e t.
a. A U B
b. A D B
c. A
d. A U B
S o iu tio n
a.
AU B =
{1, 2, 4, 8} U {2, 4, 6, 8, 10} = {1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10}
b.
An B =
{1, 2, 4, 8} n {2, 4, 6,
c.
A = {1, 2, 4, 8} = {3, 5, 6, 7,
d.
A U B
= { 1 , 2 , 4 , 8}
8, 10} =
{2, 4, 8}
9, 10}
U {2, 4,
6,
8, 10} =
{ 1 , 2 , 4 , 6 ,8 , 10} = {3, 5, 7, 9}
E x te n s io n : Apply S et T h e o ry
715
S U B S E T S I f e v e r y e le m e n t o f a s e t A is a ls o
a n e le m e n t o f a s e t B, t h e n A is a s u b s e t o f B.
T h is r e ia t io n s h ip is w r it t e n a s A C B. F o r a n y
s e t A , 0 C A a n d A C A . In t h e d i a g r a m a t t h e
r ig h t, A is a s u b s e t o f B.
!dentify subsets
( EXAMPLE 2
L e t A = { - 2 , 1 , \ 3 , 7?}, B = { 1 , 77, 5 } , a n d C = { - 2 , 1 , 3 , 77, 5 } .
a. I s B C A ?
IsBCC?
b.
c. I s C C f A U B ) ?
Soiution
a.
N o t e v e r y e le m e n t o f
o f A . So,
b. E v e r y e le m e n t o f
c.
is a n e le m e n t o f A , b e c a u s e 5 is n o t a n e le m e n t
is n o r a s u b s e t o f A .
N o te t h a t A U
is a n e le m e n t o f C . S o ,
B.
is a s u b s e t o f C.
= { - 2 , 1, V 3 , 77} U {1, ir, 5} = { - 2 , 1, V 3 , ir, 5}. N o t e v e r y
e le m e n t o f C is a n e le m e n t o f A U
A U
S o , C is n o t a s u b s e t o f A U
B,
B.
b e c a u s e 3 is n o t a n e le m e n t o f
PRACTKE
EXA M PLE 1
O PERA TIO N S ON SE T S L e t U b e t h e s e t o f a l l w h o le n u m b e r s f r o m 1 t o 2 0 .
on p. 715
for Exs. 1-8
L e t A = {2 , 3 , 5, 7 ,1 1 ,1 3 ,1 7 } , B = { 1 ,4 , 9 ,1 6 } , a n d C = {2 , 5 ,8 ,1 1 , 1 4 ,1 7 , 2 0 }.
EXA M PLE 2
on p. 716
for Exs. 9-12
F in d t h e i n d i c a t e d s e t .
1. 71 U B
2. 71 f l B
3. A
4. B
5. A U B U C
6. A n C
7. C U B
8. B U (A f l C)
S U B S E T S L e t A = { - 5 , 77, 1 0 }, B = { - 5 , 1 , V 5 , 1 0 } , a n d C = { - 5 , 2 , 7 7 ,1 0 } .
9 . Is A C B ?
10. Is A C C ?
1 1. I s ( A C l B ) C C ?
12. REASO N IN G L is t a ll t h e s u b s e t s o f t h e s e t A = { - 2 , 4, 9}.

O PERA TIO N S ON S E T S C o n s i d e r t h e s e t s d e f i n e d b e io w . F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d s e t .
1/ = t h e s e t o f a ll 12 m o n t h s
X = t h e s e t o f a ll 30 d a y m o n t h s
T = t h e s e t o f a ll 31 d a y m o n t h s
Z = t h e s e t o f a ll m o n t h s e n d in g w it h "r"
13. X U Z
14 .
xn y
i6. x u y
15. Z
1 7 . REASO N IN G Is t h e s e t o f a ll ir r a t i o n a l n u m b e r s a s u b s e t o f t h e r e a l n u m b e r s ?
o f t h e in te g e r s ? E x p / a m .
18. RADIO T w o r a d io t o w e r s a r e s e t u p
a t p o in t s A a n d B o n t h e m a p a t t h e
Weston
rig h t. E a c h r a d io t o w e r h a s a s ig n a l
t h a t c a n r e a c h t o w n s u p to 50 m ile s
a w a y . F in d t h e s e t o f a ll t o w n s t h a t
Lakeville
Centerviiie
c a n r e c e iv e a s ig n a l fr o m b o t h o f
t h e to w e r s .
^ g a H a H is S A lg e b r a
716
C h apter 1 0
Newton
Fairview
at dasszone.com
C ou nting M eth od s an d P robability
Jackson
1 f t C Find ProbabMities of independent

* ** ' and Dependent Events
^
You fo u n d p ro bab iiities o f co m p o u n d e v e n ts.
You wit! e x a m in e in d e p e n d en t and d e p e n d e n t e v e n ts.
S o you c a n fo rm u ia te c o a c h in g s tra te g ie s, a s in Ex. 41.
Key Vocabulary
T w o e v e n ts a re in d e p e n d e n t if th e o c c u r r e n c e o f o n e h a s n o
<in d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s
e f f e c t o n t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e o t h e r . F o r in s t a n c e , i f a c o in
is t o s s e d t w i c e , t h e o u t c o m e o f t h e f ir s t t o s s ( h e a d s o r t a ils )
*d e p e n d e n t e v e n ts
h a s n o e f f e c t o n t h e o u t c o m e o f t h e s e c o n d to s s .
<c o n d i t i o n a i
p r o b a b i i it y
KEY CONCEPT
Probabiiity of independent Events
I f A a n d B a r e i n d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s , t h e n t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t b o t h 71 a n d B
o c c u r is:
P (A a n d B ) - PG4) - P (B )
M o r e g e n e r a iiy , t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t n i n d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s o c c u r is t h e p r o d u c t
o f t h e n p r o b a b ilit ie s o f t h e i n d i v i d u a l e v e n t s .
EXAMPLE 1
F o r a fu n d r a is e r , a c la s s s e lls 150 r a ffle tic k e ts fo r a m a ll g if t c e r t if ic a t e a n d

200 r a ffle t ic k e ts fo r a b o o k le t o f m o v ie p a s s e s . Y o u b u y 5 r a f f le tic k e ts fo r e a c h
p r iz e . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t y o u w in b o t h p r iz e s ?
( A)
^
6000
( B)
^
( C)
1200
( D)
350
70
Soiution
L e t e v e n t s 71 a n d B b e g e t t i n g t h e w i n n i n g t ic k e t fo r t h e g if t c e r t i f i c a t e a n d
m o v ie p a s s e s , r e s p e c t iv e ly . T h e e v e n t s a r e in d e p e n d e n t . S o , t h e p r o b a b ili t y is:
P (7l a n d B ) = P(yl) - P (B ) =
5
150
200
30
40
1200
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is B. ( S ) ( ) (S ) (B)
GUIDED P R A C T K E
1.
f o r E x a m p le 1
W H AT IF? In E x a m p le 1, w h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t y o u w i n t h e m a l l g if t
c e r t i f i c a t e b u t n o t t h e b o o k l e t o f m o v ie p a s s e s ?
1 0 .5
Find P ro b ab ilities o f in d e p e n d e n t an d D e p e n d e n t Events
717
EXAMPLE 2
Find p ro b a b iiity o f th r e e in d e p e n d e n t e v e n ts
RACING I n a B M X m e e t , e a c h h e a t c o n s is t s o f 8 c o m p e t it o r s w h o a r e r a n d o m i y
a s s ig n e d ia n e s f r o m 1 to 8. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i ii t y t h a t a r a c e r w i i i d r a w l a n e 8 in
t h e 3 h e a t s in w h i c h t h e r a c e r p a r t ic ip a t e s ?
Soiution
L e t e v e n t s A B, a n d C b e d r a w in g la n e 8 in t h e f i r s t , s e c o n d , a n d t h i r d h e a t s ,
r e s p e c t iv e ly . T h e t h r e e e v e n t s a r e in d e p e n d e n t . S o , t h e p r o b a b i ii t y is:
P (A a n d B a n d C ) = P (A ) . P ( B ) - P ( C ) = i
EXAMPLE 3
. i
o
. P = - L
51Z
= 0.00195
Use a co m p ie m e n t to fin d a p ro b a b iiity
M U S K W h il e y o u a r e r i d in g to s c h o o l, y o u r p o r t a b l e C D p la y e r r a n d o m l y p la y s
4 d if f e r e n t s o n g s f r o m a C D w i t h 16 s o n g s o n it. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t y o u
w i ll h e a r y o u r f a v o r it e s o n g o n t h e C D a t le a s t o n c e d u r i n g t h e w e e k (5 d a y s )?
Soiution
F o r o n e d a y , t h e p r o b a b i li t y o f n o f h e a r i n g y o u r f a v o r it e s o n g is:
C
P (n o t h e a r in g so n g) =
^
]6^4
H e a r in g o r n o t h e a r in g y o u r f a v o r it e s o n g o n M o n d a y , o n T u e s d a y , a n d s o o n a r e
in d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s . S o , t h e p r o b a b ili t y o f h e a r i n g t h e s o n g a t le a s t o n c e is:
)
P ( h e a r in g s o n g ) = 1 -
[P (n o t h e a r i n g so n g )]^ = 1 -
== 0.763
1 16^4 /
G utD ED P R A C T K E
2. SPIN N ER A s p in n e r is d i v i d e d in to te n e q u a l r e g io n s n u m b e r e d 1 to 10.
W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t 3 c o n s e c u t i v e s p in s r e s u lt i n p e r f e c t s q u a r e s ?
3. W H AT )F? I n E x a m p le 3, h o w d o e s y o u r a n s w e r c h a n g e i f t h e C D h a s o n l y
12 s o n g s o n it?
C O N D ITIO N A L
DEPEN DEN T EV EN TS T w o e v e n t s A a n d B a r e d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s i f t h e
P R O B A B t D T lE S
o c c u r r e n c e o f o n e a f f e c t s t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e o t h e r . T h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t
T he conditional
probability o f 8 given
4 can be greater than,
B w i ll o c c u r g iv e n t h a t A h a s o c c u r r e d is c a l l e d t h e c o n d i t i o n a l p r o b a b i l i t y
[ess than, or equal to

the probability o f 8.
o f B g iv e n A a n d is w r i t t e n a s P ( B IA ) .
KEY CONCEPT
Probability of Dependent Events
I f A a n d B a r e d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s , t h e n t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t b o t h A a n d B
o c c u r is:
P ( , 4 a n d B ) = P (7i) - P (P ]7 f)
718
C hapter 1 0
C o u n tin g M eth o d s an d P robability
Find a co n d itio n a) p ro b a b iiity

W EA TH ER T h e
b le s h o w s t h e n u m b e r s o f t r o p ic a ! c y c io n e s t h a t f o r m e d d u r in g
t h e h u r r ic a n e s e a s o n s f r o m 198 8 to 2004. U s e t h e t a b le to e s t i m a t e (a) t h e

p r o b a b i ii t y t h a t a f u t u r e t r o p i c a l c y c lo n e is a h u r r i c a n e a n d (b) t h e p r o b a b ili t y
t h a t a f u t u r e t r o p ic a l c y c lo n e in t h e N o r t h e r n H e m is p h e r e is a h u r r ic a n e .
N o r th e r n
H e m is p h e re
S o u th e r n
H e m is p h e r e
Tropical depression
199
18
Tropical storm
398
200
Hurricane
545
215
Type of
T r o p ic a ! C y cio n e
Soiution
a. P ( h u r r ic a n e ) =
N u m b e r o f h u rric a n e s
= 7 ^ . = 0.433
T otal n u m b e r o f c y c lo n e s
15 75
b . P ( h u r r i c a n e IN o r t h e r n H e m is p h e r e )
N u m b e r o f h u rric a n e s in N o rth e rn H e m is p h e re
T o tal n u m b e r o f c y c lo n e s in N o rth e rn H e m is p h e re
545
114 2
= 0.477
C om p aring in d e p e n d e n t an d d e p e n d e n t e v e n ts
SELECTiN C CA RDS Y o u r a n d o m l y s e le c t t w o c a r d s f r o m a s t a n d a r d d e c k o f
52 c a r d s . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t t h e f ir s t c a r d is n o t a h e a r t a n d t h e s e c o n d
is a h e a r t i f (a) y o u r e p la c e t h e f ir s t c a r d b e f o r e s e l e c t i n g t h e s e c o n d , a n d (b) y o u
d o n o t r e p la c e t h e f ir s t c a r d ?
Soiution
A V O iD E R R O R S
It is important to first
determine whether /I
and 8 are independent
or dependent in order
to calculate 8(4 and 8)
correctiy.
L e t 71 b e " t h e f ir s t c a r d is n o t a h e a r t " a n d B b e " t h e s e c o n d c a r d is a h e a r t ."

a . I f y o u r e p la c e t h e f ir s t c a r d b e f o r e s e l e c t i n g t h e s e c o n d c a r d , t h e n 71
a n d B a r e i n d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s . S o , t h e p r o b a b i li t y is:
P (A a n d B) = P(7l) - P (B ) = ^
52
52
16
= 0.188
b . I f y o u d o n o t r e p la c e t h e f ir s t c a r d b e f o r e s e l e c t i n g t h e s e c o n d c a r d ,
t h e n 7l a n d B a r e d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s . S o , t h e p r o b a b i li t y is:
P(71 a n d B) = P(71) . P ( B l A ) = ^
5Z
Cm D ED PRACTKE
= = 0 19 1
51
68
f o r E x a m p le s 4 a n d 5
4 . W H AT !F ? U s e t h e in f o r m a t io n i n E x a m p le 4 to f i n d (a) t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t
a f u t u r e t r o p ic a l c y c lo n e is a t r o p i c a l s t o r m a n d (b) t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a
f u t u r e t r o p i c a l c y c lo n e in t h e S o u t h e r n H e m is p h e r e is a t r o p i c a l s to r m .
F i n d t h e p r o b a b i i i t y o f d r a w i n g t h e g iv e n c a r d s f r o m a s t a n d a r d d e c k o f
5 2 c a r d s (a ) w i t h r e p i a c e m e n t a n d (b ) w i t h o u t r e p i a c e m e n t .
5. A s p a d e , t h e n a c lu b
1 0 .5
6 . A ja c k , t h e n a n o t h e r j a c k
Find P rob ab ilities o f in d e p e n d e n t an d D e p e n d e n t Events
719
TH REE OR M O RE DEPEN DEN T EV EN TS T h e f o r m u la fo r f i n d i n g p r o b a b ilit ie s o f

d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s c a n b e e x t e n d e d t o t h r e e o r m o r e e v e n t s , a s s h o w n b e lo w .
EXAMPLE
Find p ro b a b iiity o f th r e e d e p e n d e n t e v e n ts
CO STU M E P A R T Y Y o u a n d t w o f r ie n d s g o to t h e s a m e s to r e a t d if f e r e n t t im e s to
b u y c o s t u m e s f o r a c o s t u m e p a r t y . T h e r e a r e 15 d i f f e r e n t c o s t u m e s a t t h e s to r e ,
a n d t h e s to r e h a s a t le a s t 3 d u p li c a t e s o f e a c h c o s t u m e . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y
t h a t y o u e a c h c h o o s e d if f e r e n t c o s t u m e s ?
A N O T H E R W AY
Soiution
You can also use the

fundamental counting
principle.
L e t e v e n t 71 b e t h a t y o u c h o o s e a c o s t u m e , le t e v e n t B b e t h a t o n e f r ie n d c h o o s e s
a d if f e r e n t c o s t u m e , a n d le t e v e n t C b e t h a t y o u r o t h e r f r ie n d c h o o s e s a t h ir d
Pfall different)
c o s t u m e . T h e s e e v e n t s a r e d e p e n d e n t . S o , t h e p r o b a b ili t y is:
^ different costumes
possible costumes
_
15 - 1 4 - 1 3
1 5 - 1 5 -1 5
P (A a n d B a n d C ) = P (A ) . P ( B ^ ) - P ( C j A a n d B)
15 . 14 _ 13 _ 182
15 * 15 * 15
225
0.809
( H g g jg g Q jy
0.809
Soive a m u iti-ste p p robiem
SA FETY U s in g o b s e r v a t io n s m a d e o f d r iv e r s a r r i v i n g a t a c e r t a i n h i g h s c h o o l,
a s t u d y r e p o r t s t h a t 6 9 % o f a d u lt s w e a r s e a t b e lt s w h i l e d r iv in g . A h ig h s c h o o l
s t u d e n t a ls o in t h e c a r w e a r s a s e a t b e lt 6 6 % o f t h e t im e w h e n t h e a d u lt w e a r s a
s e a t b e lt, a n d 2 6 % o f t h e t im e w h e n t h e a d u lt d o e s n o t w e a r a s e a t b e lt . W h a t is
t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t i n t h e s t u d y w e a r s a s e a t b e lt?
So!ution
A p r o b a b ili t y t r e e d ia g r a m , w h e r e t h e p r o b a b ili t i e s a r e g iv e n a l o n g t h e b r a n c h e s ,
c a n h e lp y o u s o lv e t h e p r o b le m . N o t ic e t h a t t h e p r o b a b ili t i e s fo r a ll b r a n c h e s
f r o m t h e s a m e p o in t m u s t s u m to 1.
v p y Event 2*
S t u d e n t w e a r s s e a t belt.
Event 27
S t u d e n t d o e s n ot w e a r s e a t belt.
Event 2*
S t u d e n t w e a r s s e a t belt.
( ^ ) Event 27
S t u d e n t d o e s no t w e a r s e a t belt.
S o , t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a h ig h s c h o o l s t u d e n t w e a r s a s e a t b e lt is:
P ( C ) = P (A a n d C ) + P ( B a n d C)
= P (A ) - P ( C lA ) + P (B ) - P ( C lB )
= (0.69)(0.66) + (0 .3 1)(0 .2 6 ) = 0 .5 3 6
720
C h apter 1 0
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p tes 6 an d 7
7 . W H A T )F? I n E x a m p le 6, w h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t y o u a n d y o u r f r ie n d s
c h o o s e d i f f e r e n t c o s t u m e s i f t h e s t o r e s e lls 20 d if f e r e n t c o s t u m e s ?
8. B A SK E TB A L L A h i g h s c h o o l b a s k e t b a l l t e a m le a d s a t h a l f t i m e in 6 0 % o f
th e g a m e s in a s e a s o n . T h e te a m w in s 80% o f th e t im e w h e n th e y h a v e
t h e h a l f t i m e le a d , b u t o n l y 10 % o f t h e t im e w h e n t h e y d o n o t . W h a t is t h e
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t t h e t e a m w i n s a p a r t i c u l a r g a m e d u r in g t h e s e a s o n ?
10 5 EXERUSES
H O M EW O RK
K EY
= W ORKED-O UT SOLUTIONS
on p. W S18 fo r Exs. 1 3 ,2 5 , and 39
= STANDARDtZED T E ST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 , 1 5 ,3 2 , 3 4 , and 41
SKKL PRACTKE
1. VOCABU LA RY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : T h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t B w i l l o c c u r g iv e n
t h a t A h a s o c c u r r e d is c a l l e d t h e
o f B g iv e n A .
2 . * W R IT IN G E x p la in t h e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s a n d
i n d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s , a n d g iv e a n e x a m p le o f e a c h .
EXAM PLES
1 and 2
on pp. 7 1 7 - 7 1 8
for Exs. 3 -1 5
IN DEPEN DEN T EV EN TS E v e n t s A a n d B a r e i n d e p e n d e n t . F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d
p r o b a b i i it y .
3 . P (A ) = 0.4
4 . P (A ) = 0.3
P (B ) = 0.6
P (B ) = 0.4
P (A a n d B) =
5 . P (A ) = 0.25
P (B ) = __?_
P ( A a n d B1 =
6. P (A ) = 0.5
P ( A a n d B)
0.2
8. P (A ) = _ ? _
7 . P (A ) =
P (B ) = _ i _
P (B ) = 0.8
P (B ) = 0.9
P ( A a n d B) = 0.1
P (A a n d B) = 0.6
P ( A a n d B ) = 0.45
SPiN N iN G A W H EEL Y o u a r e p i a y i n g a g a m e t h a t in v o lv e s s p i n n i n g
t h e w h e e l s h o w n . F in d t h e p r o b a b ility o f s p in n in g t h e g iv e n c o lo r s .
10. r e d , t h e n y e l lo w
9 . g r e e n , t h e n b lu e
1 1 . b lu e , t h e n r e d
1 2 . y e llo w , t h e n g r e e n ^
1 3 d b lu e , t h e n g r e e n , t h e n r e d
1 4 . g r e e n , t h e n re d , t h e n y e l lo w
1 5 . * M U LTIPLE C H O K E E v e n ts A a n d B a r e i n d e p e n d e n t . W h a t is P ( A a n d B)
i f P (A ) = 0.3 a n d P (B ) = 0.2?
(g )
(g )
( g) 0.1
0.06
0.5
(D ) 0.6
EXA M PLE 4
DEPEN DEN T EV EN TS E v e n ts A a n d B a r e d e p e n d e n t . F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d
on p. 7 1 9
for Exs. 1 6 - 2 5
p r o b a b i l it y .
1 6 . P (A ) = 0.3
1 7 . P (A ) = 0.7
P ( B lA ) = 0.6
P ( B lA ) = 0.5
P ( A a n d B ) = __L_
P ( A a n d B1 =
1 9 . P (A ) = 0.6
P fB lA l=
1 8 . P (A ) = 0.8
P ( B lA ) =
?
2 0 . P (A ) =
?
P (A a n d B ) = 0.45
1 0 .5
P (A a n d B ) = 0.32
2 1 . P (A ) = 0.7
P ( B lA ) = 0.4
P fB jA l =
P ( A a n d B) = 0.2
P ( A a n d B) = 0.63
Find P rob ab iiities o f in d e p e n d e n t and D e p e n d e n t Events
721
CONDiTiONAL P R O B A B iL iT Y L e t w b e a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d i n t e g e r f r o m 1 t o 2 0 .
F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d p r o b a b i l it y .
22.
H is 2 g iv e n t h a t it is e v e n
2 3 . H is 5 g iv e n t h a t it is le s s t h a n 8
24.
H is p r im e g iv e n t h a t it h a s 2 d ig it s
7?
( 25 ) n is o d d g iv e n t h a t it is p r im e
EXA M PLES
D RA W iN G CARDS F i n d t h e p r o b a b i i i t y o f d r a w i n g t h e g i v e n c a r d s f r o m a
5 and 6
s t a n d a r d d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s (a) w i t h r e p l a c e m e n t a n d (b ) w i t h o u t r e p i a c e m e n t .
fo rE x s^ 2 6 -3 2 ^
2 6 . A c lu b , t h e n a s p a d e
27.
A q u een , th e n a n ace
28. A fa c e ca rd , th e n a 6
29.
A 10, t h e n a 2
30. A k in g , t h e n a q u e e n , t h e n a j a c k
3 1.
A s p a d e , t h e n a c lu b , t h e n a n o t h e r s p a d e
32. *
M ULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e a p p r o x im a t e p r o b a b i li t y o f d r a w in g
3 c o n s e c u t iv e h e a r t s f r o m a s t a n d a r d d e c k o f 52 c a r d s w i t h o u t r e p la c e m e n t ?
( g)
0.0 122
(B )
0 .0 129
(C )
33. E R R O R A NALYSIS E v e n ts A a n d B a r e
in d e p e n d e n t . D e s c r ib e a n d c o r r e c t t h e
0 .0 15 6
(D )
0.0166
P(A ) = 0 .4 , P (B ) = 0 .5
e r r o r in f i n d i n g P ( A a n d B ).
a n d 5 ) = 0 .4 + 0 .5 = 0 .9
34 . * O PEN -EN DEO M ATH F lip a s e t o f 3 c o in s a n d r e c o r d t h e n u m b e r o f c o in s

t h a t c o m e u p h e a d s . R e p e a t u n t il y o u h a v e a t o t a l o f 10 t r ia ls .
a. W h a t is t h e e x p e r im e n t a l p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a t r i a l r e s u lt s in 2 h e a d s ?
b . C o m p a r e y o u r a n s w e r f r o m p a r t (a) w i t h t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a
t r ia l r e s u lt s in 2 h e a d s .
{ ^ js k B S t s g A i g e b r a
at dasszone.com
3 5. REASO N IN G L e t A a n d B b e in d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s . W h a t is t h e r e la t io n s h ip
b e t w e e n P (B ) a n d P ( B lA ) ? E x p / a m .
3 6 . CHALLENGE H o w m a n y t i m e s m u s t y o u r o ll t w o s ix - s id e d d i c e fo r t h e r e to b e
a t le a s t a 5 0 % c h a n c e t h a t y o u r o ll t w o 6 's a t le a s t o n c e ?
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
3 7 . SCHOOL B U S A n g e la u s u a l l y r u s h e s to m a k e it to t h e b u s s t o p in t im e to c a t c h
EXAM PLES
t h e s c h o o l b u s , a n d w i l l o f t e n m is s t h e b u s i f it is e a r ly . T h e b u s c o m e s e a r ly
3 and 4
on pp. 7 1 8 - 7 1 9
to A n g e la 's s t o p 2 8 % o f t h e t im e . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t t h e b u s w i l l
for Exs. 3 7 -3 8
c o m e e a r ly a t le a s t o n c e d u r i n g a 5 d a y s c h o o l w e e k ?
@ H o m e !M to r
E n d a n g e re d
T h re a te n e d
M a m m a ls
69
B ir d s
77
14
R e p tiie s
14
22
A m p h ib ia n s
11
10
2 19
74
3 8 . EN V IRO N M EN T T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e
n u m b e r s o f s p e c i e s in t h e U n it e d S ta te s
lis t e d a s e n d a n g e r e d o r t h r e a t e n e d a s o f
S e p t e m b e r , 2004. F in d (a) t h e p r o b a b ili t y
t h a t a lis t e d a n i m a l is a b ir d a n d (b) th e
p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a n e n d a n g e r e d a n i m a l is
a b ird .
@ M M n elM fo r
722
= WORKED-OUT SOLUTiONS
on p. WS1
O th e r
=STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
EXA M PLE 7
TEN N IS A t e n n is p la y e r w i n s a m a t c h 5 5 % o f t h e t im e w h e n s h e s e r v e s f ir s t
on p. 720
for Exs. 3 9-40
f ir s t is d e t e r m in e d b y a c o i n t o s s b e f o r e t h e m a t c h . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y
a n d 4 7 % o f t h e t i m e w h e n h e r o p p o n e n t s e r v e s f ir s t . T h e p la y e r w h o s e r v e s
t h a t t h e p la y e r w i n s a g i v e n m a tc h ?
4 0 . ACCIDENT REEN A CTM EN T Y o u a r e a ju r o r fo r a t r ia l
in v o l v i n g a n ig h t t im e c a r a c c id e n t in a c e r t a in c ity . U s e
t h e t r e e d i a g r a m a n d t h e f a c t s b e lo w to d e t e r m in e t h e
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t t h e c a r in v o lv e d in t h e a c c id e n t w a s b lu e .
* T h e m a k e o f t h e c a r is k n o w n . O f t h e c a r s i n t h e c it y
m a t c h i n g t h is m a k e , 8 5 % a r e g r e e n a n d 1 5 % a r e b lu e .
0.80/
\0.20
0.80
* A w i t n e s s o f t h e a c c id e n t id e n t i f ie d t h e c a r a s b lu e .
* I n r e e n a c t m e n t s o f t h e a c c id e n t , t h e w i t n e s s c o r r e c t ly
color
r e p o r t e d t h e c o lo r o f t h e c a r 8 0 % o f t h e t im e .
41. *
EXTEN D ED R E SP O N SE A f o o t b a ll t e a m is lo s i n g b y 14 p o in t s n e a r t h e
e n d o f a g a m e . T h e t e a m s c o r e s t w o t o u c h d o w n s ( w o r t h 6 p o in t s e a c h )
b e f o r e t h e e n d o f t h e g a m e . A f t e r e a c h t o u c h d o w n , t h e c o a c h m u s t d e c id e
w h e t h e r to g o fo r 1 p o in t w i t h a k i c k ( w h ic h is s u c c e s s f u l 9 9 % o f t h e t im e )
o r 2 p o in t s w i t h a r u n o r p a s s ( w h ic h is s u c c e s s f u l 4 5 % o f t h e t im e ) .
a. C a lc u la te I f t h e t e a m g o e s fo r 1 p o in t a f t e r e a c h t o u c h d o w n , w h a t is t h e
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t t h e c o a c h 's t e a m w in s ? lo s e s ? tie s ?
b . C a lc u la te If t h e t e a m g o e s fo r 2 p o in t s a f t e r e a c h t o u c h d o w n , w h a t is t h e
p r o b a b ili t y t h a t t h e c o a c h 's t e a m w in s ? lo s e s ? tie s ?
c. R e a s o n in g C a n y o u d e v e lo p a s t r a t e g y s o t h a t t h e c o a c h 's t e a m h a s a
p r o b a b ili t y o f w i n n i n g t h e g a m e t h a t is g r e a t e r t h a n t h e p r o b a b ilit y o f
lo s in g ? I f s o , e x p la in y o u r s t r a t e g y a n d c a lc u la t e t h e p r o b a b ilit ie s o f
w i n n i n g a n d l o s in g u s in g y o u r s t r a te g y .
4 2 . CHALLENGE It is e s t i m a t e d t h a t 5 .9 % o f A m e r i c a n s h a v e d ia b e t e s . S u p p o s e
a m e d i c a l la b u s e s a t e s t f o r d ia b e t e s t h a t is 9 8 % a c c u r a t e fo r p e o p l e w h o
h a v e t h e d is e a s e a n d 9 5 % a c c u r a t e fo r p e o p le w h o d o n o t h a v e it. F in d
t h e c o n d i t io n a l p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d p e r s o n a c t u a l l y h a s
d i a b e t e s g iv e n t h a t t h e la b t e s t s a y s t h e y h a v e it.
M tXED R EV !EW
P R E V IE W
Prepare for
Lesion 10.6
in Exs. 43-48.
U s e t h e b i n o m i a l t h e o r e m t o w r i t e t h e b i n o m i a i e x p a n s i o n , (p. 337)
4 3 . (X + i f
4 4 . (x - 3)6
4 5 . (3 x + 2 f
4 6 . (5 x - 1 ) '
4 7 . (4 x + y)^
4 8 . (2 x - 3 y )'
L e t / ( x ) - x^ + 2 a n d g (x ) = x - 4 . P e r fo r m t h e in d ic a te d o p e r a tio n a n d s ta te th e
d o m a i n , (p. 428)
4 9 . / (x ) + g (x )
5 0 . / (x ) - g (x )
52.
5 1 . / (x ) - g (x )
/M
gM
5 3 . / (g (x ))
5 4 . g (/ (x ))
5 5 . / (/ (x ))
5 6 . g (g (x ))
S o lv e t h e e q u a t i o n .
57. 4 .x + 1 _ o8 3^x /p. 313)

59.
x 3
x + 2
x + 2
5 8 . 4 In x = 10 (p. 313)
(p. 389)
E X T R A P R A C T ! C E for Lesson 10.5, p. 1019
60.
9^
x
x -2
1
x+ 1
_ 2x + 1
(p. 389)
x+ 1
O N L !N E Q U ! Z at ctasszone.com
723
1 fl
^
Construct and !nterpret

Binomia! Distributions
You found p ro bab iiities o f e v e n ts.
You wiii study p ro bab iiity distributions.
So you ca n d e s c rib e in terest in m u seu m s, a s in Ex. 4 6 .
A r a n d o m v a r i a b l e is a v a r ia b l e w h o s e v a i u e is d e t e r m in e d b y t h e o u t c o m e s
K e y V o c a b u ia r y
* ra n d o m v a r ia b le
o f a r a n d o m e v e n t . F o r e x a m p le , w h e n y o u r o il a s ix - s id e d d ie , y o u c a n d e f in e
* p r o b a b itity
d is tr ib u tio n
p o s s ib le v a l u e s o f X a r e 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, a n d 6. F o r e v e r y r a n d o m v a r ia b le , a
a r a n d o m v a r ia b le X t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r s h o w in g o n t h e d ie . S o , t h e
p ro & n N / ify d isfn& M fioH c a n b e d e f in e d .
* b in o m ia l
d is t r i b u t i o n
* b in o m ia l
e x p e r im e n t
KEY CONCEPT
* s y m m e tr ic
Probability Distributions
* skew ed
A p r o b a b ility d is tr ib u tio n
P r o b a b ilit y D is tr ib u tio n f o r R o llin g a D ie
is a f u n c t i o n t h a t g iv e s t h e
p r o b a b i lit y o f e a c h p o s s ib le
v a lu e o f a r a n d o m v a r ia b le . T h e
s u m o f a ll t h e p r o b a b ilit ie s in
P (X )
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
a p r o b a b i lit y d is t r ib u t io n m u s t
e q u a l 1.
C o n stru ct a p ro b a b ib ty d istrib u tio n
L e t X b e a r a n d o m v a r i a b l e t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e s u m w h e n tw o s ix - s id e d
d ic e a r e r o l le d . M a k e a t a b l e a n d a h i s t o g r a m s h o w i n g t h e p r o b a b i l i t y
d is tr ib u tio n fo r X .
R E V IE W C O M PO U N D
EVEN TS
Recall that there are

36 possible outcomes
when rolling two sixsided dice. These are
listed in Example 4 on
page 709.
S o lu tio n
T h e p o s s ib le v a lu e s o f
X a r e t h e in t e g e r s f r o m
2 to 12 . T h e t a b le s h o w s
h o w m a n y o u tco m e s o f
r o llin g t w o d ic e p r o d u c e
e a c h v a l u e o f X . D iv id e t h e
n u m b e r o f o u t c o m e s fo r
724
C h apter 1 0
10
11
12
Sum of tw o d ice
X b y 3 6 to fin d P (X ) .
X (s u m )
10
11
12
O u tc o m e s
P(X )
1
36
1
18
1
12
1
9
5
36
1
6
5
36
1
9
1
12
1
18
1
36
EXAMPLE 2
In te r p r e t a p ro b a b itity d istrib u t!o n
U se t h e p r o b a b ility d is tr ib u tio n in E x a m p ie 1 to a n s w e r e a c h q u e s tio n .

a. W h a t is t h e m o s t l ik e ly s u m w h e n r o l li n g t w o s ix - s id e d d ic e ?
b . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t t h e s u m o f t h e t w o d ic e is a t le a s t 10?
Solution
a . T h e m o s t l ik e l y s u m w h e n r o ll in g t w o s ix - s id e d d ic e is t h e v a lu e o f X
fo r w h i c h P (X ) is g r e a t e s t . T h is p r o b a b i lit y is g r e a t e s t fo r X = 7. S o , t h e
m o s t l ik e ly s u m w h e n r o l li n g t h e t w o d i c e is 7.
b . T h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t t h e s u m o f t h e t w o d ic e is a t le a s t 10 is:
P ( X > 10) = P ( X = 10) + P ( X = 11) + P ( X = 12)
36
36
36
36
6
= 0 .16 7
G u iD E D P R A C T K E
A t e t r a h e d r a l d ie h a s f o u r s id e s n u m b e r e d 1 t h r o u g h 4 . L e t X b e a r a n d o m
v a r i a b l e t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e s u m w h e n tw o s u c h d ic e a r e r o l i e d .
1 . M a k e a t a b le a n d a h i s t o g r a m s h o w i n g t h e p r o b a b i li t y d is t r ib u t i o n fo r X .
2. W h a t is t h e m o s t l ik e ly s u m w h e n r o l li n g t h e t w o d ic e ? W h a t is t h e
p r o b a b ili t y t h a t t h e s u m o f t h e t w o d ic e is a t m o s t 3?
BiN O M iA L D iS T R iB U T tO N S O n e t y p e o f p r o b a b i li t y d is t r ib u t io n is a b i n o m i a i
d i s t r i b u t i o n . A b in o m ia l d is t r ib u t io n s h o w s t h e p r o b a b ili t i e s o f t h e o u t c o m e s o f
a b m o m m f e x p e r im e n t.
KEY CONCEPT
Binomial Experiments
A b i n o m i a i e x p e r i m e n t m e e t s t h e f o l lo w in g c o n d it io n s :
* T h e r e a r e n in d e p e n d e n t t r ia ls .
* E a c h t r ia l h a s o n ly t w o p o s s ib le o u t c o m e s : s u c c e s s a n d fa ilu r e .
* T h e p r o b a b i lit y o f s u c c e s s is t h e s a m e fo r e a c h t r ia l. T h is p r o b a b i li t y is
d e n o t e d b y p . T h e p r o b a b i li t y o f f a il u r e is g iv e n b y 1 p .
F o r a b i n o m ia l e x p e r im e n t , t h e p r o b a b i lit y o f e x a c t l y A; s u c c e s s e s in n t r i a ls is:
P(A; s u c c e s s e s ) = ^ Q p ^ ( l - p ) " " ^
1 0 .6
C on stru ct an d in terp ret B in om iai D istributions
725
EXAMPLE 3
C o n stru ct a b in o m ia ! d istrib u tio n
S P O R T S SU R V E Y S A c c o r d i n g to a s u r v e y , a b o u t 4 1 % o f U .S . h o u s e h o ld s h a v e a
s o c c e r b a il. S u p p o s e y o u a s k 6 r a n d o m ly c h o s e n U .S . h o u s e h o ld s w h e t h e r t h e y
h a v e a s o c c e r b a ll. D r a w a h is t o g r a m o f t h e b i n o m i a l d i s t r ib u t io n fo r y o u r s u r v e y .
So!ution
T h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a r a n d o m ly s e le c t e d h o u s e h o ld h a s a s o c c e r b a ll is p = 0 .41.
B e c a u s e y o u s u r v e y 6 h o u s e h o ld s , n = 6.
A V O !D E R R O R S
P ( k = 0) = gC o (0 .4 1)(0 .5 9 )S = 0.042
You can check your

calculations for a
binom ial distribution
by adding all the
probabilities. T he sum
P ( k = 1) =
(0 .4 1)' (0.59)5 ^ Q ] y g
P ( k = 2) = gC 2(0 .4 1)2(0 .59 )" - 0.306
0.30
.g-
15 0.20
-a
P ( k = 3) = gC g(0 .4 1)5(0 .59)5 = 0 .283
should a lw ays be 1.
tE o.io
P ( k = 4) = g q (0 .4 1)^ (0 .5 9 )^ = 0.148
P ( k = 5) = gC g (0 .4 1)5 (0 .5 9 )' - 0.041
Number of household s that
P ( k = 6) = g C g (0 .4 1)5 (0 .5 9 ) = 0.005
have a s o c c e r ball
A h is t o g r a m o f t h e d is t r i b u t i o n is s h o w n .
^ ^ i!B S * s g A lg e b r a
at classzone.com
in te r p r e t a b in o m ia i d istrib u tio n
U se t h e b in o m ia l d is tr ib u tio n in E x a m p le 3 to a n s w e r e a c h q u e s tio n .
a . W h a t is t h e m o s t l i k e l y o u t c o m e o f t h e s u r v e y ?
b . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a t m o s t 2 h o u s e h o ld s h a v e a s o c c e r b a ll?
Solution
a. T h e m o s t lik e ly o u t c o m e o f t h e s u r v e y is t h e v a lu e o f k fo r w h i c h P (k ) is
g r e a t e s t . T h is p r o b a b ilit y is g r e a t e s t fo r k = 2. S o , t h e m o s t li k e ly o u t c o m e
is t h a t 2 o f t h e 6 h o u s e h o ld s h a v e a s o c c e r b a ll.
b . T h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a t m o s t 2 h o u s e h o ld s h a v e a s o c c e r b a l l is:
P ( k < 2) = P ( k = 2) + P ( k = 1) + P ( k = 0)
= 0.306 + 0 .176 + 0.042
^ 0.524
^ S o , t h e p r o b a b i lit y is a b o u t 5 2 % .
GUIDED P R A C T K E
I n S w e d e n , 6 1 % o f h o u s e h o ld s h a v e a s o c c e r b a ll. S u p p o s e y o u a s k 6 r a n d o m ly
c h o s e n S w e d is h h o u s e h o l d s w h e t h e r t h e y h a v e a s o c c e r b a l l .
3 . D r a w a h is t o g r a m s h o w in g t h e b i n o m i a l d is t r i b u t i o n fo r y o u r s u r v e y .
4. W h a t is t h e m o s t li k e ly o u t c o m e o f y o u r s u r v e y ? W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t
a t m o s t 2 h o u s e h o ld s y o u s u r v e y h a v e a s o c c e r b a ll?
726
C hapter 1 0
S Y M M E T R K AND S K E W E D D I S T R I B U T E S S u p p o s e a p r o b a b i li t y d is t r ib u t io n
C L A S S IF Y
D !S T R )B U T 1 0 N S
is r e p r e s e n t e d b y a h is t o g r a m . T h e d is t r ib u t io n is s y m m e t r i c i f y o u c a n d r a w a
Note that the
v e r t i c a l l in e t h a t d iv i d e s t h e h i s t o g r a m in t o t w o p a r t s t h a t a r e m ir r o r im a g e s . A
distribution tn
d is t r i b u t i o n t h a t is n o f s y m m e t r i c is c a l l e d s k e w e d .
Exam ple 1 on p. 72 4
is sym m etric, w hile
the distribution in
C tassify d istrib u tio n s a s s y m m e tric o r skew ed
Exam ple 3 on p. 72 6
is skew ed.
D e s c r ib e th e s h a p e o f th e b in o m ia l d is tr ib u tio n th a t sh o w s th e
p r o b a b i l i t y o f e x a c t l y k s u c c e s s e s i n 8 t r i a i s i f (a) p = 0 . 5 a n d (b) p = 0 .9 .
S o iu tio n
0.30
a.
.*
= 0.20
<c
P
-g
0.10
0
0 1
2 3 4 5 6 7
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Number of s u c c e s s e s
S y m m e t r ic ; t h e le f t h a l f is a
S k e w e d ; t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n is n o t
m ir r o r im a g e o f t h e r ig h t h a lf .
s y m m e t r i c a b o u t a n y v e r t i c a l lin e .
G ufD ED P R A C T K E
5.
f o r E x a m p ie 5
A b i n o m i a l e x p e r im e n t c o n s is t s o f 5 t r ia l s w i t h p r o b a b i li t y p o f s u c c e s s o n
e a c h t r ia l. D e s c r i b e t h e s h a p e o f t h e b i n o m i a l d is t r i b u t io n t h a t s h o w s t h e
p r o b a b i li t y o f e x a c t l y k s u c c e s s e s i f (a) p = 0.4 a n d (b ) p = 0.5.
106 EXERUSES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
Q
*
= W ORKED-OUT SOLUTtONS
o n p . W S 1 9 fo rE x s. 5 , 2 1 ,a n d 4 5
= STANDARDtZED T E ST PRACTKE
Exs. 2 ,9 , 32, 39, and 4 8
= MULTtPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 47
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABU LA RY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A p r o b a b i li t y d is t r i b u t io n r e p r e s e n t e d b y
a h is t o g r a m is
i f y o u c a n d r a w a v e r t i c a l l i n e d i v i d i n g t h e h i s t o g r a m in to
t w o p a r t s t h a t a r e m ir r o r im a g e s .
2 . * W R IT IN G E x p / a m t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a b i n o m i a l e x p e r im e n t a n d a
b in o m ia l d is t r ib u t io n .
EXA M PLE 1
CO N STRUCTfNG P R O B A B lL fT Y D !S T R )B U T !O N S M a k e a t a b i e a n d a h i s t o g r a m
on p. 7 2 4
for Exs. 3 - 5
s h o w in g t h e p r o b a b i i i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r t h e r a n d o m v a r i a b l e .
3. X = t h e n u m b e r o n a t a b le t e n n is b a l l r a n d o m l y c h o s e n f r o m a b a g t h a t
c o n t a in s 5 b a l ls la b e l e d "1," 3 b a l ls la b e l e d "2 ," a n d 2 b a l ls la b e le d "3 ."
4. IV = 1 i f a r a n d o m l y c h o s e n l e t t e r is A , E, I, O , o r U a n d 2 o t h e r w is e .
= t h e n u m b e r o f d ig its in a r a n d o m in t e g e r f r o m 0 t h r o u g h 9 9 9 .
1 0 .6
C on stru ct an d Interp ret B in om ial D istributions
EXA M PLE 2
IN TE R P R ETIN G P R O B A B IL IT Y D IST R IB U T IO N S I n E x e r c i s e s 6 - 9 ,
on p. 725
for Exs. 6 -9
u s e t h e g iv e n h i s t o g r a m o f a p r o b a b i i i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n f o r a
r a n d o m v a r ia b le X .
m
JB
^
0.20
O
6.
W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i ii t y t h a t X is e q u a l to 1?
7 . W h a t is t h e m o s t l ik e l y v a lu e fo r X ?
1 2
8. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t X i s o d d ?
Value of X
9. * M U LTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t X i s a t le a s t 3?

(A )
0.2
( B ) 0 .4
(g )
0.6
(D )
0.8
EXAM PLES
CALCULATING P R O B A B IL IT IE S C a l c u l a t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t o s s i n g a c o i n
3and4
on p. 726
for Exs. 10-32
2 0 t i m e s a n d g e t t i n g t h e g iv e n n u m b e r o f h e a d s .
1 0 .1
1 1 .2
1 4 .9
15. 12
1 2 .4
13. 6
1 6 .1 5
1 7 .1 8
BINOM IAL P R O B A B IL IT IE S C a l c u l a t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f r a n d o m l y g u e s s i n g t h e
g iv e n n u m b e r o f c o r r e c t a n s w e r s o n a 3 0 - q u e s t i o n m u l t i p l e c h o i c e e x a m t h a t
h a s c h o ic e s A, B , C , a n d D fo r e a c h q u e s tio n .
1 8 .0
22.
15
1 9 .2
2 0 .6
2 3 . 21
2 4 . 26
(2 L )ll
25. 30
ER R O R ANALYSIS D e s c r i b e a n d c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r i n c a l c u l a t i n g t h e p r o b a b i l i t y
o f r o l l i n g a 1 e x a c t l y 3 t i m e s i n 5 r o l l s o f a s ix - s i d e d d ie .
26.
27.
f
0.161
15 f
- 3
= 0.003
BIN O M IAL D IST R IB U T IO N S C a l c u l a t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f A; s u c c e s s e s f o r a

b in o m ia l e x p e r im e n t c o n s is tin g o f n t r i a ls w ith p r o b a b ility p o f s u c c e s s o n
e a c h tr ia l.
28.
k < 3 , n = 7, p = 0.3
29. k > 5 , n = 8, p = 0.6
30. k < 2, n = 5, p = 0 .12
3 1 . k > 10, n = 15, p = 0.75
3 2 . * M U LTIPLE CHOICE Y o u p e r f o r m a b i n o m i a l e x p e r i m e n t c o n s i s t i n g o f
10 t r ia l s w i t h a p r o b a b i lit y o f s u c c e s s o f 3 6 % o n e a c h t r ia l. W h a t is t h e m o s t
l ik e ly n u m b e r o f s u c c e s s e s ?
(S )3
(g )4
(C )
(g )
EXAM PLE 5
H ISTO G R A M S A b i n o m i a l e x p e r i m e n t c o n s i s t s o f n t r i a l s w i t h p r o b a b i l i t y p
on p. 727
for Exs. 33-38
o f s u c c e s s o n e a c h t r ia l. D ra w a h is to g r a m o f th e b in o m ia i d is tr ib u tio n th a t
s h o w s t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f e x a c t l y Ac s u c c e s s e s . D e s c r i b e t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n a s e i t h e r
s y m m e tric o r sk e w e d . T h e n fin d th e m o s t lik e ly n u m b e r o f s u c c e s s e s .
33. n = 3, p = 0.3
34 . n =
6,p = 0.5
3 5 . rz = 4, p = 0 .16
36.
3 7 .n =
8,p = 0.025
38. n = 12 , p = 0.5
39.
n = 7, p = 0.85
* O PEN -EN DED MATH C o n s t r u c t a s y m m e t r i c p r o b a b i li t y d i s t r ib u t io n fo r

a r a n d o m v a r ia b le X a n d a s k e w e d p r o b a b i li t y d is t r ib u t io n fo r a r a n d o m
v a r ia b le K M a k e a t a b le a n d a h i s t o g r a m fo r e a c h d is t r ib u t io n .
728
on p. WS1
= STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTICE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATIONS
I n E x e r c i s e s 4 0 - 4 2 , y o u w i l l d e r iv e t h e b i n o m i a i p r o b a b i l i t y f o r m u l a o n
p a g e 7 2 5 . C o n s id e r a b in o m ia l e x p e r im e n t w ith n t r i a ls a n d p r o b a b iiity p o f
s u c c e s s o n e a c h tr ia l.
40. F o r a n y p a r t ic u l a r s e q u e n c e o f A: s u c c e s s e s a n d n A; f a ilu r e s , w h a t is t h e
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t t h e s e q u e n c e o c c u r s ? E x p / a m .
4 1 . H o w m a n y s e q u e n c e s o f A; s u c c e s s e s a n d n - A; f a i l u r e s a r e t h e r e ? Exp/m 'n.
4 2. CHALLENGE U s e y o u r r e s u lt s f r o m E x e r c is e s 40 a n d 4 1 t o j u s t i f y t h e b i n o m i a l
p r o b a b ili t y f o r m u la .
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXA M PLES
43 . HEALTH A b o u t 1% o f p e o p le a r e a lle r g ic to b e e s t in g s . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y

t h a t e x a c t l y 1 p e r s o n in a c la s s o f 2 5 is a lle r g i c to b e e s t in g s ?
3 and 4
on p. 726
for Exs. 4 3 -4 6
@ E o m e 7 u tO f
44.
B A SK E TB A LL P r e d r a g S t o ja k o v ic o f t h e S a c r a m e n t o K in g s m a d e 9 2 .7 % o f
h is f r e e t h r o w a t t e m p t s in t h e 2 0 0 3 -2 0 0 4 N B A r e g u la r s e a s o n . W h a t is t h e
p r o b a b ili t y t h a t h e w i l l m a k e e x a c t l y 10 o f h is n e x t 15 f r e e t h r o w a t t e m p t s ?
@ M M n e lM fo r
^ 5) BLOOD T Y P E T h e c h a r t s h o w s t h e d is t r i b u t io n o f b lo o d t y p e s (O , A , B, A B )
a n d R h fa c to r
o r " ) f o r h u m a n b lo o d . If, a t r a n d o m , 10 p e o p l e d o n a t e b lo o d
to a b lo o d b a n k d u r i n g a c e r t a i n h o u r , f i n d t h e p r o b a b i li t y o f e a c h e v e n t .
P e r c e n t o f P o p u la tio n b y B lo o d T y p e
0+
O*
A+
A*
B+
AB+
AB"
37%
6%
34%
6%
10%
2%
4%
1%
a. E x a c t ly 5 o f t h e p e o p le a r e t y p e A \
b . E x a c tly 2 o f th e p e o p le a re R h .
c.
d . A t le a s t 5 o f t h e p e o p le a r e R h \
A t m o st 2 o f th e p e o p le a re ty p e O.
46. FINE ARTS A s u r v e y s t a t e s t h a t 3 5 % o f p e o p le in t h e U n it e d S t a te s v i s it e d

a n a r t m u s e u m in a c e r t a i n y e a r . Y o u r a n d o m l y s e le c t 10 U .S . c it iz e n s .
a . D r a w a h i s t o g r a m s h o w in g t h e b i n o m i a l d is t r ib u t i o n o f t h e n u m b e r o f
p e o p le w h o v is it e d a n a r t m u s e u m .
b . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a t m o s t 4 p e o p l e v i s i t e d a n a r t m u s e u m ?
4 7.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS A n a v e r a g e o f 7 g o p h e r h o le s
a p p e a r o n th e fa rm sh o w n e a c h w e e k . L et X re p re se n t h o w m a n y
o f t h e 7 g o p h e r h o le s a p p e a r in t h e c a r r o t p a t c h . A s s u m e t h a t a
g o p h e r h o le h a s a n e q u a l c h a n c e o f a p p e a r in g a t a n y p o in t o n
t h e fa r m .
a . C a lc u la tin g P r o b a b ilitie s F in d P (X ) fo r X = 0, 1, 2 , . . . , 7.
b . M a k in g a T a b le M a k e a t a b le s h o w in g t h e p r o b a b i lit y
d is t r i b u t io n fo r X .
c. M a k in g a H is to g r a m M a k e a h i s t o g r a m s h o w in g t h e
p r o b a b ili t y d is t r ib u t io n fo r X .
1 0 .6
C on stru ct a n d in terp ret B in om iai D istribu tions
729
4 8 . * EXTEN D ED R E SP O N SE A s s u m e t h a t h a v i n g a m a ie c h i i d a n d h a v in g a
fe m a ie c h iid a r e i n d e p e n d e n t e v e n t s a n d t h a t t h e p r o b a b i ii t y o f e a c h is 0.5.
a . A c o u p ie h a s 4 m a ie c h ild r e n . E v a iu a t e t h e v a l i d i t y o f t h i s s t a t e m e n t :
" T h e f ir s t 4 k id s w e r e a ll b o y s , s o t h e n e x t o n e w i i l p r o b a b l y b e a g ir l."
b . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y o f h a v in g 4 m a le c h il d r e n a n d t h e n a f e m a le c h ild ?
c. L e t A b e a r a n d o m v a r ia b le t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r o f c h ild r e n
a c o u p le a lr e a d y h a s w h e n t h e y h a v e t h e ir f ir s t f e m a le c h ild . D r a w a
h i s t o g r a m o f t h e d is t r i b u t io n o f P (X ) fo r 0 < X < 10 a n d d e s c r ib e its s h a p e .
4 9 . CHALLENGE A n e n t e r t a in m e n t s y s t e m h a s n s p e a k e r s . E a c h s p e a k e r w i ll
f u n c t io n p r o p e r ly w it h p r o b a b i lit y p, i n d e p e n d e n t o f w h e t h e r t h e o t h e r
s p e a k e r s a r e f u n c t i o n i n g . T h e s y s t e m w i ll o p e r a t e e f f e c t i v e l y i f a t le a s t 5 0 %
o f its s p e a k e r s a r e f u n c t io n in g . F o r w h a t v a l u e s o f p is a 5 - s p e a k e r s y s t e m
m o r e l ik e l y to o p e r a t e t h a n a 3 - s p e a k e r s y s t e m ?
MtXED REVIEW
P R E V !E W
E v a l u a t e t h e e x p r e s s i o n , (p. 2)
Prepare for
Lesson 11.1
5 0 . 8 + 24 - 4
51. 4 - 3
in Exs. 5 0 -5 5 .
5 3 . 6 - (15 * 2 r - 9
5 4 . 2 + 48 - 6 - 4 - 5
2 8 -7
5 2 . 35 - 3 - 2 - 8
5 5 . 14 - 9 - 3 + 40 - 8
S o lv e t h e i n e q u a l i t y a l g e b r a i c a l l y . T h e n g r a p h t h e s o l u t i o n .
5 6 . 5 - 2 x < 12 (p. 411
57.
1 < 4% - 3 < 7 (p. 411
5 9 . 6 F > 36 (p. 3001
6 0 . 3x^ + 1 I x - 4 < 0 (p. 3001
58.
- 2 < 3 x - 5 < 4 (p. 411
6 1 . 3x^ + 9 x < x^ + 4 (p. 3001
F i n d a l l z e r o s o f t h e p o l y n o m i a l f u n c t i o n , (p. 3701
6 2 . /(x ) = x^ - 4x^ - 7 x + 10
6 3 . g (x ) = 3 x
- 3x
+ 7 5 x - 75
6 4 . h (x ) = x** - x^ - 5x^ - x - 6
6 5 . /'(x) = 2x^ + 5x^ + 29x^ + 8 0 x 48
Q U !Z /o r Lessons 7 0 .5 -7 0 .6
F in d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f r a n d o m l y d r a w i n g t h e g i v e n m a r b l e s f r o m a b a g o f 6 r e d ,
9 g r e e n , a n d 5 b lu e m a r b l e s w i t h o u t r e p l a c e m e n t , (p. 7171
1. re d , t h e n g r e e n
2. b iu e , t h e n r e d
3. g r e e n , t h e n g r e e n
C a l c u l a t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f g e t t i n g t h e g iv e n n u m b e r o f 6 's w h e n r o l l i n g a
s ix - s id e d d ie 1 0 t i m e s , (p. 7241
4. 0
5. 1
6. 4
7. 8
A b in o m ia l e x p e r im e n t c o n s is ts o f n t r ia ls w ith p r o b a b ility p o f s u c c e s s o n e a c h
t r ia l. D ra w a h is to g r a m o f th e b in o m ia l d is tr ib u tio n t h a t sh o w s t h e p r o b a b ility
o f e x a c t l y A; s u c c e s s e s , (p. 7241
8 . n = 5, p = 0.2
9 . n = 8, p = 0.5
1 0 . n = 6, p = 0.72
11. MENU CHOICES Y o u a n d 4 f r ie n d s a r e in li n e a t iu n c h a n d a r e e a c h s e l e c t in g

a b e v e r a g e . T h e r e a r e 5 t y p e s o f b e v e r a g e s a v a ila b le . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y
t h a t a ll o f y o u w i l l s e le c t d if f e r e n t b e v e r a g e s ? fjp. 7171
730
E X T R A P R A C U C E for Lesson 10.6, p. 1019
O N H N E Q U ! Z at classzone.com
c%t%?ACT!V!TY
@ N o m e 7 iv fo r
c ta s s z o n e .c o m
Keystrokes
10.6 C reate a Binom ia! D istribution

H ow c a n y o u u s e a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r to c a ic u ia te
b i n o m i a i p r o b a b i i it i e s ?
S o m e c a lc u la t o r s h a v e a b i n o m i a l p r o b a b ili t y d is t r ib u t io n f u n c t i o n t h a t y o u c a n
u s e to c a lc u l a t e b i n o m i a l p r o b a b ilit ie s . Y o u c a n t h e n u s e t h e c a l c u la t o r to d r a w a
h is t o g r a m o f t h e d is t r ib u t io n .
C a ic u ia t e b in o m i a i p r o b a b i i it i e s
T V N EW S A c c o r d in g to a s u r v e y , 3 8 % o f U .S . a d u lt s g e t t h e ir n e w s p r i m a r i l y
fr o m t e le v is io n . S u p p o s e y o u s u r v e y 6 a d u lt s a t r a n d o m . D r a w a h i s t o g r a m o f
t h e b in o m ia l d i s t r ib u t i o n s h o w in g t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t t e le v i s io n is t h e p r im a r y
n e w s s o u r c e fo r e x a c t l y A; a d u lt s . W h a t is t h e m o s t l i k e ly n u m b e r o f a d u lt s i n y o u r
s u r v e y w h o g e t t h e i r n e w s p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h t e le v is io n ?
L e t p = 0.38 b e t h e p r o b a b ili t y
E n te r t h e b i n o m i a l p r o b a b ilit y
S e t u p t h e h is t o g r a m to u s e t h e
t h a t t e le v is io n is a p e r s o n 's
c o m m a n d to g e n e r a t e P (k ) fo r
n u m b e r s in lis t L^ a s x - v a lu e s
p r i m a r y n e w s s o u r c e . E n te r t h e
a ll s e v e n k - v a lu e s . S to r e t h e
a n d t h e n u m b e r s i n lis t
k - v a lu e s 0 t h r o u g h 6 in to li s t L^
r e s u lt s in lis t L^.
f r e q u e n c ie s . D r a w t h e h is t o g r a m
as
in a s u it a b le v i e w in g w in d o w .
o n t h e g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r .
bi not npdf ( 6 , . 3 8 )
2...
(.0568002356
Ans - t Lz
(.0568002356
;
-
F ro m t h e h is t o g r a m in S te p 3, y o u c a n s e e t h a t k = 2 is t h e m o s t li k e l y n u m b e r
o f t h e 6 a d u lt s s u r v e y e d w h o g e t t h e ir n e w s p r i m a r i l y t h r o u g h t e le v is io n .
A b in o m ia l e x p e r im e n t c o n s is ts o f n t r ia ls w ith p r o b a b ility p o f s u c c e s s o n
e a c h t r ia l. U se a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to d ra w a h is to g r a m o f th e b in o m ia l
d is tr ib u tio n t h a t sh o w s t h e p r o b a b ility o f e x a c tly k s u c c e s s e s . T h e n fin d th e
m o s t lik e ly n u m b e r o f s u c c e s s e s .
1. n = 12 , p = 0.29
4.
2. n = 14, p = 0.58
3. n = 15 , p = 0.805
W H AT !F ? In t h e e x a m p le , h o w d o y o u r h i s t o g r a m a n d t h e m o s t l ik e ly
n u m b e r o f a d u lt s c h a n g e i f y o u s u r v e y 14 a d u lt s a t r a n d o m ?
1 0 .6
C on stru ct and Interpret B in om ial D istributions
MtXED REV<EW./Pr.M^^Wng
STATE T E S T P R A C T K E
Lessons 10.4-10.6
1. M U L T !-ST E P P R O BLEM Y o u a n d a f r ie n d a r e
4. O PEN -EN D ED W r it e a r e a l- lif e p r o b le m t h a t y o u
p la y in g a w o r d g a m e t h a t in v o lv e s le t t e r e d
c a n s o lv e u s i n g a t r e e d ia g r a m a n d c o n d it i o n a l
tile s . T h e d is t r ib u t io n o f le t t e r s is s h o w n b e lo w .
p r o b a b ili t ie s . D r a w t h e t r e e d i a g r a m a n d s h o w
h o w to s o lv e t h e p r o b le m .
12
5. CR1DDED A N SW E R A s o f t b a l l p la y e r g e t s a
h it in a b o u t 3 1 % o f h e r a t- b a ts . Y o u r a n d o m l y
s e l e c t 15 o f t h e p la y e r 's a t-b a ts . W h a t is t h e
m o s t l i k e l y n u m b e r o f h it s t h e p la y e r w i ll h a v e
in t h o s e a t b a ts ?
6. EXTEN D ED R E SPO N SE T h e o w n e r o f a
l a w n m o w i n g b u s i n e s s o w n s t h r e e o ld a n d
Blank
u n r e li a b l e r id in g m o w e r s . A s l o n g a s o n e o f
t h e m o w e r s is w o r k in g , t h e o w n e r c a n s t a y
p r o d u c t i v e . F r o m p a s t e x p e r ie n c e , o n e o f t h e
a. Y o u r a n d o m ly d r a w 1 t ile . W h a t is t h e
m o w e r s is u n u s a b le 10 % o f t h e t im e , o n e is
p r o b a b ili t y o f g e t t i n g a v o w e l? ( A s s u m e
u n u s a b le 8 % o f t h e t im e , a n d o n e is u n u s a b le
t h a t Y is a c o n s o n a n t .)
18 % o f t h e t im e .
b . Y o u r a n d o m ly d r a w 2 t ile s w it h o u t
r e p la c e m e n t . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y o f
g e t t i n g 2 v o w e ls ?
c. A t t h e s t a r t o f t h e g a m e , y o u r a n d o m l y
c h o o s e 7 t ile s w i t h o u t r e p la c e m e n t . W h a t
a. F in d t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a ll t h r e e m o w e r s
a r e u n u s a b l e o n a g iv e n d a y .
b . F in d t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a t le a s t o n e o f t h e
m o w e r s is u s a b le o n a g i v e n d a y .
c. S u p p o s e t h e le a s t r e lia b le m o w e r s t o p s
is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a ll o f t h e t il e s a r e
w o r k in g c o m p le t e ly . H o w d o e s t h i s a f f e c t t h e
v o w e ls ?
p r o b a b i li t y t h a t t h e la w n m o w i n g b u s in e s s
c a n b e p r o d u c t iv e o n a g iv e n d a y ?
M U L T I-ST E P PRO BLEM A c c o r d i n g to a s u r v e y ,

6 2 % o f U .S . a d u lt s c o n s id e r t h e m s e lv e s s p o r t s
fa n s . Y o u r a n d o m ly s e le c t 14 a d u lt s to s u r v e y .
a . D r a w a h is t o g r a m o f t h e b i n o m ia l
7. EXTEN D ED R E SP O N SE A c o m p u t e r s o f t w a r e
c o m p a n y is p e r f o r m i n g a m a r k e t t e s t o n t w o
d e s ig n s , A a n d B, fo r it s n e w s o f t w a r e p r o g r a m .
d is t r ib u t io n s h o w in g t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t
O u t o f 2 50 p e o p le w h o v i e w t h e d e s ig n s , 85 lik e
A; a d u lt s c o n s id e r t h e m s e lv e s s p o r t s f a n s .
d e s ig n A , 13 5 lik e d e s ig n B, a n d 4 5 lik e b o t h
b . W h a t is t h e m o s t li k e ly n u m b e r o f a d u lt s
w h o c o n s id e r t h e m s e lv e s s p o r t s fa n s ?
d e s ig n s .
a . C o p y a n d c o m p le t e t h e V e n n d ia g r a m .
c. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a t le a s t 7 a d u lt s
c o n s id e r t h e m s e lv e s s p o r t s fa n s ?
SH O R T RE SPO N SE A m a n u f a c t u r e r m a k e s
b r ie f c a s e s w it h n u m b e r e d lo c k s . T h e lo c k s c a n
b e s e t s o t h a t a n y o n e o f 1000 d if f e r e n t c o d e s
w i ll o p e n t h e b r ie f c a s e . F o u r f r ie n d s h a v e
b r ie f c a s e s f r o m t h i s m a n u f a c t u r e r . W h a t is t h e
p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a t le a s t 2 o f t h e 4 b r ie f c a s e s
h a v e t h e s a m e c o d e ? I f t w o m o r e f r ie n d s b u y
W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a p e r s o n lik e s
d e s ig n A o r d e s i g n B?
c. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a p e r s o n d o e s
t h e s a m e b r ie f c a s e , h o w d o e s t h e p r o b a b ilit y
n o t lik e e it h e r d e s ig n ?
t h a t a t le a s t 2 o f t h e b r i e f c a s e s h a v e t h e s a m e
E xp /am h o w y o u c a n c a lc u la te th e
cod e change?
p r o b a b ili t y f r o m p a r t (c) i f y o u k n o w t h e
p r o b a b ili t y f r o m p a r t (b).
732
C h apter 1 0
C ou nting M eth o d s and P robabiiity
CHAPTER SUMMARY
B/G /DF/fS
% ?% /*
Using Perm utations and Combinations

PERM U TA TiO N S
O rd e r is
im p o r ta n t
Number of ways to
arrange 10 students at
10 desks:
n!
Permutations of
n distinct objects
10! = 3,628,800
Number of ways to
arrange 8 students at
10 desks:
Permutations of
n distinct objects
taken r at a time
10!
2!
Permutations of
n objects where one
object is repeated
s^ times, another is
repeated s^ times,
and so on
CO M BiN A TiO N S
O rd e r is n o t
im p o r t a n t
= 1,814,400
Number of
distinguishable
permutations of the
letters in STUDENTS:
n!
^ = 1 0 ,0 8 0
Combinations of
r objects taken from
a group of n distinct
objects
n!
(n - r)! - r!
Number of ways to
choose 8 students from
a set of 10 students:
10!
2!
>
8!
= 45
Finding Probabilities
T h e f o l lo w i n g t a b le s h o w s w h i c h f o r m u la to u s e w h e n f i n d i n g p r o b a b ili t ie s
i n v o l v i n g t w o e v e n t s A a n d B.
O v e ria p p in g E v e n ts
in d e p e n d e n t E v e n ts
D e p e n d e n t E v e n ts
Pf4 or B) = P(4) + P(B) - P(4 and B)
P(4 and B) = P(4) - P(B)
P(/tand B) = P(/1).P(Bl/1)
Constructing Binomiai Distributions

F o r a b i n o m i a l e x p e r im e n t , t h e p r o b a b ilit y
o f e x a c t ly A; s u c c e s s e s i n n t r ia l s is
P (k su ccesses) =
0.4
- p )" "
w h e r e t h e p r o b a b i li t y o f s u c c e s s o n e a c h
t r ia l is p.
A b in o m ia l d is t r ib u t io n s h o w s t h e
p r o b a b ili t ie s o f a ll p o s s ib le o u t c o m e s in a
b i n o m ia l e x p e r i m e n t . T h e d is t r ib u t io n is
s k e w e d i f p ^ 0.5.
B in o m ia i D is t r ib u t io n f o r n = 6 , p = 0 .6
jg 0.2
O
nl
1 2
3
4
5
6
Number of successes, &
C h ap ter Su m m ary
733
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ ^ o m c 7 u fo f
d a s s z o n e .c o m
- Mu!ti-Language Glossary
- Vocabulary practice
RFW FM /M EV yO G 4 R U M R V
p. 700
- p e rm u tatio n , p. 684
< e x p e rim e n ta l probability,
- facto rial, p. 684
- g e o m e tric probability, p. 707
- ra n d o m v ariab le,
- co m b in atio n , p. 690
- co m p o u n d e v e n t, p. 707
- p robab ility distribution, p. 724
- P ascal's trian g le, p. 692
- o v erlap p in g e v e n ts, p. 707
' binom ial distribution, p. 72?
- binom ial th e o re m , p. 692
' binom ial e x p e rim e n t, p. 72?
- probability, p. 698
' disjoint o r m u tually exclu siv e

e v e n ts, p. 707
- th e o re tica l probabiiity, p. 698
' in d e p e n d e n t e v e n ts, p. 777
- Odds,
p. 699
< co n d itio n al probability,
p.
' s y m m e tric distribution, p. 727

' sk ew ed distribution,
p. 727
' d e p e n d e n t e v e n ts, p. 778
1 . C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A (n )
is a s e l e c t io n o f r* o b j e c t s f r o m a g r o u p o f
77 o b je c t s w h e r e t h e o r d e r o f t h e o b j e c t s s e le c t e d is n o t im p o r t a n t .
2. W R )T !N G Exp/a/7? t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e p r o b a b i ii t y o f a n e v e n t a n d t h e
o d d s in fa v o r o f t h e e v e n t .
3. W R iT iN G Y o u r a n d o m l y s e l e c t 10 c a r d s , o n e b y o n e , f r o m a s t a n d a r d d e c k o f
52 c a r d s w it h o u t r e p la c e m e n t . Y o u r e c o r d t h e n u m b e r o f d i a m o n d s y o u g e t.
Is t h is a b in o m i a l e x p e r im e n t ? E xp/m rt.
4. W R )T !N G L e t e v e n t A b e r a n d o m l y s e l e c t i n g a g r e e n m a r b le f r o m a b a g t h a t
c o n t a in s r e d , g r e e n , a n d b lu e m a r b le s . L e t e v e n t B b e r a n d o m l y s e l e c t i n g a
m a r b le t h a t is n o t r e d f r o m t h e s a m e b a g . A r e e v e n t s A a n d B d i s j o in t e v e n t s ?
E xp/aftr.
Rfy/FM/ EXAMPLES 4/VD FXFRC7SFS

U s e t h e r e v i e w e x a m p le s a n d e x e r c is e s b e l o w to c h e c k y o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f
t h e c o n c e p t s y o u h a v e le a r n e d in e a c h l e s s o n o f C h a p t e r 10.
Appiy the Counting Principie and Permutations
pp. 682-689
A n ic e s k a tin g c o m p e titio n fe a tu r e s 8 s k a te r s . H o w m a n y d iffe r e n t w a y s c a n th e

s k a te r s f in is h t h e c o m p e titio n ? H o w m a n y d iffe r e n t w a y s c a n 3 o f t h e s k a te r s
fin is h fir s t, s e c o n d , a n d th ir d ?
T h e r e a r e 8! w a y s t h e s k a t e r s c a n f in i s h t h e c o m p e t i t i o n .
81 = 8 - 7 - 6 - 5 - 4 . 3 - 2 . 1 = 40,320
T h e re are
734
C hapter 1 0
w a y s t h a t 3 o f t h e s k a t e r s c a n f i n is h f ir s t , s e c o n d , a n d th ir d .
778
p. 724
EXERC!SES
EXA M PLES
4and5
on pp. 684-685
for Exs. 5 -9
5.
P H O TO G RA PH Y Y o u a r e p la c in g 12 p ic t u r e s o n s e p a r a t e p a g e s in a n a lb u m .
H o w m a n y d i f f e r e n t w a y s c a n y o u o r d e r t h e 12 p i c t u r e s in t h e a lb u m ? H o w
m a n y d if f e r e n t w a y s c a n 4 o f t h e 12 p i c t u r e s b e p l a c e d o n t h e f ir s t 4 p a g e s ?
F in d th e n u m b e r o f p e r m u ta tio n s .
6.
7- 5^5
8* 6^3
Use Combinations and the Binomiai Theorem
p p .6 9 0 - 6 9 7
U s e t h e b i n o m i a i t h e o r e m t o e x p a n d (x + 5 y ) t
(x + 5y)" = 4 C x "(5 y ) + , C , x '( 5 y ) ' + ^ x ^ S y f +
+ ,q x ( 5 y ) '
= ( l ) ( x 1 ( l ) + ( 4 ) M ( 5 y ) + ( 6 ) ( x % 5 / ) + (4)(x)(l25y^ ) + (l)( l)(6 2 5 y " )

= x^ + 20x^y + 1 5 0 x Y + 5 0 0 x / + 625y^
EXERCtSES
EXAM PLES
3, 5, and 6
on pp. 691-693
for Exs. 10-14
U se th e b in o m ia i th e o r e m to w rite th e b in o m ia i e x p a n s io n .
10 . (f + 3)6
14.
1 1 . (2 a + &2)"
12. ( r e -8 p ) ^
- 4s) ^
13.
!CE CREAM A n ic e c r e a m v e n d o r s e lls 15 f la v o r s o f ic e c r e a m . Y o u w a n t to

s a m p le a t le a s t 4 o f t h e f la v o r s . H o w m a n y d if f e r e n t c o m b in a t i o n s o f ic e
c r e a m f la v o r s c a n y o u s a m p le ?
Define and Use Probabiiity
p p .6 9 8 -7 0 4
Y o u r o i l a s t a n d a r d s ix - s i d e d d ie . F i n d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f r o l l i n g a n u m b e r l e s s
th a n 3.
T w o o u t c o m e s c o r r e s p o n d to r o ll in g a n u m b e r le s s t h a n 3: r o ll in g a 1 o r 2.
P ( r o ll in g le s s t h a n 3) =
N u m b e r o f w a y s to ro ll less th a n 3
N u m b e r o f w a y s to ro ll th e d ie
EXERC!SES
EXA M PLES
Y o u h a v e a n e q u a lly lik e ly c h a n c e o f c h o o s in g a n y in te g e r f r o m 1 th r o u g h 3 0 .
1 and 4
F i n d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t h e g iv e n e v e n t .
on pp. 6 9 8 - 7 0 0
for Exs. 1 5 -1 9
15.
A n e v e n n u m b e r is c h o s e n .
1 7 . A f a c t o r o f 60 is c h o s e n .
19.
1 6 . A m u lt ip le o f 5 is c h o s e n .
1 8 . A p r im e n u m b e r is c h o s e n .
COM M UTIN G O u t o f 2 50 w o r k d a y s , a c o m m u t e r a r r iv e d a t w o r k o n t im e
47 t im e s o n M o n d a y s , 43 t i m e s o n T u e s d a y s , 48 t i m e s o n W e d n e s d a y s ,
39 t im e s o n T h u r s d a y s , a n d 40 t im e s o n F r id a y s . F o r a r a n d o m ly s e le c t e d
w o r k d a y , w h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t t h e c o m m u t e r a r r iv e d a t w o r k o n t im e ?
C h ap ter Review
CHAPTER REV!EW
Probabilities of Disjoint and Overiapping Events
L e t 7) a n d B b e e v e n t s s u c h t h a t P ( 4 ) =
P (B ) = I
P (^ o rB ).
3
2
pp. 7 0 7 -7 7 3
a n d P (y l a n d B ) = i . F in d
3
P ( ^ o r B) = P(7i) + P (B ) - P (y l a n d B) = ^ + ^ - 1 = ^
EXA M PLES
2 and 4
on pp. 70 8 -7 0 9
for Exs. 2 0 -2 2
EXERCiSES
L e t ^4 a n d B b e e v e n t s s u c h t h a t P L 4 ) = 0 . 3 2 , P ( B ) = 0 . 4 8 , a n d P ( 7i a n d B ) = 0 .1 2 .
F in d t h e i n d i c a t e d p r o b a b i l it y .
20. P (7 to rB )
21. P (F )
22. P (F )
Probabiiities of independent and Dependent Events
pp. 717 723
F i n d t h e p r o b a b i i i t y o f s e l e c t i n g a c lu b a n d t h e n a n o t h e r c iu b f r o m a s t a n d a r d
d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s i f (a ) y o u r e p l a c e t h e f i r s t c a r d b e f o r e s e l e c t i n g t h e s e c o n d , a n d
(b ) y o u d o n o t r e p l a c e t h e f i r s t c a r d .
L e t e v e n t 7i b e " t h e f ir s t c a r d is a c iu b " a n d B b e " t h e s e c o n d c a r d is a c lu b ."
a . P L 4 a n d B) = P(7l) . P (B ) =
5Z
b . P ( A a n d B ) = P (7l) . P (B ],4 ) =
5Z
5Z
= ^
lb
51
= o .o 6 2 5
= - L = 0.0588
17
EXERCiSES
EXAM PLE 5
F i n d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f r a n d o m i y s e l e c t i n g t h e g iv e n m a r b i e s f r o m a b a g o f
on p. 719
for Exs. 2 3 -2 5
d r a w i n g t h e s e c o n d a n d (b ) y o u d o w o t r e p l a c e t h e f i r s t m a r b i e .
5 r e d , 8 g r e e n , a n d 3 b i u e m a r b i e s i f (a ) y o u r e p l a c e t h e f i r s t m a r b l e b e f o r e
2 3 . re d , t h e n g r e e n
2 4 . b iu e , t h e n r e d
25. g reen , th e n g reen
Construct and interpret Binomiai Distributions
p p .7 2 4 -7 3 0
F in d t h e p r o b a b iiity o f to s s in g a c o in 1 2 t im e s a n d g e ttin g e x a c t iy 4 h e a d s .
P(*r = 4) = q p * d l - p ) " - * = ^ C J 0 .5 ) 4 ( 1 - 0.5)3 = 4 9 5(0 .5)4 (0 .5)3 = 0 .12 1
EXERCiSES
EXAM PLE 3
F in d th e p r o b a b iiity o f to s s in g a c o in 8 t im e s a n d g e ttin g t h e g iv e n n u m b e r o f
on p. 726
for Exs. 2 6 -2 9
h ead s.
736
C h apter 1 0
26. 6
27. 4
C ou nting M eth o d s an d P robabiiity
28. 7
29. 0
CHAPTER TEST
F in d t h e n u m b e r o f p e r m u ta tio n s o r c o m b in a tio n s .
1-
5^2
2 ' g^3
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8. gC,
U se th e b in o m ia i th e o r e m to w r ite th e b in o m ia i e x p a n s io n .
9.
(x + 5)3
10 . (3<2-3)5
12. ( c ^ - 2^)^
11. (s + f2 )4
A c a r d is r a n d o m ly d ra w n f r o m a s ta n d a r d d e c k o f 5 2 c a r d s . F in d th e
p r o b a b i i i t y o f d r a w i n g t h e g iv e n c a r d .
13.
A queen
14. A r e d k i n g
15. A d i a m o n d
16. N o t a c lu b
F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d p r o b a b i l it y .
17. P (A ) = 0.3
20.
18. P (A ) = 3 5 %
P (B ) = 0.6
P (A o rP )= _ ?_
P (B ) =
P ( A o r B ) = 80%
P ( A a n d B) = 0 . 1
P (A a n d B) = 20%
A a n d P a r e in d e p e n d e n t .
21. A a n d P a r e d e p e n d e n t.
19. P(A) =
p tT ) = 2
5
22. A a n d P a r e d e p e n d e n t.
P (A ) = 0 .15
P (A ) = 6 0 %
P (A ) =
P ( P ) = 0.6
P (P ]A ) =
P ( P lA ) = 0.4
P (A a n d P) = _ ?_
P (A a n d P) = 25%
P ( A a n d P ) = 0.36
C a ic u ia te th e p r o b a b iiity o f P s u c c e s s e s fo r a b in o m ia i e x p e r im e n t c o n s is tin g
o f n t r ia ls w ith p r o b a b iiity p o f s u c c e s s o n e a c h t r ia l.
23 .
P = 4, n = 1 1 , p = 0.4
2 4 . P < 2, n = 5, p = 0.7
25 . P > 8, n = 9, p = 0.9
2 6 . T R U E -O R -F A L SE Q U !Z C a ic u ia t e t h e p r o b a b i ii t y o f r a n d o m i y g u e s s i n g a t
ie a s t 8 c o r r e c t a n s w e r s o n a 10 q u e s t io n t r u e - o r - f a ls e q u iz .
27 . G O V ER N M EN T T h e r e a r e 15 m e m b e r s o n a c i t y c o u n c ii . O n a r e c e n t a g e n d a
it e m , 8 o f t h e c o u n c i l m e m b e r s v o t e d i n f a v o r o f a b u d g e t i n c r e a s e fo r c i t y
p a r k im p r o v e m e n t s . H o w m a n y c o m b i n a t io n s o f c o u n c i l m e m b e r s c o u ld
h a v e v o t e d in f a v o r o f t h e b u d g e t in c r e a s e ?
28 . PARA CH U TiN G A p a r a c h u t e r is a t t e m p t in g to l a n d w i t h i n a s q u a r e in t h e
m id d le o f a c i r c u l a r l a n d i n g a r e a . T h e s q u a r e h a s s id e s 2 5 f e e t lo n g , a n d t h e
d ia m e t e r o f t h e l a n d in g a r e a is 40 f e e t . I f t h e p a r a c h u t e r is e q u a l l y li k e l y
to f ir s t t o u c h t h e g r o u n d a t a n y p o in t w i t h i n t h e la n d i n g a r e a , w h a t is t h e
p r o b a b i li t y t h a t t h e p a r a c h u t e r f ir s t t o u c h e s t h e g r o u n d w i t h i n t h e s q u a r e ?
2 9 . EDUCATiON A h ig h s c h o o l h a s a n e n r o l lm e n t o f 1800 s t u d e n t s . T h e r e a r e
1050 f e m a le s e n r o l l e d i n t h e s c h o o l. T h e h ig h s c h o o l h a s 120 0 s t u d e n t s w h o
a r e in v o lv e d in a n a ft e r - s c h o o l a c t iv it y , 7 2 5 o f w h o m a r e f e m a le . W h a t is
t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d s t u d e n t a t t h e s c h o o l is a f e m a le
w h o is n o t i n v o lv e d in a n a f t e r - s c h o o l a c t iv it y ?
30. F)SH<NG A s t u d y f o u n d t h a t 9 % o f p e o p l e c it e f i s h i n g a s t h e i r fa v o r it e
le is u r e - t i m e a c t iv it y . S u p p o s e y o u r a n d o m l y s u r v e y 8 p e o p le a b o u t t h e ir
le is u r e - t i m e a c t i v i t i e s . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a t le a s t 2 o f t h e p e o p l e
c it e f is h i n g a s t h e ir fa v o r it e ?
C h ap ter T e st
737
in *
TEST PREPARATtON
EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTIONS
S c o rin g R u b ric
Full Credit
* so lu tio n is c o m p le te
an d co rre ct
PROBLEM
Partiai Credit
A d a r t is t h r o w n a t t h e s q u a r e t a r g e t s h o w n . A s s u m e t h e
* so lu tio n is c o m p le te
b u t h a s e rr o rs ,
or
* so lu tio n is w ith o u t
e r r o r b u t in c o m p le te
d a r t is e q u a l l y l i k e ly to h it a n y p o in t in s id e t h e t a r g e t .
!2in .
a. F in d t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t t h e d a r t l a n d s o n e a c h c o lo r.
b. Y o u g e t 5 p o in t s fo r l a n d i n g o n g r e e n , 3 p o in t s
No Credit
fo r b lu e , a n d 1 p o in t fo r r e d . D o e s t h e s c o r i n g m a k e
* n o so lu tio n is g iv e n ,
or
* so lu tio n m a k e s n o
sen se
s e n s e b a s e d o n t h e p r o b a b ilit ie s ? R e p la n t.
c.
1 2in .
D e v e lo p y o u r o w n s y s t e m o f s c o r i n g b a s e d o n t h e p r o b a b ili t i e s f r o m
p a r t (a). E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
B e lo w a r e s a m p l e s o l u t i o n s t o t h e p r o b l e m . R e a d e a c h s o l u t i o n a n d t h e
c o m m e n t s in b l u e t o s e e w h y t h e s a m p l e r e p r e s e n t s f u l l c r e d i t , p a r t i a i c r e d i t ,
o r n o c r e d it.
SAMPLE 1: FuH cred it soiution

a.
T o f in d t h e p r o b a b ilit ie s , f ir s t f i n d t h e a r e a s o f t h e d if f e r e n t s e c t io n s .
T o f in d t h e a r e a o f t h e g r e e n s e c t io n , s p lit t h e g r e e n
T h e a re a s a re ca lcu lated
c o rre ctly an d fully
e x p lain ed .
6m
s q u a r e in t o t w o t r ia n g le s , a s s h o w n .
G r e e n a r e a = 0 .5 (12 )(6 ) + 0 .5 (12 )(6 ) = 7 2 in.^
T h e a r e a o f t h e b lu e s e c t i o n is t h e d if f e r e n c e o f t h e
a r e a s o f t h e c ir c le a n d g r e e n s q u a r e .
B lu e a r e a = -n-(6)^ - 7 2 = 36 rr - 7 2 ^ 4 1 .1 in.^
T h e a r e a o f t h e r e d s e c t i o n is t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e a r e a s o f t h e la r g e
s q u a r e a n d t h e c ir c le .
R e d a r e a = 12^ - ? r ( 6 f = 1 4 4 - 36-n- = 3 0 .9 in .^
P (g re e n ) =
T h e a n sw e rs a re c o rre ct.
!
T h e re a so n in g is clearly
e x p lain ed .
144
= 0 .5
P (b lu e ) =
144
0 .2 8 5
P (re d ) =
30.9
144
0 .2 1 5
b. T h e s c o r i n g d o e s n o t m a k e s e n s e . Y o u h a v e t h e g r e a t e s t c h a n c e o f
l a n d in g o n g r e e n , y e t t h i s o u t c o m e is a w a r d e d t h e h ig h e s t n u m b e r o f
p o in t s . Y o u s h o u ld g e t t h e m o s t p o in t s fo r l a n d i n g o n t h e s e c t i o n w it h
t h e lo w e s t p r o b a b ilit y .
c . T h e lo w e r t h e p r o b a b ili t y x o f l a n d i n g o n a c o lo r , t h e m o r e p o in t s y
T h e sco rin g sy ste m

is b a se d on th e
probabilities an d clearly
e x p lain ed .
y o u s h o u ld r e c e iv e . O n e t y p e o f m o d e l t h a t d is p la y s t h i s b e h a v io r is a n
in v e r s e v a r ia t i o n m o d e l x y = a , w h e r e a is a c o n s t a n t .
I f w e a s s ig n 5 a s t h e v a l u e o f t h e c o n s t a n t a , t h e n t h e s c o r e s fo r t h e c o lo r s
w o u l d b e a s fo llo w s :
P (g re e n )
738
C h apter 1 0
0.5
C o u n tin g M eth od s an d P robability
10
P(blue)
0.285
18
P(red)
0.215
23
SAMPLE 2 : P artia! cred it soiution

a . T h e a r e a o f t h e e n t ir e b o a r d is 12 (1 2 ) = 14 4 i n /
P (re d )
The probabitities are

correct, but the student
did not explain how the
area of the green square
was found.
are a o f red s e c tio n

area o f e n tire b o ard
30.9
144
P ( b lu e )
0 .2 15
area o f b iu e se c tio n _ circle

area o f e n tire b o a rd
144
P (g re e n )
_ b ig sq u a re circie _ 144 3677*

144
144
g re e n sq u a re _ 3 6 ^ 72
144
144
= 0-285
a re a o f g ree n s e c tio n
a re a o f e n tire b o a rd
72 = 0.5
144
b . N o , t h e s c o r in g d o e s n o t m a k e s e n s e .
There is no explanation.
c . I w o u id a w a r d 1 p o in t fo r g r e e n , 3 p o in t s fo r b iu e , a n d 5 p o in t s fo r re d .
...............................................
Probabilities are not used

to justify the answer.
SAMPLE 3 : No cred it soiution

a. P ( r e d )
The probabilities are

incorrect.
P (g re e n ) =
P (b lu e )
b . Y e s , t h e s c o r i n g s y s t e m m a k e s s e n s e . Y o u g e t m o r e p o in t s fo r h i t t i n g t h e
The answer is incorrect,

and the student did not
develop his or her own
scoring system.
m id d le , lik e w h e n y o u g e t a b u l l's - e y e in a s t a n d a r d g a m e o f d a r t s .
c . I w o u i d u s e t h e s c o r in g s y s t e m g i v e n in t h e p r o b le m .
PRACTtCE
1.
A p p jy t h e S c o r in g R u b ric
A s t u d e n t 's s o lu t io n to t h e p r o b le m o n t h e p r e v i o u s p a g e is g iv e n b e lo w .
S c o r e t h e s o lu t io n a s / a l l cre d it, p a r t i a l cre d it, o r n o c re d it. E x p la in y o u r
r e a s o n i n g . I f y o u c h o o s e p a r t i a l c r e d it o r n o c re d it, e x p l a i n h o w y o u w o u ld
c h a n g e t h e s o lu t i o n s o t h a t it e a r n s a s c o r e o f f u l l c r e d it .
a. Area of green = 6 ( 6 ) 3 6 i n / ---------------*- f (green) =

Area of red = 14 4 - 3 6 ?r = 31 in / --------*- f(red ) =
Area of blue = 3 6 r r - 3 6 - 7 7 in / --------*- f(blue) =
= 0 .2 5
144
144
= 0.215
= 0 .5 3 5
b. The scoring system does n ot make sen se because you are awarded
only 1 point for landing on th e section t h a t you are le a st likely to hit.
c. You are m ost likely to land on blue (53.5% ), so award 5 points for
blue. You are next m o st likely t o land on green (25%), so award
5 points for green. You are le a st likely to land on red (21.5%), so
award 10 points for red.
S tan d ard ized T e st P rep aratio n
739
jQ
PRA C TKE
EXTENDED RESPONSE
1. A 9 d ig it S o c ia i S e c u r it y N u m b e r (S S N ) is a s s ig n e d to e v e r y c i t i z e n o f t h e
U n it e d S ta te s . T h e d ig it s a r e 0 to 9 a n d c a n r e p e a t .
a. H o w m a n y p o s s ib ie S S N s a r e t h e r e ?
b . S o fa r, a b o u t 4 15 m iiiio n S S N s h a v e b e e n a s s ig n e d . I f 6 m i iii o n n e w S S N s
a r e a s s ig n e d e a c h y e a r , a f t e r h o w m a n y y e a r s w i ii t h e S o c ia i S e c u r it y
A d m in is t r a t io n r u n o u t o f n e w n u m b e r s ?
c. A ft e r t h e S o c ia i S e c u r it y A d m in is t r a t io n r u n s o u t o f n e w n u m b e r s to
a s s ig n , w h a t d o y o u t h i n k it s h o u id d o ? E x p / a m .
2. E a c h y e a r , t h e N a t io n a i B a s k e t b a ii A s s o c i a t io n (N B A ) h o id s a l o t t e r y to
d e t e r m in e w h i c h t e a m g e t s to s e le c t f ir s t w h e n c h o o s i n g n e w p ia y e r s .
a. B e t w e e n 1990 a n d 1993, e a c h o f t h e 11 t e a m s t h a t d id n o t q u a i i f y fo r t h e
p la y o f fs w a s a s s ig n e d a c e r t a i n n u m b e r o f lo t t e r y e n t r ie s . T h e t e a m w it h
t h e w o r s t r e c o r d w a s a s s ig n e d 11 e n t r ie s , t h e t e a m w i t h t h e s e c o n d - w o r s t
r e c o r d w a s a s s ig n e d 10 e n t r ie s , a n d s o o n . F o r e a c h o f t h e 11 t e a m s , f in d t h e
p r o b a b iiit y t h a t t h e t e a m g o t to c h o o s e n e w p ia y e r s f ir s t .
b . In 199 4 t h e l o t t e r y s y s t e m c h a n g e d , a n d in 19 9 5 t h e n u m b e r o f n o n - p l a y o f f
t e a m s in c r e a s e d to 13. U n d e r t h e n e w s y s t e m , t h e t e a m s w e r e a s s ig n e d
t h e n u m b e r s o f e n t r ie s s h o w n in t h e t a b ie . T h e t e a m w i t h t h e w o r s t r e c o r d
is A , t h e s e c o n d w o r s t is B, a n d s o o n . F o r e a c h o f t h e 13 t e a m s , f in d t h e
p r o b a b iiit y t h a t t h e t e a m g o t to c h o o s e n e w p ia y e r s f ir s t .
Team s
E n trie s
250
200
157
120
89
64
44
29
18
11
c . C o m p a r e t h e p r o b a b i iit ie s f r o m p a r t s (a) a n d ( b ) . W h y d o y o u t h i n k t h a t t h e
N B A c h a n g e d t h e lo t te r y ? E x p / a m y o u r r e a s o n in g .
3. A s u r v e y is a d m i n i s t e r e d to a ii s t u d e n t s in a h i g h s c h o o i. B a s e d o n t h e r e s u it s ,
t h e s u r v e y 's a u t h o r s c o n c lu d e t h a t 6 1% o f s t u d e n t s in t h e U n it e d S t a te s iik e
s c h o o i, 9 5 % o f s t u d e n t s w h o iik e s c h o o i p la n to a t t e n d c o lle g e , a n d 7 0 % o f
s t u d e n t s w h o d o n o t iik e s c h o o l p ia n to a t t e n d c o lle g e .
a . C o n s t r u c t a p r o b a b i lit y t r e e d i a g r a m fo r t h is s it u a t io n .
b . E s t im a t e t h e p r o b a b iiit y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e le c t e d h ig h s c h o o i s t u d e n t in
t h e U n it e d S ta te s p la n s to a t t e n d c o lle g e .
c . Is y o u r a n s w e r to p a r t (b) a t h e o r e t ic a l o r e x p e r im e n t a l p r o b a b ilit y ?
E x p la in .
4. T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e n u m b e r s o f D e m o c r a t ic
M id w e s t
N o r th e a s t
S o u th
W est
D em o crat
R ep u biican
a n d R e p u b lic a n P r e s id e n t s b o r n in d if f e r e n t
p a r t s o f t h e U n it e d S ta te s . T h e t a b le in c lu d e s
t h e P r e s id e n t s in o f f i c e f r o m 18 53 to 2005.
a. F in d t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a P r e s id e n t
c h o s e n a t r a n d o m w a s b o r n in t h e S o u t h .
b . F in d t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a P r e s id e n t c h o s e n a t r a n d o m w a s b o r n in t h e
S o u th , g iv e n t h a t t h e P r e s id e n t w a s a R e p u b lic a n .
c . C a n y o u c o n c lu d e f r o m t h e in f o r m a t io n in t h e t a b le t h a t a D e m o c r a t i c
c a n d id a t e fr o m t h e W e s t h a s n o c h a n c e to b e e le c t e d P r e s id e n t ? E x p la in .
740
C h apter 1 0
GR!DDED ANSWER
8. F in d t h e n u m b e r o f d i s t i n g u i s h a b le
5. T w o d ic e a r e r o ile d in a t r iv i a b o a r d g a m e . Y o u
r o ll a 6 - s id e d d ie to f in d t h e n u m b e r o f s p a c e s
p e r m u t a t io n s o f t h e le t t e r s in t h e w o r d
to a d v a n c e . Y o u r o ll a 1 0 - s id e d d ie to f in d
W EEKEND.
w h i c h t y p e o f q u e s t io n y o u m u s t a n s w e r . H o w
9. W h a t is t h e c o e f f i c i e n t o f x^ in t h e e x p a n s io n o f
m a n y p o s s ib le o u t c o m e s a r e t h e r e w h e n r o llin g
(4 x -
t h e s e t w o d ic e ?
(A )
16
( g ) 60
(g )
210
(D ) 5040
10. W h a t is t h e v a l u e o f t h e e x p r e s s io n gC^ - gC^?

1 1 . F in d P (A a n d B ) g iv e n t h a t P (A ) = 0.52,
P (B ) = 0.24, a n d P ( A o r B ) = 0.61.
6. A c a r d is r a n d o m l y s e le c t e d f r o m a s t a n d a r d
12. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y r o u n d e d to t h e n e a r e s t
d e c k o f 52 c a r d s . T h e p r o b a b i li t y o f d r a w in g
t h o u s a n d t h o f t o s s in g a c o in 50 t im e s a n d
w h i c h t y p e o f c a r d is 2 5 % ?
g e t t i n g e x a c t ly 15 h e a d s ?
(A )
A sp ad e
(B ) T h e 3 o f h e a rts
(g )
A queen
(D ) A r e d c a r d
13. In a s u r v e y o f a d u lt s w h o f o l lo w m o r e t h a n o n e
s p o r t , 3 0 % l is t e d f o o t b a l l a s t h e ir f a v o r it e s p o r t.
Y o u s u r v e y 15 a d u lt s w h o f o llo w m o r e t h a n o n e
7. W h ic h b in o m ia l e x p a n s i o n in c lu d e s t h e t e r m
40*2?
(A )
(x + l)5
(g)
(2 x
s p o r t . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y r o u n d e d to t h e
n e a re s t th o u s a n d th th a t fe w e r th a n 4 o f th e m
w i ll s a y t h a t f o o t b a l l is t h e ir f a v o r it e s p o r t?
( B ) (x + 5)S
+ if
1)5?
(g) (2 x + 5)5
SHORT RESPONSE
14. F o r a n o n lin e c h e c k i n g a c c o u n t , y o u m u s t c h o o s e a p e r s o n a l p a s s w o r d .
T h e p a s s w o r d m u s t b e b e t w e e n 6 a n d 8 c h a r a c t e r s a n d m a y c o n t a in le t t e r s o r
d ig it s . H o w m a n y d if f e r e n t p a s s w o r d s a r e p o s s ib le , a s s u m i n g t h e d ig it s a n d
le t t e r s c a n b e r e p e a t e d ? E x p im 'n h o w y o u f o u n d y o u r a n s w e r .
15. A s u r v e y a s k e d a d u lt s w h o u s e t h e I n t e r n e t
H o w o f t e n d o y o u u s e t h e I n t e r n e t f o r e m a il?
h o w f r e q u e n t ly t h e y s e n d o r r e c e iv e e - m a il.
T h e r e s u lt s o f t h e s u r v e y a r e s h o w n in t h e
^ 5
b a r g r a p h a t t h e r ig h t. F in d t h e e x p e r im e n t a l
300
!
243
215
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a r a n d o m ly s e le c t e d a d u lt
^ 2 0 0
I n t e r n e t u s e r u s e s t h e I n t e r n e t to s e n d o r
= 5
r e c e iv e e - m a il o f t e n o r v e r y o f t e n . If t h e s u r v e y
"
h a d p o lle d c o m p u t e r p r o g r a m m e r s in s t e a d o f
93
100
a ll a d u lt s , d e s c r ib e h o w y o u t h i n k t h e r e s u lt s
o f t h e s u r v e y w o u ld b e d if f e r e n t .
16. T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e le n g t h (in m ile s ) o f I n t e r s ta t e 9 5 in e a c h s t a t e , fr o m

s o u t h to n o r t h . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a r a n d o m ly s e l e c t e d s e g m e n t
o f I n t e r s ta t e 9 5 is in t h e f iv e s t a t e s s t r e t c h i n g f r o m V i r g i n i a to N e w J e rse y ?
E x p la in h o w y o u f o u n d y o u r a n s w e r .
S ta te
FL
GA
SC
NC
VA
MD
DE
PA
NJ
NY
CN
" ----R!
MA
NH
ME
M ile s
381
112
201
183
178
110
26
58
44
29
118
47
97
17
306
Stan d ard ized T e st P ractice
741
Data Anatysis
and Statistics
11.T, Find M e a s u r e s o f C e n tr a ! T e n d e n c y a n d D isp e rs io n
11.2
A p p !y T r a n s f o r m a ti o n s to D a ta
1 1 3 U se N o rm a ! D is trib u tio n s
11 4 S e !e c t a n d D ra w C o n d u s io n s fr o m S a m p te s
11.5 C h o o se t h e B e s t M o d e ! f o r T w o -V a r ia b !e D a ta
In p r e v io u s c h a p te r s , y o u le a r n e d th e fo llo w in g sk ills, w h ic h y o u 'll u s e in C h a p t e r 11 :

d e s c r ib in g d is tr ib u tio n s , o r d e r in g r e a l n u m b e r s , a n d f in d in g p r o b a b ilit ie s .
P rerequ isite Skiiis

VOCABULARY CHECK
0 .4
C o p y a n d c o m p le te th e s ta te m e n t.
1. T h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f a n e v e n t is a n u m b e r
fr o m
to
0 .3
*3 0.2
t h a t in d ic a t e s th e
lik e lih o o d th e e v e n t w ill o c c u r .
^ 0 .1
2 . T h e b i n o m i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n a t th e rig h t
is n o t s k e w e d . In s te a d , it is
? .
0
0
SK!LLS CHECK
G r a p h t h e n u m b e r s o n a n u m b e r l in e . T h e n w r it e t h e n u m b e r s i n i n c r e a s i n g o r d e r .
fRev/ewp. 2 / o r 7 7. 7 J
3.
- ^ ,0 .4 , V 7 , - 1 . 3 , ^ , - \ 1 2
Y o u h a v e a n e q u a lly lik e ly c h a n c e o f c h o o s i n g a n y i n t e g e r f r o m 1 t h r o u g h 2 0 . F in d
t h e p r o b a b i l it y o f t h e e v e n t . ^Review p. 6 9 3 / o r 7 7.3 J
5. A n o d d n u m b e r is c h o s e n .
6. A p e r fe c t s q u a r e is c h o s e n .
7 . A m u lt ip le o f 3 is c h o s e n .
8. A fa c t o r o f 50 is c h o s e n .
@ M )fn e 7 M fO f Prerequisite skills practice at dasszone.com
In C h a p t e r 1 1 , y o u w ill a p p ly th e b ig id e a s lis te d b e lo w a n d r e v ie w e d in th e
C h a p t e r S u m m a r y o n p a g e 78 3. Y o u w iii a ls o u s e t h e k e y v o c a b u la r y lis te d b e lo w .
Big ideas
F in d in g m e a s u r e s o f c e n tr a i te n d e n c y a n d d is p e rs io n
U sin g n o r m a i d is trib u tio n s
Q
W o rk in g w ith s a m p ie s
K E Y VOCABULARY
standard deviation, p. 745

normal distribution, p. 757
normal curve, p. 757
standard normai
distribution, p. 758
- statistics, p. 744
* mean, p. 744
- median, p. 744
- mode, p. 744
* range, p. 745
* z-score, p. 758
* sample, p. 768
- unbiased sample, p. 767
- biased sampie.p. 767
* margin of error, p. 768
Y o u c a n u s e s ta tis tic s to c o m p a r e t w o o r m o r e s e ts o f d a ta . F o r e x a m p le , y o u c a n
c o m p a r e d a ta fo r tw o a th le te s to s e e w h o p e r fo r m s b e tte r.
A igebra
T h e a n im a t io n illu s tr a te d b e lo w fo r E x e r c is e 28 o n p a g e 74 8 h e lp s y o u a n s w e r th is
q u e s tio n : W h ic h c o n t e s t a n t h a s th e b e s t a v e r a g e s c o r e a fte r fo u r r o u n d s o f a n
a r c h e r y c o m p e t it io n ?
Algebra at ciasszone.com
O th e r a n im a tio n s fo r C h a p te r 11 : p a g e s 74 4 , 7 5 4 , 75 7, a n d 7 7 6
Find Measures of Centra!

Tendency and Dispersion
You d isplayed d a ta u sing g rap h s.
You will d e sc rib e d a ta u sin g statistical m e a su re s.
S o you c a n c a lc u la te so ftb a ll statistics, a s in Ex. 27.
Key Vocabutary
S t a t i s t i c s a r e n u m e r i c a l v a lu e s u s e d to s u m m a r i z e a n d c o m p a r e s e t s o f
* s ta tis tic s
d a ta . T w o i m p o r t a n t t y p e s o f s t a t i s t ic s a r e m e a s u r e s o/*centra/ t e n d e n c y a n d
* m ea su re o f c e n tra l
te n d e n c y
m easu res
* m easu re o f
d is p e r s io n
d is p e r s io n .
A m e a s u r e o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y is a n u m b e r u s e d to r e p r e s e n t t h e c e n t e r o r
m id d le o f a s e t o f d a t a v a lu e s . T h e m e a n , m e d ia n , a n d m o d e a r e t h r e e c o m m o n ly
u s e d m e a s u r e s o f c e n tra l te n d e n cy .
* s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n
* o u tlie r
KEY CONCEPT
Measures of Central Tendency
T h e m e a n , o r a u e r a g e , o f n n u m b e r s is t h e s u m o f t h e n u m b e r s d iv id e d
b y n. T h e m e a n is d e n o t e d b y x) w h i c h is r e a d a s " x -b a r ." F o r t h e d a t a s e t
x ^ X2, . . . , x , t h e m e a n is x =
+ X_
T h e m e d i a n o f n n u m b e r s is t h e m i d d le n u m b e r w h e n t h e n u m b e r s a r e
w r it t e n in o rd e r. (If n is e v e n , t h e m e d ia n is t h e m e a n o f t h e t w o m id d le
n u m b e r s .)
T h e m o d e o f n n u m b e r s is t h e n u m b e r o r n u m b e r s t h a t o c c u r m o s t
f r e q u e n t ly . T h e r e m a y b e o n e m o d e , n o m o d e , o r m o r e t h a n o n e m o d e .
EXAMPLE
Find m easures of centra) tendency
W A iTiN G T iM E S T h e d a t a s e t s at
t h e r ig h t g iv e t h e w a i t i n g t i m e s (in
m in u t e s ) o f s e v e r a l p e o p le a t t w o
v e t e r i n a r y o f fic e s . F in d t h e m e a n ,
O ffic e A
O ffic e B
14,17, 18, 19, 20,

24, 24, 30, 32
8, 11,12, 16, 18,

18, 18, 20, 23
m e d ia n , a n d m o d e o f e a c h d a t a s e t.
AVO ID E R R O R S
S o lu tio n
B efo re identifying th e
m ed ian a s th e middle
O f f ic e A : M e a n : x =
1 4 + 17 + - - + 3 2 ^ j^ 8 = 22
M e d ia n : 20
M o d e : 24
O f f ic e B : M e a n : x =
+ 11 + - - - + 23 ^ M 4
= 16
9
9
M edian: 18
M ode: 18
n u m b er in a list, m ak e
su re th e n u m b ers a re
ord ered fro m least
to g re a te s t o r from
g re a te s t to least.
744
C h apter 11
at classzone.com
D ata A nalysis an d Statistics
GutDEO PRACTtCE
1.
fo r E xam p le 1
T R A N SP O R TA TtO N T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e w a i t i n g t im e s (in m in u t e s )
o f 10 s t u d e n t s w a i t i n g fo r a b u s . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d i a n , a n d m o d e o f t h e
d a t a s e t.
4 ,8 ,1 2 ,1 5 ,3 ,2 ,6 ,9 ,8 ,7
M EA SU R ES OF D iSP E R S tO N A m e a s u r e o f d i s p e r s i o n is a s t a t is t ic t h a t t e lls y o u
h o w d is p e r s e d , o r s p r e a d o u t, d a t a v a lu e s a r e . O n e s im p le m e a s u r e o f d is p e r s io n is
t h e r a n g e , w h i c h is t h e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e g r e a t e s t a n d le a s t d a t a v a lu e s .
( EXAMPLE 2
Find ra n g e s o f d a ta s e ts
F i n d t h e r a n g e o f t h e w a i t i n g t i m e s i n e a c h d a t a s e t i n E x a m p i e 1.
Soiution
O f f ic e A : R a n g e = 32 - 14 = 18
O f f ic e B : R a n g e = 2 3 - 8 = 15
B e c a u s e t h e r a n g e fo r o f f ic e A is g r e a te r , its w a i t i n g t i m e s a r e m o r e s p r e a d o u t.
STAN DA RD DEViA TiO N A n o t h e r m e a s u r e o f d is p e r s i o n is s t a n d a r d d e f l a t i o n ,

w h i c h d e s c r ib e s t h e t y p i c a l d i f f e r e n c e (o r d e n ta tio n ) b e t w e e n a d a t a v a lu e a n d
th e m ean .
KEY CONCEPT
Standard Deviation of a Data Set
T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n cr (r e a d a s " s ig m a " ) o f x ,,
EXAMPLE 3
, x^ is:
S ta n d a rd iz ed T e s t P ra c tic e
W h a t is t h e s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n o f t h e w a itin g t im e s in e a c h d a ta s e t in
E x a m p ie 1?
!
(B )
5 .7 a n d 5 .2
(C )
4 .7 a n d 4 .5
Soiution
O f f i c e A : cr =
'(14 - 2 2 f +
_ 22)2 + - - - + (32 - 22)2

9
1(8 - 16)2 +
O ffic e B : u =
_ ^ )2 + . - - + (23 - 16)2 ^
9
182
5.7
4 .5
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is D . (A ) ( B ) (g ) (g )
11.1
Find M e a su re s o f Centra) T e n d e n c y and D ispersion
CU!DED PRACTKE
2.
fo r E xam ptes 2 an d 3
F in d t h e r a n g e a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e d a t a s e t in G u id e d P r a c t i c e
E x e r c is e 1 o n p a g e 745.
O UTUERS M e a s u r e s o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y a n d d i s p e r s io n c a n g iv e m is l e a d i n g
i m p r e s s io n s o f a d a t a s e t i f t h e s e t c o n t a in s o n e o r m o r e o u th e rs . A n o u t l i e r is a
v a lu e t h a t is m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n o r m u c h le s s t h a n m o s t o f t h e o t h e r v a lu e s in a
d a t a se t.
EXAMPLE 4
E x a m in e th e e ffe c t o f a n o u tiie r
AIR HOCKEY Y o u a r e c o m p e t i n g in a n a ir
h o c k e y t o u r n a m e n t . T h e w i n n i n g s c o r e s fo r
t h e f ir s t 10 g a m e s a r e g iv e n b e lo w .
14, 15, 15, 17, 11, 15, 13, 12 , 15, 13
a . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e ,
a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e d a t a s e t.
b . T h e w i n n i n g s c o r e in t h e n e x t g a m e is a n
o u tlie r , 3. F in d t h e n e w m e a n , m e d ia n ,
m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n .
c. W h ic h m e a s u r e o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y d o e s
t h e o u t lie r a f f e c t t h e m o s t? t h e le a s t?
d . W h a t e f f e c t d o e s t h e o u t lie r h a v e o n t h e
r a n g e a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n ?
Solution
10
+ 13
= 14
M e d i a n : 14 5
M o d e : 15
R a n g e : 17 - 11 = 6
S td . D e v .: cr =
b. M ean : x =
(14 - 1 4 f + (15 - 14)2 + - - - + (13 - 14)2
10
15 +
11
= 13
M e d i a n : 14
1.7
M o d e : 15
R a n g e : 17 - 3 = 14
S td . D e v .: cr =
(14 - 13)2
11
- + (3 - 13)2
3 .5
c. T h e m e a n is m o s t a f f e c t e d b y t h e o u t lie r . T h e m o d e is le a s t a f f e c t e d b y
t h e o u tlie r .
d. T h e o u t lie r c a u s e s b o t h t h e r a n g e a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n to in c r e a s e .
GU!DED P R A C T K E
f o r E x a m p ie 4
WHAT )F? In p a r t (b) o f E x a m p le 4, s u p p o s e t h e w i n n i n g s c o r e in t h e n e x t

g a m e is 2 5 i n s t e a d o f 3. F in d t h e n e w m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f t h e d a t a s e t.
746
C h apter 11
D ata A nalysis and Statistics
m EXERCtSES
H O M EW O RK
K EY
= WORKED OUT SOLUTIONS

*
= STANDARDIZED T E ST PRACTKE
Exs. 2,7,8,23, 24, and 30
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : M e a s u r e s o f
re p re se n t th e c e n te r or
m id d le o f a d a t a s e t. M e a s u r e s o f __?_ t e ll y o u h o w s p r e a d o u t t h e v a l u e s in a
d a t a s e t a re .
2. * W R IT IN G D e f i n e t h e m e a n , m e d i a n , a n d m o d e o f a s e t o f n n u m b e r s .
EXAM PLE 1
M EA SU R ES OF CEN TRAL TENDEN CY I n E x e r c i s e s 3 - 6 , f i n d t h e m e a n , m e d i a n ,
on p. 744
for Exs. 3-10
a n d m o d e o f th e d a ta s e t.
3. T h e n u m b e r s o f m ic e b o r n in n in e d if f e r e n t litte r s : 5, 7, 6, 3, 8, 6, 4, 5, 4
4. A s t u d e n t 's q u i z s c o r e s fo r t h e f ir s t s e m e s t e r o f a n a lg e b r a c la s s :
4 8 , 24), IT, lS .,2 0 , 17, 1(C
( 5 J T h e h e ig h t s (in in c h e s ) o f t h e m e m b e r s o f a m e n 's c o l le g e b a s k e t b a l l t e a m :
69, 70, 75 , 84, 7 3 , 78, 74, 7 3 , 78, 7 1
6. T h e w a i t i n g t im e s (in m in u t e s ) o f s e v e r a l p e o p le a t a d o c t o r 's o f fic e :
%
25
7 . * M U LTIPLE C H O K E W h a t is t h e m e d i a n o f 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 1.2 , 1.5 , a n d 1.5?

(A )
8. *
0.7
(B )
0.95
(g )
(D )
1.5
(g )
7.2
M U LTIPLE CH O K E W h a t is t h e m e a n o f 2, 2, 6, 7, 9, a n d 10? '
(A )
(B )
(g )
6 .5
E R R O R ANALYSIS D e s c r i b e a n d c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r i n f i n d i n g t h e m e a s u r e o f
c e n t r a l te n d e n cy .
10 .
EXAM PLES
2and3
on p. 745
for Exs. 11-16
The median of the data s e t

below is 5 because 5 is the
middle number.
The only mode of the data se t

below is 12 because 12 occurs
m ost frequently.
12, 6, 9, 5 ,1 0 ,1 0 , 3
12, 9 , 2 4 , 1 2 , 1 5 , 9 ,1 2 ,1 1 , 9
M EA SU R ES OF D ISP E R SIO N F i n d t h e r a n g e a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e
d a ta se t.
i i . j?;.,#,#; 8 , ^ - , 9 ,y ,F
12. 10, 12, T rfl, 20, ;
13 .
14 .
4 4, 47, 4 5, 48, 4 5, 47, 50, 4 4 , 48, 42
16 .
30 1, 3 12 , 308, 320, 3 18 , 3 1 5 , 3 2 5, 336
3 .1 , 2.7, 6.0, 5.6 , 2 .3 , 2.0, 1.3
ilk ) 13 5, 142, 148, 13 6 , 15 2 , 140, 158 , 15 4

EXAM PLE 4
ID EN TIFYIN G O U TLIER S I d e n t i f y t h e o u t i i e r i n t h e d a t a s e t . T h e n f i n d t h e m e a n ,
on p. 7 4 6
for Exs. 1 7 -2 2
m e d i a n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f t h e d a t a s e t w h e n t h e o u t i i e r is
i n c iu d e d a n d w h e n it is n o t .
17.
1 8 .0 ,7 2 ,7 5 ,7 5 ,8 3 ,8 3 ,8 3 ,9 1
F ; % 3, 3, 4j 4, 4', 6, 68
1 9 .1 0 .9 ,1 2 .4 ,0 .7 ,1 1 .6 ,1 2 .8 ,1 1 .6
20.
28, 20, 2 5, 28, 100, 2 5 , 20
2 1.
22.
184, 19 2 , 173 , 18 1, 199, 6 5, 190, 188
60, 68, 75, 78 , 15 2 , 7 1 , 66, 7 2 , 66, 80
11.1
Find M e a su re s o f C entral T e n d e n cy an d D ispersion
23. * O PEN -EN DED M ATH C r e a t e a d a t a s e t w i t h a m e a n o f 10, a m e d ia n o f 11,

a n d a m o d e o f 8.
24. *
SH O R T R E SPO N SE A n o u t lie r c a n b e d e f i n e d a s a v a l u e in a d a t a s e t t h a t
lie s m o r e t h a n t h r e e s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n s f r o m t h e m e a n . S o , x is a n o u t lie r
^ g ^ p a r t s ( a ) - ( c ) , u s e t h i s d e f i n i t i o n to i d e n t i f y t h e o u tlie r (s )
in
t h e d a t a s e t. / n s fi/ y y o u r a n s w e r s m a t h e m a t ic a lly .
a.
70, 55,
54 , 7 5 , 60, 58, 5 5 , 56 , 6, 62, 68, 94, 55, 82, 69, 74
b.
18, 20,
22, 2 5, 16, 40, 24, 19, 38, 3, 2 1, 27, 88, 24, 2 3 , 26
c.
50, 93,
81, 84,88, 85, 90, 99, 92, 199, 96, 89, 87, 94, 3 7
25. CHALLENGE T h e f o r m u la f o r s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n c a n a ls o b e w r it t e n a s:
+
+
2
2
------
F o r n = 3, s h o w t h a t t h is f o r m u la is e q u iv a l e n t to t h e f o r m u la g iv e n o n
p a g e 74 5. ( M n f; Y o u w i l l n e e d to s h o w t h a t v , +
+ v.j = 3 Z )
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
26. FOOTBALL T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e n u m b e r s o f p a s s in g
EXAM PLES
1, 2 , a n d 3
t o u c h d o w n s fo r t h e 12 q u a r t e r b a c k s w h o t h r e w t h e m o s t
on pp. 744-745
t o u c h d o w n s d u r in g t h e 2004 N F L r e g u la r s e a s o n . F in d t h e
for Exs. 2 6 -2 8
m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n .
49, 39, 3 1, 30, 29, 28, 27, 27, 27, 2 2 , 2 1, 21
@ H o rn e 7u f o r
27.
OLYMPIC SO FTBA LL T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e t o t a l n u m b e r
o f a t- b a t s fo r e a c h p la y e r o n t h e 2004 U .S . w o m e n 's O ly m p ic
s o f t b a ll t e a m . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , a n d m o d e o f t h e d a t a s e t.
2, 6, 6 ,1 6 , 19, 20, 20, 2 1, 2 2 , 2 5, 26, 30
@ M M ne7M tor
28. ARCH ERY T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e s c o r e s o f t h e c o n t e s t a n t s in t h e f ir s t

r o u n d o f a j u n io r a r c h e r y c o m p e t i t i o n . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e ,
a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n .
I l l , 114 , 97, 102, 120, 113 , 11 6 , 114 , 106, 110
c ^ jg ia m tS g A lg e b r a
at classzone.com
( 2 9 !) M U L T I-ST E P P R O BLEM T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e n u m b e r s o f t r ia ls
EXAM PLE 4
r e q u ir e d b y 10 p u p p ie s to le a r n a tr ic k .
on p. 746
for Ex. 29
20, 2 3 , 19, 2 5, 2 1, 23, 5, 24, 19, 23

a. A n a ly z e I d e n t if y t h e o u t lie r o f t h e d a t a s e t.
b . C a lc u la te F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n
o f t h e d a t a s e t w h e n t h e o u t li e r is in c lu d e d a n d w h e n it is n o t.
c . R e a s o n in g D e s c r ib e t h e o u t lie r 's e f f e c t o n t h e m e a s u r e s o f c e n t r a l
t e n d e n c y a n d d is p e r s io n .
748
on p. WS1
= STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTICE
30.
* EXTEN D ED R E SP O N SE T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e r e s u lt s (in m e te r s ) f o r t h e
f i n a l r o u n d o f t h e 2004 a n d 19 6 4 m e n 's O ly m p ic j a v e l i n t h r o w e v e n t s .
M e n s 0 !y m p ic Ja v e lin T h r o w
2 0 0 4 d a ta
1 9 6 4 d a ta
86.50, 84.95, 84.84, 84.13,

8 3 .3 1,8 3 .2 5 , 83.14, 83.01,
80.59, 80.28, 79.43, 74.36
82.66, 82.32, 80.57, 80.17,

78 .72, 76.94, 74.72, 74.26
a. C a lc u la te F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e 2004 d a t a .
b . C a lc u la te F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e 19 6 4 d a t a .
c . A n a ly z e C o m p a r e t h e s t a t is t ic s fo r e a c h s e t o f d a ta .
D r a w o n e o r m o re c o n c lu s io n s a b o u t th e d a ta .
31.
CHALLENGE T h e m e a n d i s c u s s e d i n t h i s l e s s o n is c a l l e d t h e a r it h m e t ic
m e a n . A n o t h e r t y p e o f m e a n is t h e g e o m e t r ic m e a n . T h e g e o m e t r i c m e a n o f
t w o p o s it iv e n u m b e r s a a n d h is V a h . U s e t h e s t e p s b e lo w to p r o v e t h a t t h e
a r i t h m e t i c m e a n o f a a n d h is a lw a y s g r e a t e r t h a n o r e q u a l to t h e g e o m e t r ic
m e a n o f a a n d h.
a . E x p la in w h y (a - & V > 0.
b . U s e t h e i n e q u a l i t y in p a r t (a) to s h o w t h a t (a + & V > 4 a b .
c . U s e t h e i n e q u a l i t y in p a r t (b) to s h o w t h a t t h e a r i t h m e t i c m e a n o f
a a n d h is g r e a t e r t h a n o r e q u a l to t h e g e o m e t r i c m e a n o f a a n d &, o r
d . U n d e r w h a t c o n d i t io n is t h e a r i t h m e t i c m e a n o f a a n d h e q u a l to t h e
g e o m e t r i c m e a n o f a a n d &?
M!XED REVIEW
P R E V IE W
E v a l u a t e t h e f u n c t i o n w h e n x = 3 . 8 a n d w h e n x = 6 0 0 . (p. 72)
Prepare for
Lesson 11.2
3 2 . / (x ) = x + 709
in Exs. 3 2 -37.
35.
/(x ) = 2 0 0 x
3 3 . / (x ) = x + 11 .6 8
3 4 . / (x ) = 1 5 .4 x
3 6 . / (x ) = 5 x + 13 6
3 7 . / (x ) = 2 2 x - 450
W r it e a n e q u a t i o n o f t h e e i i i p s e w i t h t h e g iv e n c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a n d c e n t e r a t
(0 , 0 ) . (p. 634)
38.
V e r te x : (0, 5)
C o - v e r t e x : (3, 0)
39. V e r te x : (7, 0)
4 0 . C o - v e r t e x : (o, - V H )
F o c u s : (3, 0)
F o c u s : (2, 0)
4 1 . O H M 'S LAW O h m 's la w s t a t e s t h a t t h e r e s is t a n c e R (in o h m s ) o f a c o n d u c t o r

v a r ie s d i r e c t l y w i t h t h e p o t e n t ia l d if f e r e n c e V (in v o lt s ) b e t w e e n t w o p o in t s
a n d in v e r s e ly w i t h t h e c u r r e n t 7 (in a m p e r e s ) . T h e c o n s t a n t o f v a r ia t io n is 1.
W h a t is t h e r e s is t a n c e o f a lig h t b u lb w h e n t h e r e is a c u r r e n t o f 0.8 a m p e r e
a n d a p o t e n t i a l d if f e r e n c e o f 120 v o lt s ? (p. 551)
42. DOG SH O W In a d o g s h o w , h o w m a n y w a y s c a n 3 G e r m a n s h e p h e r d s ,
5 c o llie s , 4 c o c k e r s p a n ie ls , a n d 3 c o r g is l i n e u p in f r o n t o f t h e j u d g e s i f
d o g s o f t h e s a m e b r e e d a r e c o n s id e r e d id e n t ic a l? (p. 662)
11.1, p. 1020
749
@ M ? m e 7 u fo r
77.7
Keystrokes
11.1 Caicuiate O ne-V ariabie Statistics

How can you use a graphing caicu iator to find statistics?
C aicuiate statistics for a d ata set

T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e a g e s o f t h e f ir s t 43 P r e s id e n t s o f t h e U n it e d S ta te s
w h e n t h e y f ir s t t o o k o f fic e . U s e a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia t o r to f i n d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n ,
r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e d a t a s e t.
57, 61, 57, 57, 58, 57, 6 1, 54 , 68, 5 1, 49, 64, 50, 48, 6 5, 52 , 56,
46, 54 , 49, 5 1 , 47, 5 5 , 55, 5 4 , 4 2, 51, 56, 55, 5 1, 54 , 5 1 , 60, 62,
43, 55, 56 , 6 1, 52, 69, 64, 46, 5 4
E n te r t h e d a ta in iis t L i*
ch oose
T h e s c r e e n s h o w s a lis t o f
S c r o ll d o w n to f i n d t h a t t h e
T h en p ress
s t a t is t ic s . T h e m e a n is
m e d i a n (M e d ) is 55. T h e r a n g e
t h e C A L C m e n u , a n d s e le c t
x = 54 .8 . T h e s t a n d a r d
Is m a x X - m in X , o r 27.
1-V a r S ta ts .
d e v i a t io n is crx = 6 .15 .
RRRHHHHRHNRNNHHR
E D I T W3MW T E S T S
1 - Va r S t a t s
2:2-Var Stats
3:Med-Med
4 : L i n R e g ( ax + b )
5 : QuadReg
6tCub i cReg
B
P
1-Var S ta ts
x = 5 4 .8372093
lx=2358
1x2=130930
S x=6.217985559
o x = 6 .145258079
in = 43
1-Var S ta ts
Tn = 4 3
mi nX = 4 2
91=51
Med=55
93 = 58
maxX=69
U s e a g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t o r to f i n d t h e m e a n , m e d i a n , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d
d e v i a t io n o f t h e d a t a s e t .
1 .4 3 ,4 6 ,4 7 ,4 8 ,5 1 ,5 4 ,5 8 ,4 0 ,5 2
2.
3.
88, 83, 91, 82, 78, 81, 91, 9 5, 98
4 .1 9 .4 ,1 6 .3 ,1 2 .7 ,2 4 .8 ,1 9 .2 ,1 5 .4
5.
110, 107, 101, 108, 106, 1 1 2 , 104
6.
7.
3 .1, 2.7, 6.0, 5.6 , 2 .3 , 2.0, 1.3 , 3.4
2 6 5, 2 52 , 257, 298, 2 7 5 , 2 8 1, 2 76
VICE PRESIDENTS' AGES T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e a g e s o f t h e

fir s t 46 v ic e p r e s id e n ts o f t h e U n it e d S ta te s w h e n t h e y f ir s t t o o k
o f fic e . U s e a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia t o r to f in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , r a n g e ,
a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e d a t a s e t.
5 3 ,5 3 ,4 5 ,6 5 ,6 8 ,4 2 ,4 2 ,5 0 ,5 6 ,5 0 ,5 2 ,4 9 ,6 6 ,3 6 ,5 1 ,5 6 ,4 5 ,6 1 ,
5 7 ,5 1 ,6 5 ,6 4 ,5 7 ,5 2 ,4 2 ,5 2 ,5 3 ,5 8 ,4 8 ,5 9 ,6 9 ,6 4 ,5 2 ,6 0 ,7 1 ,4 0 ,
5 2 ,5 3 ,5 1 ,6 0 ,6 6 ,4 9 ,5 6 ,4 1 ,4 4 ,5 9
C 750
C h apter 11
11
* ' *
Appty Transformations
to Data
You ca lcu la ted sta tistics fo r d a ta sets.
^H EEESH ^
You wiii te a m h o w tra n sfo rm a tio n s o f d a ta a ffe c t statistics.

S o you c a n so iv e p ro b iem s a b o u t s p a c e travei, a s in E xam p ie 1.
K ey V o cab u iary
* m e a n , p. 744
T h e f o llo w in g s t a t is t ic s d e s c r ib e t h e d a t a s e t 7, 12 , 16, 20, a n d 20.

M e a n : 15
M e d i a n : 16
M o d e : 20
R a n g e : 13
S t d . D e v .: 5.0
* m e d i a n , p. 744
* m o d e , p. 744
* r a n g e , p. 745
* s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n ,
p. 745
A d d i n g 10 to e a c h d a t a v a l u e p r o d u c e s t h e d a t a s e t 17, 2 2 , 26, 30, a n d 30. T h e

s t a t is t ic s fo r t h i s d a t a s e t a r e s h o w n b e lo w .
M e a n : 25
M e d i a n : 26
M o d e : 30
R a n g e : 13
S td . D e v .: 5.0
N o t ic e t h a t t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , a n d m o d e h a v e e a c h in c r e a s e d b y 10, b u t t h e
r a n g e a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n a r e u n c h a n g e d . T h e s e r e s u lt s c a n b e g e n e r a liz e d .
KEY CONCEPT
Adding a Constant to Data Vaiues
W h e n a c o n s t a n t is a d d e d to e v e r y v a lu e in a d a t a s e t, t h e f o l lo w i n g a r e t r u e :
* T h e m e a n , m e d ia n , a n d m o d e o f t h e n e w d a t a s e t c a n b e o b t a i n e d b y a d d in g
t h e s a m e c o n s t a n t t o t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , a n d m o d e o f t h e o r i g in a l d a t a s e t.
* T h e ra n g e a n d s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n a re u n c h a n g e d .
EXAMPLE 1
Add a constan t to data vaiues
A STR O N A U TS T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e w e ig h t s (in p o u n d s ) o n E a r t h o f e ig h t
a s t r o n a u t s w i t h o u t t h e ir s p a c e s u it s . A s p a c e s u it w e i g h s 2 50 p o u n d s o n E a r t h .
F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f t h e w e ig h t s o f
t h e a s t r o n a u t s w i t h o u t t h e ir s p a c e s u it s a n d w i t h t h e ir s p a c e s u it s .
14 2 , 150, 15 5 , 15 6 , 160, 160, 166, 175
S o iu tio n
W e ig h ts w ith o u t s u its
W e ig h ts w ith s u its
M ean
158
158 + 2 5 0 = 408
M e d ia n
158
158 + 2 5 0 = 408
M ode
160
160 + 2 5 0 = 410
Range
33
33 (unchanged)
S ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n
9.3
9.3 (unchanged)
1 1 .2
Apply T ra n sfo rm a tio n s to D ata
751
TR A N SFO R M iN G DATA B Y M U LT iPL K A TiO N A n o t h e r t y p e o f t r a n s f o r m a t io n y o u

c a n a p p ly to a d a t a s e t is to o iM /h piy e a c h d a t a v a l u e b y t h e s a m e c o n s t a n t .
O LYM PiCS T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g i v e s t h e w i n n i n g d i s t a n c e s (in m e te r s ) in t h e

m e n 's O ly m p i c t r ip le j u m p e v e n t s f r o m 19 6 4 to 2004. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n ,
m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f t h e d i s t a n c e s in m e t e r s a n d o f t h e
d is t a n c e s in fe e t . (N o te; 1 m e t e r = 3 .2 8 fe e t.)
16 .8 5, 17.39, 17.3 5, 17.29, 17 .3 5, 1 7 .2 6 ,1 7 .6 1 , 18 .17, 1 8 .0 9 ,1 7 .7 1 , 17.79
Soiution
D is ta n c e s in m e te r s
D is ta n c e s in f e e t
M ean
17.53
3.28(17.53) = 57.50
M e d ia n
17.39
3.28(17.39) = 57.04
M od e
17.35
3.28(17.35) = 56.91
Range
1.32
3.28(1.32) = 4.33
S ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n
0.37
3.28(0.37) = 1.21
G u tD E D P R A C T K E
1. A STR O N A U TS T h e M a n n e d M a n e u v e r in g U n it (M M U ) is e q u i p m e n t t h a t
la t c h e s o n t o a n a s t r o n a u t 's s p a c e s u it a n d e n a b ie s t h e a s t r o n a u t to m o v e
a r o u n d o u t s id e t h e s p a c e c r a f t . T h e M M U w e i g h s a b o u t 300 p o u n d s o n E a r th .
F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e w e ig h t s
o f t h e a s t r o n a u t s in E x a m p le 1 w i t h t h e i r s p a c e s u it s a n d M M U s .
2. W H AT <F? In E x a m p ie 2, f in d t h e m e a n , m e d i a n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d
d e v ia t io n o f t h e d is t a n c e s in y a r d s . (N o te; 1 m e t e r = 1.09 y a r d s .)
752
C h apter 11
D ata A naiysis and S tatistics
ii.2
HOMEWORK
KEY
EXERC!SES
= W O RKED-O UT SOLUTIONS
on p. W S20 fo r Exs. 5 ,1 1 , and 19
-Fr = STANDARDIZED TEST PRACTICE

Exs. 2 , 1 6 ,2 0 , 2 2 , and 23
<%F = MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 21
SKKL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : M u l t ip l y in g e a c h v a lu e i n a d a t a s e t b y a
c o n s t a n t is a n e x a m p le o f a (n )
o f th e d a ta .
2. * W RITING D e s c r ib e h o w a d d in g t h e s a m e c o n s t a n t to e v e r y v a l u e i n a d a t a
s e t a f f e c t s t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n .
EXA M PLE 1
ADDING A CONSTANT F i n d t h e m e a n , m e d i a n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d
on p 751
d e v i a t i o n o f t h e g iv e n d a t a s e t a n d o f t h e d a t a s e t o b t a i n e d b y a d d i n g t h e g iv e n
for Exs 3 - 9
c o n s t a n t t o e a c h d a t a v a lu e .
3.
14, 15 , 17, 17, 19, 2 1, 23; c o n s t a n t : 6
( T ) 7 4 , 76 , 77, 77, 78 , 81, 83; c o n s t a n t : 17

7.
9.
53 , 64, 5 1, 60, 53, 4 5, 66; c o n s t a n t : - 2 1
4.
3 1, 3 5 , 38, 39, 4 2, 4 2 , 4 8 ; c o n s t a n t : 18
6.
178, 19 3 , 204, 2 1 1 , 2 1 1 , 2 16 ; c o n s t a n t : 15 5
8.
295, 2 79 , 278 , 282, 2 79 , 301; c o n s t a n t : - 4 5
ERROR ANALYSIS T h e s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f a d a t a
s e t is 10. D e s c r ib e a n d c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r in f i n d i n g t h e
New s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n :
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n i f 3 is a d d e d to e a c h d a t a v a lu e .
10 + 3 = 13
EXA M PLE 2
MULTIPLYING BY A CONSTANT F i n d t h e m e a n , m e d i a n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
on p 75 2
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e g iv e n d a t a s e t a n d o f t h e d a t a s e t o b t a i n e d b y
fo r Exs 1 0 - 1 6
m u i t i p i y i n g e a c h d a t a v a iu e b y t h e g iv e n c o n s t a n t .
10.
1 9 ,2 3 ,2 3 ,2 6 ,3 0 ,3 1 ,3 4 ;c o n s ta n t:3
12.
28, 3 1, 3 2 , 3 5, 3 5, 39, 40; c o n s t a n t : 1 .5
13. 88, 9 1, 99, 102, 102, 107; c o n s t a n t : 2 .5
14.
1 3 0 ,1 2 1 , 13 2 , 1 1 5 ,1 3 0 , 108; c o n s t a n t : 0.5
15. 2 2 2 , 2 3 1, 2 2 2, 2 1 2 , 250 , 2 3 5 ; c o n s t a n t : 0.9
16.
( f l ) 5 8 ,5 8 ,5 9 ,6 2 ,6 4 ,6 5 ,6 7 ;c o n s t a n t :4
* MULTIPLE CHOICE T h e r a n g e o f a d a t a s e t is 2 1. E a c h v a l u e in t h e d a t a s e t is
m u lt ip l ie d b y 3. W h a t is t h e n e w r a n g e ?
(g )
(g )2 1
(C )
24
(D )
63
17. CHALLENGE L e t x ^ x ^ , . . . , x ^ b e t h e v a l u e s i n a d a t a s e t, a n d le t x b e t h e
m e a n o f t h e d a t a s e t. S h o w t h a t t h e m e a n o f a x ^ a x ^ ,. . . , a x^ is a x .
EX A M PLES
1 and 2
.................. - - j
.
^PROBLEM SOLVtNG
18 . SALARIES T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g i v e s t h e a n n u a l s a l a r i e s (in t h o u s a n d s o f
d o lla r s ) o f n i n e DJs w o r k i n g a t a l o c a l r a d io s t a t io n .
o n p p .7 5 1 - 7 5 2
for Exs. 18 -2 2
3 9 ,2 9 , 4 2 . 5 , 2 8 . 5 , 4 8 , 4 5 , 3 8 , 3 6 . 5 , 2 8 . 5
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d i a n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f t h e s a la r ie s .
b . E a c h DJ r e c e iv e s a n a n n u a i b o n u s o f $ 12 0 0 . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n ,
m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e s a l a r i e s i n c lu d in g t h e b o n u s .
@Home7utor
1 1 .2
Apply T ra n sfo rm a tio n s to D ata
753
^lth) CONSTRUCTION P e o p le w h o p ia s t e r c e iiin g s s o m e t im e s w a l k o n s tilts .

T h is a llo w s t h e m to r e a c h h i g h c e ilin g s w i t h o u t h a v in g to m o v e a la d d e r .
T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e h e ig h t s (in in c h e s ) o f n i n e p la s t e r e r s .
7 2 , 73 , 7 1 , 66, 74, 68, 7 2 , 69, 72
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f t h e
g iv e n h e ig h t s .
b. T h e p la s t e r e r s u s e s t ilt s t h a t a r e 28 i n c h e s h ig h . F in d t h e m e a n ,
m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f t h e p la s t e r e r s '
h e ig h t s w it h s t ilt s .
^ B tB m S S g A lg e b r a
at classzone.com
20. * MULTtPLE CHOKE A t e a c h e r g iv e s a t e s t fo r w h i c h t h e m e a n o f t h e

s c o r e s is 68 a n d t h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n is 15 . T h e t e a c h e r d e c i d e s to
s c a le t h e t e s t s c o r e s b y a d d i n g 10 p o in t s to e a c h s c o r e . W h a t a r e t h e
m e a n a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e s c a le d t e s t s c o r e s ?
(A )
m e a n : 68, s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n : 2 5
(B )
m e a n : 78, s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n : 15
(C )
m e a n : 78, s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n : 2 5
(D )
m e a n : 78, s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n : 5
21. <%HMUUTPLEREPRESENTAT!ONS T h e d a t a s e t g i v e s t h e w i n n i n g d i s t a n c e s
(in m e te r s ) in t h e w o m e n 's O ly m p i c lo n g j u m p e v e n t f r o m 195 2 to 2004.
6 .2 4 , 6 .3 5 , 6 .37, 6 .76 , 6.8 2, 6.78, 6 .7 2 , 7.06, 6 .9 6 , 7.40, 7.14 , 7 .12 , 6.99, 7.07
a. Find Statistics in Meters F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e d i s t a n c e s i n m e te r s .
b. Find Statistics in Feet F in d t h e s t a t i s t ic s li s t e d i n p a r t (a) fo r t h e

d is t a n c e s in fe e t . (Note.* 1 m e t e r = 3 .2 8 fe e t.)
22. * SHORT RESPONSE T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e w e ig h t s

(in p o u n d s ) o f e ig h t s m o k e ju m p e r s w i t h t h e i r e q u ip m e n t .
287, 2 6 5 , 2 73 , 2 75, 295, 280, 290, 280
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d
d e v ia t io n o f t h e g iv e n w e ig h t s .
b. T h e e q u ip m e n t e a c h s m o k e ju m p e r c a r r ie s w e ig h s
a b o u t 1 1 5 p o u n d s . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e ,
r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f t h e w e ig h t s o f t h e
s m o k e ju m p e r s w it h o u t t h e ir e q u ip m e n t . E x p la in
y o u r r e a s o n in g .
2 3. * EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e i n a n o u t d o o r p o o l is
m e a s u r e d 12 t im e s d u r in g a c e r t a in w e e k . T h e t e m p e r a t u r e s (in d e g r e e s
F a h r e n h e it ) a r e lis t e d b e io w .
74.5, 81.9 , 7 2 .5 , 73 .4 , 78 .4, 72 .6 , 76 .8 , 74 .5 , 7 7 .6 , 72.0 , 7 9 .2 , 76 .2
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e
F a h r e n h e it t e m p e r a t u r e s .
b. C o n v e r t a ll o f t h e F a h r e n h e it t e m p e r a t u r e s E to C e ls iu s t e m p e r a t u r e s C
u s in g t h e f o r m u la C = ^ ( E 32).
c. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f t h e
C e ls iu s t e m p e r a t u r e s .
d . D e s c r ib e t h e e f f e c t s o f c o n v e r t i n g f r o m F a h r e n h e it to C e ls iu s o n t h e
m e a s u r e s o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y a n d d is p e r s io n .
754
on p. WS1
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
24. WEATHER T h e g r a p h s h o w s t h e a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l (in c e n t im e t e r s ) fo r N e w

Y o r k 's C e n t r a l P a r k d u r in g e a c h m o n t h o f t h e y e a r . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n ,
m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e r a i n f a ll a m o u n t s in c e n t im e t e r s
a n d in in c h e s . (Note.* 1 c e n t i m e t e r = 0 .3 9 3 7 in c h .)
*E 12.0
O
11.2
=
11.0
CO
g,
tc
a)
<
25.
9.0
PH
10.0
11.4
11.0
10.2
9.3
- R
8.3
Ja n
Feb
!
<
8.0
M ar
Apr
!
!
!
May
Ju n
9.9
_ 9.9
9.0
!
Jul
Aug
Sep
Oct
Nov
Dec
CHALLENGE A c o m p a n y h a s 5 e x e c u t iv e s , 15 s u p e r v is o r s , a n d 80 p r o d u c t i o n
w o r k e r s . T h e s a l a r y r a n g e s a r e $ 10 0 ,0 0 0 -$ 14 0 ,0 0 0 fo r t h e e x e c u t iv e s ,
$ 6 0 ,0 0 0 -$ 9 0 ,0 0 0 fo r t h e s u p e r v is o r s , a n d $ 3 0 ,0 0 0 -$ 5 0 ,0 0 0 fo r t h e p r o d u c t io n
w o r k e r s . T h e m e a n o f a ll t h e s a l a r ie s is $ 49,500, a n d t h e m e d i a n is $42,000.
E a c h s u p e r v is o r g e t s a $5000 r a is e a n d n o o n e e ls e g e t s a r a is e . W h a t a r e t h e
n e w m e a n a n d m e d ia n ? E x p la in .
[JM!XED REVIEW
" 11 ^
S o lv e t h e e q u a t i o n .
- l l x + 24 = o(p.252)
26.
28.
\ 4x + 6 = V 7x -
2 7 . 3%2 - 1 3 x + 8 = 0 (p. 292)

2 9 . 2* = 17 (p. 515)
15 (p. 452)
P R EV IEW
C a l c u l a t e t h e p r o b a b i l i t y o f t o s s i n g a c o i n 3 0 t i m e s a n d g e t t i n g t h e g iv e n
Prepare for
Lesson 11.3
in Exs. 30-37.
n u m b e r o f h e a d s , (p. 724)
30. 4
3 1 . 17
3 2 . 21
33. 7
3 4 . 14
35.
11
3 6 . 27
3 7 . 18
3 8 . TRADE SHOWS Y o u a r e a t t e n d i n g a t r a d e s h o w t h a t h a s b o o t h s f r o m
20 d if f e r e n t v e n d o r s . Y o u p l a n to v is it a t le a s t 5 o f t h e b o o t h s . H o w m a n y
c o m b in a t io n s o f b o o t h s c a n y o u v is it? (p. 690)
QUIZ /o r Lessons M.1-TT.2

F in d th e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n o f t h e d a ta s e t.
(p. 744)
1.
8, 5, 5, 9 , 1 1 , 15 , 7, 11 , 16
2 . 18, 19, 23, 17, 19, 15, 14, 24, 21
3.
5 6 ,4 5 ,4 8 ,4 7 ,5 6 ,5 5 ,4 3 ,4 4
4. 6 7 ,7 0 ,7 3 ,6 8 ,7 1 ,7 3 ,7 4 ,7 3 ,7 0
5.
145, 181, 16 3 , 150, 158 , 172 , 159
6 . 2 4 6, 2 3 1, 2 6 1, 2 4 4 , 250 , 2 3 2 , 246, 258
7.
DtGtTAL CAMERAS T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e
o r ig in a l p r ic e s o f n in e d if f e r e n t
d i g it a l c a m e r a s a t a n e le c t r o n ic s s to r e . T h e s t o r e is o f f e r i n g a p r o m o t i o n in w h i c h a ll
d i g it a l c a m e r a s o r d e r e d o n li n e a r e 2 0 % o ff. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e ,
a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e o r ig in a l p r ic e s a n d o f t h e s a le p r ic e s , (p. 75?)
$ 12 0 , $130, $ 150 , $180, $230, $280, $320, $320, $ 350
11.2, p. 1020
ONHNE QU)Z at classzone.com
755
M!XED REVIEW ./Pr.M.mS.Mng
STA TE T E S T P R A C T K E
Lessons 11.1-11.2
1. M U L T t-ST E P PRO BLEM T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s
4 . SH O R T R E SP O N SE T w o t r a c k - a n d - f ie ld
t h e o r ig in a l p r ic e s o f e ig h t 1 3 - in c h c o io r T V s
t e a m m a t e s r e c o r d t h e ir t im e s (in s e c o n d s ) fo r
s o ld b y a n o n lin e e le c t r o n i c s s to r e . T h e s to r e
f iv e t r ia l s in t h e 100 m e t e r s p r in t e v e n t . T h e
is h a v i n g a t h r e e - d a y s a le in w h i c h a ll 1 3 - in c h
t im e s a r e lis t e d in t h e t a b le .
c o lo r T V s a r e 2 5 % o ff.
$84, $75, $70, $100, $80, $ 12 0 , $80, $ 75
a . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e o r ig in a l p r ic e s a n d
o f t h e s a le p r ic e s .
b . S u p p o s e t h e s to r e h a d i n s t e a d o f f e r e d a
f i x e d $20 d is c o u n t o n e a c h T V . C o m p a r e t h e
T r ia !
T e a m m a te 1
T e a m m a te 2
11.3
11.8
13.4
12.3
11.1
12.5
12.5
11.9
11.3
11.8
e f f e c t s o f t h is d is c o u n t o n t h e m e a s u r e s o f
c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y a n d d is p e r s io n w i t h t h e
e f f e c t s o f t h e 2 5 % d is c o u n t .
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
2 . EXTEN DED R E SPO N SE T h e t a b le s b e lo w
s h o w t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e (in d e g r e e s
F a h r e n h e it ) fo r e a c h m o n t h o f t h e y e a r in
M ia m i, F lo r id a , a n d in B u f f a lo , N e w Y o rk .
A v e ra g e M o n th ly
T e m p e r a tu r e s in
M iam i, FL
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f e a c h t e a m m a t e 's
t im e s .
b . W h i c h t e a m m a t e h a s t h e m o r e c o n s is t e n t
t im e s ? E x p / a m y o u r r e a s o n in g .
5. EXTEN D ED R E SP O N SE T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s
t h e p r i c e s o f 14 m o u n t a in b ik e s in a s p o r t in g
g o o d s s to r e .
67.6, 68.2, 71.2,

74.5, 77.9, 80.8,
82.2, 82.6, 81.3,
77.9, 72.9, 68.9
$ 19 5 , $250, $290, $200, $260, $200, $270,

$670, $250, $230, $200, $210, $270, $850
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f t h e p r ic e s .
b . W h ic h d a t a v a lu e s w o u l d y o u c o n s id e r to b e
o u t lie r s ? E x p / a m .
c . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d i a n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d
A v erag e M o n th ly
T e m p e r a tu r e s in
B u ffa lo , NY
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f t h e p r ic e s w h e n
t h e o u t lie r s id e n t i f ie d in p a r t (b) a r e n o t
i n c lu d e d .
23.7, 24.6, 33.8,

45.1, 56.5, 65.8,
71.1,68.9,61.9,
51.1,40.5,29.1
d . W h i c h o f t h e s t a t i s t ic s is m o s t a f f e c t e d b y
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d
d e v ia t io n o f t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s in
t h e o u t lie r s ? W h i c h is le a s t a f f e c t e d b y t h e
o u t lie r s ?
M ia m i, F lo r id a .
b . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d
d e v ia t io n o f t h e a v e r a g e t e m p e r a t u r e s in
B u f f a lo , N e w Y o rk .
c. C o m p a r e t h e s t a t is t ic s fo r e a c h s e t o f d a t a .
W h a t is o n e c o n c lu s io n y o u c a n m a k e a b o u t
t h e d a ta ?
6. GR1DDED A N SW E R T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s
th e sco re o f e a c h m e m b e r o f a h ig h s c h o o l
g o lf t e a m in t h e f ir s t r o u n d o f t h e s e a s o n .
76 , 84, 81, 92, 87
In t h e la s t r o u n d o f t h e s e a s o n , a ll t h e g o lfe r s
d e c r e a s e d t h e ir s c o r e s b y 2 s t r o k e s . W h a t is
t h e a v e r a g e s c o r e in t h e la s t r o u n d ?
3. O PEN -EN DED G iv e a n e x a m p le o f a d a t a s e t

o f f iv e d if f e r e n t v a l u e s t h a t h a s a m e a n o f 20.
A p p ly a t r a n s f o r m a t io n to t h e d a t a v a lu e s t h a t
c h a n g e s t h e m e a n fr o m 20 to 30.
756
C h apter 11
Use Norma!
Distributions
You in terp reted p ro bab ility distribution s.
You will stud y n orm al distributions.
S o you c a n m o d el an im al p o p u latio n s, a s in E xam p le 3.
Key V o cab u lary

* n o r m a ! d is tr ib u tio n
* n o rm a l cu rv e
* s ta n d a rd n o rm a l
d is tr ib u tio n
* z -s co re
I n L e s s o n 10.6, y o u s t u d ie d p r o b a b iiit y d is t r ib u t io n s . O n e t y p e o f p r o b a b i li t y
d is t r i b u t io n is a n o r m a / d /sfr/bn t/on . A n o r m a i d i s t r i b u t i o n is m o d e le d b y a
b e H - s h a p e d c u r v e c a l l e d a n o r m a i c u r v e t h a t is s y m m e t r ic a b o u t t h e m e a n .
KEY CONCEPT
A?/*
Areas Under a Norma) Curve

A n o r m a l d is t r i b u t i o n w i t h m e a n x a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o h a s t h e
f o llo w in g p r o p e r t ie s :
* T h e t o t a i a r e a u n d e r t h e r e la t e d n o r m a i c u r v e is 1.
* A b o u t 6 8 % o f t h e a r e a l ie s w i t h i n 1 s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e m e a n .
* A b o u t 9 5 % o f t h e a r e a iie s w i t h i n 2 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n s o f t h e m e a n .
* A b o u t 9 9 .7 % o f t h e a r e a iie s w i t h i n 3 s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n s o f t h e m e a n .
3 4 % ^ "^ 3 4 %
IN T E R P R E T
G RA PH S
An area under a normal

curve can be Interpreted
either as a percentage
of the data values in
the distribution or as a
probability.
2.35%
15%
2.35%
0.15%
EXAMPLE 1
Find a n o rm a) p ro b a b iiity
A n o r m a i d is tr ib u tio n h a s m e a n x a n d s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n o . F o r a
r a n d o m i y s e l e c t e d x - v a i u e f r o m t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n , f i n d P ( x 2<r < x < x ).
S o iu tio n
T h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e le c t e d
x - v a iu e iie s b e t w e e n b e t w e e n x 2 o a n d x
is t h e s h a d e d a r e a u n d e r t h e n o r m a i c u r v e
show n.
P C x - 2 ( y < j c < F ) = 0 .1 3 5 + 0 .3 4 = 0.475
A lg e b r a
at classzone.com
1 1 .3
U se N orm al D istributions
757
, EXAMPLE 2
in te r p r e t n o rm a X y d istrib u te d d a ta
R E A D iN G
HEALTH T h e b lo o d c h o le s t e r o l r e a d in g s fo r a g r o u p o f w o m e n a r e n o r m a lly
The abbreviation
'mg/di* stands for
"milligrams per
deciliter."
d is t r ib u t e d w it h a m e a n o f 172 m g / d l a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f 14 m g / d l.
a. A b o u t w h a t p e r c e n t o f t h e w o m e n h a v e r e a d in g s b e t w e e n 15 8 a n d 186?
b . R e a d in g s h ig h e r t h a n 200 a r e c o n s id e r e d u n d e s ir a b le . A b o u t w h a t
p e r c e n t o f t h e r e a d in g s a r e u n d e s ir a b le ?
Soiution
a.
T h e r e a d in g s o f 158 a n d 186
b . A r e a d in g o f 200 is t w o
r e p r e s e n t o n e s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n s to t h e
o n e it h e r s id e o f t h e m e a n , a s
r ig h t o f t h e m e a n , a s s h o w n .
s h o w n b e lo w . S o , 6 8 % o f t h e
S o , t h e p e r c e n t o f r e a d in g s
w o m e n h a v e r e a d in g s b e t w e e n
t h a t a r e u n d e s i r a b le is
158 a n d 186.
2 .3 5 % + 0 .1 5 % , o r 2 .5 % .
68 %
C h oleste rol re a d i n g s
C u iD E D P R A C T K E
C h o le ste ro l re a d i n g s
A n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n h a s m e a n % a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n <r. F i n d t h e
in d ic a te d p r o b a b iiity fo r a r a n d o m ly s e le c te d x -v a lu e fr o m t h e d is tr ib u tio n .
1.
P (x< x )
2. P ( x > x )
3. P ( x < x < x + 2 o j
4.
P (x -tr< x < x )
5. P ( x < x - 3 o j
6. P ( x > x + a)
7.
WHAT <F? In E x a m p le 2, w h a t p e r c e n t o f t h e w o m e n h a v e r e a d i n g s b e t w e e n
172 a n d 200?
STAN DARD N O RM AL D iS T R iB U T iO N T h e s t a n d a r d n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n is t h e
n o r m a l d is t r ib u t io n w i t h m e a n 0 a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n 1. T h e f o r m u la b e lo w
c a n b e u s e d to t r a n s f o r m x - v a lu e s fr o m a n o r m a l d is t r i b u t i o n w i t h m e a n x a n d
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n cr in to z - v a lu e s h a v in g a s t a n d a r d n o r m a l d is t r ib u t io n .
F o r m u ia : z =
Subtract the mean from the

given x-value, then divide by
the standard deviation.
T h e z - v a lu e fo r a p a r t ic u l a r x - v a lu e is c a l l e d t h e z - s c o r e fo r t h e x - v a lu e a n d is t h e
n u m b e r o f s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n s t h e x - v a lu e lie s a b o v e o r b e lo w t h e m e a n x .
758
C hapter 11
D ata A nalysis an d S tatistics
STAN DA RD N O RM AL TA BLE I f z is a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d v a l u e f r o m a s t a n d a r d
n o r m a l d i s t r ib u t io n , y o u c a n u s e t h e t a b ie b e lo w to f in d t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t
z is le s s t h a n o r e q u a l to s o m e g iv e n v a lu e . F o r e x a m p le , t h e t a b le s h o w s t h a t
P ( z < - 0 .4 ) = 0 .3 4 4 6 . Y o u c a n f in d t h e v a l u e o f P ( z < - 0 .4 ) in t h e t a b le b y f in d in g
t h e v a l u e w h e r e r o w - 0 a n d c o lu m n .4 in t e r s e c t .
S ta n d a r d N o rm a ! T a b !e
.0
.2
.1
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
R E A D iN G
-3
.0013
.0010
.0007
.0005
.0003
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0001
.0 0 0 0 +
In th e table, th e v a lu e
-2
.0228
.0179
.0139
.0107
.0082
.0062
.0047
.0035
.0026
.0019
. 0 0 0 0 + m e a n s "slightly
-1
.1587
.1357
.1151
.0968
.0808
.0668
.0548
.0446
.0359
.0287
m o re th a n 0 " a n d th e
-0
.5000
.4602
.4207
.3821
.3446
.3085
.2743
.2420
.2119
.1841
v alu e 1 . 0 0 0 0 - m e a n s
.5000
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554
.6915
.7257
.7580
.7881
.8159
"slightly less th a n 1.
.8413
.8643
.8849
.9032
.9192
.9332
.9452
.9554
.9641
.9713
.9772
.9821
.9861
.9893
.9918
.9938
.9953
.9965
.9974
.9981
.9987
.9990
.9993
.9995
.9997
.9998
.9998
.9999
.9999
1.0 0 0 0 -
Y o u c a n a ls o u s e t h e s t a n d a r d n o r m a l t a b le to f i n d p r o b a b i lit ie s fo r a n y
n o r m a l d is t r i b u t i o n b y f ir s t c o n v e r t i n g v a lu e s f r o m t h e d i s t r ib u t io n to z - s c o r e s .
U se a z -s c o re an d th e s ta n d a rd n o rm a ) ta b )e
E X AMPLE 3
BtO LO G Y S c ie n t is t s c o n d u c t e d a e r ia l s u r v e y s o f a
s e a l s a n c t u a r y a n d r e c o r d e d t h e n u m b e r x o f s e a ls
t h e y o b s e r v e d d u r in g e a c h s u r v e y . T h e n u m b e r s
o f s e a ls o b s e r v e d w e r e n o r m a lly d i s t r ib u t e d w i t h
a m e a n o f 7 3 s e a ls a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f
14 .1
s e a ls . F in d t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a t m o s t 50 s e a ls
w e re o b s e r v e d d u r in g a su rv e y .
S o tu tio n
F T ff 7
Find t h e z - s c o r e c o r r e s p o n d in g to a n x - v a lu e
x - x
z = --------=
a
F72?<?
50 - 73 ^
, , , = - 1 . 6
14.1
U se t h e t a b le to f in d P ( x < 50) = P ( z < - 1 . 6 ) .

T h e t a b le s h o w s t h a t P ( z < - 1 . 6 ) = 0.0 548. S o , t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a t
m o s t 50 s e a ls w e r e o b s e r v e d d u r i n g a s u r v e y is a b o u t 0.0 548.
Z
-3
.0
.1
.2
.3
.4
.5
.6
.7
.8
.9
.0013
.0010
.0007
.0005
.0003
.0002
.0002
.0001
.0001
.0 0 0 0 +
-2
.0228
.0179
.0139
.0107
.0082
.0062
.0047
.0035
.0026
.0019
-1
.1587
.1357
.1151
.0968
.0808
.0668
.0548
.0446
.0359
.0287
-0
.5000
.4602
.4207
.3821
.3446
.3085
.2743
.2420
.2119
.1841
.5000
.5398
.5793
.6179
.6554
.6915
.7257
.7580
.7881
.8159
G u tD E D PRACTtCE
f o r E x a m p le 3
________
8 . W H AT !F ? In E x a m p le 3, f in d t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a t m o s t 90 s e a ls w e r e
o b s e r v e d d u r in g a s u r v e y .
9. REA SO N tN G E x p la in w h y it m a k e s s e n s e t h a t P ( z < 0) = 0.5.
1 1 .3
U se N orm al D istributions
759
11.3 EXERC!SES
HOMEWORK
KEY

Exs. 2,17,18,28, and 35
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A fn )
is a b e ll - s h a p e d c u r v e t h a t is
s y m m e t r ic a b o u t t h e m e a n .
2. * W RITING D e s c r ib e h o w to u s e t h e s t a n d a r d n o r m a l t a b le t o f i n d P ( z < 1.4 ).
EXA M PLE 1
FIND A NORMAL PROBABILITY A n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n h a s m e a n x a n d s t a n d a r d
on p. 757
for Exs. 3-10
d e v i a t io n <r. F i n d t h e i n d i c a t e d p r o b a b i i i t y f o r a r a n d o m i y s e l e c t e d x - v a l u e f r o m
th e d is tr ib u tio n .
^ ^ P ( x < x - oj
6. P ( x > x - u)
4. P ( x > x + 2u)
5. P ( x < x + u)
7 . P ( x o - < x < x + o-)
8. P ( x - 3 c < x < x )
USING A NORMAL CURVE G iv e t h e p e r c e n t o f t h e a r e a u n d e r t h e n o r m a l c u r v e

r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s h a d e d r e g io n .
EXA M PLE 2
NORMAL DISTRIBUTIONS A n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n h a s a m e a n o f 3 3 a n d a
on p. 7 5 8
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f 4 . F i n d t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d .x -v a lu e
for Exs 11-18
f r o m t h e d i s t r i b u t i o n is i n t h e g iv e n i n t e r v a l .
( l l ^ B e t w e e n 29 a n d 3 7
14. A t le a s t 2 5
12. B e t w e e n 33 a n d 4 5
13. B e t w e e n 2 1 a n d 41
15. A t le a s t 29
16. A t m o s t 3 7
1 7 . * MULTIPLE CHOICE A n o r m a l d is t r ib u t io n h a s a m e a n o f 84 a n d a s t a n d a r d
d e v ia t io n o f 5. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e le c t e d x - v a lu e fr o m
t h e d is t r ib u t io n is b e t w e e n 74 a n d 94?
(A )
0.475
( g ) 0.68
(E )
0.95
(D )
0 .9 9 7
18. * MULTIPLE CHOICE A n o r m a l d is t r i b u t io n h a s a m e a n o f 5 1 a n d a s t a n d a r d

d e v i a t io n o f 3. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d x - v a lu e f r o m
t h e d is t r ib u t io n is a t m o s t 48?
(A )
0.025
( g ) 0.16
(g )
0.84
(D )
0 .9 75
EXA M PLE 3
STANDARD NORMAL TABLE A n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n h a s a m e a n o f 6 4 a n d a
on p. 759
for Exs 19-27
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f 7. U s e t h e s t a n d a r d n o r m a l t a b l e o n p a g e 7 5 9 t o f i n d t h e
760
in d ic a te d p r o b a b iiity fo r a r a n d o m ly s e le c te d x -v a lu e fr o m t h e d is tr ib u tio n .
C hapter 11
19. P ( x < 6 8 )
20. P ( x < 8 0 )
21. P ( x < 45)
22. P ( x < 5 4 )
2 3 . P ( x < 64)
2 4 . P ( x > 59)
25. P ( x > 7 5 )
26. P ( 6 0 < x < 7 5 )
27. P ( 4 5 < x < 6 5 )
D ata A nalysis an d Statistics
2 8 . * SH O R T R E SPO N SE L e t x b e a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d v a l u e f r o m a n o r m a l
d i s t r ib u t io n w i t h m e a n 80 a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n 10. I f P ( x < /t) = 0.9 19 2 ,
w h a t is t h e v a l u e o f A;? E x p / a in .
2 9 . ER R O R A NALYSIS i n a s tu d y , t h e w h e a t
y ie ld s (in b u s h e ls ) f o r s e v e r a i p io t s o f
la n d w e r e n o r m a l ly d is t r i b u t e d w it h
a m e a n o f 4 b u s h e is a n d a s t a n d a r d
0 .2 5
0.6
From t h e s t a n d a r d n orm a! t a b le ,
d e v ia t io n o f 0 .2 5 b u s h e l. D e s c r ib e
P (z > - 0 . 6 ) = 0 .2 119 . 5 o , t h e
a n d c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r in f i n d i n g t h e
p ro b a b ility t h a t a p lo t y ie ld e d a t
p r o b a b ili t y t h a t a p lo t y ie ld e d a t le a s t
l e a s t 3 . 6 b u s h e ls is 0 .2 119 .
3.8 b u s h e ls .
30.
CHALLENGE A n o r m a l c u r v e is d e f in e d b y a n e q u a t i o n o f t h i s fo r m :
y =
0-V2TT
a. G r a p h in g C a ic u ia to r G r a p h t h r e e e q u a t i o n s o f t h e g iv e n f o r m . T h e
e q u a t io n s s h o u ld u s e t h e s a m e m e a n b u t d if f e r e n t s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n s .
b . R e a s o n in g D e s c r ib e t h e e f f e c t o f t h e s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o n t h e s h a p e o f a
n orm al cu rve.
PROBLEM SOLVING
EXA M PLES
3 1 . BtO LO GY T h e il lu s t r a t io n s h o w s a h o u s e f l y a t s e v e r a l t i m e s its
2 and 3
a c t u a l s iz e a n d i n d ic a t e s t h e f ly 's w i n g le n g t h . A s t u d y f o u n d
on pp. 7 5 8 -7 5 9
t h a t t h e w i n g l e n g t h s o f h o u s e f li e s a r e n o r m a l ly d is t r ib u t e d
for Exs. 3 1 - 3 4
w i t h a m e a n o f a b o u t 4 .6 m il li m e t e r s a n d a s t a n d a r d
d e v ia t io n o f a b o u t 0.4 m illim e t e r . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t
a r a n d o m l y s e le c t e d h o u s e f ly h a s a w i n g l e n g t h o f a t le a s t
5 m illim e t e r s ?
@ W o m c 7 u to r
3 2 . FtR E D E PA R TM E N T T h e t im e a fir e d e p a r t m e n t t a k e s to a r r iv e a t t h e s c e n e
o f a n e m e r g e n c y is n o r m a lly d i s t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n o f 6 m i n u t e s a n d a
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f 1 m in u t e .
a. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t t h e fir e d e p a r t m e n t t a k e s a t m o s t 8 m in u t e s
to a r r iv e a t t h e s c e n e o f a n e m e r g e n c y ?
b . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t t h e fir e d e p a r t m e n t t a k e s b e t w e e n
4 m in u t e s a n d 7 m in u t e s to a r r iv e a t t h e s c e n e o f a n e m e r g e n c y ?
@ H om e7M tO f
3 3 ^ M U L T t-S T E P P R O BL E M B o x e s o f c e r e a l a r e f i l le d b y a m a c h in e . T e s t s o f t h e
m a c h in e 's a c c u r a c y s h o w t h a t t h e a m o u n t o f c e r e a l in e a c h b o x v a r ie s . T h e
w e ig h t s a r e n o r m a lly d i s t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n o f 20 o u n c e s a n d a s t a n d a r d
d e v i a t i o n o f 0 .2 5 o u n c e .
a. F in d t h e z - s c o r e s fo r w e i g h t s o f 19 .4 o u n c e s a n d 20.4 o u n c e s .
b . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t a r a n d o m ly s e le c t e d c e r e a l b o x w e ig h s at
m o s t 19 .4 o u n c e s ?
c. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d c e r e a l b o x w e ig h s
b e t w e e n 19.4 o u n c e s a n d 20.4 o u n c e s ? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
1 1 .3
U se N orm al D istribu tions
761
3 4 . BOTA N Y T h e g u a y u l e p )a n t, w h i c h g r o w s in t h e s o u t h w e s t e r n
U n it e d S t a te s a n d in M e x ic o , is o n e o f s e v e r a l p ia n t s t h a t c a n b e
u s e d a s a s o u r c e o f r u b b e r . In a la r g e g r o u p o f g u a y u l e p la n t s ,
t h e h e ig h t s o f t h e p la n t s a r e n o r m a l ly d is t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n
o f 12 in c h e s a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f 2 in c h e s .
a. W h a t p e r c e n t o f t h e p la n t s a r e t a l le r t h a n 16 in c h e s ?
b . W h a t p e r c e n t o f t h e p la n t s a r e a t m o s t 13 in c h e s ?
c . W h a t p e r c e n t o f t h e p la n t s a r e b e t w e e n 7 in c h e s a n d
14 in c h e s ?
d. W h a t p e r c e n t o f t h e p la n t s a r e a t le a s t 3 i n c h e s t a l le r t h a n o r
a t le a s t 3 in c h e s s h o r t e r t h a n t h e m e a n h e ig h t ?
G uayute ptants
3 5 . * EXTEN D ED R E SPO N SE L is a a n d A n n t o o k d if f e r e n t c o ll e g e e n t r a n c e
t e s ts . T h e s c o r e s o n t h e t e s t t h a t L is a t o o k a r e n o r m a l ly d is t r i b u t e d
w i t h a m e a n o f 20 p o in t s a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f 4 .2 p o in t s . T h e
s c o r e s o n t h e t e s t t h a t A n n t o o k a r e n o r m a lly d i s t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n
o f 500 p o in t s a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f 90 p o in t s . L is a s c o r e d 30 o n
h e r te s t, a n d A n n s c o r e d 610 o n h e r te s t.
a. C a lc u la te F in d t h e z - s c o r e fo r L is a 's t e s t s c o r e .
b . C a lc u la te F in d t h e z - s c o r e fo r A n n 's t e s t s c o r e .
c . I n te r p r e t W h i c h s t u d e n t s c o r e d b e t t e r o n h e r c o l le g e e n t r a n c e te s t?
E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
3 6 . CHALLENGE A c c o r d i n g to a s u r v e y b y t h e N a t io n a l C e n t e r fo r H e a lt h
S t a tis t ic s , t h e h e ig h t s o f a d u lt m e n in t h e U n it e d S t a te s a r e n o r m a l ly
d is t r ib u t e d w it h a m e a n o f 69 in c h e s a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f
2 .7 5 in c h e s .
a. I f y o u r a n d o m l y c h o o s e 3 a d u lt m e n , w h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a ll o f
t h e m a r e m o r e t h a n 6 f e e t ta ll?
b . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t 5 r a n d o m l y s e l e c t e d m e n a ll h a v e h e ig h t s
b e t w e e n 6 5 in c h e s a n d 7 5 in c h e s ?
M !X ED R EV !EW
U s e s y n t h e t i c s u b s t i t u t i o n t o e v a iu a t e t h e p o l y n o m i a l f u n c t i o n f o r t h e g iv e n
v a iu e o f x . (p. 3371
37.
/(x ) = 4x^ + 5x^ 3 x + 7; x = 2
3 8 . /(x ) = 3x^ 5x^ + 10; x = 4
39.
/(x ) = 2x^ + x^ - 2x^ + x ; x = 2
4 0 . / (x ) = x** - 4x^ + 3 x 6; x = 3
L e t / ( x ) = 4 x 9 a n d g (x ) = 6 x ^ . P e r fo r m th e in d ic a te d o p e r a tio n a n d s ta te th e
d o m a i n , (p. 4281
4 1 . / (x ) + g (x)
45
/(x)
^
g(x)
4 2 . /(x ) - g (x )
4 3 . g (x ) - /(x )
4 4 . /(x ) . g (x )
46. 3 "
/(x)
4 7 . / ( g (x ))
4 8 . g (/ (x ])
P R E V tE W
S o iv e t h e e q u a t i o n . C h e c k f o r e x t r a n e o u s s o i u t i o n s . Ip. 4521
Prepare for
Lesson 11.4
in Exs. 49-54.
49.
762
Vx + 3 = 1 1
52. V 5 (x + 3) = 1 0
50. V 4x + 5 = 9
51. V 3 x - $ = 0
O
53. V x - 3 = x - 5
54. V 9x - 2 = x + 2
E X T R A P R A C T !C E for Lesson 11.3, p. 1020
1 ^ * O N U N E Q U !Z at classzone.com
Extension
77. J
Approxim ate Binomia!

Distributions and Test Hypotheses
COAL
Use n o rm a! d istrib u tions to a p p ro x im a te b in o m iai distribution s.
In L e s s o n 10.6, y o u f o u n d p r o b a b ili t ie s r e la t e d to a b i n o m i a l d is t r ib u t io n u s in g
t h e f o r m u ia P (A j =
- p )" "
H o w e v e r , it c a n b e t e d i o u s to u s e t h is
f o r m u la w h e n t h e n u m b e r o f p r o b a b i lit i e s to c o m p u t e is la r g e . In s u c h c a s e s ,
y o u m a y b e a b le to u s e a n o r m a l d is t r ib u t io n to a p p r o x im a t e t h e b i n o m ia l
d is t r ib u t io n .
KEY CONCEPT
Norma! Approxim ation of a Binomia! Distribution
C o n s id e r t h e b i n o m i a l d is t r i b u t i o n c o n s is t in g o f n t r ia ls w i t h p r o b a b ili t y p o f
s u c c e s s o n e a c h t r ia l. I f n p > 5 a n d n ( l - p) > 5, t h e n t h e b i n o m i a l d is t r ib u t io n
c a n b e a p p r o x i m a t e d b y a n o r m a l d i s t r ib u t i o n w i t h t h e f o l lo w i n g m e a n a n d
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n .
M ean: x = np
S t a n d a r d D e v i a t i o n : cr = \ n p ( l - p)
Find a b in o m ia ! p ro b a b i!ity
SU R V E Y S A c c o r d in g to a s u r v e y c o n d u c t e d b y t h e H a r r is P o ll, 2 4 % o f a d u lt s in
t h e U n it e d S t a te s s a y t h a t t h e ir f a v o r it e le i s u r e - t im e a c t i v i t y is r e a d in g . Y o u a r e
c o n d u c t i n g a r a n d o m s u r v e y o f 250 a d u lt s . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t y o u w i ll
f in d a t m o s t 53 a d u lt s w h o s a y t h a t r e a d i n g is t h e ir f a v o r it e le is u r e - t i m e a c t iv it y ?
S o !u tio n
CHECK
T h e n u m b e r x o f a d u lt s i n y o u r s u r v e y w h o s a y r e a d i n g is t h e ir f a v o r it e l e is u r e
R EA SO N A BLEN ESS
t i m e a c t i v i t y h a s a b i n o m i a l d is t r i b u t i o n w i t h n = 250 a n d p = 0.24. T o s o lv e t h e
in Examplel,note that
np = 6 0 > 5
and that
n (l-p ) = 190>5.
So, it is reasonable
touseanorm al
approximation.
p r o b le m u s in g t h e b i n o m i a l p r o b a b ili t y f o r m u la , y o u w o u ld h a v e to c a l c u la t e th e
fo llo w in g :
P ( x < 53) = P ( x = 0) + P ( x = 1) + P ( x = 2) + - - - + P ( x = 53)
T h is w o u ld b e t e d io u s . I n s t e a d , y o u c a n a p p r o x i m a t e t h e a n s w e r u s i n g a n o r m a l
d is t r i b u t io n w i t h t h e m e a n a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n g iv e n b e lo w .
x = n p = 2 5 0 ( 0 .2 4 ) = 60
Find m e a n .
o = \ / n p (l - p j = V 2 5 0 (b .2 4 )(0 .7 6 y = '
Find sta n d a rd d ev iatio n .
F o r t h i s n o r m a l d is t r ib u t io n , 5 3 is a b o u t o n e
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n to t h e l e f t o f t h e m e a n .
T h e r e fo r e :
P ( x < 53) = 0.0 015 + 0.0 235 + 0 .13 5 = 0.16
^ T h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a t m o s t 53 o f t h e p e o p le
s u r v e y e d s a y r e a d in g is t h e i r f a v o r it e l e i s u r e
t i m e a c t i v i t y is a b o u t 0.16.
People th at an sw ered "reading"
E xten sio n : A p p ro x im ate B in om ial D istribu tions and T e st H y p o th eses
763
H Y P O T H E S!S T E ST IN G Y o u c a n u s e t h e f o l lo w in g p r o c e d u r e to t e s t a h y p o t h e s i s
a b o u t a s t a t is t ic a l m e a s u r e fo r a p o p u la t io n .
KEY CONCEPT
/I?/- %?%/*
Hypothesis Testing
FTiFP 7
S t a t e t h e h y p o t h e s is y o u a r e t e s t in g . T h e h y p o t h e s is s h o u ld m a k e
a s t a t e m e n t a b o u t s o m e s t a t i s t ic a l m e a s u r e o f a p o p u la t io n (s u c h
a s t h e p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u la t i o n t h a t h a s a c e r t a i n c h a r a c t e r is t i c ) .
C o lle c t d a t a f r o m a r a n d o m s a m p le o f t h e p o p u la t i o n a n d c o m p u t e
CH O O SE
t h e s t a t is t ic a l m e a s u r e o f t h e s a m p le .
C R )T E R !O N
In Step 3, some
statisticians use
p <0.1 or p < 0.01 as a
condition for rejecting a
hypothesis.
F T if P J
A s s u m e t h a t t h e h y p o t h e s i s is t r u e a n d c a l c u l a t e t h e r e s u l t i n g
p r o b a b ili t y p o f o b t a i n i n g t h e s a m p l e s t a t is t ic a l m e a s u r e o r a m o re
e x tr e m e s a m p le s t a t i s t ic a l m e a s u r e . I f t h is p r o b a b ilit y is s m a ll
( t y p ic a l l y p < 0.05), y o u s h o u ld r e je c t t h e h y p o t h e s is .
T e st a h y p o th e sis
FIREFIG H TIN G A r e c e n t H a r r is P o ll c l a i m e d t h a t 4 8 % o f a d u lt s c o n s id e r
f ir e f ig h t in g to b e a p r e s t ig io u s o c c u p a t io n . T o t e s t t h is f in d in g , y o u s u r v e y
40 a d u lt s a n d f i n d t h a t 15 o f t h e m d o c o n s id e r f i r e f i g h t i n g a p r e s t ig io u s
o c c u p a t i o n . S h o u ld y o u r e je c t t h e H a r r is P o ll's f in d in g s ? E x p / a m .
S o iu tio n
7
S t a t e t h e h y p o t h e s is .
4 8 % o f a d u lt s c o n s id e r f i r e f i g h t i n g a p r e s t ig io u s o c c u p a t io n .
,P 7B P ^
C o lle c t d a t a a n d c a l c u l a t e a s t a t i s t ic a l m e a s u r e .
In y o u r s u r v e y , 15 o u t o f 40 p e o p le , o r 3 7 .5 % , c o n s id e r f i r e f i g h t i n g to b e
a p r e s t ig io u s o c c u p a t io n .
A s s u m e t h a t t h e h y p o t h e s is in S te p 1 is t r u e . F in d t h e r e s u lt in g
p r o b a b i lit y t h a t y o u c o u ld r a n d o m l y s e le c t 15 o r je t o e r a d u lt s o u t o f 40
w h o c o n s id e r f i r e f i g h t i n g a p r e s t i g i o u s o c c u p a t io n . T h is p r o b a b ilit y is
P ( x < 15) = P ( x = 0) + P ( x = 1) + P ( x = 2) + - - - + P ( x = 15)
w h e r e e a c h t e r m in t h e s u m is a b i n o m i a l p r o b a b i lit y w i t h a = 40 a n d
p = 0.48.
Y o u c a n a p p r o x im a t e t h e b i n o m i a l d i s t r ib u t io n w i t h a n o r m a l
d i s t r ib u t io n h a v i n g t h e f o l lo w i n g m e a n a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n :
x = u p = 4 0 (0.48 ) = 19.2
u = \Z ap (l - p) = \/40(0.48)(0.52) = 3 .16
U s in g a z - s c o r e a n d t h e s t a n d a r d n o r m a l t a b le o n p a g e 75 9 g iv e s :
P ( x < 15) ^ P ( z < ^
= p ( 2 < - 1 . 3 ) = 0.0968
F S o , i f it is t r u e t h a t 4 8 % o / a r ia h s con.strier/tre/7g/rring a presh'gioM S o c c u p a tio n ,

t h e n t h e r e is a b o u t a 10 % p r o b a b i li t y o f f i n d i n g 15 o r f e w e r a d u lt s w h o c o n s id e r
f i r e f i g h t i n g p r e s t ig io u s in a r a n d o m s a m p le o f 40 a d u lt s . W it h a p r o b a b i li t y t h is
la r g e , y o u s h o u ld n o t r e je c t t h e h y p o t h e s is .
764
C h apter 11
PRACTKE
EXA M PLE 1
APPROXIMATING BINOMIAL D<STR<BUT<ONS Find the m ean and standard
on p. 763
for Exs. 1-18
deviation o f a norm al d istribution th at approxim ates the b in om ial distribution

with n tria ls and probability p of success on each trial.
1.
n = 24, p = 0.4
2. n = 40, p = 0.6
3.
n = 4 6, p = 0.3
4.
n = 55, p = 0 .15
5. n = 36, p = 0.7
6.
n = 66, p = 0.2
7.
n = 110, p = 0.08
8. n = 1 2 5 , p = 0 .3 5
9.
n = 140, p = 0.75
COLORBHNDNESS Use the fact that approxim ately 4% o f people are

colorblind. Consider a class o f 460 students.
10.
W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t 15 o r f e w e r s t u d e n t s a r e c o lo r b lin d ?
11.
W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ili t y t h a t 12 o r m o r e s t u d e n t s a r e c o lo r b lin d ?
12. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t b e t w e e n 6 a n d 18 s t u d e n t s a r e
c o lo r b lin d ?
LEFT-HANDEDNESS Use the fact th at approxim ately 9% of people are

left-handed. Consider a high school with 1221 students.
Coior vision test
13 . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a t le a s t 140 s t u d e n t s a r e le f t - h a n d e d ?
14. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t a t m o s t 100 s t u d e n t s a r e le f t - h a n d e d ?
15 . W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t b e t w e e n 80 a n d 130 s t u d e n t s a r e le f t - h a n d e d ?
MYOP<A Use the fact that myopia, or nearsightedness, is a condition th at affects

approxim ately 25% o f the adult population in the United States. Consider a
random sam ple o f 192 U.S. adults.
16. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t 42 o r m o r e p e o p le a r e n e a r s ig h t e d ?
17. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t 66 o r f e w e r p e o p l e a r e n e a r s ig h t e d ?
18. W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i li t y t h a t b e t w e e n 36 a n d 60 p e o p le a r e n e a r s ig h t e d ?
EXA M PLE 2
on p. 764
for Exs. 19-22
19 . SURVEYS A s u r v e y t h a t a s k e d p e o p l e in t h e U n it e d S t a te s a b o u t t h e ir
f e e lin g s o f p e r s o n a l w e l l - b e i n g f o u n d t h a t 8 5 % a r e g e n e r a l ly h a p p y . T o t e s t
t h i s f i n d in g , y o u q u e s t io n 7 5 p e o p le a t r a n d o m a n d f in d t h a t 5 6 c o n s id e r
t h e m s e lv e s g e n e r a lly h a p p y . W o u ld y o u r e je c t t h e s u r v e y 's f in d i n g s ? E x p la in .
20. CLASS RINGS Y o u r e a d a n a r t ic le t h a t c l a im s 3 0 % o f g r a d u a t in g s e n io r s w i l l

b u y a c la s s r in g . T o t e s t t h i s c la im , y o u s u r v e y 4 5 r a n d o m ly s e l e c t e d s e n io r s
in y o u r s c h o o l a n d f in d t h a t 9 a r e p l a n n i n g to b u y a c la s s r in g . S h o u ld y o u
r e j e c t t h e a r t ic le 's c la im ? E x p la in .
21. COMPUTERS A m a n u f a c t u r e r o f p e r s o n a l c o m p u t e r s c l a i m s t h a t u n d e r
n o r m a l w o r k u s e o n l y 1% o f its c o m p u t e r s w i l l f a il to o p e r a t e a t s o m e p o in t
d u r in g a m o n t h . A b u s in e s s u s e s 600 o f t h e m a n u f a c t u r e r 's c o m p u t e r s
u n d e r n o r m a l w o r k u s e a n d h a s 12 f a il u r e s in a m o n t h . W o u ld y o u r e j e c t t h e
m a n u f a c t u r e r 's c la im ? E x p / a m .
22. JU K E PREFERENCES A c o m p a n y t h a t m a k e s b o t t l e d j u i c e s h a s c r e a t e d a
n e w b r a n d o f a p p le j u ic e . T h e c o m p a n y c l a im s 8 0 % o f p e o p le p r e fe r t h e n e w
a p p le j u i c e o v e r a c o m p e t it o r 's a p p le ju ic e . A t a s t e t e s t is c o n d u c t e d to t e s t
t h is c la im . O f 50 p e o p le , 34 p r e fe r t h e n e w a p p le j u i c e . W o u ld y o u r e je c t t h e
c o m p a n y 's c la im ? E x p la in .
E xten sio n : A p p ro x im ate B in om iai D istribu tions an d T e st H y p o th eses
765
Select and Draw Conclusions

from Samples
You used sta tistics to d e sc rib e s e ts o f d ata.
You will stud y d ifferen t sa m p iin g m e th o d s fo r c o iie c tin g d ata.
So you ca n in terp ret th e results o f a survey, a s in Ex. 27.
Key V o cab u iary
* population
* sample
* unbiased sampie
* biased sampie
* m argin of error
popuiation is a g r o u p o f p e o p ie o r o b je c t s t h a t y o u w a n t in f o r m a t i o n a b o u t .
W h e n it is t o o d i f f ic u l t , t i m e - c o n s u m i n g , o r e x p e n s iv e t o s u r v e y e v e r y o n e in a
p o p u la t io n , in f o r m a t io n is g a t h e r e d f r o m a
sampie, o r s u b s e t , o f t h e p o p u la t io n .
S o m e m e t h o d s f o r s e l e c t i n g a s a m p le a r e d e s c r ib e d b e lo w .
HMD
DMtt
HMD
Dittt
In a se//-.scicctcd s a m p le , m e m b e r s o f a
In a s y s t e m a t ic s a m p le , a r u le is u s e d
p o p u la t io n c a n v o lu n t e e r to b e in t h e
to s e l e c t m e m b e r s o f a p o p u la t io n ,
s a m p le .
s u c h a s s e le c t i n g e v e r y o t h e r p e r s o n .
DDiH
DMM
HM D
DiMt
In a c o r t f c n ic n c c s a m p le , e a s y - t o - r e a c h
In a r a n d o m s a m p ie , e a c h m e m b e r o f
m e m b e r s o f a p o p u la t i o n a r e s e le c t e d ,
a p o p u la t io n h a s a n e q u a l c h a n c e o f
s u c h a s t h o s e in t h e f ir s t ro w .
b e in g s e le c t e d .
EXAMPLE 1
.
C lassify sa m p les
BASEBALL A s p o r t s w r i t e r w a n t s to s u r v e y c o ll e g e b a s e b a ll c o a c h e s a b o u t
w h e t h e r t h e y t h i n k w o o d e n b a t s s h o u ld b e m a n d a t o r y t h r o u g h o u t c o lle g e
b a s e b a ll. I d e n t if y t h e t y p e o f s a m p le d e s c r ib e d .
a. T h e s p o r t s w r it e r c o n t a c t s o n ly t h e c o a c h e s t h a t h e h a s c e ll p h o n e
n u m b e r s fo r i n o r d e r to g e t q u i c k r e s p o n s e s .
b. T h e s p o r t s w r it e r m a ils o u t s u r v e y s to a ll t h e c o a c h e s a n d u s e s o n l y t h e
s u rv e y s th a t a re re tu rn e d .
S o iu tio n
a. T h e s p o r t s w r it e r s e le c t e d c o a c h e s t h a t a r e e a s i ly a c c e s s ib le . S o , t h e
s a m p le is a c o n v e n i e n c e s a m p le .
b. T h e c o a c h e s c a n c h o o s e w h e t h e r o r n o t to r e s p o n d . S o , t h e s a m p le is a
s e lf - s e le c t e d s a m p le .
766
C hapter 11
D ata A nalysis and S tatistics
B IA S IN SAM PLIN G !n o r d e r to d r a w a c c u r a t e c o n c l u s io n s a b o u t a p o p u la t io n
f r o m a s a m p le , y o u s h o u ld s e le c t a n u n b ia s e d s a m p le . A n u n b i a s e d s a m p i e is
r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f t h e p o p u la t io n y o u w a n t i n f o r m a t io n a b o u t . A s a m p le t h a t
o v e r r e p r e s e n t s o r u n d e r r e p r e s e n t s p a r t o f t h e p o p u la t i o n is a b i a s e d s a m p i e .
td en tify a b ia sed sa m p ie
CONCERT ATTENDANCE T h e m a n a g e r o f a c o n c e r t h a l l w a n t s to k n o w h o w o f te n
p e o p l e i n t h e c o m m u n i t y a t t e n d c o n c e r t s . T h e m a n a g e r a s k s 50 p e o p l e s t a n d in g
in li n e fo r a r o c k c o n c e r t h o w m a n y c o n c e r t s p e r y e a r t h e y a t t e n d . T e ll w h e t h e r
t h e s a m p le is b ia s e d o r u n b ia s e d . E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
S o !u tio n
T h e s a m p le is b i a s e d b e c a u s e p e o p le s t a n d i n g i n l i n e fo r a r o c k c o n c e r t a r e m o r e
l i k e l y to a t t e n d c o n c e r t s t h a n p e o p le in g e n e r a l.
CHOOSING U N BIA SED SA M P L ES A l t h o u g h t h e r e a r e m a n y w a y s o f s a m p l in g

a p o p u la t i o n , a r a n d o m s a m p le is p r e fe r r e d b e c a u s e it is m o s t l ik e ly to b e
r e p r e s e n t a t iv e o f t h e p o p u la t io n .
E X AMPLE 3
C hoose a n u n b ia se d sa m p ie
SEN IO R CLASS PR O M Y o u a r e a m e m b e r o f t h e p r o m c o m m i t t e e . Y o u w a n t to p o ll
m e m b e r s o f t h e s e n io r c la s s to f i n d o u t w h e r e t h e y w a n t to h o ld t h e p r o m . T h e r e
a r e 3 2 4 s t u d e n t s in t h e s e n io r c la s s . D e s c r ib e a m e t h o d fo r s e l e c t i n g a r a n d o m
s a m p le o f 40 s e n io r s to p o ll.
S o lu tio n
F7EP7
M a k e a lis t o f a ll 3 2 4 s e n io r s . A s s ig n e a c h s e n io r a d if f e r e n t in t e g e r
fr o m 1 to 324.
G e n e r a t e 40 u n i q u e r a n d o m in t e g e r s
f r o m 1 to 324 u s in g t h e r u u d / m f e a t u r e o f
a g r a p h i n g c a lc u la t o r . T h e s c r e e n a t t h e
r ig h t s h o w s s ix s u c h r a n d o m in te g e r s .
If w h ile g e n e r a tin g th e in te g e rs y o u
o b t a i n a d u p lic a t e , d i s c a r d it a n d
g e n e r a t e a n e w , u n i q u e in t e g e r a s a
r e p la c e m e n t .
F 7 2 P .?
C h o o s e t h e 40 s t u d e n t s t h a t c o r r e s p o n d to
t h e 40 i n t e g e r s y o u g e n e r a t e d in S te p 2.
C u iD E D P R A C T K E
f o r E x a m p le s 1, 2 , a n d 3
SCHOOL W E B S IT E A c o m p u t e r s c ie n c e t e a c h e r w a n t s to k n o w i f s t u d e n t s
w o u l d lik e t h e m o r n in g a n n o u n c e m e n t s p o s t e d o n t h e s c h o o l's w e b s it e . H e
s u r v e y s s t u d e n t s in o n e o f h is c o m p u t e r s c i e n c e c la s s e s . I d e n t if y t h e t y p e o f
s a m p le d e s c r ib e d , a n d t e ll w h e t h e r t h e s a m p l e is b ia s e d .
W H AT IF ? In E x a m p le 3, w h a t is a n o t h e r m e t h o d y o u c o u ld u s e to g e n e r a t e a
r a n d o m s a m p le o f 40 s t u d e n t s ?
11.4 Select and Draw Conclusions from Samples
767
SAMPLE StZE W h e n c o n d u c t i n g a s u r v e y , y o u n e e d t o m a k e t h e s i z e o f y o u r
s a m p ie la r g e e n o u g h s o t h a t it a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t s t h e p o p u la t io n . A s t h e
s a m p le s iz e in c r e a s e s , t h e m a r g in o/*error d e c r e a s e s .
T h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r g iv e s a iim i t o n h o w m u c h t h e r e s p o n s e s o f t h e s a m p ie
w o u id d if f e r f r o m t h e r e s p o n s e s o f t h e p o p u la t io n . F o r e x a m p ie , i f 4 0 % o f t h e
p e o p l e in a p o li p r e fe r c a n d id a t e A , a n d t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r is 4 % , t h e n it is
l i k e l y t h a t b e t w e e n 3 6 % a n d 4 4 % o f t h e e n t ir e p o p u la t i o n p r e fe r c a n d id a t e A .
KEY CONCEPT
Margin of E rro r Formuia
W h e n a r a n d o m s a m p le o f s i z e n is t a k e n f r o m a la r g e p o p u la t io n , t h e m a r g in
o f e r r o r is a p p r o x im a t e d b y t h i s fo r m u la :
M a r g in o f e r r o r -
VM
T h is m e a n s t h a t i f t h e p e r c e n t o f t h e s a m p le r e s p o n d i n g a c e r t a i n w a y is
p ( e x p r e s s e d a s a d e c im a l) , t h e n t h e p e r c e n t o f t h e p o p u la t i o n t h a t w o u ld
r e s p o n d t h e s a m e w a y is li k e l y to b e b e t w e e n p - L - a n d p +
Vn
Vn
MEDiA SURVEY In a s u r v e y o f 1011 p e o p le ,

Main Source of News
5 2 % s a id t h a t t e le v is io n is t h e i r m a in
so u rce o f n ew s.
a. W h a t is t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r fo r t h e
Teievision 52%
su rvey?
Newspaper 29%
b . G iv e a n in t e r v a l t h a t is li k e l y to
Radio 10%
c o n t a in t h e e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a ll
p e o p le w h o u s e t e le v is io n a s t h e ir
internet 5%
m a in s o u rc e o f n e w s.
Other 4%
So!ution
a. U s e t h e m a r g in o f e r r o r f o r m u la .
M a r g in o f e r r o r = -^=-
Write margin of error formuia.
VM
= : ^
Substitute 1011 forn.
= 0.031
Use a caicuiator.
V lO ll
^ T h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r fo r t h e s u r v e y is a b o u t 3.1% .
b. T o f in d t h e in t e r v a l, s u b t r a c t a n d a d d 3.1% to t h e p e r c e n t o f p e o p le
s u r v e y e d w h o s a id t e le v is io n is t h e i r m a i n s o u r c e o f n e w s (52%).
52% - 3.1% = 4 8 .9 %
52% + 3.1% = 55.1%
^ It is l i k e ly t h a t t h e e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a ll p e o p l e w h o u s e t e le v is io n a s t h e ir
m a i n s o u r c e o f n e w s is b e t w e e n 4 8 .9 % a n d 55.1% .
768
Chapter 11
Data Analysis and Statistics
EXAMPLE 5
A p o ll i n g c o m p a n y c o n d u c t s a p o ll fo r a U .S . p r e s id e n t i a l e le c t io n . H o w
m a n y p e o p le d id t h e c o m p a n y s u r v e y i f t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r is 5 % ?
(A )
REVIEW RADICALS
For help with solvin g
equ ation s in volvin g
square roots, s e e p. 452.
25 p e o p le
(B )
2 50 p e o p l e
(g )
400 p e o p le
(D )
6 2 5 p e o p le
Soiution
U s e t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r f o r m u la .
M a r g in o f e r r o r =
Write margin of error formuia.
V7!
0.05 = - j=
Vn
0.0025 = -
n = 400
Substitute 0.05 for margin of error.

Square each side.
S o iv e fo r n.
T h e r e w e r e 400 p e o p l e s u r v e y e d .
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C . (A) (B ) (H) (B)
GUIDED PRACTKE
3.
INTERNET In a s u r v e y o f 12 0 2 p e o p le , 1 1 % s a i d t h a t t h e y u s e t h e I n t e r n e t
o r e - m a il m o r e t h a n 10 h o u r s p e r w e e k . W h a t is t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r fo r t h e
s u r v e y ? H o w m a n y p e o p l e w o u l d n e e d to b e s u r v e y e d to r e d u c e t h e m a r g in
o f e r r o r to 2 % ?
ii.4
EXERCtSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
"
Exs. 2,14,23,29, and 31
SK!LL PRACTKE
VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A s a m p le fo r w h i c h e a c h m e m b e r o f a
p o p u la t i o n h a s a n e q u a l c h a n c e o f b e in g s e l e c t e d is a (n )
s a m p le .
2. * WRITING D e s c r ib e t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n u n b i a s e d s a m p le a n d a
b ia s e d s a m p le .
EXAMPLES
land2
on pp. 7 6 6 -7 6 7
for Exs. 3 - 5
CLASSIFYING SAMPLES Id e n tify th e ty p e o f sa m p le d e scrib e d . T h e n te ii i f th e

sa m p ie is b ia sed . E x p la in y o u r reaso n in g .
3. A t a x ic a b c o m p a n y w a n t s to k n o w i f its c u s t o m e r s a r e s a t is f ie d w i t h t h e
s e r v i c e . E a c h d r iv e r s u r v e y s e v e r y t e n t h c u s t o m e r d u r in g t h e d a y .
4. A t o w n c o u n c i l w a n t s to k n o w i f r e s id e n t s s u p p o r t h a v i n g a n o f f - le a s h a r e a
f o r d o g s i n t h e t o w n p a r k . E ig h t y d o g o w n e r s a r e s u r v e y e d a t t h e p a r k .
5. A n E n g lis h t e a c h e r n e e d s to p ic k 5 s t u d e n t s to p r e s e n t b o o k r e p o r t s to t h e
c la s s . T h e t e a c h e r w r it e s t h e n a m e s o f a ll s t u d e n t s in t h e c la s s o n p i e c e s o f
p a p e r , p u t s t h e p i e c e s in a h a t, a n d c h o o s e s 5 n a m e s w i t h o u t lo o k in g .
1 1 .4
Select and Draw Conclusions from Sam ples
769
EXA M PLE 4
F!ND!NG MARGIN OF ERROR F ind th e m a r g in o f e rro r fo r a su r v e y th a t h a s th e

g iv en sa m p ie size. R o u n d y o u r a n sw e r to th e n e a re s t te n th o f a p ercen t.
on p. 768
for Exs. 6 -1 4
6. 260
( j!) l0 0 0
8. 750
9. 6400
10 . 3275
11. 525
12 . 2024
13 . 10,000
14 . * MULTIPLE CHOKE In a s u r v e y o f 2000 v o t e r s , 45% s a id t h e y p l a n n e d to v o t e

fo r c a n d i d a t e A . W h a t is t h e m a r g in o f e r r o r fo r t h e s u r v e y ?
1.8%
(g )
EXAMPLE 5
(B ) 2.2%
3.6%
(g )
(g)
4.5%
FtNDtNG SAMPLE SIZES F ind th e sa m p ie siz e re q u ire d to a c h ie v e th e g iv en

m a rg in o f error. R ou nd y o u r a n sw e r to th e n e a re st w h o ie n u m b er.
on p. 769
for Exs. 1 5 -2 3
15.
3%
( 19!) 5.6%
16 .
8%
17.
10%
18 . 4.2%
20.
1.5%
2 1.
6.5%
22.
2.5%
2 3. * MULTIPLE CHOKE T h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r fo r a p o ll is 2% . W h a t is t h e s i z e o f
t h e s a m p le ?
(A )
200
( g ) 400
(g )
1000
(g )
2500
24. ERROR ANALYSIS In a s u r v e y o f h ig h

s c h o o l s t u d e n t s , 13% s a id t h a t t h e y p la y
b a s k e t b a ll r e g u la r ly . T h e m a r g i n o f
e r r o r is 4% . D e s c r ib e a n d c o r r e c t t h e
0 .0 1 6 9 = 1
n
e r r o r in c a l c u l a t i n g t h e s a m p le s iz e .
2 5.
0 .1 3 = - ! =
Vn
n = 59
REASONING A s u r v e y c l a im s t h e p e r c e n t o f a c i t y 's r e s id e n t s t h a t f a v o r
b u i l d i n g a n e w f o o t b a ll s t a d iu m is li k e l y b e t w e e n 52.3% a n d 61.7% . H o w
m a n y p e o p le w e r e s u r v e y e d ?
26.
CHALLENGE S u p p o s e a r a n d o m s a m p le o f s iz e n is r e q u ir e d to p r o d u c e a
m a r g in o f e r r o r o f R W r ite a n e x p r e s s io n in t e r m s o f n fo r t h e s a m p le s iz e
n e e d e d to r e d u c e t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r to y R B y h o w m a n y t im e s m u s t
t h e s a m p le s i z e b e in c r e a s e d in o r d e r t o c u t t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r in h a lf?
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLES
3, 4, and 5
2 7.
VACATION SURVEY In a s u r v e y o f 439 t e e n a g e r s i n t h e U n it e d S ta te s , 14%

s a id t h a t t h e y w o r k e d d u r i n g t h e ir s u m m e r v a c a t i o n .
on pp. 7 6 7 -7 6 9
for Exs. 2 7 -3 1
a . W h a t is t h e m a r g in o f e r r o r fo r t h e s u r v e y ?
b. G iv e a n i n t e r v a l t h a t is l ik e ly to c o n t a i n t h e e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a ll U .S .
t e e n a g e r s w h o w o r k e d d u r in g t h e ir s u m m e r v a c a t io n .
@ M M ne7H to r
28. NEWSLETTER T h e s t a f f fo r a s t u d e n t n e w s le t t e r w a n t s to c o n d u c t a s u r v e y
o f s t u d e n t s ' f a v o r it e T V s h o w s . T h e r e a r e 1225 s t u d e n t s in t h e s c h o o l. T h e
n e w s le t t e r s t a f f w o u l d lik e to s u r v e y 250 s t u d e n t s . D e s c r ib e a m e t h o d fo r
s e l e c t i n g a n u n b i a s e d , r a n d o m s a m p le o f s t u d e n t s .
@ R o m e 7 M fo r
O
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on p. WS1
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TEST PRACTKE
2 9 j * SHORT RESPONSE B a s e d o n t h e n e w s p a p e r r e p o r t s h o w n b e lo w , is it
r e a s o n a b le to a s s u m e t h a t K o s t a is c e r t a in to w i n t h e e le c t io n ? E x p / a m .
0
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Today's News
In a telephone poll, local voters w ere asked which
mayoral candidate they planned to vote fo r in the
' 'W ' H 54-':,
Kosta
upcoming election. The margin of e rro r is 5 % .

T h is poll sh o w s an increase of 22% fo r Kosta
since the beginning of the year, w hile support
Murdock
for M u rd o ck c o n tin u e s to d e clin e
30. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM A G a llu p Y o u t h S u r v e y r e p o r t e d t h a t 2 3 % o f

s t u d e n t s s u r v e y e d , o r a b o u t 181 s t u d e n t s , s a y t h a t m a t h is t h e ir f a v o r it e
s u b j e c t in s c h o o l.
a. H o w m a n y s t u d e n t s w e r e s u r v e y e d ?
b. W h a t is t h e m a r g in o f e r r o r fo r t h e s u r v e y ?
c. G iv e a n in t e r v a l t h a t is l ik e l y to c o n t a i n t h e e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a l l s t u d e n t s
w h o w o u ld s a y t h a t m a t h is t h e ir f a v o r it e s u b je c t .
31. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A s u r v e y r e p o r t e d t h a t 2 3 5 o u t o f 500 v o t e r s in a

s a m p le v o t e d fo r c a n d id a t e A a n d t h e r e m a in d e r v o t e d fo r c a n d id a t e B.
a. Find Percents W h a t p e r c e n t o f t h e v o t e r s in t h e s a m p le v o t e d fo r
c a n d id a t e A? fo r c a n d id a t e B?
b. Find M argin o f Error W h a t is t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r fo r t h e s u r v e y ?

c. Find intervais F o r e a c h c a n d id a t e , f in d a n i n t e r v a l t h a t is l i k e l y to
c o n t a i n t h e e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a ll v o t e r s w h o v o t e d fo r t h e c a n d id a t e .
d. R easoning B a s e d o n y o u r in t e r v a ls , c a n y o u b e c o n f id e n t t h a t c a n d id a t e B
w o n ? I f n o t, h o w m a n y p e o p le in t h e s a m p le w o u ld n e e d to v o t e fo r
c a n d i d a t e B fo r y o u to b e c o n f id e n t o f h e r v i c t o r y ? (H in t; F in d t h e le a s t
n u m b e r o f v o t e r s fo r c a n d id a t e B s u c h t h a t t h e in t e r v a ls d o n o t o v e r la p .)
32. CHALLENGE In a s u r v e y , 5 2 % o f t h e r e s p o n d e n t s s a id t h e y p r e fe r c o l a X a n d
4 8 % s a id t h e y p r e fe r c o la Y. H o w m a n y p e o p le w o u l d h a v e to b e s u r v e y e d
fo r y o u to b e c o n f id e n t t h a t c o la X is t r u ly p r e fe r r e d b y m o r e t h a n h a l f t h e
p o p u la t io n ? E x p in m y o u r r e a s o n in g .
M tX ED R EV !EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 11.5
in Exs. 33-38.
G raph th e fu n ctio n .
33.
34. y = x^ - 5 x - 24 )p. 236)
y = - ^ x + 4 fp. 89)
35. y = i ( x - 3 f + 2 )p. 245)
36.
/ (x ) = (x + lK x^ - 3 x + 3) )p. 387)
37. g (x ) = 4 - 2 * (p. 478)
38.
h (x) = - 2 ( 0 .2 5 ) * (p. 486)
39. U s e f in it e d if f e r e n c e s a n d a s y s t e m o f e q u a t i o n s to f i n d a p o ly n o m ia l
f u n c t i o n t h a t fit s t h e d a t a in t h e t a b le , (p. 393)
X
/<*)
-9
-10
-7
11
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K ey V o cab u iary
* b ia sed qu estio n
* ex p e rim e n ta l gro u p
* co n tro! gro u p
W rite u n b iased su rv ey q u e stio n s an d un fiaw ed e x p e rim e n ta i p ro ced u res.
W h e n d e s ig n in g a s u r v e y , it is i m p o r t a n t t h a t t h e s u r v e y
q u e s t io n s b e c a r e f u l l y w r it t e n . I f a q u e s t io n is p o o r ly
w r it t e n , t h e n t h e r e s p o n s e s o f t h e p e o p l e s u r v e y e d m a y
n o t a c c u r a t e l y r e f l e c t t h e i r o p in io n s o r a c t io n s . T h e s e
t y p e s o f f l a w e d q u e s t io n s a r e c a l l e d b ia se d q u estio n s.
T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l r e a s o n s w h y a q u e s t io n m a y b e b ia s e d :
* T h e q u e s t io n m a y e n c o u r a g e t h e r e s p o n d e n t to a n s w e r
in a p a r t i c u l a r w a y .
* T h e q u e s t io n m a y b e p e r c e iv e d a s t o o s e n s it iv e to
a n s w e r t r u t h f u lly .
* T h e q u e s t io n m a y n o t p r o v id e t h e r e s p o n d e n t w i t h
e n o u g h i n f o r m a t i o n to g iv e a n a c c u r a t e o p in io n .
B ia s m a y a ls o b e i n t r o d u c e d t h r o u g h t h e o r d e r in w h i c h t h e q u e s t io n s a r e
a s k e d o r m a y r e s u lt w h e n t h e p e r s o n c o n d u c t i n g t h e i n t e r v i e w in t e n t i o n a ll y o r
u n i n t e n t i o n a l l y i n f l u e n c e s t h e r e s p o n s e s o f t h o s e in t e r v ie w e d .
EXAMPLE 1
Id e n tify an d c o r r e c t b ia s in su rv ey q u e stio n s
Tell w h y th e q u estio n m a y b e b ia se d . D e scrib e h o w to c o rr e c t th e fiaw .

a. " M a n y n a t i o n a l p a r k s a r e b e in g h e a u iiy d a m a g e d b y a c i d ra in . D o y o u
y d o o r g o n e r n n t e n f / a n d in g to b e ip p r e c e n t a c i d r a in ? "
T h is is a n e x a m p le o f a le a d in g p M csd o n . R e s p o n d e n t s m a y t h i n k a " n o "
r e s p o n s e m e a n s t h e y a r e n o t in f a v o r o f s u p p o r t in g n a t i o n a l p a r k s . In
t h is w a y , t h e q u e s t i o n e n c o u r a g e s t h e r e s p o n d e n t to a n s w e r " y e s ."
A b e t t e r w a y to a s k t h i s q u e s t io n is to e li m in a t e t h e f ir s t s e n t e n c e a n d
ju s t a s k , " D o y o u f a v o r g o v e r n m e n t f u n d i n g to h e lp p r e v e n t a c id r a in ? "
b. " D o y o u a g r e e w ith th e a m e n d m e n t s to th e C le a n A i r A c t ? "

T h e q u e s t io n a s s u m e s t h a t t h e r e s p o n d e n t is f a m i l i a r w i t h t h e
a m e n d m e n t s to t h e C le a n A ir A c t . R e s p o n s e s b y p e o p l e u n f a m i l i a r
w i t h t h e a m e n d m e n t s c o u l d le a d to m is l e a d in g c o n c lu s io n s .
A b e t t e r w a y to a s k t h i s q u e s t i o n is to f ir s t s t a t e e a c h a m e n d m e n t a n d
t h e n a sk , " D o y o u a g r e e w i t h t h is a m e n d m e n t ? "
c. P o lic e o f f ic e r s a s k m a l l v is it o r s , " D o y o a M 'e n ry o n r s e a t b e lt r e g u la r ly ? "

M a n y m o t o r is t s m a y a n s w e r u n t r u t h f u l l y b e c a u s e a p o lic e o f f i c e r is
a s k in g t h e q u e s t io n , e s p e c i a l l y i f t h e l a w r e q u ir e s s e a t b e lt u s e . T h e
d a t a c o ll e c t e d m ig h t n o t a c c u r a t e l y r e p r e s e n t t h e p e r c e n t o f p e o p le
w h o w e a r s e a t b e lt s r e g u la r ly .
In t h i s c a s e , t h e c o r r e c t i o n is to h a v e t h e q u e s t i o n b e a s k e d b y s o m e o n e
n o t i n v o lv e d in l a w e n f o r c e m e n t .
772
Chapter 11
EXPERIMENTS A n e x p e r i m e n t is o f t e n c o n d u c t e d w i t h t w o g r o u p s . O n e g r o u p ,
c a l l e d t h e e x p e rim e n ta l grou p, u n d e r g o e s s o m e p r o c e d u r e o r t r e a t m e n t . T h e
o t h e r g r o u p , c a l l e d t h e c o n tro l grou p , d o e s n o t u n d e r g o t h e p r o c e d u r e o r
tre a tm e n t.
In a w e ll - d e s ig n e d e x p e r im e n t , e v e r y t h i n g e ls e a b o u t t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p
a n d t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p is a s s im il a r a s p o s s ib le s o t h a t t h e e f f e c t o f t h e p r o c e d u r e
o r t r e a t m e n t c a n b e d e t e r m in e d .
!d e n tify fta w s in a n e x p e r im e n t
RESEARCH A d r u g c o m p a n y c o n d u c t s a n e x p e r im e n t to t e s t w h e t h e r a n e w p a in
r e l i e f m e d i c a t i o n is e f f e c t i v e a t r e l ie v i n g h e a d a c h e s . T h e e x p e r im e n t a l g r o u p
c o n s is t s o f c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s w h o a r e g iv e n t h e m e d i c a t i o n . T h e c o n t r o l g r o u p
c o n s is t s o f c o lle g e p r o f e s s o r s w h o a r e n o t g iv e n t h e m e d ic a t io n .
T h e c o m p a n y f in d s t h a t t h e h e a d a c h e s o f p e o p l e in t h e e x p e r im e n t a l g r o u p a r e
o f s h o r t e r d u r a t io n t h a n t h o s e o f p e o p le in t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p . A s a r e s u lt, t h e
c o m p a n y c o n c lu d e s t h a t t h e m e d ic a t io n is e f f e c t iv e . I d e n t if y a n y f la w s in t h is
e x p e r im e n t , a n d d e s c r i b e h o w t h e y c a n b e c o r r e c t e d .
S o lu tio n
O n a v e r a g e , c o l l e g e s t u d e n t s a r e l i k e l y to b e y o u n g e r t h a n c o l le g e p r o f e s s o r s . So,
it c o u l d b e a g e r a t h e r t h a n t h e m e d i c a t i o n t h a t e x p l a i n s w h y t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l
g r o u p h a d s h o r t e r - la s t in g h e a d a c h e s t h a n t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p .
T o c o r r e c t t h i s f la w , t h e d r u g c o m p a n y c o u l d r e d e s i g n t h e e x p e r im e n t s o t h a t t h e
a g e s o f t h e p e o p l e in t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p a r e s i m i l a r to t h e a g e s o f t h e p e o p le
in th e c o n tro l g ro u p .
PRACTKE
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 772
for Exs. 1-6
In E x ercises 1 -6 , tell w h y th e q u e stio n m a y b e b ia se d . D e scrib e h o w to co rre c t

th e flaw .
1 . " D o y o u a g r e e t h a t b u i l d i n g a b e a u t i f u l n e w b a s e b a ll s t a d i u m w o u l d b e a
g o o d i n v e s t m e n t fo r t h e c i t y to m a k e ? "
2 . "A s u r v e y o f t h e v o t e r s in t h i s s t a t e s h o w s t h a t 8 5 % f a v o r a t a x c u t . D o y o u
fa v o r a ta x cu t? "
3 . A d e n t is t a s k s h e r p a t ie n t s , " D o y o u f l o s s e v e r y d a y ? "
4 . " D o n 't y o u t h i n k t h a t r e n o v a t in g t h e o ld t o w n h a l l w o u l d b e a m is t a k e ? "
5. " D o y o u t h i n k t h e d e f e n d a n t in t h e C a r t e r c a s e w a s g iv e n a f a ir t r ia l? "
6. " W h ic h c i t y c o u n c i l c a n d id a t e 's p la t f o r m d o y o u s u p p o r t ? "
E XA M PLE 2
on p. 773
for Ex. 7
7 . EDUCATION A r e s e a r c h c o m p a n y c o n d u c t s a n e x p e r im e n t to t e s t w h e t h e r a
n e w m a t h e m a t ic s s o f t w a r e p r o g r a m w i l l in c r e a s e t e s t s c o r e s o f s t u d e n t s . T h e
e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p c o n s is t s o f s t u d e n t s e n r o ll e d in A lg e b r a 2 w h o a r e g iv e n
t h e s o f t w a r e . T h e c o n t r o l g r o u p c o n s is t s o f s t u d e n t s e n r o l le d in A lg e b r a 1
w h o a r e n o t g iv e n t h e s o f t w a r e .
T h e c o m p a n y f i n d s t h a t t h e s t u d e n t s in t h e e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p t e s t h ig h e r
t h a n t h e s t u d e n t s i n t h e c o n t r o l g r o u p a n d c o n c l u d e s t h a t t h e s o f t w a r e is
e f f e c t iv e a t in c r e a s i n g t e s t s c o r e s . I d e n t i f y a n y f la w s in t h e e x p e r i m e n t , a n d
d e s c r ib e h o w t h e y c a n b e c o r r e c t e d .
Extension: Design Surveys and Experiments
773
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In t h is a c tiv it y , y o u w i ll m e a s u r e t h e t im e it t a k e s to l e a r n a n e w t a s k a s it
b e c o m e s m o r e f a m ilia r . Y o u w i l l t h e n f in d a f u n c t i o n t h a t m o d e ls t h e d a t a
y o u c o lle c t . W o r k w it h a p a r t n e r .
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t a s k d e s c r ib e d in S te p 1 at
le t y b e t h e c o m p le t io n t im e .
th e n h a ve y o u r p a rtn e r put
le a s t f iv e m o r e t im e s . R e c o r d
U s e a g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to
t h e m in a l p h a b e t i c a l o rd e r.
y o u r p a r t n e r 's c o m p le t io n
m a k e a s c a t t e r p lo t o f t h e d a t a
M e a s u r e t h e t im e y o u r p a r t n e r
t im e s in a t a b le lik e t h e o n e
p a ir s (x, y) f r o m t h e t a b le in
t a k e s to c o m p le t e t h e ta s k .
s h o w n b e lo w .
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58
57
1. D e s c r ib e t h e p a t t e r n s h o w n in y o u r s c a t t e r p lo t f r o m S te p 3. E x p / a m
w h y th e p a tte r n m a k e s sen se.
2. F in d a f u n c t io n t h a t is a g o o d m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a in y o u r s c a t t e r p lo t.
Y o u c a n u s e o n e o f t h e g r a p h in g c a lc u la t o r 's r e g r e s s io n f e a t u r e s to f in d
a m o d e l, o r y o u m a y e x p e r im e n t w it h o t h e r t y p e s o f f u n c t i o n s t h a t t h e
r e g r e s s io n f e a t u r e s c a n n o t g e n e r a t e .
3. U s e t h e f u n c t i o n y o u c h o s e in E x e r c is e 2 to p r e d ic t t h e t im e y o u r
p a r t n e r w o u ld t a k e to a lp h a b e t i z e t h e i n d e x c a r d s o n t h e 10 th tr ia l.
4. W o r k w i t h a s e c o n d p a r t n e r a n d r e p e a t t h e e x p e r im e n t . F in d a
m a t h e m a t i c a l m o d e l to d e s c r i b e t h is p a r t n e r 's l e a r n i n g t im e s . D o y o u
g e t s im ila r o r d if f e r e n t r e s u lt s ? E x p / a m w h y y o u m ig h t e x p e c t s im i la r
o r d if f e r e n t r e s u lt s .
774
Chapter 11
Choose the Best Mode!

for Two-Variabte Data
You w ro te d ifferen t ty p e s o f fu n ctio n s to m od el s e ts o f d ata.
You wiii c h o o s e th e b e s t m o d el to re p re se n t a s e t o f d ata.
So you ca n re ia te e n g in e sp e ed and h o rsep o w er, a s in Ex. 14.
* lin e a r fu n ctio n ,
p . 75
* q u a d ratic fu n ctio n ,
p . 236
* cu b ic fu n ctio n ,
p. 3 3 7
* ex p o n en tia l
fu n ctio n , p. 478
* p o w er fu n ctio n ,
Y ou h a v e u s e d th e fu n c tio n s s h o w n
a t t h e r ig h t to m o d e l s e t s o f d a ta .
T o f in d t h e b e s t m o d e i fo r a s e t o f d a t a
p a ir s (x, y ), m a k e a s c a t t e r p lo t o f t h e
d a t a a n d d e t e r m in e t h e t y p e o f f u n c t i o n
s u g g e s t e d b y t h e p a t t e r n in t h e d a t a
p o in t s . T h e n f i n d a m o d e ] o f t h is t y p e
u s in g o n e o f t h e r e g r e s s io n f e a t u r e s o f a
g r a p h in g c a ic u ia t o r .
Function
Genera) form
Linear
y = ax + b
Quadratic
y = ax^ + bx + c
Cubic
y = ax^ + bx^ + cx + d
Exponential
y = ab*
Power
!t
Key V ocabuiary
p . 537
Use a tinear mode!

TUmON T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e a v e r a g e t u it io n y (in d o lla r s ) fo r a p r iv a t e fo u r - y e a r
c o lle g e in t h e U n it e d S t a te s f r o m 19 9 5 to 2002, w h e r e x is t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s
s in c e 19 9 5 . U s e a g r a p h in g c a l c u l a t o r to f i n d a m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a .
14,537
15,605
16,552
17,229
18,340
19,307
20,106
21,183
Soiution
FTP? 7
M ake a s c a t t e r p lo t. T h e p o in t s
lie a p p r o x im a t e ly o n a lin e . T h is
s u g g e s t s a l in e a r m o d e l.
F7PPF
F7PP<?
Use t h e l i n e a r r e g r e s s io n
Graph t h e m o d e l a lo n g w it h
f e a t u r e to f in d a n e q u a t io n
t h e d a t a to v e r i f y t h a t th e
o f t h e m o d e l.
m o d e l f it s t h e d a t a w e ll.
Li nReg
y-ax+b
a= 933.3690476
b = 1 4 5 9 0 .58333
F A model for the data is y = 933x + 14,600.
1 1 .5
C hoose th e Best Mode) for Two-Variable Data
775
Use an exponentia) mode)
EXAMPLE 2 ]
COOLING RATES Y o u a r e s t o r in g l e f t o v e r c h i l i in a f r e e z e r . T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e
c h ili's t e m p e r a t u r e y (in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e it ) a f t e r x m in u t e s in t h e f r e e z e r . U s e a
g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to f i n d a m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a .
100
y
ANOTHER WAY
10
20
30
40
50
60
75
50
35
28
20
15
S o iu tio n
For an extension of the

the Problem Solving
Workshop.
F7PP 7
f a ll r a p id ly a t f ir s t a n d t h e n b e g i n
to le v e l o ff. T h is s u g g e s t s a n
e x p o n e n t ia l d e c a y m o d e l.
U se t h e e x p o n e n t ia l r e g r e s s io n
f e a t u r e to f in d a n e q u a t io n o f
ExpReg
y=a*b*x
3=98.24196058
b = .9686633194
t h e m o d e l.
-f72P<?
G ra p h t h e m o d e l a lo n g w i t h t h e
d a t a to v e r i f y t h a t t h e m o d e l fits
t h e d a t a w e ll.
^ A m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a i s y = 9 8 .2 (0 .9 6 9 )*.
^ g imahg) A lgebra at dasszone.com
CuiDED PRACTKE
U se a g ra p h in g c a lc u la to r to fin d a m o d ei fo r th e d ata . T h en g ra p h th e m o d ei
a n d th e d a ta in th e sa m e c o o rd in a te p ian e.
776
Chapter 11
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
23.1
28.9
34.9
43.7
53.2
66.5
80.8
99.3
33
41
52
68
80
89
102
118
Use a quadratic mode)

FUEL EFFICIENCY A s t u d y c o m p a r e d t h e s p e e d x (in m iie s p e r h o u r ) a n d t h e
a v e r a g e f u e l e f f i c i e n c y y (in m iie s p e r g a llo n ) o f c a r s . T h e r e s u lt s a r e s h o w n in
t h e t a b le . U s e a g r a p h i n g c a l c u la t o r t o f in d a m o d e l f o r t h e d a t a .
X
y
15
22.3
20
25.5
25
27.5
30
29.0
35
28.8
50
30.2
45
29.9
40
30.0
55
30.4
65
27.4
60
28.8
S o lu t io n
7
f o r m a n in v e r t e d U - s h a p e . T h is
s u g g e s t s a q u a d r a t ic m o d e l.
CHOOSE A MODEL
Use the quadratic regression
The data in Example 3

can be modeled by both
a quadratic function
and a cubic function.
When this occurs, it is
often better to choose
the simpler model.
feature to find an equation of

the model.
QuadReg
y = a x 2+ b x + c
a = - .0079300699
h = .726951049
c = 1 3 .75622378
L'
n
'
t
G ra p h t h e m o d e l a lo n g w i t h t h e
d a t a to v e r i f y t h a t t h e m o d e l fits
F A m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a i s y = -0 .0 0 7 9 3 x ^ + 0 .7 2 7 x + 13.8.
GU!DED PRACTKE
3.
fo r E x a m p le 3
FUEL EFFICIENCY U s e t h e m o d e l f r o m E x a m p le 3 to p r e d ic t t h e a v e r a g e f u e l
e f f i c i e n c y o f a c a r t r a v e l in g 70 m i le s p e r h o u r .
U se a g ra p h in g c a ic u ia to r to fin d a m o d el fo r th e d ata . T h e n g ra p h th e m od el
an d th e d a ta in th e sa m e co o rd in a te p lan e.
X
y
5.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
16
35
55
70
68
56
38
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
-20
-4
18
1 1 .5
C hoose the Best Model for Two-Variable Data
777
ll 5 EXEROSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
on p. WS20 for Exs. 3 and 11
Exs. 2,5,6,8, and 13
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS
Ex. 12
SKtLL PRACTKE
1.
VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A f u n c t i o n o f t h e fo r m y = a h * is a (n )
f u n c t io n .
2.
* WRITING E x p ia m h o w y o u c a n d e t e r m in e w h e t h e r a l i n e a r f u n c t i o n o r a
q u a d r a t ic f u n c t i o n is a b e t t e r m o d e l fo r a s e t o f d a t a .
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
MODELING DATA U se a g ra p h in g c a lc u la to r to fin d a m o d el fo r th e d ata . Th en

g ra p h th e m od el an d th e d a ta in th e sa m e c o o rd in a te p lan e.
on pp. 7 7 5 - 7 7 7
for Exs. 3 - 7
5.
16
4
14
16
17
11
26
32
34
37
42
45
49
* MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ic h t y p e o f
'T
f u n c t io n b e s t m o d e is th e d a t a p o in t s ?
(A )
L in e a r
(B ) Q u a d r a t ic
(C )
C u b ic
(5 )
*
]
E x p o n e n t ia l
*
.* < *' 1
*
6. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h ic h e q u a t i o n b e s t m o d e ls t h e d a ta ?
X
10
15
20
25
30
35
125
90
63
43
28
20
16
10
(A ) y = - 3 . 1 4 x + 1 0 4
(B )
y=
(g )
(D )
y = 0 . 1 2 F + 124
y = 1 2 5 jT 'S
12 6 (0 .9 3 1)*
7 . ERROR ANALYSIS D e s c r ib e a n d
c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r m a d e in u s in g
t h e in f o r m a t io n o n a g r a p h in g
c a l c u la t o r s c r e e n to w r it e a
m o d e l.
The ExpReg
screen shows:
A model for
the data is:
y =a*^x
y = 9.71x''55
a=9.714963274
b=1.550355116
8. * OPEN-ENDED MATH W r ite a t a b le o f v a l u e s t h a t c a n b e m o d e le d b y a

q u a d r a t ic f u n c t io n .
9. CHALLENGE T h e f u n c t i o n y = 5 x ^ m o d e ls a t a b le o f d a t a in w h i c h x - v a lu e s
a r e m e a s u r e d in in c h e s a n d y - v a lu e s a r e m e a s u r e d in p o u n d s . I f t h e t a b le is
c h a n g e d to g iv e t h e x - v a lu e s in fe e t, w h a t f u n c t i o n m o d e ls t h e r e v i s e d d a ta ?
778
Chapter 11
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
10. ECONOMtCS T h e g r o s s d o m e s t ic p r o d u c t (G D P ) is t h e t o t a i v a iu e o f g o o d s
a n d s e r v ic e s p r o d u c e d b y a c o u n t r y in a n y g iv e n y e a r . T h e t a b ie s h o w s t h e
on pp. 7 7 5 - 7 7 7
G D P y (in b il l io n s o f d o lla r s ) o f t h e U n it e d S t a te s fo r s e l e c t e d y e a r s f r o m
for Exs. 1 0 -1 3
1930 to 2000. In t h e t a b le , x r e p r e s e n t s t h e n u m b e r o f y e a r s s i n c e 19 3 0 . U s e a
g r a p h i n g c a l c u la t o r to f in d a m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
9 1.3
10 1.3
294.3
527.4
1039.7
2 79 5.6
5803.2
9824.6
@ M )m e 7 M fO r
to r problem solv in g help a t classzon e.co m
^ 1 ^ AGRICULTURE T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e a g e s x (in y e a r s ) a n d t r u n k d ia m e t e r s y
(in in c h e s ) o f s e v e r a l T e x a s g r a p e f r u i t t r e e s . U s e a g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t o r to f in d
a m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a .
12
16
20
24
i.i
3.9
6.2
7.6
9.1
11.4
15.2
@ M M M e7M fo r
12.
for problem solvin g help a t d a ssz o n e .co m
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS T h e g r a p h b e lo w s h o w s t h e p r ic e o f a firs t-
c la s s s t a m p in t h e U n it e d S t a te s fo r s e l e c t e d y e a r s f r o m 19 7 5 to 2002. U s e a
g r a p h in g c a l c u la t o r to f in d a m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a . T h e n g r a p h t h e m o d e l a n d
t h e d a t a in t h e s a m e c o o r d in a t e p la n e .
Price of a First-Class Postage Stamp
1975
13.
1978
1981
1985
1988
1991
1995
1999
2001
2002
* EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e m a n a g e r o f a r e s t a u r a n t k e p t a r e c o r d o f t h e
n u m b e r y o f c u s t o m e r s e a c h h o u r , w h e r e x = 3 r e p r e s e n t s 3 :0 0 P.M.
X
10
24
44
56
48
42
38
22
a. M a k e a s c a t t e r p lo t o f t h e d a t a a n d d e t e r m in e t h e t y p e o f f u n c t i o n t h a t
b e s t m o d e ls t h e d a t a .
b . U s e a r e g r e s s io n f e a t u r e o f a g r a p h in g c a l c u la t o r to f i n d a f u n c t i o n t h a t
m o d e ls t h e d a ta .
c. G r a p h t h e f u n c t i o n a n d d a t a to v e r i f y t h a t t h e f u n c t i o n is a g o o d m o d e l.
d . D o y o u t h i n k t h e f u n c t i o n y o u f o u n d w o u l d a c c u r a t e l y p r e d ic t t h e
n u m b e r o f c u s t o m e r s a t 1 P.M .? E x p / n m .
1 1 .5
Choose the Best Model for Two-Variable Data
779
14. CAR ENGINES T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e r e la t io n s h ip b e t w e e n a c a r 's e n g in e

s p e e d (in r e v o lu t io n s p e r m in u t e ) a n d t h e p o w e r (in h o r s e p o w e r ) t h a t
t h e e n g in e p r o d u c e s . U s e a g r a p h in g c a lc u l a t o r to f in d a m o d e l fo r
t h e d a t a . W h a t e n g in e s p e e d m a x i m i z e s t h is c a r 's e n g in e p o w e r ?
Engine speed (rpm)
1000
Engine pow er (hp)
16
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
55
72
77
68
35
15. CHALLENGE A s a c h a ir m a n u f a c t u r e r p r o d u c e s m o r e c h a ir s , t h e
p r o d u c t io n c o s t p e r c h a i r d e c r e a s e s . T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e n u m b e r x
o f c h a ir s p r o d u c e d a n d t h e p r o d u c t i o n c o s t y (in d o lla r s ) p e r c h a ir .
M o d e l th e d a ta w ith a fu n c tio n w h o s e g r a p h h a s a h o r iz o n ta l
a s y m p o t e . W h a t d o e s t h e a s y m p t o t e r e p r e s e n t in t h i s s it u a t io n ?
X
50
300
800
2000
3000
4000
103
91
71
45
35
30
MtXED REV!EW
PREVIEW
Prepare for
Lesson 12.1
in Exs.16-1
E va lu ate th e e x p ressio n fo r th e g iv e n v a iu e o f x . (p. TO)

16.
6 x -2 w h e n x = 5
17.
19.
8 (x - 2) w h e n x = 8
20. 5 x - 7 + 2 x w h e n x = 4
18. 4 * ^ w h e n x = 3
8 -3 x w h en x = -6
21. 6 x - (x + 5) w h e n x = - 9
C o n d en se th e ex p ressio n , (p. 507)

22.
lo gg 5 - lo gg 8
23. 2 In 4 + In 3
24. 2 lo g x - 4 lo g y
25.
7 log^ x + 5 log^ y
26. lo gg 2 + 1 lo g g y
27. I lo gg 81 - ^ lo g g 4
28.
RADIO SiGNALS T h e s ig n a ls o f a r a d io s t a t io n c a n b e r e c e iv e d u p to 65 m ile s

a w a y . Y o u r h o m e is 3 5 m ile s e a s t a n d 5 6 m ile s s o u t h o f t h e r a d io s t a t io n . C a n
y o u r e c e iv e t h e r a d io s t a t io n 's s ig n a ls ? E x p / a m . (p. 626)
QU7Z/or Lessons 77.3-77.5

A n o rm a i d istrib u tio n h a s a m ea n o f 47 a n d a sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f 6. F in d th e
p ro b a b iiity th at a ra n d o m ly se ie cted x -v a lu e is in th e g iv e n in te rv a l, (p. 757)
1.
B e tw e e n 35 a n d 65
2. A t le a s t 4 1
3. A t m o s t 29
F in d th e sa m p le size re q u ire d to a ch ie v e th e g iv e n m a r g in o f erro r. R ou nd y o u r

a n sw er to th e n e a re st w h o le n u m ber, (p. 766)
4. 3 %
8.
5. + 7 %
6. 4 .5 %
7. 0 .8 %
SPORTS T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e w i n n i n g t im e s y (in s e c o n d s ) fo r v a r io u s m e n 's

r a c e s o f le n g t h x (in m e te r s ) a t t h e 2004 S u m m e r O ly m p ic s . U s e a g r a p h i n g
c a lc u l a t o r to f i n d a m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a . (p. 775)
780
100
200
400
800
1500
5000
10,000
9.85
19.79
44.00
104.45
214.18
79 4 .39
1625.10
E X T R A PRA C T!C E for Lesson 11.5, p.
1020
O N U N E Q U !Z at classzone.com
"""9 ALTERNATIVE METHODS

LESSON 11.5
ExfcndFn^ Example 2, pogc 7 7 6
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATIONS In E x a m p le 2 o n p a g e 7 7 6 , y o u u s e d a g r a p h i n g
c a l c u l a t o r to f in d a n e x p o n e n t ia l m o d e l o f t h e f o r m y = a h * fo r a d a t a s e t. Y o u
c a n e x t e n d t h is m e t h o d to f in d e x p o n e n t ia l m o d e ls o f t h e f o r m y = a h * + c.
PROBLEM
COOLING RATES Y o u a r e s t o r in g le f t o v e r c h i li in a r e fr ig e r a t o r . T h e t a b le
s h o w s t h e c h ili's t e m p e r a t u r e y (in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e it ) a f t e r x m in u t e s in
t h e r e fr ig e r a t o r . U s e a g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t o r to f in d a m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
METHOD
10
20
30
40
50
60
100
84
72
63
57
52
49
T ra n sfo rm in g D ata O n e a p p r o a c h to s o l v in g t h e p r o b le m is to p e r f o r m a
t r a n s f o r m a t io n o n t h e d a t a a n d t h e n f in d a m o d e l fo r t h e t r a n s f o r m e d d a ta .
F75P 7 Enter t h e d a t a in lis t s
-fTEPJ? Define a n e w v a r ia b le
-fTBPJ Use e x p o n e n t i a l
L, a n d Lg. T h e n m a k e a s c a t t e r
y j = y - 40. T h e n t h e d a t a p a ir s
r e g r e s s io n to f i n d a m o d e l
p lo t. T h e t e m p e r a t u r e a p p e a r s
(x, y j) a r e m o d e le d b y a f u n c t i o n
fo r t h e d a t a in lis t s 1^ a n d Lg.
t o d e c a y e x p o n e n t i a ll y to 40F.
o f t h e f o r m y^ = a h * . M a k e a lis t
T h e m o d e l isy ^ = 6 0 .2 (0 .9 6 9 )*.
S o t h e m o d e l h a s t h e fo r m
o f th e v a lu e s o f y j b y d e fin in g
S o , a m o d e l fo r t h e o r i g in a l d a t a
y = a h * + 40, o r y - 40 = a h * .
Lg a s Lg - 40.
i s y = 6 0 .2 (0 .9 6 9 )* + 40.
0
10
20
L1
L2
100
84
72
30
63
40
57
52
50
L 3 ( 6 ) = 12
ExpReg
y=a*b*x
a = 6 0 . 22785996
b = .9686564797
L3
60
44
32
23
17
12
^ A m o d e l fo r t h e o r ig in a l d a t a i s y = 6 0 .2 (0 .9 6 9 )* + 40. G r a p h t h e m o d e l a lo n g
w i t h t h e o r ig in a l d a t a to v e r i f y t h a t t h e m o d e l f it s t h e d a t a w e ll.
PRACTtCE
1 . T h e d a t a p a ir s (x, y) b e lo w g iv e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
2. T h e d a t a p a ir s (x, y) b e lo w g iv e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e
y (in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e it ) o f a h o t c u p o f s o u p
y (in d e g r e e s C e ls iu s ) o f a c o ld g la s s o f w a t e r
a ft e r it s its fo r x m i n u t e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e .
a f t e r it s its x m in u t e s a t r o o m t e m p e r a t u r e .
E s t im a t e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e r o o m . T h e n
E s t im a t e t h e t e m p e r a t u r e o f t h e r o o m . T h e n
f in d a m o d e l fo r t h e d a t a .
f in d a m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta .
(0 ,1 3 2 .8 ), (10, 10 5.8 ), (30, 9 2 .3 ), (50, 8 4 .2 ),
(0, 3 .5 ), (20, 8 .1), (40, 12 .2 ), (60, 15 .4 ),
(70, 7 9 .2 ), (90, 7 6 .1), (110, 7 5 ), (120 , 74 .7),
(80, 17 ), (100, 18 .2 ), (110 , 18 .6 ), (120, 18.9)
(130, 74.2)
781
M!XED REV!EW
STATE TEST PRACTKE

Lessons 11.3-11.5
1. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM A b io t o g is t c a u g h t ,
m e a s u r e d , w e ig h e d , a n d t h e n r e le a s e d e ig h t
5. EXTENDED RESPONSE T h e t a b ie s h o w s t h e
s h o e s i z e o f a b o y a t d if f e r e n t a g e s (in y e a r s ) .
M a in e i a n d io c k e d s a im o n .
A ge
10
Shoe size
Age
12
14
15
16
Shoe size
10
11
11
12
a. U s e a g r a p h in g c a i c u i a t o r to f i n d a m o d e i
fo r t h e d a t a .
b. U s e t h e m o d e i f r o m p a r t (a) to e s t im a t e t h e
b o y 's s h o e s i z e w h e n h e is 17 y e a r s o ld .
Fiy fishing for saimon
c. D ascn '& e a n y lim i t a t io n s o n t h e d o m a i n o f
T h e t a b ie s h o w s e a c h f is h 's ie n g t h x (in in c h e s )
t h e m o d e l f r o m p a r t (a).
a n d w e i g h t y (in p o u n d s ) .
6. SHORT RESPONSE T h e a m o u n t o f j u i c e
10.3
15.2
16.2
16.4
0.4
1.0
1.3
1.3
17.5
18.1
22
23.6
2.0
3.5
4.2
d i s p e n s e d f r o m a m a c h in e is n o r m a i ly
d is t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n o f 10 .5 o u n c e s a n d a
1.7
s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f 0 .75 o u n c e . W it h in w h a t
r a n g e d o a b o u t 6 8 % o f t h e a m o u n t s d is p e n s e d
fa il? E x p J a m y o u r r e a s o n in g .
7 . SHORT RESPONSE A s u r v e y s h o w s t h a t t h e t im e
a. U s e a g r a p h i n g c a ic u i a t o r to f in d a m o d e l fo r
t h e d a ta .
b. U s e t h e m o d e i f r o m p a r t (a) to e s t im a t e t h e
w e ig h t o f a M a in e i a n d io c k e d s a lm o n t h a t is
20 i n c h e s lo n g .
2. MULTi-STEP PROBLEM in a s u r v e y o f
1022 p e o p le w h o s h o p o n iin e , 7 3 % s a id t h a t
t h e y d o so b e c a u s e o f t h e c o n v e n ie n c e .
s p e n t b y s h o p p e r s in a s u p e r m a r k e t is n o r m a ily
d i s t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n o f 4 5 m in u t e s a n d a
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f 12 m in u t e s . W h a t is t h e
p r o b a b iiit y t h a t a r a n d o m l y c h o s e n s h o p p e r
w i ll s p e n d b e t w e e n 4 5 a n d 69 m in u t e s i n t h e
s u p e r m a r k e t ? E x p / a m y o u r r e a s o n in g .
8. MULTi STEP PROBLEM A s u r v e y o f s t u d e n t s
s h o w s t h a t 1 5 % o f r e s p o n d e n t s , o r 3 15 s t u d e n t s ,
p r e fe r h a v i n g g y m c ia s s d u r i n g t h e la s t p e r io d
a. W h a t is t h e m a r g in o f e r r o r fo r t h e s u r v e y ?
o f th e day.
b. G iv e a n in t e r v a l t h a t is iik e iy to c o n t a in t h e
a. H o w m a n y s t u d e n t s w e r e s u r v e y e d ?
e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a ii o n l in e s h o p p e r s w h o
s h o p b e c a u s e o f t h e c o n v e n ie n c e .
b. W h a t is t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r fo r t h e s u r v e y ?
c. G iv e a n i n t e r v a l t h a t is iik e iy to c o n t a in t h e
3. CRiDDED ANSWER A t a t r e e n u r s e r y , t h e
e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a ll s t u d e n t s w h o w o u ld
h e ig h t s o f s c o t c h p in e t r e e s a r e n o r m a ily
p r e fe r to h a v e g y m c ia s s d u r in g t h e la s t
d is t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n o f 200 c e n t im e t e r s a n d
p e r io d o f t h e d a y .
a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f 20 c e n t im e t e r s . F in d
t h e p e r c e n t o f s c o t c h p in e t r e e s t h a t h a v e a
9. SHORT RESPONSE A i o c a i s p o r t s T V s t a t io n
h e ig h t o f a t ie a s t 220 c e n t im e t e r s . R o u n d y o u r
w a n t s to f i n d t h e n u m b e r o f h o u r s p e r w e e k
a n s w e r to t h e n e a r e s t w h o le n u m b e r .
p e o p le in t h e v i e w i n g a r e a w a t c h s p o r t in g
e v e n t s o n t e le v is io n . T h e s t a t io n s u r v e y s
4. OPEN-ENDED C r e a t e a t a b ie o f d a t a p a ir s
p e o p l e a t a n e a r b y s p o r t s s t a d iu m . W h a t t y p e
(x, y) t h a t c a n b e m o d e le d b y a n e x p o n e n t i a l
o f s a m p ie is d e s c r ib e d ? Is t h i s s a m p ie b ia s e d ?
f u n c t io n .
E x p / a m y o u r r e a s o n in g .
Chanter 11
Data Analvsis and Statktirs
CHAPTER SUMMARY
8/C /DE/SS
F in d in g M e a s u re s o f C e n tra ) T e n d e n c y a n d D isp ersio n
T h e t a b le s h o w s c o m m o n m e a s u r e s o f c e n t r a l t e n d e n c y a n d d is p e r s io n fo r a d a t a
s e t. It a ls o s h o w s h o w t h e s e m e a s u r e s a r e a f f e c t e d w h e n a c o n s t a n t is a d d e d to
e a c h d a t a v a l u e o r w h e n e a c h d a t a v a l u e is m u lt ip l ie d b y a c o n s t a n t .
D ata: 1 ,4 ,4 ,
5 ,8 , 9 , 9 , 1 5
Add 5 to ea ch v aiu e in
d a ta se t
M u itipiy ea ch vaiu e in
d a ta s e t by 3
6.875
6.875 + 5 = 11.875
3(6.875) = 20.625
6.5
6.5 + 5 = 11.5
3(6.5) = 19.5
M ode
4artd9
4 + 5 = 9 a n d 9 + 5 = 14
3(4) = 12 and 3(9) = 27
R ange
15-1=14
14
3(14) = 42
404
4.04
3(4.04) = 12.12
M ean
M edian
Stan d ard
d ev iation
U sin g N o rm a ! D istrib u tio n s

A n o r m a l d is t r i b u t io n is m o d e le d b y a s y m m e t r i c , b e ll- s h a p e d c u r v e . T h e a r e a
u n d e r a n o r m a l c u r v e is d is t r ib u t e d a s s h o w n b e lo w . A z - s c o r e is t h e n u m b e r o f
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n s a d a t a v a l u e lie s a b o v e o r b e lo w t h e m e a n . Y o u c a n u s e
z - s c o r e s a n d t h e s t a n d a r d n o r m a l t a b le o n p a g e 75 9 to f in d p r o b a b ili t i e s r e la t e d
to a n y n o r m a l d is t r ib u t io n .
34% *2.35%
15%
2.35%
0.15%
z-sco re =
W o rk in g w ith S a m p ie s
Y o u c a n u s e s e v e r a l d if f e r e n t m e t h o d s to c h o o s e a s a m p le f r o m a p o p u la t io n .
R a n d o m s a m p l in g is m o s t l ik e ly to p r o d u c e a n u n b ia s e d s a m p le .
S e if-s e ie c te d sam p ie
Members volunteer.
Often biased
S y ste m a tic sa m p ie
A rule is used to select

members.
Sometimes biased
C onvenience sa m p ie
Easy-to-reach members are

selected.
Often biased
R and om sam p ie
Every member has an equal

chance of being selected.
Unbiased
Chapter Summary
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ W o m c7 M to r
dasszon e.co m
- M u lti-Language G lossary
* V o cab u lary p ractice
REMEW REV VOCABt/EARV

< statistics, p. 744
- sta n d a rd d ev iatio n , p. 745
* z -sco re , p. 758
- m e a s u re o f cen tral te n d e n cy ,
p. 744
- outlier, p. 746
* p op u latio n , p. 766
- n o rm al distribution, p. 757
* sam p le, p. 766
' m e a n , m ed ian , m o d e , p. 744

- m e a s u re o f d isp ersio n , p. 745
- ra n g e , p. 745
- n o rm al cu rv e , p. 757
- u n b iased sam p le, p. 767
- sta n d a rd n o rm al distribution,
p. 758
* b iased sam p le, p. 767

- m arg in o f erro r, p. 768
1 . C o p y a n d c o m p le t e :
is a m e a s u r e o f d i s p e r s io n t h a t d e s c r ib e s t h e t y p i c a l
d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a v a lu e in a d a t a s e t a n d t h e m e a n .
2. WR)T!NG D e s c r ib e h o w m u l t i p l y i n g e v e r y v a l u e in a d a t a s e t b y t h e s a m e c o n s t a n t
a f f e c t s t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n .
3. C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : T h e
fo r a n x - v a lu e f r o m a n o r m a l d is t r ib u t io n r e p r e s e n t s
t h e n u m b e r o f s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n s t h e x - v a l u e lie s a b o v e o r b e lo w t h e m e a n .
REWEM/ EXAMPLES 4/VD EXERC/SES

U s e t h e r e v i e w e x a m p le s a n d e x e r c is e s b e lo w to c h e c k y o u r u n d e r s t a n d i n g o f t h e
c o n c e p t s y o u h a v e le a r n e d in e a c h le s s o n o f C h a p t e r 1 1 .
Find Measures of Centra! Tendency and Dispersion
pp. 744-739
F ind th e m ean , m ed ia n , m od e, ran ge , a n d sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f th e fo iio w in g

d ata set: 1 3 ,1 3 ,1 3 ,1 9 , 24, 24, 27, 2 8 ,3 4 ,3 5 .
M ean: x = 13 + 13 + 13 jU 9 + . - - + 35 = ^3
M edian: 2 4
M ode: 13
R an ge = 3 5 - 13 = 22
S , . n d , , d D e v i . , ton, - J H 3 - 2 3 7 + ( 1 3 - 2 3 ) J + . . . + ( 3 5 - 2 3 7 . 7 9
EXERCtSES
EXAMPLES
1 and 2
on pp. 7 4 4 -7 4 5
for Exs. 4 -8
Find th e m ean , m ed ia n , m od e, ran ge , a n d sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f th e d a ta set.

4.
3 5 ,3 6 ,3 6 ,3 8 ,4 1 ,4 2 ,4 5 ,4 8
5. 7 5 , 7 6 , 7 9 , 8 5 , 8 8 , 8 8 , 9 0 , 9 2
6.
76 , 102, 87, 85, 91, 92, 91, 9 7
7 . 1 0 3 ,1 5 5 , 140, 12 5 , 130, 1 4 0 ,1 1 5
8.
GAS PRiCES T h e lis t s h o w s t h e a v e r a g e p r ic e o f a g a ll o n o f g a s o l in e e a c h y e a r

f r o m 19 9 4 to 2004. F in d t h e m e d i a n a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f t h e p r ic e s .
$ 1.0 4 , $ 1 .1 3 , $ 1 .1 3 , $ 1.2 6 , $ 1 .1 3 , $.9 7, $ 1.3 0 , $1.47, $ 1.14 , $1.47, $ 1.5 9
784
Chapter 11
@ M n n e 7 u fo r
dasszone.com
App!y Transformations to Data
pp. 757-755
BS33B
F ind th e m ea n , m ed ia n , m od e, ran ge , a n d sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f th e d a ta set

b eio w a n d o f th e d a ta set o b ta in e d b y m u ltip ly in g ea ch d a ta v a lu e b y 0.8.
200, 220 ,2 8 0 ,2 9 0 , 320, 320, 340, 380
Original data
Transform ed data
293.75
0.8(293.75) = 235
Median
305
0.8(305) = 244
Mode
320
0.8(320) = 256
Range
180
0.8(180) = 144
56.33
0.8(56.33) - 45.06
Mean
Standard deviation
EXERCISES
EXAMPLES
1an d2
on pp. 751-752
for Exs. 9-11
Find th e m ean , m ed ia n , m od e, ran g e , a n d sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f th e g iv e n d ata

set a n d o f th e d a ta set o b ta in e d b y p e rfo rm in g th e g iv e n tra n s fo rm a tio n .
9.
34, 35, 37, 37, 38, 4 1, 4 2, 46, 48; a d d - 7 to e a c h d a t a v a lu e
10. 62, 66, 66, 68, 74, 76 , 78, 80, 82; m u lt ip ly e a c h d a t a v a l u e b y 1.2
11. RAINFALL T h e lis t b e lo w s h o w s t h e a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l (in m illim e t e r s ) fo r
L u b b o c k , T e x a s , d u r in g e a c h m o n t h o f t h e y e a r . F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n ,
m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f t h e d a t a in m il li m e t e r s a n d o f
t h e d a t a in in c h e s . (N o te; 1 m m = 0 .0 39 3 7 in .)
1 4 .9 ,1 4 . 3 , 2 0 .1 , 3 0 .5 , 7 6 . 9 , 5 9 .8 ,5 7 .2 , 4 0 . 2 ,5 9 . 8 ,4 6 .5 ,1 6 .4 ,1 8 .8
Use Norma! Distributions
pp. 757-762
A n o rm a l d is trib u tio n h a s a m e a n o f 76 a n d a sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f 9. U se th e

sta n d a rd n o rm a l tab le on p a ge 759 to fin d th e p r o b a b ility th a t a ra n d o m ly
se lecte d x -v a lu e fro m th e d is trib u tio n is at m o st 64.
2 = * * * = 64 76 - . ^ 1 3
cr
Find z-score f o r x = 6 4 .
P ( x < 64) = P ( z < - 1 . 3 ) = 0.0968
Use the standard normai tabie.
EXERCISES
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 759
for Exs. 12-17
A n o rm a l d is trib u tio n h a s a m e a n o f 95 a n d a sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f 7. U se

th e sta n d a rd n o rm a l tab le o n p a ge 759 to fin d th e in d ic a te d p r o b a b ility fo r a
ra n d o m ly s e lecte d x -v a lu e fro m th e d istrib u tio n .
12. P ( x < 8 9 )
13. P ( x < 8 4 )
14. P ( 9 1 < x < 1 0 0 )
15. P ( x < 5 0 )
16. P(x > 100)
17. P ( 5 0 < x < 8 0 )
7R E:
CHAPTER REViEW
Se!ect and Draw Conclusions from Sampies
pp. 766-771
In a su rv e y o f 582 p eo p le, 57% said th a t su m m e r is th e ir fa vo rite se aso n . W h at

is th e m a rg in o f e rro r for th e su rvey ?
M a r g in o f e r r o r = - ^ = =
^ = 0 .0 4 1 = 4 .1 %
Vn
V582
EXERCiSES
EXAMPLE 4
on p. 768
for Exs. 18 -2 2
F ind th e m a rg in o f e rro r fo r a s u r v e y th a t h as th e g iv e n sa m p ie size. R ound

y o u r a n sw er to th e n e a rest ten th o f a p ercen t.
18.
19. 2 50 0
300
20. 800
21. 4900
22. SURVEYS in a G a ilu p Y o u t h S u r v e y o f 5 1 7 t e e n a g e r s , 3 4 % s a id t h a t t h e ir

fa v o r it e w a y to s p e n d a n e v e n in g w a s t o h a n g o u t w i t h f a m i i y o r f r ie n d s .
W h a t is t h e m a r g in o f e r r o r fo r t h e s u r v e y ?
Choose the Best Modei for Two-Variabie Data
pp. 775-780
HBBQ3B
U se a g ra p h in g c a ic u ia to r to fin d a m od ei fo r th e d ata . T h e n g ra p h th e m ode!

and th e d ata in th e sa m e co o rd in a te p ia n e.
---------
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
42
48
53
52
49
40
32
M a k e a s c a t t e r p io t. T h e
U se t h e q u a d r a t ic
G ra p h t h e m o d e l a io n g
p o in t s f o r m a n i n v e r t e d
r e g r e s s io n f e a t u r e to
w i t h t h e d a t a to v e r if y
U - s h a p e . T h is s u g g e s t s
f in d a n e q u a t io n o f
t h a t t h e m o d e l fit s t h e
a q u a d r a t ic m o d e l.
t h e m o d e i.
d a t a w e li.
QuadReg
y = a x 2+ b x + c
a = - . 0171428571
b=1.535714286
c= 1 8 .07142857
^ A m o d e i fo r t h e d a t a i s y = -0 .0 171% ^ + 1.54% + 18 .1.
EXERCiSES
EXAMPLES
1, 2, and 3
on pp. 7 7 5 - 7 7 7
for Ex. 23
23. U s e a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia t o r to
fin d a m o d e i fo r t h e d a t a . T h e n
g r a p h t h e m o d e i a n d t h e d a ta
in t h e s a m e c o o r d in a t e p ia n e .
X
y
i
24
2
21
3
17
4
14
5
9
6
5
7
2
CHAPTER TEST
F ind th e m ea n , m ed ia n , m od e, ran ge , an d sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f th e g iven
d ata set a n d o f t h e d a ta set o b ta in e d b y p e rfo rm in g th e g iv e n tra n sfo rm a tio n .
1. 4 1, 38, 4 2, 4 1, 45, 4 4, 48, 35; m u it ip iy e a c h d a t a v a iu e b y 3
2. 16, 2 1, 19, 2 1, 17, 2 5, 15, 18; a d d 14 to e a c h d a t a v a iu e
3. 108, 92, 102, 99, 116 , 92; m u it ip i y e a c h d a t a v a i u e b y 4 .5
A n o rm a i d is trib u tio n h as a m e a n o f 7 2 a n d a sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f 5 . Find
th e p ro b a b ility th a t a ra n d o m iy se lecte d %-value fro m th e d is trib u tio n is in

th e g iv e n in terv a l.
4. B e t w e e n 6 7 a n d 7 7
5. B e t w e e n 5 7 a n d 7 2
6. A t ie a s t 62
F ind th e m a r g in o f erro r for a su rv e y th a t h as th e g iv e n sa m p le size. R ou nd

y o u r a n sw e r to th e n e a rest ten th o f a p ercen t.
7.
340
8. 8 1 2 5
9. 93 1
10 . 1560
11. FOOTBALL T e a m s in t h e N a t i o n a i F o o t b a i i L e a g u e a r e d iv i d e d in to t w o
c o n f e r e n c e s , t h e A m e r ic a n F o o t b a ii C o n f e r e n c e (A F C ) a n d t h e N a t io n a i
F o o t b a li C o n f e r e n c e ( N F C ) . T h e t a b ie b e lo w s h o w s t h e m a r g i n o f v i c t o r y in
e a c h c o n f e r e n c e 's c h a m p io n s h ip g a m e fo r t h e 19 9 0 -2 0 0 4 s e a s o n s .
AFC Cham pionship m argins o f victory
NFC Cham pionship m argins of victory
48, 3 ,19,17,4, 4,14, 3,

13,19, 13, 7,17,10, 14
2, 31,10, 17, 10, 11, 17, 13,

3, 5, 41, 5, 17, 11, 17
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f t h e
A F C m a r g i n s o f v ic t o r y .
b. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f t h e
N F C m a r g in s o f v ic to r y .
c. C o m p a r e t h e s t a t is t ic s fo r e a c h s e t o f d a t a a n d m a k e a c o n c iu s io n a b o u t
t h e d a ta .
12. TEST SCORES T h e s c o r e s o n a s t a n d a r d i z e d t e s t a d m i n i s t e r e d to 10,000

s t u d e n t s h a v e a m e a n o f 50 a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v i a t i o n o f 10. F in d t h e z - s c o r e
fo r e a c h s t u d e n t w h o s e s c o r e is g iv e n .
a. K e v in : 55
b. M a n u e i: 70
c. C o ib y : 40
d. N e a i: 47
13. SHOPPING SURVEY In a s u r v e y o f 1600 U .S . a d u it s , 6 1 % s a id t h a t t h e y h a v e

p u r c h a s e d a p r o d u c t o n li n e . F in d t h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r f o r t h e s u r v e y . T h e n
g iv e a n i n t e r v a l t h a t is i ik e i y to c o n t a i n t h e e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a l l U .S . a d u lt s
w h o h a v e p u r c h a s e d a p r o d u c t o n lin e .
14. TYPiNG ERRORS T h e t a b ie s h o w s t h e a v e r a g e n u m b e r y o f e r r o r s m a d e b y

s t u d e n t s i n a t y p i n g c o u r s e w h e n t h e y t o o k t e s t s g iv e n x d a y s a f t e r t h e s t a r t
o f t h e c o u r s e . U s e a g r a p h i n g c a l c u l a t o r to f in d a m o d e l f o r t h e d a ta .
X
y
10
14
21
30
45
63
70
91
45.2
36.1
30.2
23.1
18.7
11.0
5.6
4.3
2.4
Chapter Test
787
H M M h, < * * d T E S T
P R E P A
R A
T !O
MULTtPLE CHOKE QUESTIONS

I f y o u h a v e d i f f i c u l t y s o lv in g a m u lt ip le c h o i c e p r o b le m d ir e c t ly , y o u m a y b e a b le
to u s e a n o t h e r a p p r o a c h to e li m in a t e in c o r r e c t a n s w e r c h o i c e s a n d o b t a in t h e
co rre c t an sw er.
PROBLEM 1
T h e N ie ls e n r a t in g s m e a s u r e h o w m a n y v ie w e r s w a t c h d if f e r e n t T V
p r o g r a m s . T h e r e a r e 5000 N ie ls e n h o u s e h o ld s , w h i c h a r e c h o s e n r a n d o m l y
fr o m U .S . h o u s e h o ld s w i t h t e le v is io n s . S u p p o s e t h e N ie ls e n r a t in g s r e p o r t
t h a t 9 .2 % o f N e ils o n h o u s e h o ld s w a t c h e d a c e r t a i n p r o g r a m . W h a t in t e r v a l
is li k e ly to c o n t a in t h e e x a c t p e r c e n t o f a ll U .S . h o u s e h o ld s w i t h t e le v i s io n s
th a t w a tc h e d th e p ro g ra m ?
(g)
4 .0 % to 14 .0 %
(B )
7.8 % to 10 .6 %
(C )
8 .3 % to 10 .3 %
(g )
9 .2 % to 9 .6 %
METHOD 1
METHOD 2
SOLVE DiRECTLY C a l c u l a t e t h e m a r g i n o f e rro r.
EHMtNATE CHOKES A n o t h e r m e t h o d is t o c h e c k
T h e n u s e t h e m a r g in o f e r r o r a n d t h e p e r c e n t
t h e in t e r v a ls g iv e n in t h e a n s w e r c h o ic e s .
g iv e n in t h e p r o b le m to f in d t h e in t e r v a l.
7 Calculate t h e m a r g in o f e rro r.
M a r g in o f e r r o r = - ^
Vn
Y o u k n o w t h a t 9 .2 % m u s t f a l l e x a c t l y in t h e m id d le
o f t h e in t e r v a l.
C h o ice A: 4-0 + 14.0 * y y
= 9-0- s o 9.2% d o e s n o t
f a l l e x a c t l y in t h e m id d le o f t h e in t e r v a l.
=
Y o u c a n e li m in a t e c h o ic e A . X
V5000
= 0 .0 14
= 1 .4 %
Find t h e lo w e r b o u n d fo r t h e in t e r v a l.
L o w e r b o u n d = 9 .2 % - 1.4 %
C h o ice B: 7-8 + 10.6 = ^
= 9.2, s o 9.2% f a lls
e x a c t l y in t h e m id d le o f t h e in t e r v a l.
C h o ice C : 8.3 + 10 3 = j ^ 6 ^ g g ^ g 2 % ^ g g ^
f a ll e x a c t l y in t h e m id d le o f t h e in t e r v a l.
Y o u c a n e li m in a t e c h o ic e C . X
= 7.8 %
J Find t h e u p p e r b o u n d fo r t h e in t e r v a l.
U p p e r b o u n d = 9 .2 % + 1.4 %
=
10.6 %
F72P 4 W rite t h e in t e r v a l.
T h e in t e r v a l is 7.8 % to 10 .6 % .
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is B. (A ) ( B ) ( C ) ( B )
788
Chapter 11
Data Anaivsis and Statistics
C h o ice D: 9.2 + 9.6 =
= 9.4, s o 9.2% d o e s n o t
f a ll e x a c t l y in t h e m id d le o f t h e in t e r v a l.
Y o u c a n e li m in a t e c h o ic e D. X
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is B . (A ) ( B ) (H ) ( S )
A t a I o c a i b a n k , t h e w a i t i n g t im e s fo r a n a v a il a b l e t e iie r a r e n o r m a l iy
d is t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n o f 10 m in u t e s a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f
2 m in u t e s . W h a t is t h e a p p r o x im a t e p r o b a b iiit y t h a t a r a n d o m l y s e le c t e d
c u s t o m e r a t t h e b a n k w a it s n o m o r e t h a n 13 m i n u t e s fo r a te iie r?
(g )
6 0 .7 %
(B )
8 2 .0 %
(g )
9 3 .3 %
(g )
9 8 .5 %
METHOD 2
METHOD 1
SOLVE DIRECTLY U s e a z - s c o r e a n d t h e
ELIMINATE CHOKES U s e t h e f a c t s a b o u t n o r m a i
s t a n d a r d n o r m a i t a b ie o n p a g e 75 9 to f in d
d is t r i b u t io n s o n p a g e 7 5 7 to e li m in a t e i n c o r r e c t
t h e d e s ir e d p r o b a b iiit y .
a n s w e r c h o ic e s .
iTiFP 7 Find t h e z - s c o r e fo r a w a i t i n g t im e
F o r a r a n d o m ly s e ie c te d c u s to m e r w ith a w a itin g
t im e o f x m in u t e s , y o u k n o w t h e f o llo w in g :
o f 13 m in u t e s .
P ( x < 12 ) = P ( x < x + o*)

cr
= 50% + 34%
= 13 - 10
= 84%
P ( x < 14) = P ( x < x + 2 d)
= 1.5
= 5 0 % + 3 4 % + 1 3 .5 %
Use t h e s t a n d a r d n o r m a l t a b ie to f in d
P ( z < 1.5 ).
= 9 7 .5 %
P ( z < 1.5) = 0.9332 = 9 3 .3 %
It f o llo w s t h a t P ( x < 13) is b e t w e e n 8 4 % a n d 9 7 .5 %
T h e p r o b a b iiit y o f w a i t i n g n o m o r e t h a n
O n l y t h e p r o b a b i li t y o f 9 3 .3 % i n a n s w e r c h o ic e C
13 m in u t e s is a b o u t 9 3 .3 % .
s a t is f ie s t h is c o n d it io n .
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C . ( g ) ( g ) ( g ) ( g )
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C . ( g ) ( B ) ( g ) ( g )
PRACTKE
E x p lain w h y y o u c a n e lim in a te th e h ig h lig h te d a n s w e r ch o ice.
1. A n o r m a l d is t r i b u t io n h a s a m e a n o f 4.06 a n d a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t i o n o f 0.04.
W h a t is t h e p r o b a b i ii t y t h a t a r a n d o m ly s e ie c t e d v a iu e f r o m t h e d is t r i b u t i o n
is b e t w e e n 4 .0 6 a n d 4 .14?
(g )
0.01
(B )
0.475
(g )
0.68
( g ) X o .9 9
2. I f y o u a d d t h e s a m e n o n z e r o c o n s t a n t t o e a c h v a iu e i n a d a t a s e t, w h i c h
s t a t is t ic d o e s n o t c h a n g e ?
(g )
M ean
(g )
M e d ia n
(g )X M o d e
(g )
R ange
3. W h i c h t y p e o f f u n c t i o n b e s t m o d e ls t h e d a t a r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s c a t t e r
p io t a t t h e rig h t?
(g )
L in e a r
(g )
Q u a d r a t ic
(g )
C u b ic
( g ) X E x p o n e n tia l
789
^ ^
T E S T PRA C TKE
MUUIPLE CHOKE
In E xercises 1 and 2, u se th e d ata b eio w g iv in g
th e len g th s (in m inu tes) o f th e m o v ies sh o w in g
a t a io ca i m ovie th eater.
9 4 ,1 0 9 ,1 6 6 ,1 3 6 ,9 7 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 3 ,1 1 4 , 9 4 ,10 1
1. W h a t is t h e m e d ia n o f t h e d a t a s et?
(A)
94 m in
( g 10 9.5 m in
( g
110 m in
( g 1 1 1 .5 m in
2. T o t h e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a m in u t e , w h a t is t h e
6. T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e n u m b e r s o f p a g e s
in f iv e h ig h s c h o o l t e x t b o o k s .
384, 480, 576 , 640, 768
W h ic h s t a t e m e n t is yb/se?
(A)
T h e r e is n o m o d e .
( g
T h e m e a n is g r e a t e r t h a n t h e m e d ia n .
(g )
T h e m e a n is 56 9 .6 p a g e s .
(g )
T h e r a n g e is 384 p a g e s .
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f t h e d a t a s et?
(? )
7.2 m in
( g 2 1.2 m in
(6 )
2 5 .6 m in
( g 67.0 m in
7. In a n a t i o n w id e p o ll o f 10 15 U .S . a d u lt s , T o m
H a n k s w a s v o t e d A m e r ic a 's f a v o r it e m o v ie s ta r .
W h a t is t h e a p p r o x im a t e m a r g in o f e r r o r fo r t h e
su rvey?
3. A c c o r d i n g to a s u r v e y f r o m t h e N a t io n a l
C e n t e r fo r H e a lt h S t a tis t ic s , t h e h e ig h t s o f
a d u lt w o m e n in t h e U n it e d S t a te s a r e n o r m a l ly
(? )
0 .0 3 1 %
( g
0 .3 1 %
(g )
3 .1 %
( g
31%
d is t r ib u t e d w i t h a m e a n o f 64 in c h e s a n d a
s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f 2 .7 in c h e s . W h a t is t h e
a p p r o x im a t e p r o b a b i lit y t h a t 4 r a n d o m l y
8. T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e a t t e n d a n c e (in m illio n s )
a t B o s t o n R e d S o x g a m e s in F e n w a y P a r k fr o m
s e le c t e d w o m e n a r e a ll b e t w e e n 5 8 .6 in c h e s
19 9 5 to 2004. W h i c h t y p e o f f u n c t i o n b e s t
a n d 6 6 .7 in c h e s ta il?
m o d e ls t h e d a ta ?
(A)
34%
( g 44%
( g
68%
( g 8 1 .5 %
4. W h a t is t h e p e r c e n t o f t h e a r e a u n d e r a n o r m a l
Year
Attendance
Year
Attendance
19 9 5
2.16
2000
2.59
19 9 6
2.32
2001
2.63
19 9 7
2.23
2002
2.65
1998
2.31
2003
2.72
19 9 9
2.45
2004
2.84
c u r v e t h a t is r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s h a d e d r e g io n ?
(? )
L in e a r
( g
Q u a d ra tic
(g )
E x p o n e n tia l
( g
P ow er
9. T h e d e la y s (in m in u t e s ) fo r a c o m m e r c ia l
(A)
50%
( g
8 1 .5 %
(g )
8 3 .8 5 %
( g
84%
a i r lin e f lig h t a r e lis t e d b e lo w fo r S u n d a y

t h r o u g h F r id a y o f a c e r t a i n w e e k .
20, 10, 0, 30, 0, 45
5.
R a c h e l s c o r e d a n 88 o n h e r p h y s ic s te s t.
T h e c la s s a v e r a g e w a s 7 9 .3 , a n d t h e s t a n d a r d
d e v ia t io n w a s 7.5. W h a t is t h e z - s c o r e fo r
o u t lie r is a d d e d to t h e g iv e n d a t a s et?
R a c h e l's t e s t s c o r e ?
790
(A)
1.16
(g )
1.30
( g
1.4 5
(g )
1.60
Chapter 11
O n S a t u r d a y , t h e f l i g h t is d e la y e d 150 m in u t e s .
W h ic h s t a t is t ic is m o s t a f f e c t e d w h e n t h is
Data Analvsis and Statistics
(? )
M ean
( g
M e d ia n
(g
Mode
(g
Range
GMDDED ANSWER
_____
SHORT RESPONSE
14.
10 . A n o r m a i d is t r ib u t i o n h a s a m e a n o f 7 7 a n d
a s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f 4. W h a t is t h e z - s c o r e
t h e U n it e d S t a te s f o llo w p r o f e s s io n a l f o o t b a ll.
c o r r e s p o n d in g to a n x - v a lu e o f 80?
T h e m a r g in o f e r r o r is 2 % . A b o u t h o w m a n y
p e o p le w e r e s u r v e y e d ? E x p / a m w h e t h e r y o u
1 1 . T h e s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n o f a d a t a s e t is 1 2 .2 .
k n o w f o r c e r t a i n t h a t f o o t b a ll is f o llo w e d b y t h e
A n e w d a t a s e t is c r e a t e d b y a d d in g 5 .1 to e a c h
m a jo r it y o f a d u lt s in t h e U n it e d S ta te s .
d a t a v a iu e . W h a t is t h e s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n o f
1 5 . A s t u d e n t is c o n d u c t i n g a s u r v e y a b o u t t h e
t h e n e w d a t a set?
In te rn e t u s a g e o f h ig h s c h o o l s tu d e n ts . H e
12 . W h a t is t h e m e a n o f t h e d a t a s e t b e io w ?
s e n d s t h e s u r v e y b y e - m a il t o e a c h p e r s o n in
h is a d d r e s s b o o k , a n d u s e s o n l y t h e s u r v e y s
1, 3, 5, 5, 7 , 1 1 , 13, 1 5 ,1 7 , 19, 2 1, 23, 24, 25
13.
A c c o r d i n g to a c e r t a i n p o ll, 5 1 % o f a d u lt s in
t h a t a r e r e t u r n e d . W h a t t y p e o f s a m p le is th is ?
In a n o r m a i d is t r ib u t io n , a b o u t w h a t p e r c e n t
Is t h e s a m p le b i a s e d o r u n b ia s e d ? E x p / a m .
o f t h e a r e a u n d e r t h e r e ia t e d n o r m a i c u r v e lie s
w ith in 2 s ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n s o f th e m e a n ?
EXTENDED RESPONSE
16.
T h e d a t a s e t b e lo w g iv e s t h e a v e r a g e r a i n f a l l fo r e a c h m o n t h in S a n A n t o n io ,
T e x a s , a n d C h ic a g o , I llin o is .
San A n to n io , T exas (in in ch es):

1 .5 .1 .8 , 1.8, 2 .8 ,3 .4 , 3 .1, 2 .2 , 2 .5 , 3.4, 2 .5 , 2 .2 ,1 .8
C h ica go , H iinois (in m illim e ters):

4 8 .2 .4 1 .8 , 7 2 .2 , 96.6, 8 2 .5 ,1 0 3 .4 ,1 0 2 .7 , 89.3, 78 .6 , 69.7, 72 .7, 6 4.8
a. F in d t h e m e a n , m e d ia n , m o d e , r a n g e , a n d s t a n d a r d d e v ia t io n fo r e a c h
c it y 's r a i n f a l l d a ta .
b. C o m p a r e t h e s t a t is t ic s fo r e a c h c ity . M a k e a c o n c l u s io n a b o u t t h e d a t a .
(H in t; 1 m i l li m e t e r = 0 .0 39 3 7 in c h .)
1 7 . T h e t a b le s h o w s t h e n u m b e r s o f p e o p le (in m illio n s ) w h o v o t e d i n U .S .
P r e s id e n t ia l e le c t io n s s i n c e 1940.
Y ears sin ce 1 9 4 0
12
16
20
24
28
V oters (m iiiions)
49.90
47.98
48.79
61.55
62.03
68.84
70.65
73.21
Y ears sin ce 1940
32
36
40
44
48
52
56
60
V oters (m iiiions)
77.72
81.56
86.52
92.65
91.60
104.43
96.28
105.40
a. U s e a g r a p h in g c a l c u la t o r to m a k e a s c a t t e r p lo t o f t h e d a t a . D e t e r m i n e t h e
t y p e o f f u n c t i o n t h a t b e s t f it s t h e d a t a .
b. U s e a r e g r e s s io n f e a t u r e to f in d a n e q u a t i o n o f t h e f u n c t i o n .
c. G r a p h t h e e q u a t io n a lo n g w i t h t h e d a t a to v e r i f y t h a t t h e e q u a t io n fits
d . U s e y o u r e q u a t io n to p r e d ic t t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p le w h o v o t e d in t h e 2004
U .S . P r e s id e n t ia l e le c t i o n . C o m p a r e y o u r p r e d ic t io n to t h e a c t u a l n u m b e r o f
v o t e r s in t h a t e le c t io n , w h i c h w a s 12 2 .3 0 m i l l i o n v o t e r s .
<Uatir);3rr<i7or) Tuct Prartiro
7Q1
12.1
Define and Use Sequences and Series
12.2 Ahaiyze A rithm etic Sequences and Series

y
'
12.3 Anaiyze G eom etric Sequences and Series

12.4 Find Sums of Infinite G eom etric Series
12.5
.r
Use Recursive Ruies with Sequences and Functions
Bc/ore
I n p r e v io u s c h a p t e r s , y o u le a r n e d t h e f o l lo w in g s k iiis , w h i c h y o u 'l l u s e in
C h a p t e r 12 : s o l v in g e q u a t io n s , s o l v i n g s y s t e m s o f e q u a t i o n s , a n d p e r f o r m i n g
f u n c t io n c o m p o s it io n .
P rerequ isite Skiiis

VOCABULARY CHECK
C o p y an d co m p lete th e sta tem en t u sin g / (x ) = j. a n d g M = 4.x + 2.
1. T h e d o m a in o f / M is
2. T h e ra n g e o f g M is
? .
? .
3. T h e co m p o s itio n / ( g M ) is e q u a l to
? .
SKtLLS CHECK
Soive th e eq u a tio n . C h e ck y o u r so iu tio n . (Review p. 78/or 72.2J
4. 7 x + 3 = 3 1
5. 9 = 2 x - 7
6. 14 = - 3 x + 8
7.
8. l l x + 9 = 3 x + 1 7
9. 2 x + 3 = - 6 - x
10 - 3 x = 28
Soive th e sy stem u sin g a n y aig e b ra ic m eth o d . (Reviewp. 760/or 72.3J

10 .
3x + y = 0
- 2 x - 4y = -3 0
1 1 . 2 x - 2 y = 10
x + y = -10
12 .
4 x - 5 y = 25
0 .5 x + 1 .5 y = 18 .5
L e t / M = 2 x - 1 a n d g M = - 2 x *. P erfo rm th e in d ica te d o p e ra tio n a n d sta te th e

d o m a in . (R eview p. 4 2 8 /or 72.5J
13 . / ( g M )
14 . / ( / M )
@ ^ fo n ic 7 u fo r Prerequisite skiiis practice at dasszone.com
15 . g ( g M )
IV
.- A ,
/V O M /
In C h a p t e r 12 , y o u w i l l a p p ly t h e b ig id e a s li s t e d b e l o w a n d r e v i e w e d in t h e
C h a p t e r S u m m a r y o n p a g e 839. Y o u w i l l a ls o u s e t h e k e y v o c a b u l a r y l is t e d b e lo w .
Big ideas
^
A n alyze sequences
iQ l Find sum s o f series

^
Use recursive ruies
KEY VOCABULARY
* sequence, p. 794
* terms of a sequence, p. 794
* series, p. 796
- summation notation, p. 796
* sigma notation, p. 796
' arithmetic sequence, p. 802

<common difference, p. 802
' arithmetic series, p. 804
' geometric sequence, p. 870
' common ratio, p. 870
geometric series, p. 872

partia) sum, p. 820
expiicit ruie, p. 827
' recursive ruie, p. 827
' iteration, p. 830
Y o u c a n u s e s e q u e n c e s t o d e s c r ib e p a t t e r n s in t h e r e a l w o r ld . F o r e x a m p le , y o u
c a n u s e t h e F ib o n a c c i s e q u e n c e to d e s c r ib e p a t t e r n s i n n a t u r e .
A igebra
T h e a n im a t i o n il lu s t r a t e d b e io w f o r E x a m p le 3 o n p a g e 828 h e lp s y o u a n s w e r
t h is q u e s t io n : H o w c a n y o u g e n e r a t e F i b o n a c c i n u m b e r s ?
9l =
-M; *
33=
35=
Fib on a cc i n u m b ers a re s e e n in o b j e c t s
s u c h a s sh ells, p i n e c o n e s , and b ro ccoli.
Us e t h e re c u rsi v e rule to find n um b ers in

th e F ib o n a cc i s e q u e n c e .
Algebra 3* classzone.com
Other animations for Chapter 12: p a g e s 8 0 5 , 8 1 1 , 8 2 0 , a n d 8 3 2
*
,
12.1
Define and Use

Sequences and Series
You identified and w ro te fu n ctio n s.
You wi)l re c o g n iz e an d w rite ru ies fo r n u m b e r p a ttern s.
So you ca n find a n g ie m e a su re s, a s in Ex. 6 3 .
Key Vocabutary
* seq u en ce
* term s o f a seq u en ce
* series
* su m m atio n n o tatio n
* sig m a n o tatio n
KEY CONCEPT
fo r
Sequences
A se q u en ce is a f u n c t i o n w h o s e d o m a in is a s e t o f c o n s e c u t i v e in te g e r s . I f a
d o m a in is n o t s p e c i f ie d , it is u n d e r s t o o d t h a t t h e d o m a i n s t a r t s w i t h 1. T h e
v a lu e s in t h e r a n g e a r e c a l l e d t h e te rm s o f t h e s e q u e n c e .
D o m ain :
1 2
^ ^
3
^
The relative position of each term
4
^
R ange:
Terms of the sequence
A / I'a h e s e q u e n c e h a s a l im it e d n u m b e r o f t e r m s . A n ia / i'a h e s e q u e n c e c o n t i n u e s
w it h o u t s t o p p in g .
F in ite se q u en ce :
In fin ite se q u en ce :
2, 4, 6, 8
2, 4, 6, 8 , . . .
A s e q u e n c e c a n b e s p e c i f i e d b y a n e q u a t io n , o r ru le . F o r e x a m p le , b o t h
s e q u e n c e s a b o v e c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y t h e r u le
EXAMPLE 1
= 2 n o r / ( n ) = 2 n.
W rite term s of sequences
W rite th e first six term s o f (a)
= 2n + 5 a n d (b) /(n ) - ( - 3 ) " *
S o lu tio n
2nd term
!!
!
2nd term
#2 * 2 (2) + 5 = 9
1st term
b. / ( I ) = ( - 3 ) ' " ' = 1

1!
1st term
T
OJ
a , = 2 (1) + 5 = 7
= 2(3) + 5 = 11
3rd term
/ (3 ) = ( - 3 ) ' " ' = 9
3rd term
= 2(4) + 5 = 13
4th term
/(4 ) = ( - 3 ) 4 " i = - 2 7
4th term
= 2 (5) + 5 = 15
5th term
/ (5 ) = ( - 3 ) 3 * i = 81
5th term
%g = 2 (6 ) + 5 = 17
6th term
/ (6 ) = ( - 3 ) 3 * 4 = _ 2 4 3
6th term
GuiDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam ple 1
W rite th e first six term s o f th e seq u en ce.

1. n = n + 4
794
Chanter 17 tenuenrec and leriet
2 . /(a ) = ( - 2 ) " * '
3. a
"
n + 1
WRiTiNG RULES I f t h e t e r m s o f a s e q u e n c e h a v e a r e c o g n i z a b l e p a t t e r n , t h e n y o u
m a y b e a b le to w r it e a r u ie fo r t h e n th t e r m o f t h e s e q u e n c e .
Write ruies for sequences
EXAMPLE
if you are given only
D e scrib e th e p a ttern , w rite th e n e xt term , a n d w rite a ru ie fo r th e n th term o f

th e se q u en ce (a) - 1 , - 8 , - 2 7 , - 6 4 , . . . an d (b) 0, 2 , 6 , 1 2 , . . . .
the first several term s

o f a sequ en ce, there is
Soiution
W RiTE RULES
no sing/e rule for the nth

term. For instance, the
seq u en ce 2, 4, 8 , . . . can
be given by
= 2" or
o = rr
n + 2.
a. Y o u c a n w r it e t h e t e r m s a s ( - 1 ) 3 , (- 2 ) 3 , ( - 3 ) 3 , ( - 4 ) 3 ,
= ( - 5 ) 3 = - 1 2 5 . A r u le f o r t h e n t h t e r m is
T h e n e x t t e r m is
= (-n f.
b. Y o u c a n w r it e t h e t e r m s a s 0(1), 1(2), 2 (3 ), 3 ( 4 ), . . . . T h e n e x t t e r m is
/ ( 5 ) = 4 (5 ) = 20. A r u le fo r t h e n t h t e r m i s / ( n ) = (n -
l) n .
GRAPHiNG SEQUENCES T o g r a p h a s e q u e n c e , le t t h e h o r iz o n t a l a x is re p r e s e n t th e
p o s it io n n u m b e r s (th e d o m a in ) a n d t h e v e r t ic a l a x is r e p r e s e n t t h e t e r m s (th e ra n g e ).
1^*
Soive a muiti-step probiem

RETAiL DiSPLAYS Y o u w o r k in a g r o c e r y s to r e
a n d a r e s t a c k in g a p p ie s in t h e s h a p e o f a s q u a r e
p y r a m id w i t h 7 la y e r s . W r ite a r u le fo r t h e
n u m b e r o f a p p le s in e a c h la y e r . T h e n g r a p h t h e
sequ en ce.
Soiution
F72P 7
M ake a t a b le s h o w in g t h e n u m b e r o f f r u it in t h e f ir s t t h r e e la y e r s .
L et
r e p r e s e n t t h e n u m b e r o f a p p le s in la y e r n.
Layer, n
4 = 2^
9 = 3^
ft
Number of
a p p ies,a
W rite a r u le fo r t h e n u m b e r o f a p p le s in
AVOiD ERRORS
e a c h la y e r. F r o m t h e t a b le , y o u c a n s e e
A lthough th e plotted
t h m a ^ = H^
points in E x am p le3
fotiow a curve, do not
draw the curve b e cau se
M "/
^ 48
32
Plot t h e p o in t s (1, 1), (2, 4), (3, 9 ) , . . . ,

(7 ,4 9 ). T h e g r a p h is s h o w n a t t h e r ig h t.
16
the seq u en ce is defined

only for integer valu es
of n.
Layer
CutDED PRACTtCE
f o r E x a m p ie s 2 a n d 3
4. F o r t h e s e q u e n c e 3, 8, 15, 2 4 , . . . , d e s c r ib e t h e p a t t e r n , w r i t e t h e n e x t te r m ,
g r a p h t h e f ir s t f iv e t e r m s , a n d w r it e a r u le fo r t h e n t h te r m .
5. WHAT !F? In E x a m p le 3, s u p p o s e t h e r e a r e 9 la y e r s o f a p p le s . H o w m a n y
a p p le s a r e in t h e 9 t h la y e r?
12.1
Define and Use S eau en ces and Series
795
KEY CONCEPT
/I?/-
S eries and Su m m ation N otation

W h e n t h e t e r m s o f a s e q u e n c e a r e a d d e d t o g e th e r , t h e r e s u lt in g e x p r e s s io n is a
series. A s e r ie s c a n b e f in i t e o r in f in it e .
F in ite series:
2 + 4 + 6 + 8
In fin ite se ries:
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 +
Y o u c a n u s e s u m m a tio n n o ta tio n to w r i t e a s e r ie s . F o r e x a m p le , t h e t w o s e r ie s
a b o v e c a n b e w r it t e n in s u m m a t io n n o t a t io n a s fo llo w s :
READING
^ 2
W h en w ritten in
sum m ation notation,
this series is read
as T he sum o f 2/ for
values o f f r o m 1 to 4/
+ 4 + 6 + 8=
X 2:
;= 1
-- - = X 2 ;
2 + 4 + 6 + 8 +
F o r b o t h s e r ie s , t h e m rfe x o / 's u m m u h o u is
a n d t h e lo w e r lu n h
is 1. T h e u p p e r i w i h q/*sum n;ut;'on is 4 fo r t h e f i n i t e s e r ie s a n d 00 ( in fin it y ) fo r

t h e i n f in it e s e r ie s . S u m m a t io n n o t a t io n is a ls o c a l l e d sig m a n o ta tio n b e c a u s e
it u s e s t h e u p p e r c a s e G r e e k l e t t e r s ig m o , w r i t t e n S .
EXAMPLE 4
W rite series using sum m ation notation
W rite th e se ries u sin g su m m a tio n n o tatio n .

a . 2 5 + 50 + 7 5 + - - - + 250
Y + + ^ + If + " '
Soiution
a. N o t ic e t h a t t h e f ir s t t e r m is 2 5 (1 ), t h e s e c o n d is 2 5 (2 ), t h e t h i r d is 2 5 (3 ),
a n d t h e la s t is 2 5 (10). S o , t h e t e r m s o f t h e s e r ie s c a n b e w r i t t e n a s :
<2 . = 2 51 w h e r e ; = 1, 2, 3 , . . . , 10
T h e lo w e r lim it o f s u m m a t io n is 1 a n d t h e u p p e r l i m i t o f s u m m a t io n
is 10.
10
^ T h e s u m m a t i o n n o t a t io n fo r t h e s e r ie s is ^ 2 5;.
;= 1
b. N o t ic e t h a t fo r e a c h t e r m t h e d e n o m in a t o r o f t h e f r a c t i o n is 1 m o r e
t h a n t h e n u m e r a to r . S o , t h e t e r m s o f t h e s e r ie s c a n b e w r i t t e n a s:
'
, w h e r e ; = 1, 2, 3, 4 , . . .
; + 1
T h e lo w e r lim it o f s u m m a t io n is 1 a n d t h e u p p e r l im it o f s u m m a t io n
is in fin it y .
^ T h e s u m m a t io n n o t a t i o n fo r t h e s e r ie s is z L .
.
;= 1 : + 1
GUIDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p le 4
W rite th e series u sin g su m m a tio n n o tatio n .
796
ChaDter 12
6. 5 + 10 + 15 + - - - + 100
7. I + ^ +
8. 6 + 36 + 216 + 1296 + -- -
9. 5 + 6 + 7 + -- - + 12
S eau en ces and Series
10
17
+ -
INDEX OF SUMMATION T h e in d e x o f s u m m a t io n fo r a s e r ie s d o e s n o t h a v e to
b e : a n y l e t t e r c a n b e u s e d . A ls o , t h e in d e x d o e s n o t h a v e t o b e g i n a t 1. F o r
in s t a n c e , t h e in d e x b e g i n s a t 4 i n t h e n e x t e x a m p le .
EXAMPLE 5
AVOID ERRORS
Find th e sum of a series
F ind th e su m o f th e series.
Be sure to use the

correct tower and upper
iimits of summation
when finding the sum of
a series.
= (3 + 42) + (3 + 52) + (3 + 62) + (3 + 72)
(3 +
(3 + 82)
A: = 4
= 19 + 28 + 39 + 52 + 6 7
= 205
SPECIAL FORMULAS F o r s e r ie s w i t h m a n y t e r m s , f i n d i n g t h e s u m b y a d d i n g t h e
te r m s c a n b e t e d io u s . B e lo w a r e f o r m u la s y o u c a n u s e to f i n d t h e s u m s o f t h r e e
s p e c ia l t y p e s o f s e r ie s .
KEY CONCEPT
- Form uias for Specia! Series
i:
!!
3
M 3
^ Sum of n
1 term s o f 1
Sum of first n
positive integers
Sum o f squares of
first n positive integers
Y ^ _ n(n + 1)
!= 1
2
V ;2
,= t
+ l)(2n + 1)
6
'"
EXAMPLE 6
Use a form uia for a sum
RETAiL DiSPLAYS H o w m a n y a p p le s a r e in t h e s t a c k in E x a m p le 3 o n p a g e 79 5 ?
Soiution
F r o m E x a m p le 3 y o u k n o w t h a t t h e rth t e r m o f t h e s e r ie s is g iv e n b y a . = f w h e r e
r = 1, 2, 3 ........... 7. U s in g s u m m a t io n n o t a t io n a n d t h e t h ir d f o r m u la lis t e d a b o v e ,
y o u c a n f i n d t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f a p p le s a s fo llo w s :
12 + 22 + . . . + 7 2 = ^ . 2 = 7 ( 7 + 1 1 ( 2 - 7 + 1 ) ^ 7 ( 8 1 ( 1 5 ) ^
;= 1
F T h e r e a r e 140 a p p le s in t h e s t a c k . C h e c k t h i s b y a c t u a l l y a d d in g t h e n u m b e r o f
a p p le s i n e a c h o f t h e s e v e n la y e r s .
GutDED PRACTtCE
fo r E xam ptes 5 an d 6
Find th e su m o f th e series.
5
10.
X 8f
;' = 1
34
11.
X (A ;2 -1 )
12 .
X l
/= 1
L= 3
13 .
'!
H= 1
14 . WHAT !F? S u p p o s e t h e r e a r e 9 la y e r s in t h e a p p le s t a c k in E x a m p le 3.
H o w m a n y a p p le s a r e in t h e s ta c k ?
12.1
Define and Use Sequ en ces and Series
797
121 EXERCtSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
O = WORKED-OUT SOLUTiONS
Exs. 2, 27, 58,64, and 67
SKULL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : A n o t h e r n a m e fo r s u m m a t io n n o t a t io n
is
? .
2. * WRITING E x p la in t h e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a s e q u e n c e a n d a s e r ie s .
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 794
for Exs. 3 -1 4
WRiTiNG TERMS W rite th e first six term s o f th e se q u en ce .

3.
= n + 2
4.
a^ = 6 n
8. a
11.
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 795
for Exs. 1 5 -2 7
12 . a
/ ( n ) = -2 L
n
5.
= -n ^
"
= n
6 . / (n ) = n'3 + 2
9 . /(n ) = n ^ - 5
13 .
a , =
2n
n + 2
10.
n = (n + 3 f
14 .
/(n ) =
n
2 n -l
WRiTiNG RULES For th e seq u en ce, d e scrib e th e p a ttern , w rite th e n e xt term ,

a n d w rite a ru le fo r th e n th term .
16 . 1 , 2 , 4 , 8 , . . .
15 . 1 , 6 , 1 1 , 1 6 , . . .
70
1 8 .2 ,9 ,2 8 ,6 5 ,...
7i
A A A A A
2 .4
'
'
24. 4 .2 ,2 .6 , 1 , - 0 . 6 , - 2 . 2 , . . .
6 8
3 '4'5'6" "
3' 6' 9' 1 2 " "

22
' 4 '4 '4 '4 '4 "
1 7 . - 4 , 8, - 1 2 , 1 6 , . . .
-L -3 -J L JL
1 0 '2 0 '3 0 '4 0 '
23. 3 .1 ,3 .8 , 4 .5 , 5 . 2 , . . .
2 5 .1 .2 ,4 .2 ,9 .2 ,1 6 .2 ,...
2 6 .9 ,1 6 .8 ,2 4 .6 ,3 2 .4 ,...
MULTiPLE CHOiCE W h ic h r u le g iv e s t h e
2 7.
t o t a l n u m b e r o f s q u a r e s in t h e n t h f i g u r e o f
th e p a tte rn sh o w n ?
(A )
a^ = 3 n - 3
( B ) a ^ = 4n 5
(C )
4
n (n + l)
a = n
(B )
EXAMPLE 3
GRAPHiNG SEQUENCES G rap h th e se q u en ce.
on p. 795
for Exs. 2 8 -3 6
28. - 2 , - 5 , - 8 , - 1 1 , - 1 4
29. 2, 4, 8, 16, 32, 64
30. 1, 5, 9, 1 3 , . . . , 29
3 1 . - 2 , 4, - 6 , 8 , . . . , - 2 2
3 2 . 0, 3, 8, 15 , 24, 35
3 3 . - 1 , 0, 1, 8, 2 7
1 A A
2 '2 '2 '
34. 4, - 9 , 14, - 1 9 , 24
i A A A
A
'9 '8 '7 '6 " " 'l
1A
2
EXAMPLE 4
WRiTiNG SUMMATiON NOTATiON W rite th e se rie s u sin g su m m a tio n n o tatio n .
on p. 796
for Exs. 3 7 -4 4
3 7 .7 + 1 0 + 1 3 + 1 6 + 1 9
3 8 . 5 + 11 + 17 + 2 3 + 29
39.
1 + 1 + 3 + 5 + 7 + ***
40.
4 1.
3 + 1 0 + 1 7 + 24 + 31 + --
42
798
Chapter 1 2
S e a u e n c e s an d Series
A + A + A - -)- A_
'3
43 A + A + A + A + A + A -p A ' 4
- 2 + 4 - 8 + 16 - 32 +
10
44.
27
81
- 1 + 2 + 7 + 14 + 23 +
USiNG SUMMATION NOTATION F ind th e su m o f th e series.

6
49.
46. X 7 i
X ,2 i
1=1
f= 1
50.
(5 k - 2)
X; = 3
54.
X ( ^ - 1)
D= 1
X i
3k^
52.
X 4
f= i
18
25
55.
56.
X ;
H= 1
r= i
M= 1
f= 1
X
t = l
51.
16
35
53.
48.
45.
II
on p. 797
for Exs. 45-58
EXAMPLES
5 and 6
7!^
ERROR ANALYSiS D e s c r ib e a n d
c o r r e c t t h e e r r o r in f i n d i n g t h e
s u m o f t h e s e r ie s .
20
58. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h a t is t h e s u m o f t h e s e r ie s X , i?
(A )
( g ) 210
20
(C )
(g ) 2870
420
CHALLENGE T eil w h e th e r th e sta te m e n t a b o u t su m m a tio n n o ta tio n is tru e

o r ybise. I f th e sta te m e n t is tru e , p ro v e it. I f th e sta te m en t is fa lse , g iv e a
co u n terex a m p le.
REVIEW
LOCK
For help with

counter
examples see
p. 1002.
60. X (a . + b ) = X a,- + X b
59. X k n . = k X
1= 1
i= l
I= 1
61.
X a^ . = ( l ^
1= 1
;= i
'
<= i '
;= 1
/ H
62. X (a,.)^ = ( X a ;
Xb;
i= 1
/\f= i
;=1
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLES
3 and 6
on pp. 795-797
for Exs. 63-64
63.
GEOMETRY F o r a r e g u l a r n - s id e d p o ly g o n (n > 3),

th e m e a s u r e
o f a n in t e r io r a n g l e is g iv e n b y
t h is f o r m u la :
^ 180(n - 2)
/!
W r ite t h e f ir s t f iv e t e r m s o f t h e s e q u e n c e . W r ite a
r u le fo r t h e s e q u e n c e g i v i n g t h e t o t a l m e a s u r e 7^ o f
t h e in t e r io r a n g le s in e a c h r e g u l a r n - s id e d p o ly g o n .
U s e t h e r u le to f i n d t h e t o t a l m e a s u r e o f t h e a n g le s
in t h e G u g g e n h e i m M u s e u m s k y lig h t , w h i c h is a
r e g u la r d o d e c a g o n .
@ M om e7H tO f
Guggenheim Museum Skyiight
64. * SHORT RESPONSE Y o u w a n t to s a v e $500 fo r a s c h o o l tr ip . Y o u b e g i n b y

s a v in g a p e n n y o n t h e f ir s t d a y . Y o u p la n to s a v e a n a d d i t i o n a l p e n n y e a c h
d a y a ft e r t h a t. F o r e x a m p le , y o u w i l l s a v e 2 p e n n i e s o n t h e s e c o n d d a y ,
3 p e n n ie s o n t h e t h i r d d a y , a n d s o o n . H o w m u c h m o n e y w i l l y o u h a v e s a v e d
a f t e r 100 d a y s ? H o w m a n y d a y s m u s t y o u s a v e to h a v e s a v e d $50 0 ? E x p la in
h o w y o u u s e d a s e r ie s to f in d y o u r a n s w e r .
@ W o n )C lM tO f
fo r problem solvin g heip a t classzon e.co m
*7frrr
65^ TOWER OF HANOI In t h e p u z z l e c a l l e d t h e T o w e r o f H a n o i, t h e o b j e c t is

to u s e a s e r ie s o f m o v e s to t a k e t h e r i n g s f r o m o n e p e g a n d s t a c k t h e m in
o r d e r o n a n o t h e r p e g . A m o v e c o n s is t s o f m o v i n g e x a c t l y o n e r in g , a n d n o
r in g m a y b e p l a c e d o n to p o f a s m a iie r r in g . T h e m i n i m u m n u m b e r
of
m o v e s r e q u ir e d to m o v e n r in g s is 1 fo r 1 r in g , 3 fo r 2 r in g s , 7 fo r 3 r in g s ,
15 fo r 4 r in g s , a n d 3 1 fo r 5 r in g s . F in d a f o r m u la fo r t h e s e q u e n c e . W h a t is t h e
m in i m u m n u m b e r o f m o v e s r e q u ir e d to m o v e 6 r in g s ? 7 r in g s ? 8 r in g s ?
66. MULT!-STEP PROBLEM T h e m e a n d i s t a n c e
(in a s t r o n o m i c a l u n it s )
o f e a c h p l a n e t ( e x c e p t N e p t u n e ) f r o m t h e s u n is a p p r o x im a t e d b y t h e
T it iu s - B o d e r u le ,
= 0 .3 (2 )" " ^ + 0.4, w h e r e n is a p o s it iv e in t e g e r
r e p r e s e n t in g t h e p o s it i o n o f t h e p l a n e t f r o m t h e s u n .
a. Evaluate T h e v a lu e o f a is 4 fo r M a r s . U s e t h e T it iu s - B o d e r u le to
a p p r o x im a t e t h e d i s t a n c e o f M a r s f r o m t h e s u n .
b. Convert O n e a s t r o n o m i c a l u n it is e q u a l to a b o u t 149,600,000 k ilo m e t e r s .

H o w f a r is M a r s f r o m t h e s u n in k ilo m e t e r s ?
c. Graph G r a p h t h e s e q u e n c e g iv e n b y t h e T it iu s - B o d e r u le .
67. A EXTENDED RESPONSE F o r a d i s p la y a t a s p o r t s s to r e , y o u a r e s t a c k in g
s o c c e r b a lls in a p y r a m i d w h o s e b a s e is a n e q u il a t e r a l t r ia n g le . T h e
num ber
o f b a lls p e r la y e r is g iv e n b y a^ =
w h ere a = 1
r e p r e s e n ts t h e t o p la y e r .
a. H o w m a n y b a l ls a r e i n t h e f i f t h la y e r?
b. H o w m a n y b a l ls a r e in a s t a c k w i t h f iv e la y e r s ?
c. C o m p a r e t h e n u m b e r o f b a l ls in a la y e r o f a t r i a n g u l a r p y r a m i d w i t h t h e
n u m b e r o f b a lls in t h e s a m e la y e r o f a s q u a r e p y r a m id .
68. CHALLENGE U s in g t h e t r u e s t a t e m e n t s f r o m E x e r c is e s 5 9 - 6 2 o n p a g e 79 9 a n d
t h e s p e c i a l f o r m u la s o n p a g e 797, f i n d a f o r m u la fo r t h e n u m b e r o f b a l ls in
t h e to p a la y e r s o f t h e p y r a m id f r o m E x e r c is e 67.
----
< M!XED REV!EW

PREVIEW
Solve th e eq u a tio n . C h e ck y o u r so lu tio n , (p. 18)
Prepare for
Lesson 12.2
in Exs. 6 9 -7 7 .
69. 18 = 4 x - 2
70. 23 = 6 x - l
71. 12
72. 5 = 8 x - 5
73. 17 = 20 - 2 x
74. 14 = 5 x
75. 7 - 3 x = 1 6
76. 9 + 8 x = 2 5
77. l l x - 6
2 - 5x
+4
= -3 9
F ind th e d ista n ce b e tw e e n th e p o in ts, (p. 614)

78 . ( 4 , - 5 ) , ( 6 ,1 )
79. ( - 7 , 4), ( - 2 , - 1 )
80. (0, 5 ), (5, - 2 )
81. ( - 4 , 6 ) , ( 1 ,9 )
82. ( 2 , - 5 ) , ( 6 , - 4 )
83. ( - 5 , - 4 ) , ( - 2 , - 8 )
84. ( 9 ,7 ) , ( 5 ,6 )
85. ( - 1 , 8 ) , ( 3 ,2 )
86. (4, 0), ( - 9 , - 6 )
CafnArforACT!V!T^W
Z c M c w % 2 .7
@ H o m c7 u to r
Keystrokes
12.1 Work with Sequences

H ow c a n y o u u s e a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r to p e r fo r m o p e r a tio n s
------------------------
w ith s e q u e n c e s ?
Find, g ra p h , a n d su m te r m s o f a s e q u e n c e
U se a g ra p h in g c a ic u ia to r to fin d th e first e ig h t te rm s o f
= 5w 3. G rap h th e
seq u en ce. T h en fin d th e su m o f th e first e ig h t term s o f th e se q u en ce .
.W 2P 7I
P u t t h e g r a p h in g c a i c u i a t o r in
U s e t h e fa h ie f e a t u r e to v i e w t h e
s e q u e n c e m o d e a n d d o t m o d e . E n te r
t e r m s o f t h e s e q u e n c e . T h e f ir s t e ig h t
t h e s e q u e n c e . N o t e t h a t t h e c a ic u ia t o r
t e r m s a r e 2, 7, 12 , 17, 22, 27, 3 2 , a n d 37.
u s e s a (a) r a t h e r t h a n a .
HHn
nM i n = 1
u(n)B5n-3
u(nMirt) =
v( n)=
v ( nfl i n ) =
M( n ) =
2
3
4
5
n=
M( nW i n ) =
! u( n)
2
7
12
17
22
S e t t h e v i e w in g w i n d o w s o t h a t
U s e t h e ^ a a ra ra n 'o a f e a t u r e to f i n d
l < a < 8 , 0 < x < 9 , a n d 0 < y < 40 . G rap h
t h e s u m o f t h e f ir s t e ig h t t e r m s o f t h e
t h e s e q u e n c e . U s e t h e t r a c e f e a t u r e to
s e q u e n c e . T h e s c re e n sh o w s th a t th e
v ie w th e te r m s o f th e s e q u e n c e .
s u m is 156.
rinnHtMmmtiiii
"
( sum (seq(5n-3^n,1^
8 ))
156
!)
g
A
L
" H !
n=5
X=5
<
Y =22
U se a g ra p h in g c a ic u ia to r to (a) fin d th e first ten te rm s o f th e se q u e n ce , (b) g ra p h

th e seq u en ce, a n d (c) fin d th e su m o f th e first ten te rm s o f th e se q u en ce.
1. a
= 4a + 1
4. a = 15 + 2a
2.
a = 3 ( a + 2)
5. a^ = 3 + a
3. a
= 35 - 3 a
6. a.
12.1
Define and Use S equ en ces and Series
801
1 *1) **) Anatyze Arithmetic

You w orked w ith g e n e ra l s e q u e n c e s an d serie s.
You will study a rith m e tic s e q u e n c e s an d series.
S o you ca n a rra n g e a m a rch in g b an d , a s in Ex. 6 4 .
Key Vocabulary
* a rith m e tic
seq u en ce
*co m m o n
d ifferen ce
*a rith m e tic series
In a n a rith m e tic seq u en ce, t h e d if f e r e n c e o f c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s is c o n s t a n t . T h is

c o n s t a n t d if f e r e n c e is c a lle d t h e co m m o n d iffe re n c e a n d is d e n o t e d b y ci.
identify arithmetic sequences

Teii w h e th e r th e se q u en ce is a rith m e tic.
a.
b. 3, 5, 9, 15, 2 3 , . . .
- 4 , 1, 6 , 11, 1 6 , . . .
S o iu tio n
F in d t h e d if f e r e n c e s o f c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s .
a. <2,,
b. #2 <23 = 5 3 = 2
rq = 1 - ( - 4 ) = 5
^3 <22 = 6 1 = 5
<2^ - a - = 9 - 5 = 4
<2^ <23 = 11 6 = 5
<2^ <23 = 15 9 = 6
< 2 g - < 3 ^ = 1 6 - l l = 5
<2^ <2^ = 23 15 = E
^ E a c h d if f e r e n c e is 5, s o t h e
^ T h e d if f e r e n c e s a r e n o t
s e q u e n c e is a r it h m e t ic .
c o n s t a n t , s o t h e s e q u e n c e is
n o t a rith m e tic .
GutDED PRACTICE
1.
fo r E xam p le 1
T e ll w h e t h e r t h e s e q u e n c e 1 7 , 1 4 , 1 1 , 8 , 5 , . . . is a r i t h m e t ic . E x p la in w h y o r
w h y n o t.
K EY CONCEPT
A?/*
Ruie for an Arithm etic Sequence

!
Algebra
T h e n th t e r m o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e w i t h f ir s t t e r m ^ a n d
c o m m o n d if f e r e n c e d is g iv e n b y :
<2^ = <23 + (n -
Exam ple
I
l)c i
T h e n th t e r m o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e w i t h a f ir s t t e r m o f 2 a n d
c o m m o n d i f f e r e n c e 3 is g iv e n b y :
<2^ = 2 + (n - 1)3, or <2^ = - 1 + 3n
802
Chapter 12
Sequ ences and Series
Write a rute for the nth term
EXAMPLE
W rite a r u ie fo r th e n th term o f th e se q u en ce. T h e n fin d

b. 60, 52 , 44, 3 6 , . . .
a. 4, 9, 14, 1 9 , . . .
Sotution
a . T h e s e q u e n c e is a r i t h m e t i c w i t h f ir s t t e r m a^ = 4 a n d c o m m o n
d if f e r e n c e d = 9 - 4 = 5. S o , a r u ie fo r t h e n t h t e r m is:
AVO!D ERRORS
a = rq + (n - l) d
In the general rule for

an arithmetic sequence,
note that the common
difference d is multiplied
by n - 1, not n.
Write genera! ruie.
= 4 + (n - 1 ) 5
Substitute 4 for a, and 5 for d.
= - 1 + 5n
Simpiify.
T h e 1 5 th t e r m is a ^ = - 1 + 5 (1 5 ) = 74.
b. T h e s e q u e n c e is a r i t h m e t i c w i t h f ir s t t e r m a^ = 60 a n d c o m m o n
d if f e r e n c e d = 52 - 60 = - 8 . S o , a r u le fo r t h e n t h t e r m is:
a^ = rq +
(n -
l)d
= 60 + (n = 68 -
Write generai ruie.

l) ( - 8 )
Substitute 60 for <qand - 8 for d.
Simpiify.
8n
T h e 1 5 th t e r m is a ^ = 68 - 8 (15 ) = - 5 2 .
Write a ruie given a term and common difference
EXAMPLE 3
O ne term o f a n a rith m e tic se q u e n ce is

i s d = 3.
a.
- 48. T h e c o m m o n d iffe re n c e
b. G r a p h t h e s e q u e n c e .
W r ite a r u le fo r t h e n t h te r m .
Sotution
a.
U s e t h e g e n e r a l r u le to f in d t h e f ir s t te r m .
a = u^ + (n - l ) d
Write generai ruie.
= a ] + (19 -
Substitute 19 for n.
l)d
48 = a t + 18(3)
Substitute 48 for
6 = a^,
Soive for <q.
and 3 for d.
So , a r u ie fo r t h e n t h t e r m is:
Write generai ruie.
a = tq + (n - l ) d
b.
= -6 +
(n -
= 9 +
3n
Substitute - 6 for tq and 3 for d.
1)3
Simpiify.
C r e a t e a t a b le o f v a iu e s fo r t h e s e q u e n c e .
T h e g r a p h o f t h e fir s t 6 t e r m s o f t h e s e q u e n c e
is s h o w n . N o t ic e t h a t t h e p o in t s h e o n a iin e .
T h is is t r u e fo r a n y a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e .
f!
"
1
6
.
-3
___
______
12 2
Anaiv7P Arithmctir ônnonroc anri Corioc
R tl3
EXAMPLE 4
Write a ruie given two terms
Two term s o f an a rith m e tic se q u en ce a re %g = 21 a n d ^

fo r th e n th term .
== 97. F in d a ru ie
Soiution
7
W rite a s y s t e m o f e q u a t i o n s u s i n g
= rq + (n -
l ) d a n d s u b s t it u t in g
2 7 fo r n ( E q u a t io n 1) a n d t h e n 8 fo r n ( E q u a t io n 2).
ngy = rq + (2 7 -
l) d
n ,j = rq + ( 8 - l ) d
Solve t h e s y s t e m .
9 7 <3j + 2 6 d
Equation 1
21 = n ^ +
Equation 2
76=
7d
Subtract.
19 d
Solve for d.
4 = d
97 = ^ +
Substitute for d in
Equationl.
26(4)
Soive for o^.
- 7 = %]
Find a r u le fo r <3^.
CutDED PRACTKE
<3^ =
Write genera) rule.
+ (n - l ) d
= -7 + (n -l)4
Substitute for o,
and d.
= - l l + 4n
Simplify.
fo r E xam p les 2, 3, an d 4
W rite a ru ie fo r th e n th te rm o f th e a rith m e tic se q u e n ce . T h en fin d

2.
17, 14, 11 , 8 , . . .
3.
= -5 7 , d = - 7
4.
= 26 ,
= 71
ARiTHMETK SERIES T h e e x p r e s s io n f o r m e d b y a d d i n g t h e t e r m s o f a n a r it h m e t ic
s e q u e n c e is c a i i e d a n a rith m e tic series. T h e s u m o f t h e f ir s t n t e r m s o f a n
a r it h m e t ic s e r ie s is d e n o t e d b y
T o f i n d a r u le fo r 5^, y o u c a n w r it e
in t w o
d if f e r e n t w a y s a n d a d d t h e r e s u it s .
+ (rq + d )
+ (rq + 2 d ) + * * * + <2^
+ (n
+ (<3^ 2 d ) + * * * +
d)
2S^ = (<3^ + <3^) + (rq + n^) + (rq + n^) + - - - + (a^ + n^)

Y o u c a n c o n c iu d e t h a t 2S^ = n ( ^ + <3^), w h i c h le a d s t o t h e f o llo w i n g r e s u lt .
KEY CONCEPT
%?%/*
The Sum of a Finite A rithm etic Series

T h e s u m o f t h e fir s t n t e r m s o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e r ie s is:
f <2, + (2,,
RflA
C h a n te r !?
In w o r d s ,
o f term s.
^ e n iie n r e c a n r t^ e rie t
is t h e m e a n o f t h e f ir s t a n d n t h t e r m s , m u lt i p l i e d b y t h e n u m b e r
^ EXAMPLE 5
20
W h at is th e su m o f th e a rith m e tic se ries
(A)
CLASStFYSERtES
You can verify that the

series in Example 5 is
arithmetic by evaluating
3 + 5? for the first few
values of the index ?.
The resuiting terms
are 8 , 1 3 , 1 8 , 2 3 , . . . ,
which have a common
difference of 5.
103
(B )
L= 1
(C )
HI
(3 + 5:)?
(D )
1110
2220
Soiution
= 3 + 5 (1 ) = 8
identify first term ,
%20 = 3 + 5 (2 0 ) = 103
identify iast term .
$20 = 2 0 ( 8 + ^
W rite ruie fo r S^,,, substituting 8 fo r
and 103 fo r o^Q.
Simpiify.
1110
F T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is C . ( 5 ) (B ) (B ) (B)
Use an arithmetic sequence and series in reai iife
EXAMPLE
HOUSE OF CARDS Y o u a r e m a k i n g a
h o u s e o f c a r d s s i m i la r to t h e o n e s h o w n .
first row
a. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e n u m b e r o f c a r d s
in t h e n t h r o w i f t h e t o p r o w is r o w 1.
b. W h a t is t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f c a r d s i f
t h e h o u s e o f c a r d s h a s 14 r o w s ?
Sotution
a.
S t a r t i n g w i t h t h e t o p ro w , t h e n u m b e r s o f c a r d s in t h e r o w s a r e 3, 6, 9,
1 2 , . . . . T h e s e n u m b e r s f o r m a n a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e w i t h a f ir s t t e r m
o f 3 a n d a c o m m o n d if f e r e n c e o f 3. S o , a r u le fo r t h e s e q u e n c e is:
(n - l ) d
= 3 + (n -
1)3
Substitute 3 fo r a , and 3 fo r d.
Simpiify.
= 3n
b.
W rite g enerai ruie.
F in d t h e s u m o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e r ie s w i t h f ir s t t e r m
te rm
= 3 a n d la s t
= 3 (14 ) = 42.
T o ta l n u m b e r o f c a r d s =
Aigebra
Gu<DED PRACTKE
/ 12. + f2
= 14l
i 4p
+ 421
3^
at dasszone.com
12
5. F in d t h e s u m o f t h e a r i t h m e t i c s e r ie s ^ ( 2 + 7 :).
1
6. WHAT <F? I n E x a m p le 6, w h a t is t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f c a r d s i f t h e h o u s e o f
c a rd s h a s 8 ro w s?
1 2 .2
Analyze Arithmetic Sequ en ces and Series
805
12 2 EXERCISES
HOMEWORK
KEY

Exs. 2, 29, 39, 52, and 68

Ex. 66
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : T h e c o n s t a n t d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n
c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e is c a l l e d t h e
? .
2. A WR)T)NC E x p la in t h e d if f e r e n c e b e t w e e n a n a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e a n d a n
a r it h m e t ic s e r ie s .
EXAMPLE 1
!DENT)FYiNG ARiTHMETK SEQUENCES Tell w h e th e r th e se q u e n ce is a rith m e tic.

Exp/am w h y o r w h y not.
on p. 802
for Exs. 3-11
3. 1, - 2 , - 5 , - 8 , - 1 1 , . . .
4. 16, 14, 11, 6, 3 , . . .
5. 5, 1 4 , 2 3 , 3 2 , 4 1 , . . .
6. - 1 0 , - 7 , - 5 , - 2 , 0 , . . .
7. 0.5, 1, 1.5 , 2, 2 . 5 , . . .
8. 20, 10, 5, 2 .5 , 1 .2 5 ,.
EXAMPLE 2
1 A 3 -A -5
4' 4' 4'
4'
4'
]0.
4 8
16
11
'
1 2
2'
'2 '
'2 " "
WRtTING RULES W rite a ru ie fo r th e n th term o f th e a rith m e tic se q u en ce . T h en

fin d u
* 20 *
on p. 803
for Exs. 12-22
12 . 1, 4, 7, 10, 1 3 , . . .
@
- 3 , - ] , ] . 3 . 5.
..
13 . 5, 1 1 ,1 7 , 2 3 , 2 9 , . . .
14 . 8, 2 1, 34 , 47, 6 0 , . . .
16 . 6, 2, - 2 , - 6 , - 1 0 ___
1 7 . 2 5, 14, 3, - 8 , - 1 9 , . .
19 . 2
iH
3.
g - 1b g, . . .
20. 1.5 , 3.6, 5.7, 7.8, 9 .9 ,.
ERROR ANALYSiS D escribe a n d co rre c t th e e rro r in w r itin g th e r u le fo r th e nth

term o f th e a rith m e tic se q u en ce 37, 2 4 ,1 1 , 2, 15 .........
21 .
22.
Use a^ = 37 and d = 13.
The firs t term is 37 and the

common difference is 13.
a n = a,1 + nd
a = - 1 3 + (n - 1)(37)
a^ = 37 + n (-1 3 )
a = 5 0 + 37n
a = 37 - 13n
EXAMPLE 3
on p 803
for Exs. 23-29
WRITING RULES W rite a r u ie fo r th e n th term o f th e a rith m e tic se q u en ce . T h e n gra p h th e firstsix X e rm s o f th e se q u en ce.

23. a ^ = 52 , d = 5
24 . a g = - 1 6 , d = 9
2 5 . a = 96, d = - 1 4
26. a ^ = 3, d = 7
2 7 . a ^ = 30, d = ^
28. a ^ = y -
29. -A MULTiPLE CHOKE F o r a c e r t a in a r it h m e t ic s e q u e n c e , a ^ = 5 7 a n d ri = 4.

W h a t is a r u ie fo r t h e n th t e r m o f t h e s e q u e n c e ?
806
Chapter 12
(A )
a^ = - 6 3 - 4 n
(5)
a^ = - 6 3 + 4n
Seau en ces and Series
(B )
a = - 5 9 - 4n
a
= - 5 9 + 4n
= " y
EXA M PLE 4
on p. 804
for Exs. 30-39
WR!T!NG RULES W rite a r u ie fo r th e nth term o f th e a rith m e tic se q u en ce th a t

h a s th e tw o g iv en term s.
30.
a^ = 3 1 , a ^ = 85
3 1.
32.
<3g = 39, a ^ = 79
= - 2 , a ^ = 40
33. afg = - 1 0 , %2o = " 5 8
34. %g = 89, a ^ = 13 7
3 5 . <32= 17, a ^ = 35
36. rty = 4, a ^ = - 9
37.
38. <2g = 0, a ^ = 2
< 3 g = 1 5 ,% g = 24
39. * MULTIPLE CHOKE F o r a c e r t a in a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e , <2g = - 6 a n d

= - 4 8 . W h a t is a r u le fo r t h e n t h t e r m o f t h e s e q u e n c e ?
(A )
a = 18 + 6rr
(B )
a = 3 0 - 6 a
(C )
n = - 6 + 247!
(B )
a^ = - 3 6 - 6 a
EXAMPLE 5
FiNDiNG SUMS F in d th e su m o f th e a rith m e tic series.
on p. 805
for Exs. 4 0 -4 8
40 .
18
10
X (1 + 3:')
f= 1
44.
X ( - 9 + llf)
:= l
45.
X (72 - 6:1
: = 3
46. 2 + 6 + 10 + -
+ 58
(14 - 6:1
14
22
43 .
4 2.
X ( - 3 - 2t)
X (-5 4
:=5
+ 9:')
4 8 . 4 4 + 3 7 + 30 +
4 7 . - 1 + 4 + 9 + - - - + 34
+ 2
USiNG GRAPHS W rite a ru le fo r th e se q u en ce w h o se g ra p h is sh o w n .

49.
51.
50.
*(4,17)
1)
-2
4-;
'
'(3
,7
<7
- -
4)
!
-2
<!
1
M b -3)
M2,-5)
7)
i i , 2)
'(3,-7)
1C )
M4 , - 9 )
' !
52 . * WRiTiNG C o m p a r e t h e g r a p h o f a^ = 3 n + 2, w h e r e a is a p o s it iv e in te g e r ,
w ith th e g r a p h o f / M
= 3 x + 2, w h e r e x is a r e a l n u m b e r . D i s c u s s h o w t h e
g r a p h o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e is s i m iia r to a n d d if f e r e n t f r o m t h e g r a p h o f
a l i n e a r f u n c t io n .
REASONiNG Teii w h e th e r th e sta tem e n t is fr a e o r/ a lse . E x p la in y o u r an sw er.

53 . I f t h e c o m m o n d if f e r e n c e o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e r ie s is d o u b le d w h i l e t h e f ir s t
t e r m a n d n u m b e r o f t e r m s i n t h e s e r ie s r e m a in u n c h a n g e d , t h e n t h e s u m o f
t h e s e r ie s is d o u b le d .
54 . I f t h e n u m b e r s a , &, a n d c a r e t h e fir s t t h r e e t e r m s o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e ,
t h e n h is h a l f t h e s u m o f a a n d c.
SOLViNG EQUATIONS F ind th e v a iu e o f n.

55.
58.
6 1.
6 2.
X (-5
;= l
+ 7:) = 486
X (5 5 :)
:= i
= 50
56 .
59 .
X (10
X (-3
- 3:') = - 2 8
- 4:') = - 5 0 7
; = 3
57.
60.
X (58 - 8;') = - 1 1 5 0
;= 1
X (7 +
12 :) = 4 55
: = 5
REASONiNG F in d t h e s u m o f a l l p o s it iv e o d d in t e g e r s le s s t h a n 300.
CHALLENGE T h e n u m b e r s 3 - x , x , a n d 1 3 x a r e t h e f ir s t t h r e e t e r m s in a n
a r it h m e t ic s e q u e n c e . F in d t h e v a lu e o f x a n d t h e n e x t t e r m in t h e s e q u e n c e .
1 2 .2
Analyze Arithmetic Sequ ences and Series
807
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EXA M PLE
6 3 . HONEYCOMBS D o m e s t i c b e e s m a k e t h e ir h o n e y c o m b
on p. 805
for Exs. 63-65
b y s t a r t i n g w i t h a s in g le h e x a g o n a l c e ll, t h e n f o r m i n g
r in g a ft e r r in g o f h e x a g o n a l c e lls a r o u n d t h e in i t ia l
c e ll, a s s h o w n . T h e n u m b e r s o f c e lls in s u c c e s s i v e r in g s
fo rm a n a rith m e tic s e q u e n c e .
a. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e n u m b e r o f c e lls in t h e n t h r in g .
b. W h a t is t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f c e lls in t h e h o n e y c o m b
Initial
cell
1 ring
2 rings
a ft e r t h e 9 t h r i n g is fo r m e d ? (H in t; D o n o t f o r g e t to
c o u n t t h e in i t i a l c e ll.)
@ M M ne7M tor
64. MARCHTNG BAND A m a r c h in g b a n d is a r r a n g e d in 7 r o w s . T h e f ir s t r o w h a s

3 b a n d m e m b e r s , a n d e a c h r o w a ft e r t h e f ir s t h a s 2 m o r e b a n d m e m b e r s
t h a n t h e r o w b e f o r e it. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e n u m b e r o f b a n d m e m b e r s in t h e
n t h ro w . T h e n f i n d t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f b a n d m e m b e r s .
@ M rm e7M tO f
6fh) SCULPTURE S o l L e W itt's s c u lp t u r e F o n r-.S id ed P y r a m id in t h e N a t io n a l

G a lle r y o f A r t S c u lp t u r e G a r d e n is m a d e o f c o n c r e t e b lo c k s . A s s h o w n in t h e
d ia g r a m , e a c h la y e r h a s 8 m o r e v is ib le b lo c k s t h a n t h e la y e r in f r o n t o f it.
a. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e n u m b e r o f v is i b l e b lo c k s in t h e n t h la y e r w h e r e n = 1
r e p r e s e n t s t h e f r o n t la y e r.
b. W h e n y o u v i e w t h e p y r a m id f r o m o n e c o r n e r , a t o t a l o f 12 la y e r s a r e
v is ib le . H o w m a n y o f t h e p y r a m i d 's b lo c k s a r e v is ib le ?
66.
MULTIPLE REPRESENTATTONS T h e d i s t a n c e D (in fe e t) t h a t a n o b je c t

f a l l s in f s e c o n d s c a n b e m o d e le d b y D ( f) = 16f^.
a. M aking a Tabie L e t d (n ) r e p r e s e n t t h e d i s t a n c e t h e o b j e c t f a lls in t h e

n th s e c o n d . M a k e a t a b le o f v a lu e s s h o w in g d ( l ) , d (2 ), d (3 ), a n d d (4 ).
(H in t; T h e d i s t a n c e d ( l) t h a t t h e o b j e c t f a lls in t h e f ir s t s e c o n d is
D ( l) - D ( 0 ) .)
b. W riting a Ruie W r ite a r u le fo r t h e s e q u e n c e o f d i s t a n c e s g iv e n b y d (n ).

c. D rawing a Graph G r a p h t h e s e q u e n c e fr o m p a r t (b ).
6 7 . ENTERTATNMENT D u r in g a h i g h s c h o o l s p ir it w e e k , s t u d e n t s d r e s s u p
in c o s t u m e s . A c a s h p r i z e is g iv e n e a c h d a y to t h e s t u d e n t w i t h t h e b e s t
c o s t u m e . T h e o r g a n i z i n g c o m m i t t e e h a s $1000 to g iv e a w a y o v e r f iv e d a y s .
T h e c o m m i t t e e w a n t s to in c r e a s e t h e a m o u n t o f t h e p r i z e b y $ 50 e a c h d a y .
H o w m u c h s h o u ld t h e c o m m i t t e e g iv e a w a y o n t h e f ir s t d a y ?
O
808
= WORKED-OUT SOLUTTONS
on p. WS1
= STANDARD!ZED
TEST PRACTTCE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATTONS
68. * EXTENDED RESPONSE A p a p e r t o w e l m a n u f a c t u r e r s e lls p a p e r t o w e ls

r o lle d o n t o c a r d b o a r d d o w e ls . T h e t h i c k n e s s o f t h e p a p e r is 0.004 in c h .
T h e d ia m e t e r o f a d o w e l is 2 in c h e s , a n d t h e t o t a l d ia m e t e r o f a r o ll is
5 in c h e s .
d (in.)
f(in.)
2 ir
a . Calculate L e t n b e t h e n u m b e r o f t i m e s t h e p a p e r t o w e l is w r a p p e d
a r o u n d t h e d o w e l, le t d^ b e t h e d ia m e t e r o f t h e r o ll j u s t b e f o r e t h e
n t h w r a p , a n d le t
b e t h e l e n g t h o f p a p e r a d d e d in t h e n t h w r a p .
C o p y a n d c o m p le t e t h e t a b le .
b. Model W h a t k in d o f s e q u e n c e is
^< - - - ? W r it e a r u le fo r t h e
n th te rm o f th e s e q u e n c e .
c. Apply F in d t h e n u m b e r o f t im e s t h e p a p e r m u s t b e w r a p p e d a r o u n d
t h e d o w e l to c r e a t e a r o ll w i t h a 5 in c h d ia m e t e r . U s e y o u r a n s w e r a n d
t h e r u le f r o m p a r t (b) to f i n d t h e l e n g t h o f p a p e r in a r o ll w i t h a 5 in c h
d ia m e t e r .
d. Interpret S u p p o s e a r o ll w i t h a 5 i n c h d ia m e t e r c o s t s $ 1.5 0 . H o w m u c h
w o u l d y o u e x p e c t to p a y fo r a r o ll w i t h a 7 in c h d ia m e t e r w h o s e d o w e l
a ls o h a s a d ia m e t e r o f 2 in c h e s ? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g a n d a n y
a s s u m p t io n s y o u m a k e .
69. CHALLENGE A t h e a t e r h a s n r o w s o f s e a t s , a n d e a c h r o w h a s d m o r e s e a t s
t h a n t h e r o w in f r o n t o f it. T h e r e a r e x s e a t s in t h e la s t (n th ) r o w a n d a t o t a l
o f y s e a t s in t h e e n t ir e t h e a t e r . H o w m a n y s e a t s a r e in t h e f r o n t r o w o f t h e
th e a te r ? W r ite y o u r a n s w e r in t e r m s o f n, x , a n d y.
MtXED REV!EW
PREViEW
Prepare for
Lesson 12.3
in Exs. 7 0 -8
So lve th e eq u a tio n .
70.
x '^ = 7
(p. 452)
73.
3x^5 - 4
= 5
76.
6* = 216
79.
IQ S* + i + 5 =
(p. 452)
)p. 515)
19
fp. 515)
36
71.
x ^
74.
(x +
77.
5* = 32
80.
7*
)p. 452)
72.
6 x ^
75.
(X -
(p. 515)
78.
10^* -
6 == 1 2
(p. 515)
49* - 8 ^
81.
34 *
= 729*
(p. 515)
10 )^
3 =
= 5
)p. 452)
= 19 (p. 452)
3 )3 '" = 6 4
+i
(p. 452)
F ind th e m ea n , m e d ia n , an d m o d e o f th e d a ta set. (p. 744)
6, 6, 6, 8, 9
82.
5,
84.
8 2 , 81, 9 2 , 8 0 , 7 5, 8 3 , 9 2 , 9 2
86. 3 .1 ,1 .9 , 2 .6 , 1.9, 2 .5 , 2.8 , 3 .5
83.
3 2 ,3 6 ,3 8 , 43, 43, 45, 46
85.
- 3 , - 4 , - 1, 5 , - 2 , - 5 , 1
8 7 . 2 .5 , 6.7, 3 .8 , 4 .2 , 5 .2 , 1 . 8 , 0.9
88. CRAFT FAIR Y o u a r e s e l l in g h a n d m a d e h a t s a n d s c a r v e s a t a c r a f t f a ir . Y o u

c h a r g e $ 16 fo r e a c h h a t a n d $ 18 fo r e a c h s c a r f . Y o u s e ll a t o t a l o f 42 it e m s a t
t h e c r a f t f a i r a n d y o u r r e v e n u e is $ 710 . H o w m a n y h a t s d id y o u s e ll? (p. 160)
E X T R A PRA C TtCE
ONL!NE Q U !Z
at classzone.com
809
Anaiyze Geometric
You studied a rith m e tic s e q u e n c e s an d series.
You wilt study g e o m e tric s e q u e n c e s an d series.
So you ca n so lv e p ro b iem s a b o u t sp o rts to u rn a m e n ts, a s in Ex. 5 8 .
Key Vocabuiary
In a g e o m e tric seq u en ce, t h e r a t io o f a n y t e r m to t h e p r e v i o u s t e r m is c o n s t a n t .
* g e o m etric seq u en ce
T h is c o n s t a n t r a t io is c a l l e d t h e co m m o n ra tio a n d is d e n o t e d b y r.
* co m m o n ratio
* geo m etric series
identify geometric sequences
EXAMPLE 1
Teil w h e th e r th e se q u en ce is g eo m etric.
a.
4 ,1 0 ,1 8 ,2 8 ,4 0 ,...
b. 625, 1 2 5 ,2 5 ,5 , 1 , . . .
S o iu tio n
T o d e c id e w h e t h e r a s e q u e n c e is g e o m e t r ic , f in d t h e r a t io s o f c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s .
d8
28
18
10
a.
40
28
10
7
^ T h e r a t io s a r e d if f e r e n t , so t h e s e q u e n c e is n o t g e o m e t r ic .
.
25
125
^2 _ 125
*< ^
625
^ E a c h r a t io is
GutDED PRACTKE
25
so t h e s e q u e n c e is g e o m e t r ic .
fo r E x a m p ie 1
Teii w h e th e r th e se q u en ce is g eo m e tric . E x p la in w h y o r w h y not.

1.
81, 27, 9, 3, 1 , . . .
2. 1, 2, 6, 24, 1 2 0 ,...
3. - 4 , 8, -1 6 , 32, - 6 4 ,
KEY CONCEPT
Ruie for a G eom etric Sequence
Aigebra
T h e n th t e r m o f a g e o m e t r ic s e q u e n c e w i t h f ir s t t e r m
and
c o m m o n r a t io r is g iv e n b y :
Exampie
T h e n t h t e r m o f a g e o m e t r i c s e q u e n c e w i t h a f ir s t t e r m o f 3 a n d
c o m m o n r a t io 2 is g iv e n b y :
n = 3 ( 2 ) " - '
810
Chapter 12
Write a ruie for the nth term
EXAMPLE 2
W rite a r u ie fo r th e n th te rm o f th e se q u en ce. T h en fin d m,.

a.
b. 15 2 , - 7 6 , 38, - 1 9 , . . .
4, 20, 100, 5 0 0 , . . .
S o tu tio n
a.
T h e s e q u e n c e is g e o m e t r ic w i t h f ir s t t e r m <^ = 4 a n d c o m m o n r a tio
r = = 5. S o , a r u le fo r t h e n th t e r m is:
4
AVOID ERRORS
W rite generai ruie.
In the gen eral rule for
Substitute 4 fo r tq and 5 fo r r.
= 4 (5 )
a geom etric sequ en ce,

note that the e xp o n en t
Is n - 1, not n.
= 4 (5)G -" r =
62,500.
T h e 7 t h t e r m is
b.
T h e s e q u e n c e is g e o m e t r ic w i t h f ir s t t e r m
r =
152
S o , a r u le fo r t h e n th t e r m is:
2
n- 1
1
15 2 -
= 15 2 a n d c o m m o n r a tio

H -
Substitute 152 fo r
and - y fo r n
T h e 7 t h t e r m is n -
EXAM PLE
Write a ruie given a term and common ratio
O ne term o f a g e o m e tric se q u en ce is
= 12. T h e c o m m o n ra tio is r = 2.
a. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e n th te r m .
b. G r a p h t h e s e q u e n c e .
S o tu tio n
a. U s e t h e g e n e r a l r u le to f in d t h e f ir s t te r m .
W rite g enerai ruie.
.4 - 1
Substitute 4 fo r n.
12 = rq(2)3
Substitute 12 fo r o and 2 fo r r.
1.5 = n.
Soive fo r o ,.
So, a r u le fo r t h e n t h t e r m is:

Substitute 1.5 fo r o , and 2 for r
= 1 .5 ( 2 ) " *
b . C r e a t e a t a b le o f v a l u e s fo r t h e s e q u e n c e . T h e g r a p h
o f t h e f ir s t 6 t e r m s o f t h e s e q u e n c e is s h o w n . N o t ic e
t h a t t h e p o in t s lie o n a n e x p o n e n t ia l c u r v e . T h is is
t r u e fo r n n y g e o m e t r i c s e q u e n c e w it h r > 0.
n
<
1.5
12
24
48
'
a t cla s s z o n e .co m
1 2 .3
Analyze G eom etric Sequ ences and Series
811
Write a ruie given two terms
Two term s o f a g e o m e tric se q u e n ce a re a - = - 4 8 a n d a - = 3072. F ind a

ru le fo r th e n th term .
S o iu tio n
F7BP 7
W rite a system o f equ ation s u sin g a = a .r "

(Equation 1) and th en 6 for a (Equation 2).
1 1
a^ = a ^ " i
-4 8 = a ^
Equation 1
3072 = a ^
Equation 2
"48
Soive th e system .
Soive Equation 1 for a^.
3072 - "4 8 (r5)
Substitute for a^ in Equation 2.
r
3072 = -48 r*
Simpiify.
-4 = r
Soive for r.
- 4 8 = a ^ -4 )^
Substitute for r in Equation 1.
3 = a^
Find a rule for a^.
GUiDED PRACTKE
* and su b stitu tin g 3 for a
Soive for a^.
a^ = a ^ " * *
Write generai ruie.
a = -3 (-4 )"-^
Substitute for a^ and r.
fo r E xam ptes 2, 3, and 4
W rite a r u le fo r th e n th term o f th e g e o m e tric se q u en ce . T h e n fin d %g.

4.
3 ,1 5 , 75, 3 7 5 , . . .
5. ag = 96, r = 2
6. ^
= 12 , a^ =
GEOMETRK SER!ES T h e e x p r e s s io n f o r m e d b y a d d in g t h e t e r m s o f a g e o m e t r ic
s e q u e n c e is c a l i e d a g e o m e tric series. T h e s u m o f t h e f ir s t a t e r m s o f a g e o m e t r i c
s e r ie s is d e n o t e d b y
Y o u c a n d e v e io p a r u le fo r
= <?! + a ^ + a ^
-rS ^ =
+ a ^
a s fo llo w s .
+ a^
- a ^ - a ^ ^ - a^*^
5^(1 - r) = a^ +
0 +
S o , S ^ (l - r) = a j l - r" ). I f r # 1, y o u c a n d iv id e e a c h s id e o f t h is e q u a t io n b y
1 - r to o b t a in t h e f o llo w in g r u le fo r S^.
KEY CONCEPT
The Sum of a Finite G eom etric Series
1-
T h e s u m o f t h e f ir s t a t e r m s o f a g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s w i t h c o m m o n r a t io r # 1 is:
i3
**
T!
f
812
Chapter 12
Sequ en ces and Series
/1r"
= a,^
Find the sum of a geometric series
EXAMPLE 5
16
F in d th e su m o f th e g e o m e tric se ries X, 4 ( 3 ) ''

f= 1
identify first term .
a ^ = 4 ( 3 ) '* i = 4
identify com m on ratio.
r = 3
W rite ruie fo r S,g.
t!
Substitute 4 fo r
\ l - 3 /
= 86,0 93,440
and 3 fo r r.
Simpiify.
^ T h e s u m o f t h e s e r ie s is 86,0 9 3,4 40 .
EXAM PLE
Use a geometric sequence and series in reai iife
MOViE REVENUE In 1990, t h e t o t a i b o x o f f ic e

r e v e n u e a t U .S . m o v i e t h e a t e r s w a s a b o u t
$5.02 b i llio n . F r o m 19 9 0 t h r o u g h 2003, t h e
t o t a l b o x o f f ic e r e v e n u e in c r e a s e d b y a b o u t
5 .9 % p e r y e a r .
a. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e t o t a l b o x o f f ic e
reven u e
(in b i ll i o n s o f d o lla r s ) in
te r m s o f th e y e a r. L e t n = 1
r e p r e s e n t 1990.
b. W h a t w a s th e to ta l b o x o ffic e re v e n u e
a t U .S . m o v i e t h e a t e r s fo r t h e e n t ir e
p e r io d 19 9 0 -2 0 0 3 ?
S o iu tio n
a. B e c a u s e t h e t o t a l b o x o f f i c e r e v e n u e in c r e a s e d b y t h e s a m e p e r c e n t
e a c h y e a r , t h e t o t a l r e v e n u e s f r o m y e a r to y e a r f o r m a g e o m e t r ic
seq u en ce. U se
= 5.0 2 a n d r = 1 + 0.059 = 1.0 5 9 to w r it e a r u le fo r
th e s e q u e n c e .
a = 5 .0 2 (1 .0 5 9 )" * '
W rite a ruie fo r o.
b. T h e r e a r e 14 y e a r s i n t h e p e r io d 19 9 0 -2 0 0 3 , s o f i n d S ^ .
r
Si4 -
- 5<02(
( 1 .0 5 9 ) 1 4 ^ 1 ^
1 Q 59 J - 105
^ T h e t o t a l m o v ie b o x o f f i c e r e v e n u e fo r t h e p e r i o d 19 9 0 -2 0 0 3 w a s a b o u t
$105 b illio n .
Gu!DED PRACTKE
fo r E x a m p ie s 5 a n d 6
8
7 . F in d t h e s u m o f t h e g e o m e t r i c s e r ie s ^ 6 ( - 2 ) ' " \
=I
8. MOViE REVENUE U s e t h e r u le in p a r t (a) o f E x a m p le 6 to e s t i m a t e t h e t o t a l
b o x o f f i c e r e v e n u e a t U .S . m o v ie t h e a t e r s in 2000.
1 2 .3
12.3 EXERCiSES
HOMEWORK
KEY
Q = WORKED-OUT SOLUTTONS

* = STANDARDTZED TEST PRACTICE
Exs. 2,27,54, 55, and 59

= MULTIPLE REPRESENTATTONS
Ex. 61
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : T h e c o n s t a n t r a t io o f c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s
in a g e o m e t r ic s e q u e n c e is c a l l e d t h e
? .
2. * WRITING H o w c a n y o u d e t e r m in e w h e t h e r a s e q u e n c e is g e o m e t r ic ?
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 810
for Exs. 3-14
EXAMPLE 2
on p. 811
for Exs. 15-27
TDENTTFYTNG GEOMETRTC SEQUENCES Tell w h e th e r th e se q u en ce is g eo m etric.

E x p lain w h y o r w h y not.
3. 1 , 4 , 8 , 1 6 , 3 2 , . .
4. 4, 16, 64, 2 5 6 , 1 0 2 4 , . . .
K 1 2. i 8. 1 6
' 3' 3' 3' 3' 3 " "
5. 2 1 6 , 3 6 , 6 , 1 , ^ ,
4 i 3. 2
2' ' 2' ' 2 "
'
- I 3_ - J L
- JL
4 '8 '
1 6 '3 2 '
6 4 "'
9.
10, 5, 2 .5 , 1.2 5 , 0 . 6 2 5 , . . .
10. - 3 , - 6 , 12 , 24, - 4 8 , . .
11.
- 4 , 12 , - 3 6 , 108, - 3 2 4 , .
12.
0.2, 0.6, 1.8, 5.4, 1 6 . 2 , . . .
13. - 5 , 10, 20, 40, 8 0 , . . .
14.
0 .7 5 ,1 .5 ,2 .2 5 ,3 ,3 .7 5 ,..
WRTTTNG RULES W rite a ru le fo r th e n th term o f th e g e o m e tric se q u en ce. T h en

fin d Hy.
15.
1, - 4 , 16, - 6 4 , . . .
16.
17.
18.
7, - 3 5 , 175, - 8 7 5 , . . .
21.
4, 2, 1, 0 . 5 , . . .
22.
- 0 .3 , 0 .6 ,- 1 .2 , 2 . 4 , . . .
23.
- 2 , - 0 . 8 , - 0 . 3 2 , - 0 .1 2 8 ,
24.
7, - 4 . 2 , 2 . 5 2 , - 1 . 5 1 2 , .
25.
5, - 1 4 , 3 9 .2 , - 1 0 9 . 7 6 , . .
26.
120, 180, 270, 4 0 5 , . . .
6, 18, 54 , 1 6 2 , . . .
90
2
' 2' 8' 3 2 "
4, 24, 144, 8 6 4 , . . .
a - 6 1 2 _ 24
'
5 '2 5 '
12 5"
"
27. * MULTTPLE CHOICE W h a t is a r u le fo r t h e n t h t e r m o f t h e g e o m e t r ic

s e q u e n c e 5, 20, 80, 3 2 0 , . . . ?
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 811
for Exs. 28-38
(g )
n = 5 (2 )"-*
(B )
n = 5 (4 )" -i
(E )
a = 5 ( - 4 ) " - '
(D )
n = 5 ( - 2 ) " - i
WRTTTNG RULES W rite a ru le fo r th e n th term o f th e g e o m e tric se q u e n ce rT h e n

g ra p h th e first six term s o f th e seq u en ce.
28. rq = 5, r = 3
29. n , = - 2 , r = 6
30. <3- = 6, r = 2
3 1 . a., = 15, r = ^
32.
33. n , = - 1 2 , r = - ^
34. n . = 75, r = 5
35. a? = 8, r = 4
= 1, r = I
36.
= 500, r = 5
ERROR ANALYSTS D escribe a n d co rre c t th e e rro r in w r itin g th e ru ie fo r th e n th

term o f th e g eo m etric se q u en ce fo r w h ich a , = 3 a n d r - 2.
38.
37.
a = ra.
a, = 3(2)"
814
Chapter 12
n-1
a, = 2(3)
n -
"
EXA M PLE 4
W R)T)NG RULES W rite a ru ie fo r th e a th te rm o f th e g e o m e tric se q u en ce th at
on p. 812
for Exs. 39-47
h as th e tw o g iv e n term s.
39.
^ = 3 ,^ = 1 2
40. ^ = l,C g = 6 2 5
41. ^ = - ^ , ^ = - 1 6
42.
a g = 10. a g = 2 70
43. ^ = - 4 0 ,
44. ^ = - 2 4 , ^ = 15 3 6
45.
a = 16 2 , ^ = 4 3 74
46. ^
= -10
47.
EXA M PLE 5
FtNDiNG SUMS F ind th e su m o f th e g e o m e tric series.
on p. 813
for Exs. 48-54
48. X 5 ( 2 ) ' * '
10
51.
50. X l 2 - ^
i=1
52.
i=1
= ^
^ 9 ) X 6 ( 4 ) '" ^
=1
241
= 6,
!=0
53.
X (-4 )'
54 .
* MULTIPLE CHOICE W h a t is t h e s u m o f t h e g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s ^ 2 (3 )' ^ ^?

i= i
(g )
19,680
(g )
19 ,6 8 1
(g )
19,682
(g )
19 ,68 3
5 5 . i t OPEN-ENDED MATH W r it e a g e o m e t r i c s e r ie s w i t h 5 t e r m s s u c h t h a t t h e
s u m o f t h e s e r ie s is 100. (H int.' C h o o s e a v a lu e o f r a n d t h e n f i n d a ,.)
56 . CHALLENGE U s in g t h e r u le fo r t h e s u m o f a f in it e g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s , w r it e
e a c h p o iy n o m i a i a s a r a t io n a i e x p r e s s io n .
a.
EXA M PLE 6
on p. 813
for Exs. 57-59
1 + x + x^ + x^ + x^
b. 3 x + 6x3
+ 24x^
5 7 . SKYDIVING In a s k y d i v i n g f o r m a t io n
w i t h R r in g s , e a c h r i n g a f t e r t h e f ir s t
h a s t w i c e a s m a n y s k y d iv e r s a s t h e
p r e c e d i n g r in g . T h e f o r m a t i o n fo r
R = 2 is s h o w n .
a . L e t a^ b e t h e n u m b e r o f
s k y d iv e r s in t h e n t h r in g .
F in d a r u le fo r a^.
b. F in d t h e t o t a i n u m b e r
o f s k y d iv e r s i f t h e r e a r e
R = 4 r in g s .
@ R o fn e 7 M to r
58. SOCCER A r e g i o n a l s o c c e r t o u r n a m e n t h a s 64 p a r t ic i p a t i n g t e a m s . In t h e
f ir s t r o u n d o f t h e t o u r n a m e n t , 32 g a m e s a r e p la y e d . In e a c h s u c c e s s iv e
r o u n d , t h e n u m b e r o f g a m e s p la y e d d e c r e a s e s b y o n e h a lf.
a . F in d a r u le fo r t h e n u m b e r o f g a m e s p la y e d i n t h e a t h r o u n d . F o r w h a t
v a lu e s o f a d o e s y o u r r u le m a k e s e n s e ?
b. F in d t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f g a m e s p la y e d in t h e r e g io n a l s o c c e r
to u rn a m e n t.
fo r problem solvin g help a f cla ssz o n e.co m
1 2.3
815
59^ * SHORT RESPONSE A b i n a r y s e a r c h t e c h n i q u e u s e d o n a c o m p u t e r in v o iv e s

j u m p i n g to t h e m id d ie o f a n o r d e r e d iis t o f d a t a ( s u c h a s a n a l p h a b e t i c a l lis t
o f n a m e s ) a n d d e c i d i n g w h e t h e r t h e it e m b e in g s e a r c h e d f o r is t h e r e . I f n o t,
t h e c o m p u t e r d e c id e s w h e t h e r t h e it e m c o m e s b e f o r e o r a f t e r t h e m id d le . H a lf
o f t h e lis t is ig n o r e d o n t h e n e x t p a s s , a n d t h e c o m p u t e r ju m p s to t h e m id d le
o f t h e r e m a in i n g lis t. T h is is r e p e a t e d u n t il t h e it e m is f o u n d .
in itia i d ata
First p a s s
S eco n d pass
Third p a s s
LH
H R Items to be searched
E 3 Items to be ignored
a. F in d a r u le fo r t h e n u m b e r o f it e m s r e m a i n i n g a f t e r t h e n t h p a s s
t h r o u g h a n o r d e r e d lis t o f 1024 it e m s .
b. In t h e w o r s t c a s e , t h e it e m to b e f o u n d is t h e o n l y o n e le f t in t h e lis t a ft e r
n p a s s e s t h r o u g h t h e lis t. W h a t is t h e w o r s t - c a s e v a l u e o f a fo r a b i n a r y
s e a r c h o f a lis t w i t h 1024 it e m s ? E x p la in .
60. FRACTALS T h e S ie r p in s b i c a r p e t is a f r a c t a l c r e a t e d u s in g s q u a r e s . T h e
p r o c e s s in v o lv e s r e m o v in g s m a lle r s q u a r e s f r o m l a r g e r s q u a r e s . F irs t,
d iv id e a la r g e s q u a r e in t o n i n e c o n g r u e n t s q u a r e s . R e m o v e t h e c e n t e r
s q u a r e . R e p e a t t h e s e s t e p s fo r e a c h s m a ll e r s q u a r e , a s s h o w n b e lo w .
A s s u m e t h a t e a c h s id e o f t h e i n it i a l s q u a r e is o n e u n it lo n g .
S ta g e l
Stage2
Stage3
a. L e t a^ b e t h e n u m b e r o f s q u a r e s r e m o v e d a t t h e n t h s t a g e . F in d a r u le
f o r a^. T h e n f i n d t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f s q u a r e s r e m o v e d t h r o u g h s t a g e 8.
b. L e t b^ b e t h e r e m a i n in g a r e a o f t h e o r ig i n a l s q u a r e a f t e r t h e n t h s ta g e .
F in d a r u le fo r b^. T h e n f i n d t h e r e m a i n i n g a r e a o f t h e o r i g in a l s q u a r e
a f t e r s t a g e 12 .
61. l^FMULTtPLE REPRESENTATIONS T w o c o m p a n i e s , c o m p a n y A a n d

c o m p a n y B, o f f e r t h e s a m e s t a r t i n g s a l a r y o f $20,000 p e r y e a r . C o m p a n y A
g iv e s a r a is e o f $1000 e a c h y e a r . C o m p a n y B g iv e s a r a i s e o f 4 % e a c h y e a r .
a. W riting Ruies W r ite r u le s g i v i n g t h e s a l a r ie s a^ a n d b^ in t h e n t h y e a r a t

c o m p a n i e s A a n d B, r e s p e c t iv e ly . T e ll w h e t h e r t h e s e q u e n c e r e p r e s e n t e d
b y e a c h r u le is a r it h m e tic , g e o m e tr ic , o r n eith e r.
b. D rawing Graphs G r a p h e a c h s e q u e n c e in t h e s a m e c o o r d in a t e p la n e .
c. Finding Sums F o r e a c h c o m p a n y , f in d t h e s u m o f w a g e s e a r n e d d u r i n g
t h e f ir s t 20 y e a r s o f e m p lo y m e n t .
d. Using Technoiogy U s e a g r a p h in g c a l c u la t o r o r s p r e a d s h e e t to f i n d a ft e r
h o w m a n y y e a r s t h e t o t a l a m o u n t e a r n e d a t c o m p a n y B is g r e a t e r t h a n
th e to ta l a m o u n t e a r n e d at c o m p a n y A .
O
816
on p. WS1
= STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTtCE
= MULTIPLE
REPRESENTATtONS
6 2. CHALLENGE O n J a n u a r y 1 o f e a c h y e a r , y o u d e p o s it $2000 i n a n in d iv i d u a l
r e t ir e m e n t a c c o u n t (IRA ) t h a t p a y s 5 % a n n u a i in t e r e s t . Y o u m a k e a t o t a i o f
30 d e p o s it s . H o w m u c h m o n e y d o y o u h a v e in y o u r I R A im m e d i a t e l y a f t e r
y o u m a k e y o u r la s t d e p o s it ?
M !X ED R EV !EW
G ra p h th e n u m b e rs on a n u m b er lin e . %?. 2)
1 2
1 ^ 5
63' 2 '9 '3 * 2 '6
6 4. \ 6 , - 3 , - y , - 1 , 5
6 5 . I p 2.7, - 1 . 8 , - 7 , - V 8
Soive th e eq u a tio n . C h e ck y o u r so iu tio n . (p. 589)

66.
67.
= 9
1 + X
CO
x -6
70.
PREViEW
Find th e su m o f th e series, (p. 794)
Prepare for
Lesson 12.4
in Exs. 72-77.
72.
10
68.
_18
X
1= 2
73.
+ 1)
74.
X 6:
;= 3
12
15
X (3: +
1= 7
4)
76.
2 _
5
3x
x + 4
7 1 . x + 16 =
75.
3
1 -
X (5 -
;= 1
x^
x - 8
:)
X(;= 5
77.
X
X 4 f
; = 4
Q U <Z /o r Lessons 7 2 .7 -7 2 .3
W rite th e n e xt term in th e se q u en ce . T h en w rite a ru ie fo r th e n th term . (p. 794)
1 . 1 , 3 , 5, 7 , . . .
Y
v\
4. 4, 16, 64, 2 5 6 , . . .
2. - 5 , 10, - 1 5 , 2 0 , . . .
J_ JL JL J * 20' 30' 40' 5 0 " "
5. 2, 6, 12 , 2 0 ,.
6. 9 , 3 6 , 8 1 , 1 4 4 , . . .
F ind th e su m o f th e series, (p. 794)

4
7.
X 2;'3
8.
9.
(k^ + 3)
W rite a r u ie fo r th e n th term
o f th e a rith m e tic o r g e o m e tric se q u e n ce . F ind
th e n fin d th e su m o f th e first 15 te rm s o f th e se q u en ce .
10. 1, 7, 13, 1 9 , . . . (p. 802)
11. I , 2 , 1 , 5 , . . . % . 802)
12. 5, 2, - 1 , - 4 , - 7 , . . . (p. 802)
13. 2, 8, 32, 1 2 8 , ...% ; . 810)
14. 2, j , , , . . . (p. 870)
15. - 3 , 15, - 7 5 , 3 7 5 , . . . (p. 870)
16. COLLEGE TLHTiON In 19 9 5, t h e a v e r a g e t u it io n a t a p u b li c c o l le g e in t h e

U n it e d S t a te s w a s $2057. F r o m 19 9 5 t h r o u g h 2002, t h e a v e r a g e t u i t i o n a t
p u b li c c o l le g e s i n c r e a s e d b y a b o u t 6 % p e r y e a r . W r it e a r u le f o r t h e a v e r a g e
t u it io n
in t e r m s o f t h e y e a r . L e t n = 1 r e p r e s e n t 19 9 5 . W h a t w a s t h e
a v e r a g e t u it io n a t a p u b l ic c o ll e g e in 2002? (p. 870)
12.3, p. 1021
817
!X E D
R E V !E V V c /P r o M e m S o fv F F M y
STATE TEST PRACTKE

Lessons 12.1-12.3
1. MULTt-STEP PROBLEM Y o u a c c e p t a jo b a s a n
4. OPEN-ENDED W r it e a n a r i t h m e t i c s e r ie s w it h
e n v ir o n m e n t a l e n g in e e r t h a t p a y s a s a l a r y o f
e ig h t t e r m s s u c h t h a t t h e s u m o f t h e s e r ie s
$45,000 i n t h e f ir s t y e a r . A f t e r t h e f ir s t y e a r ,
is 70.
y o u r s a l a r y in c r e a s e s b y 3 .5 % p e r y e a r .
a. W r ite a r u le g i v i n g y o u r s a l a r y a^ fo r y o u r
5. CRtDDED ANSWER P ie c e s o f c h a l k a r e s t a c k e d
in a p ile . P a r t o f t h e p ile is s h o w n b e lo w .
n t h y e a r o f e m p lo y m e n t .
b. W h a t w i ll y o u r s a l a r y b e d u r in g y o u r 5 th
y e a r o f e m p lo y m e n t ?
c. W h a t is t h e t o ta l a m o u n t y o u w i l l e a r n i f y o u
w o r k fo r t h e c o m p a n y fo r 30 y e a r s ?
2. EXTENDED RESPONSE A t a r g e t h a s r in g s t h a t
a r e e a c h 1 fo o t w id e .
T h e b o t t o m r o w h a s 15 p ie c e s o f c h a l k a n d t h e
1 ft
The 3 innermost
rings of the target
to p r o w h a s 6 p i e c e s o f c h a l k . E a c h r o w h a s o n e
le s s p ie c e o f c h a l k t h a n t h e r o w b e lo w it. H o w
m a n y p i e c e s o f c h a l k a r e in t h e p ile ?
6. SHORT RESPONSE A b u il d e r is c o n s t r u c t i n g a
a. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e a r e a o f t h e n t h r in g .
s t a ir c a s e fo r a d e c k . A t t h e f o o t o f t h e s t a ir c a s e ,
b. U s e s u m m a t io n n o t a t io n to w r it e a s e r ie s
t h e r e is a c o n c r e t e s la b t h a t is 2 in c h e s t a ll.
t h a t g iv e s t h e t o t a i a r e a o f a t a r g e t w it h
E a c h s t a ir is 7 in c h e s t a ll. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e
n r in g s .
h e ig h t o f t h e to p o f t h e n t h s ta ir . F in d t h e
c. E v a lu a t e y o u r e x p r e s s io n f r o m p a r t (b) w h e n
n = 1, 2, 4, a n d 8. W h a t e f f e c t d o e s d o u b lin g
h e ig h t o f t h e to p o f t h e 1 0 th s ta ir . E x p la in h o w
y o u c o u ld m o d i f y t h e r u le s o t h a t it g iv e s t h e
h e ig h t o f t h e b o t t o m o f t h e n t h s ta ir .
th e n u m b e r o f r in g s h a v e o n t h e a r e a o f t h e
ta r g e t?
7 . EXTENDED RESPONSE A s c ie n t is t is s t u d y in g
SHORT RESPONSE R e c t a n g u la r t a b le s a r e
p la c e d t o g e t h e r a lo n g t h e i r s h o r t e d g e s , a s
s h o w n in t h e d ia g r a m . W r ite a r u le fo r t h e
n u m b e r o f p e o p le t h a t c a n b e s e a t e d a r o u n d
n t a b le s . C o m p a r e t h e n u m b e r o f p e o p le
t h a t c a n b e s e a t e d a r o u n d n t a b le s in t h is
a rra n g e m e n t w ith th e n u m b e r th a t c a n b e
s e a t e d a r o u n d a t a b le s i f t h e s a m e t a b le s a r e
p la c e d t o g e t h e r a lo n g t h e ir lo n g e d g e s .
t h e r a d i o a c t i v e d e c a y o f P la tin u m -1 9 7 . T h e
s c ie n t is t s t a r t s w i t h a 66 g r a m s a m p le o f
P la t in u m - 1 9 7 a n d m e a s u r e s t h e a m o u n t
r e m a in in g e v e r y t w o h o u r s . T h e a m o u n t s
(in g r a m s ) r e c o r d e d a r e 66, 3 3 , 16 .5 , 8 . 2 5 , . . . .
a. Is t h i s s e q u e n c e a r it h m e tic , g e o m e tr ic , o r
n e ith e r? E x p ia in h o w y o u k n o w .
b. W r ite a r u le fo r t h e n t h t e r m o f t h e s e q u e n c e .
c. G r a p h t h e s e q u e n c e . D e s c r ib e t h e c u r v e o n
w h i c h t h e p o in t s lie .
d. A f t e r h o w m a n y h o u r s w i l l t h e s c ie n t is t fir s t
m e a s u r e a n a m o u n t o f P la t in u m - 1 9 7 t h a t is
le s s t h a n 1 g r a m ?
8. OPEN-ENDED W r ite a n a r i t h m e t i c s e r ie s a n d a
g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s s u c h t h a t b o t h s e r ie s h a v e fiv e
te r m s a n d t h e s a m e s u m .
818
Chapter 12
Sequ en ces and Series
'""^F"ÂCT!V!TY
1 2 .4 investigating an infinite
Geometric Series
M A T E R t A L S -scissors -paper
What is the sum of an infinite geometric series?

Y o u c a n illu s t r a t e a n i n f i n i t e g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s b y c u t t i n g a p ie c e o f p a p e r in t o
s m a ile r a n d s m a lle r p ie c e s .
Modei an infinite geometric series

S tart w ith a r e c ta n g u la r p iece o f p aper. D e fin e its a re a to b e 1 sq u a re u n it.
IF 7 P P 7 ] f / t r a c e r Mt A a V f
F o ld t h e p a p e r in h a l f a n d c u t
F o ld t h e p ie c e o f p a p e r y o u
R e p e a t S t e p s 1 a n d 2 u n t il y o u
a lo n g t h e fo ld . P la c e o n e h a l f
a r e h o ld in g i n h a l f a n d c u t
f in d it t o o d i f f i c u l t to fo ld a n d
o n a d e s k t o p a n d h o ld t h e
a lo n g t h e fo ld . P la c e o n e h a l f
c u t t h e p ie c e o f p a p e r y o u a r e
r e m a in in g h a lf.
o n t h e d e s k t o p a n d h o ld t h e
h o ld in g .
r e m a in i n g h a lf.
a r # a g T h e f ir s t p ie c e o f p a p e r o n t h e d e s k t o p h a s a n a r e a o f
Y s q u a r e u n it . T h e s e c o n d p ie c e h a s a n a r e a o f ^ s q u a r e u n it . W r ite t h e a r e a s
o f t h e n e x t t h r e e p ie c e s o f p a p e r . E x p la in w h y t h e s e a r e a s f o r m a g e o m e t r ic
sequ en ce.
F T iff F l M t A e A
Num ber o f pieces
Combined area
JL
2
1 + 1 = ?
2
4
C o p y a n d c o m p le t e t h e t a b le b y r e c o r d in g t h e
n u m b e r o f p ie c e s o f p a p e r o n t h e d e s k t o p a n d
t h e c o m b i n e d a r e a o f t h e p ie c e s a t e a c h s te p .
B a s e d o n y o u r t a b le , w h a t n u m b e r d o e s t h e c o m b i n e d a r e a o f t h e p ie c e s o f
p a p e r a p p e a r to b e a p p r o a c h in g ?
U s in g t h e f o r m u la fo r t h e s u m o f a f in it e g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s , w r i t e a n d s im p l if y
a r u le fo r t h e c o m b in e d a r e a 7 ^ o f t h e p i e c e s o f p a p e r a f t e r n c u t s . W h a t
h ap p en s t o ^ as n ^
o? /M.sh/y y o u r a n s w e r m a t h e m a t ic a ll y .
1 2 .4
Find Sums o f Infinite G eom etric Series
819
Find Sums of infinite

Geometric Series
You found th e su m s o f finite g e o m e tric serie s.
You wiii find th e su m s o f infinite g e o m e tric serie s.
m sn E ^
S o you ca n a n a iy z e a fra c ta l, a s in Ex. 4 2 .

- '
Key Vocabulary
* p a rtia l sum
..
o f t h e f ir s t n t e r m s o f a n i n f i n it e s e r ie s is c a l i e d a p a rtia l su m . T h e
T he sum
p a r t ia l s u m s o f a n i n f in it e g e o m e t r i c s e r ie s m a y a p p r o a c h a l i m i t i n g v a lu e .
Find partia) sums

C o n sid er th e in fin ite g e o m e tric se rie s + + + - ^ + +
. F in d an d
"
2
4
8
16
32
g ra p h th e p a rtia l su m s
fo r u = 1, 2, 3, 4, a n d 5. T h en d e scrib e w h a t h a p p en s
to S.. as n in cre a se s.
Solution
- ].0 - '1 ,
-c
S2 = y + i
= 0.75
0.88
S =1+1+1+
8
16
0
-(
0.94
'
.2
i
16
F ro m th e g rap h ,
5 n
32
a p p e a r s to a p p r o a c h 1 a s n in c r e a s e s ,
at classzone.com
SUMS OF INFINITE SERtES In E x a m p le 1, y o u c a n u n d e r s t a n d w h y 5^ a p p r o a c h e s 1

a s n in c r e a s e s b y c o n s id e r in g t h e r u le fo r
= a,
A s H in c r e a s e s , f y )
= 1 -
a p p r o a c h e s 0, s o
a p p r o a c h e s 1. T h e r e fo r e , 1 is d e f in e d to
b e t h e s u m o f t h e i n f in it e g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s in E x a m p le 1. M o r e g e n e r a lly , a s n
in c r e a s e s fo r a n y i n f i n i t e g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s w i t h c o m m o n r a t io r b e t w e e n - 1 a n d
1, t h e v a lu e o fS ^ = ^
820
Chapter 12
1 - r"
1 - 0
KEY CONCEPT
' The Sum of an infinite G eom etric Series
I
T h e s u m o f a n i n f i n i t e g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s w i t h f ir s t t e r m
is g iv e n b y
a n d c o m m o n r a t io r
p r o v id e d Irj < 1. I f Irj > 1, t h e s e r ie s h a s n o s u m .
Find sums of infinite geometric series

F in d th e su m o f th e in fin ite g e o m e tric series.
a.
b.
1 , 5 (0 .8 )'
;= 1
1-3. + JL-A7 +
4
16
64
S o iu tio n
b. F o r t h is s e r ie s , rq = 1 a n d r =
a . F o r t h is s e r ie s , ^ = 5 a n d r = 0.8.
S =
I - r
1 - 0 .8
= 25
- ( !)
'

AVOiD ERRORS
ifyou substitute 1 for o

and - 3 for r in the
formuiaS =
1 - r
, you
W hat is th e su m o f th e in fin ite g e o m e tric se rie s 1 - 3 + 9 - 2 7 + . . . 2
(5 )
(g )
(5 )
(D )
D o e s n o t e x is t
get an answer of S = i
for the sum. However,
this answer is not
correct because the sum
S o iu tio n
Y o u k n o w th a t a , = 1 a n d
= - 3 . So, r = ^ = - 3
1
I - 3 1 > 1. t h e s u m d o e s n o t e x is t .
'
'
form ula d o e s n o t a p p ly
w h e n lr l> 1 .
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is D . (A ) (B ) ( g ) (g )
GutDED PRACTKE
fo r E xam p ies 1 , 2, a nd 3
t. C o n s id e ,th e s e r ie s + ^
p a r t ia i s u m s
+ ^
^^
+ - - - . F in d a n d g r a p h t h e
fo r n = 1, 2, 3, 4, a n d 5. T h e n d e s c r i b e w h a t h a p p e n s to
as
n in c r e a s e s .
F ind th e su m o f th e in fin ite g e o m e tric series, i f it e x ists.

2.
H= 1
3.
'
1 2 .4
3 + A + JL +
+
4
16
64
Find Sums o f infinite G eom etric Series
821
Use an infinite series as a mode)
EXAMPLE 4
PENDULUMS A p e n d u lu m t h a t is r e le a s e d to s w in g f r e e l y t r a v e ls 18 in c h e s o n t h e
f ir s t s w in g . O n e a c h s u c c e s s i v e s w in g , t h e p e n d u l u m t r a v e ls 8 0 % o f t h e d is t a n c e
o f t h e p r e v io u s s w in g . W h a t is t h e t o t a l d i s t a n c e t h e p e n d u l u m s w in g s ?
S o iu tio n
T h e t o t a l d is t a n c e t r a v e le d b y t h e p e n d u l u m is:
d = 18 + 18(0.8) + 1 8 ( 0 .8 f + 18(0.8)3 + . . .
a.
W rite form uia fo r sum.
1 - r
18
1 - 0 .8
Substitute 18 fo r a , and 0 .8 fo r r.
i
Simpiify.
= 90
F T h e p e n d u lu m t r a v e ls a t o t a l d i s t a n c e o f 90 in c h e s , o r 7.5 fe e t.
Write a repeating decima! as a fraction

W rite 0 .2 4 2 4 2 4 ... as a fra c tio n in low est term s.
0 .2 4 2 4 2 4 ... = 24(0.01) + 24(0.01)2 + 2 4 (0.01)3 +
1- r
24(0.01)
1 - 0.01
W rite form uia fo r sum.
Substitute 24(0.01) fo r
0.24
0.99
Simpiify.
24
99
W rite as a quotient o f integers.
33
Reduce fraction to iow est term s.
F T h e r e p e a t in g d e c i m a l 0 .2 4 2 4 2 4 ... is ^
and 0.01 for r.
CutDED PRACTtCE
a s a f r a c t io n .
fo r E xam p ies 4 an d 5
5. WHAT !F? In E x a m p le 4, s u p p o s e t h e p e n d u l u m t r a v e ls 10 in c h e s o n its f ir s t

s w in g . W h a t is t h e t o t a l d i s t a n c e t h e p e n d u lu m s w in g s ?
W rite th e re p e a tin g d e cim a i as a fra ctio n in iow est term s.

6. 0 . 5 5 5 . . .
822
Chapter 12
7. 0 .7 2 7 2 7 2 ...
8. 0 .1 3 1 3 1 3 . ..
124 EXERCtSES
HOMEWORK
KEY

Exs. 2, 32, 34,39,40, and 41
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY C o p y a n d c o m p le t e : T h e s u m
i n f i n it e s e r ie s is c a l l e d a (n )
o f t h e f ir s t a t e r m s o f a n
? .
2. *W R 1T)N G E x p la in h o w to t e ll w h e t h e r t h e s e r ie s
EXAMPLE 1
on p. 820
for Exs. 3 -6
on p. 821
for Exs. 7-23
^h as a su m .
PARTtAL SUMS For th e g iv en series, fin d a n d g ra p h th e p a rtia i su m s

n = 1, 2 , 3 , 4 , a n d 5. D escrib e w h a t h a p p e n s to
as n in cre a se s.
3 ++ + +
EXAMPLES
2 and 3
X a^'
18
, 12
5
54
4. + + + + +
^ + ---
162
, 36 , 108
25
125
for
12
24
125 + 625 ^
4
4
324
625
FtNDtNG SUMS F ind th e su m o f th e in fin ite g e o m e tric se ries, if it ex ists.

7.
\73 - 1
X 8
8.
73= 1 \ 3
;- 1
12 .
X -6 i
r= l
'2
2 \F3 - 1
1 -5 (1
73 = 1
14.
< -1
15.
X9(4)^*'
r=r
19. ERROR ANALYSIS D e s c r ib e a n d c o r r e c t t h e
18.
I !!) '
X y
73 = 1 X
JO n - 1
3
7(3)"
n= 06
y
For this series, a,i = 1 and r = .
<?
e r r o r in f i n d i n g t h e s u m o f t h e i n f in i t e
V i7i"* t
g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s 2^
= d 2
5 =
1- r
^
1 - Z
1
_5
- - 2
FtNDtNG SUMS F ind th e su m o f th e in fin ite g e o m e tric series, i f it ex ists.

20. - 7 - 7 _
8
12
99
'1 5
EXAMPLE 5
on p. 822
for Exs. 24-32
i
9
18
2 1. ^ - _ 2 + J L - _ 2 - +
3
9
27
81
27 +
, 20 , J00
27
81
99
a -t- A -t- 25^ i 125

2
12
72
-I-----------
REWRITING DECIMALS W rite th e re p e a tin g d e c im a i as a fra c tio n in

iow est term s.
24. 0 .2 2 2 .. .
25. 0 .4 4 4 ...
26. 0 .1 6 1 6 1 6 ..
28. 3 2 .3 2 3 2 ...
29. 1 3 0 .1 3 0 1 3 0 ...
30. 0.090909.
(2 7^ 0 .6 2 5 6 2 5 6 2 5 ...
31. 0 .2 7 7 7 . ..
32. * MULTIPLE CHOKE W h i c h f r a c t i o n is e q u a l to t h e r e p e a t in g d e c i m a l

1 8 .1 8 1 8 . .. ?
1836
if
101
(S )
200
11
(B )
181
33. REASONtNG S h o w t h a t 0 .9 9 9 . .. is e q u a l to 1.
1 2 .4
Find Sums of Infinite Geom etric Series
823
34.
* OPEN-ENDED MATH F in d t w o i n f i n i t e g e o m e t r i c s e r ie s w h o s e s u m s a r e e a c h 5.
CHALLENGE S p e c ify th e v a iu e s o f % fo r w h ich th e g iv e n in fin ite g e o m e tric se ries

h as a su m . T h en fin d th e su m in term s o f x.
3 5. 1 + 4 x + 1 6 x
+ 64x
36.
6 + ^x + ^
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 4
3 7 . T!RE SWiNG A p e r s o n is g iv e n o n e p u s h o n a t ir e s w i n g a n d t h e n a llo w e d to
on p. 822
s w i n g fr e e ly . O n t h e f ir s t s w in g , t h e p e r s o n t r a v e ls a d i s t a n c e o f 14 fe e t . O n
for Exs. 3 7 -3 9
e a c h s u c c e s s iv e s w in g , t h e p e r s o n t r a v e ls 8 0 % o f t h e d i s t a n c e o f t h e p r e v i o u s
s w in g . W h a t is t h e t o t a l d is t a n c e t h e p e r s o n s w in g s ?
@ M M !)e7H tor
38. BUSINESS A c o m p a n y h a d a p r o f it o f $ 350 ,000 in its f ir s t y e a r . S in c e t h e n , t h e

c o m p a n y 's p r o f it h a s d e c r e a s e d b y 1 2 % p e r y e a r . I f t h i s t r e n d c o n t in u e s , w h a t
is a n u p p e r lim it o n t h e t o t a l p r o f it t h e c o m p a n y c a n m a k e o v e r t h e c o u r s e o f
its l if e t im e ? /M sfi/y y o u r a n s w e r u s i n g a n i n f i n i t e g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s .
@ M M n e 7 u tw
39.) * MULTIPLE CHOKE In 19 9 4 , t h e n u m b e r o f c a s s e t t e t a p e s s h ip p e d in t h e

U n it e d S t a te s w a s 3 4 5 m illio n . In e a c h s u c c e s s iv e y e a r , t h e n u m b e r d e c r e a s e d
b y a b o u t 2 1 .7 % . W h a t is t h e t o t a l n u m b e r o f c a s s e t t e s t h a t w i l l s h ip i n 19 94
a n d a ft e r i f t h i s t r e n d c o n t in u e s ?
(A ) 420 m il l io n
(B ) 440 m i ll io n
(C )
6 15 m i l l io n
(D)
1 5 9 b i llio n
40. * SHORT RESPONSE C a n t h e G r e e k h e r o A c h il l e s , r u n n i n g a t 20 fe e t

p e r s e c o n d , e v e r c a t c h u p to a t o r t o is e t h a t r u n s 10 f e e t p e r s e c o n d i f t h e
t o r t o is e h a s a 20 f o o t h e a d s ta r t? T h e G r e e k m a t h e m a t i c i a n Z e n o s a id n o .
H e r e a s o n e d a s fo llo w s :
Then, when Achiiies gets to

that spot, the tortoise wili
be 5 feet away.
When Achilles runs 20 feet,

the tortoise will be in a new
spot, 10 feet away.
Achiiies wili keep haiving

the distance but wili never
catch up to the tortoise.
In a c t u a lit y , lo o k in g a t t h e r a c e a s Z e n o d id , y o u c a n s e e t h a t b o t h t h e
d is t a n c e s a n d t h e t i m e s A c h il le s r e q u ir e d to t r a v e r s e t h e m f o r m i n f in i t e
g e o m e t r ic s e r ie s . U s in g t h e t a b le , s h o w t h a t b o t h s e r ie s h a v e f i n i t e s u m s .
D o e s A c h il le s c a t c h u p t o t h e t o r t o is e ? E x p la in .
Distance (ft)
Tim e (sec)
824
20
10
2.5
1.2 5
0.625
0.5
0.25
0.125
0.0625
0.03125
= W O R K E D -O U T S O L U T IO N S
o n p. W S1
= S T A N D A R D IZ E D
TEST PRA CTKE
4 1 . * EXTENDED RESPONSE A s t u d e n t d r o p s a r u b b e r
8 ft
b a d f r o m a h e ig h t o f 8 f e e t . E a c h t i m e t h e b a ll
h it s t h e g r o u n d , it b o u n c e s t o 7 5 % o f its p r e v io u s
6 ft
+
6 ft
4.5 ft
+
4.5 ft
h e ig h t .
a . H o w f a r d o e s t h e b a l l t r a v e l b e t w e e n t h e f ir s t
*!
a n d se co n d b o u n c e s? b e tw e e n th e se c o n d a n d
3.375 ft
+
3.375 ft
th ir d b o u n c e s ?
b. W r ite a n i n f i n it e s e r ie s to m o d e l t h e t o t a l
d is t a n c e t r a v e le d b y t h e b a ll, e x c l u d i n g t h e
it
2
d i s t a n c e t r a v e le d b e f o r e t h e f ir s t b o u n c e .
2.531
+
2.531
!i
!;
t!
;!
*:
!+
3
it
4
it
5
Bounce number
c. F in d t h e t o t a l d is t a n c e t r a v e le d b y t h e b a ll,
in c lu d in g t h e d i s t a n c e t r a v e le d b e f o r e t h e f ir s t
b oun ce.
S h o w t h a t i f t h e b a l l is d r o p p e d f r o m a h e ig h t o f h f e e t , t h e n t h e t o t a l
d i s t a n c e t r a v e le d b y t h e b a l l ( in c lu d in g t h e d i s t a n c e t r a v e le d b e f o r e t h e
f ir s t b o u n c e ) is 77i f e e t .
42. CHALLENGE T h e S ie r p m s P : t r ia n g le is a f r a c t a l c r e a t e d u s in g e q u il a t e r a l
t r i a n g le s . T h e p r o c e s s in v o lv e s r e m o v i n g s m a lle r t r i a n g l e s f r o m la r g e r
t r i a n g le s b y j o i n i n g t h e m id p o i n t s o f t h e s id e s o f t h e la r g e r t r i a n g le s a s
s h o w n b e lo w . A s s u m e t h a t t h e i n i t ia l t r ia n g l e h a s a n a r e a o f 1 s q u a r e u n it .
AAAA
/ \ A
AAAA
A AAAAAA4
AAA
Stage 2
Stage 3
Stage 1
a. L e t r q b e t h e t o t a l a r e a o f a ll t h e t r ia n g l e s t h a t a r e r e m o v e d a t s t a g e n.
W r ite a r u le fo r
b . F in d ^
rq.
a . W h a t d o e s y o u r a n s w e r m e a n in th e c o n te x t o f th is
n = l "
p ro b le m ?
MIXED REV!EW
F ind th e in d ica te d p ro b ab iiity. (p. 707)
43.
PREV!EW
Prepare for
Lesson 12.5
in Exs. 46-57.
44. P (A ) = _JL
4 5 . P (A ) = 0.2
P (B ) = _ ? _
P (B ) = 0 .17
P (B ) = 0.4
P (A o r B) = 8 2 %
P (A o r B ) = 0.6
P ( A o r B ) = 0.5
P (A a n d B) = 1 1 %
P (A a n d B) == 0.03
P (A a n d B ) =
P (A ) = 3 2 %
W rite a r u ie fo r th e n th term a^ o f th e a rith m e tic se q u e n ce w ith co m m o n

d iffe re n c e d o r th e g e o m e tric se q u e n ce w ith c o m m o n ra tio r.
46. d = 5, rq = 2 (p. 802)
49.
d = -7,
= - 8 (p. 802)
52.
r = 2 .5 ,
= 25
55.
r = 6 ,a ^ =
(p. 810)
24fp.810)
47.
d = 8, rq = - 2 7 (p. 802)
48.
d = - 1 8 , %g = 72 (p. 802)
50.
d = 6 .5 , rq = 92 (p. 802)
51.
d = - 1 .5 ,
53.
r = - 3 , <q, = - 1 8 (p. 810)
54.
r = - 0 . 2 5 , rq = 4 0 .5 (p. 810)
56.
r = 0 . 7 5 , % g = 30 (p. 810)
57.
r = 4, r q = 12 8 (p. 810)
E X T R A P R A C T ! C E f o r L e s s o n l 2 . 4 , p. 1021
= 4 (p. 802)
ONUNEQU!Z at dasszone.com
825
2%3rACT!V!TY
F n v M fM y a fM M ?
@M?me7ufor
d asszon e.co m
Keystrokes
1 2 .5 Expioring Recursive Ruies

M A T E R f A L S - computer with spreadsheet program
How can you evaiuate a recursive ruie fo r a sequence?
A recMrsm e rn/e fo r a s e q u e n c e g iv e s t h e b e g i n n i n g t e r m o r t e r m s o f t h e s e q u e n c e
a n d t h e n a n e q u a t io n r e la t in g t h e n t h t e r m
F o r e x a m p ie , t h e r u ie
= 4,
to o n e o r m o r e p r e c e d i n g t e r m s .
_ ^ + 7 d e f in e s a s e q u e n c e r e c u r s iv e ly .
Find te rm s o f a sequence given by a recursive ruie

Find th e first eig h t term s o f th e se q u en ce d e fin e d b y
W hat typ e o f seq u en ce does th is ru ie rep resen t?
= 4,
^ + 7.
E n te r t h e v a iu e o f a , in to
E n te r t h e f o r m u la " = A l + 7 " in to
c e il A l .
c e ll A 2 .
U s e t h e /N/ rfo w n c o m m a n d
to c o p y t h e r e c u r s iv e e q u a t io n
in to t h e r e s t o f c o l u m n A .
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A2
]
I-?7!6P4[
= A1 + 7
A
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
A8
C
-A 7 + 7
A
4
11
1
2
4
11
CO
4
[
00
A1
4
5
6
7
8
25
32
39
46
53
ferwM <MM%
T h e f ir s t e ig h t t e r m s o f t h e s e q u e n c e a r e 4, 11, 18, 2 5, 3 2 , 39, 46, a n d 53 . T h is

s e q u e n c e is a n a r it h m e t ic s e q u e n c e b e c a u s e t h e d if f e r e n c e o f c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s
is a lw a y s 7.
Use yo ur observations to compiete these exercises

1. F in d t h e f ir s t e ig h t t e r m s o f t h e s e q u e n c e d e f i n e d b y ^ = 4,
= 7a^ _ ^
W h a t t y p e o f s e q u e n c e d o e s t h is r u le r e p r e s e n t?
2. W r ite a r e c u r s iv e r u le fo r t h e s e q u e n c e 15, 11, 7, 3, - 1 , - 5 ..........
3. W r ite a r e c u r s iv e r u le fo r t h e s e q u e n c e 81, 27, 9, 3, 1,
4. W h a t e q u a t io n r e la t e s t h e n t h t e r m <2^ to t h e p r e c e d i n g t e r m
_ ] fo r
a n a r it h m e t ic s e q u e n c e w i t h c o m m o n d i f f e r e n c e rf? fo r a g e o m e t r ic
s e q u e n c e w i t h c o m m o n r a tio r?
826
Chapter 12
1 ^ C Use Recursive Ruies with

1 ^ ^ Sequences and Functions
You used exp licit ruies fo r s e q u e n c e s .
You wit! u se recu rsiv e ru ies fo r s e q u e n c e s .
So you c a n m o d ei e v a p o ra tio n from a p o ol, a s in Ex. 4 4 .
Key Vocabulary
S o f a r i n t h i s c h a p t e r y o u h a v e w o r k e d w i t h e x p d c d rrd e s fo r t h e n t h t e r m o f
ex p licit ru ie
recu rsive ru ie
iteratio n
f u n c t i o n o f t h e t e r m 's p o s i t io n n u m b e r a in t h e s e q u e n c e .
a s e q u e n c e , s u c h a s a^ = 3 n - 2 a n d a^ = 3 (2 )" . A n e x p licit ru ie g iv e s a^ a s a
tn t h i s ie s s o n y o u w i ll le a r n a n o t h e r w a y to d e f in e a s e q u e n c e b y a re cu rsin e
ru le . A r e cu rs iv e ru le g iv e s t h e b e g i n n i n g t e r m o r t e r m s o f a s e q u e n c e a n d t h e n
a re c u r s iv e e q u a t io n t h a t t e lls h o w
EXAMPLE 1
is r e la t e d to o n e o r m o r e p r e c e d i n g t e r m s .
E v aiu ate re cu rsiv e ru tes
W rite th e first six term s o f th e se q u en ce .

b.
a , = 1, a^ = 3a^_ ^
S o lu tio n
b. at = 1
a. a = 1
Ug = 3at = 3(1) = 3
ng = 3a^ = 3(3) = 9
a^ = 3ag = 3(9) = 27
= 3a^ = 3(27) = 81
ng = 3ng = 3(81) = 243
a^ = aQ + 4 = l + 4 = 5
4 *4 = 5 + 4 = 9
ag = a^ + 4 = 9 + 4 = 13
a^ = a^ + 4 = 13 + 4 = 17
ag = a^ + 4 = 1 7 + 4 = 21
ARITHMETIC AND GEOMETRIC SEQUENCES In p a r t (a) o f E x a m p le 1, o b s e r v e t h a t

t h e d iffe r e n c e s o f c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s o f t h e s e q u e n c e a r e c o n s t a n t , s o t h e s e q u e n c e
is a r it h m e t i c . In p a r t (b), t h e r a t io s o f c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s a r e c o n s t a n t , s o t h e
s e q u e n c e is g e o m e t r ic . In g e n e r a l, r u le s fo r a r i t h m e t i c a n d g e o m e t r ic s e q u e n c e s
c a n b e w r i t t e n r e c u r s iv e ly a s fo llo w s .
KEY CONCEPT
Recursive Equations for A rithm etic and G eom etric Sequences
Arithm etic Sequence
^ w h e r e d is t h e c o m m o n d i f f e r e n c e
G eom etric Sequence

^
- 1 w h e r e r is t h e c o m m o n r a t io
1 2 .5
Use Recursive Rules with S equ en ces and Functions
827
Write recursive ruies
EXAMPLE 2
W rite a r e cu rs iv e r u ie fo r th e seq u en ce.

a . 3, 13, 23, 33, 4 3 , . . .
b . 16, 40, 100, 250, 6 2 5 , . . .
Soiution
a.
T h e s e q u e n c e is a r i t h m e t i c w i t h f ir s t t e r m rq = 3 a n d c o m m o n
d i f f e r e n c e d = 13 - 3 = 10.
AVO!D ERRORS
A recursive equation for

a sequence does not
include the initial term.
To write a recursive
ruie for a sequence, the
initial term must be
included.
Genera) recursive equation for o

+ 10
= a,.
Substitute 10 ford.
F S o , a r e c u r s i v e r u ie fo r t h e s e q u e n c e is rq = 3, r q = c q _ ^ + 10.
b.
T h e s e q u e n c e is g e o m e t r ic w i t h f ir s t t e r m <q = 16 a n d c o m m o n r a t io
r = = 2 5
16
'
a
= r - a H- 1
Generai recursive equation for a
= 2 .5 a n - 1
Substitute 2.5 for r.
^ S o , a r e c u r s i v e r u ie fo r t h e s e q u e n c e is n^ = 16, a^ = 2 .5 a ^ _ ^
C u tD E D PRACTICE
W rite th e first fiv e term s o f th e se q u en ce .

1.
3.
a^ 3, a^ a^ _ ^ 7
2. a^ = 162, a^ = 0.5a^ _ ^
4. <q = 4 ,a ^ = 2 a ^ -
ao = l,a = a_, + n
W rite a r e cu rs iv e ru ie fo r th e se q u en ce.
5.
2, 14, 98, 686, 4 8 0 2 , . . .
6. 19, 13, 7, 1, - 5 , . . .
7.
1 1 ,2 2 ,3 3 ,4 4 ,5 5 ,...
8. 3 24, 108, 36, 12 , 4 , . . .
RECURSIVE RULES FOR SPECiAL SEQUENCES F o r s o m e s e q u e n c e s , it is d i f f i c u l t to

w r it e a n e x p lic it r u le b u t r e la t iv e ly e a s y to w r it e a r e c u r s i v e r u le .
EXAM PLE
Write recursive ruies for specia! sequences
W rite a r e cu rs iv e ru ie fo r th e seq u en ce.

a.
NAME SEQUENCES
The sequence in part (a)

of Example 3 is called
the Fibonacci sequence.
The sequence in part (b)
of Example 3 lists the
factorial numbers you
studied in Chapter 10.
1, 1, 2, 3, 5 , . . .
Soiution
a. B e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e t h ir d t e r m in t h e s e q u e n c e , e a c h t e r m is t h e s u m o f
t h e t w o p r e v io u s t e r m s .
F S o , a r e c u r s i v e r u le is a^ = 1, a^ = 1, a^ = a^ _ ^ + a^ _^
b. D e n o t e t h e f ir s t t e r m b y a^ = 1. T h e n n o t e t h a t a^ = 1= 1 - ag,
a^ = 2 = 2 * a^, a.^ = 6 = 3 * a^, a n d s o o n .
F S o , a r e c u r s iv e r u le is a g = 1, a ,, = a
828
Chapter 12
b. 1 , 1 , 2, 6, 2 4 , . . .
* a^ _ ^
Solve a multi-step problem
EXAM PLE 4
M U S K SERV IC E An o n lin e m usic serv ice in itia lly h as 5 0 ,0 0 0 a n n u a l m em bers.
E ach y ear it loses 20% o f its cu rren t m em bers and adds 5 0 0 0 new m em bers.
B e g in n in g o f s e c o n d y e a r
B e g in n in g o f fir s t y e a r
WWWWT
Ml
TTTTT TTTTT
nnw
2 0 % le a v e
50,0 00 m e m b e r s
.................................
5000 join
3. . ... . ____
A
5000
m em bers
4 5 ,000 m e m b e r s
* W rite a recursive rule for th e nu m ber rq o f m em bers at th e sta rt o f th e nth year.

* Find th e n u m ber o f m em b ers at th e sta rt o f th e 5 th year.
* D escrib e w hat happen s to th e n u m b er o f m em b ers over tim e.
A N O TH ER WAY
S o iu tio n

in Example 4, turn
to page 834 for the
F7PP 7
W rite a recu rsive rule. B eca u se th e n u m b er o f m em b ers d eclin es 20%
each year, 80% o f th e m em bers are re ta in e d from on e y ear to th e next.

Also, 5000 new m em b ers are added ea ch year.
Problem Solving
Workshop.
Members
at start of
year n
= 0 .8
0.8
# n 1,
New
members
added
*
#
aM
Members
at start of
year (n - 1)
5000
^ A recursive ru le is <q = 50,000, rq = 0.8rq _ ^ + 5000.

.fT X P F
Find th e n u m b er o f m em bers at th e sta rt

o f th e 5th year. E n ter 5 0,000 (the value of
tq) into a graphing calcu lato r. T h en enter
th e ru le 0.8 X Ans + 5000 to find rq- Press
th ree m ore tim es to find rq.
^ T h ere are abou t 3 5 ,2 4 0 m em b ers at th e

sta rt o f th e 5th year.
-f7fP<?
Describe w hat h ap p en s to th e n u m b er of
m em bers over tim e. C ontinu e pressing

o n th e calcu lato r. As show n at
th e right, after m an y years th e n u m b er o f
m em bers ap p roach es 25,000.
^ T h e n u m ber o f m em b ers sta b iliz es at
abou t 25,00 0 m em bers.
G UID ED PRAC TICE
9.
25002.12676
25001.70141
25001.36113
25001.0889
25000.87112
25000.6969
fo r Exa m p le s 3 and 4
W rite a recu rsive ru le for th e seq u en ce 1, 2, 2, 4, 8, 3 2 , . . . .
10. WHAT IF?
In Exam ple 4, suppose 70% o f th e m em b ers are reta in ed each

year. W h at h ap p en s to th e n u m b er o f m em b ers over tim e?
1 2 .5
Use Recursive Rules with Sequ en ces and Functions
829
!TE R A T!N G FUN C TIO N S Ite ra tio n involves th e rep eated co m p ositio n o f a fu n ctio n
/ w i t h itself. The resu lt o f one iteration is /(/(% )). T h e result o f two iteration s is
/ ( / ( / M l ) . You can use iteratio n to generate a seq u en ce recursively. B eg in w ith an
in itia l value x^, and let ^ = /(x ,,), x^ = / ( x ^ = /(/(X g)), and so on.
Iterate a function
EX AMPLE 5
R EA D !N G
An rferafe is a number
,
. .
,
that is the result of
iterating a function.
F in d th e f i r s t th re e ite ra te s x ,, x,,, and x.. o f th e fu n c tio n f(x) =

3x + 1 fo r an
. . . . . .
r
^
in it ia l value o fx ^ = 2.
S o iu tio n
*3 = / ( * 2)
*2 =
=A *o )
= /( 2)
= /(-5 )
= /(1 6 )
= -3 (2 ) + 1
= -3 (-5 ) + 1
= -3 (1 6 ) + 1
= -5
= 16
= -4 7
F The first th ree iterates are - 5 , 16, and 47.
CutOEO P R A C TK E
fo r Exa m p le 5
F in d th e f i r s t th re e ite ra te s o f th e fu n c tio n fo r th e given in it ia l vaiue.
11.
/(x ) = 4x - 3, Xg = 2
12. /(x ) = x^ - 5, Xg = - 1
H O M EW O RK
KEY
12 5 EXERCISES
Q
*
= W O RKED -O UT SO LUTIO NS
p. WS21 for Exs. 15,27, and 45
= STA N D A RD IZED T E S T P R A C TK E
Exs. 2,12, 33,40,45, and 47
SKKL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: T he repeated co m p ositio n o f a fu n ctio n
w ith itself is called
? .
2. Ik- W R IT IN G Exp/ar'a th e d ifferen ce b etw een a n explicit ru le for a seq u en ce

and a recursive rule for a sequen ce.
EX A M P LE 1
on p. 827
for Exs. 3-12
W R!T1N G T E R M S W rite th e f i r s t fiv e te rm s o f th e sequence.

4.
3. a^ = 1
= 4
= 2a 71-1
5. a^ = 1
% = a ^ _ i - 5
8. a = 4
7. a , = 2
6. a^ = 3
10
a = ( a _ , ) 2 -
9. a , = 2
12.
830
Chapter 12
10. a^ = 2, a^ = 4
+ 3a - a^ _ ,
11. a^ = 2, a2 = 3
^
IT M U L T IP L E C HO KE W hat are th e first four term s o f th e seq u en ce for w hich

^
(A) 1, 4, 4, 16
(B) 1, 4, 16, 6 4
- l *
- 2?
a^ = 1, a^ = 4, and
(g )
1, 4, 8, 16
(B)
1, 4, 4, 8
EXAM PLES
2 and 3
on p. 828
for Exs. 13-23
W R ITIN G R U L E S W rite a re c u rsiv e ru ie fo r th e sequence. T h e sequence m ay be

a rith m e tic , geom etric, o r n e ith e r.
13.
21, 14, 7, 0, - 7 , . . .
14. 3, 12, 48, 192, 7 6 8 , . . .
16.
1, 8, 15, 22, 2 9 , . . .
17. 44, 11,
19. 54, 43, 32, 21, 1 0 , . . .
@ 4 , - 1 2 , 36, - 1 0 8 , 3 2 4 , . . .
18. 1. 4, 5, 9, 1 4 , . . .
yy, yy, - - 1o
b4
20. 3, 5, 15, 75, 1 1 2 5 , . . .
21. 16, 9, 7, 2, 5 , . . .
ER R O R A N A LYSIS Describe and co rre ct th e e r ro r in w r itin g a re c u rsiv e ru ie fo r

th e sequence 5 ,2 , 3, - 1 , 4 , . . . .
22 .
23.
Beginning with th e second term

in th e sequence, each term a^
is a n 1, 3 . 5 o a recursive rule
Beginning with th e third term in

th e sequence, each term a^ equate
a n 2 a n 1 5 o a recursive rule
is given by:
!"
is given by:
a 1 = 5,' a n = a n
EX A M P LE 5
on p. 830
for Exs. 24 -3 3
iT E R A T iN G FUN C H O N S F in d th e f i r s t th re e ite ra te s o f th e fu n c tio n fo r th e given

in it ia i vaiue.
24.
25. /(x )
= 5x + 6, x^ = - 2
26.
g(x) = - 4 x +
= y X - 3, Xg = 2
28. /(x )
= yX + 5, Xg = 6
29.
h(x) = x^ - 4, Xg = - 3
/(x ) = 2x^ + 1, Xg = - 1
31. /(x )
= x^ - x + 2, x = 1
/(x ) = 3x - 2, Xg = 2
(27^ /(x )
30.
33.
32.
7, Xg =
g(x) = -3 x ^ + 2x, Xg = 2
* MULTiPLE CHOiCE W hat are th e first th ree iterates x ^ x^, and x^ o f th e

fu n c tio n /(x ) = - 2 x + 3 for a n in itia l vaiue o f x^ = 2?
(A )
- 1 ,1 ,3
(B )
1 ,-5 ,7
(g )
- 1 ,5 ,- 7
(g )
1 ,-1 ,-3
W R !T!N G R U L E S W rite a re c u rsiv e ru ie fo r th e sequence.
34.
37.
40.
41.
3, 8, 17, 81, 3 7 0 , . . .
2, 5 ,1 1 , 26, 5 9 , . . .
35. 1, 2, 12, 56, 2 7 2 , . . .

38. 8, 4, 2, 2, 1 , . . .
36. 5, 5 V 3 ,15, 15V3, 4 5 , . . .

39. - 3 , - 2 , 5, - 3 , - 2 , . . .
* O PEN-ENDEO M A TH Give an exam ple o f a seq u en ce in w h ich ea ch term

after th e th ird term is a fu n ctio n o f th e th ree term s p reced in g it. W rite a
recu rsive ru le for th e seq u en ce and find its first eight term s.
REASO NiNG E xp lain why th ere are n ot a f u n c t io n / an d a n in itia l value x^
su ch th at th e fu n ctio n 's first th re e iterates are x^ = 2, x^ = 2, and x^ = 8.
42.
C HALLENG E You ca n d efin e a seq u en ce using a p iecew ise rule. Th e

follow ing is an exam ple o f a p iecew ise-d efin ed seq u en ce.
/ if a^ _ ^ is even
3a^ _ ^ + 3, if a^ _ 1 is odd
a. W rite th e first ten term s o f th e seq u en ce.
b. C hoose th ree d ifferent positive in teger values for aj (other th a n
a, = 5 ) . For each value o f a ^ find th e first ten term s o f th e seq u en ce.

W hat co n clu sio n s c a n you m ake abou t th e b eh avior o f th is seq u en ce
o f integers?
1 2 .5
Use Recursive Ruies with Sequ ences and Functions
831
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EXAM PLE 4
on p. 829
for Exs. 4 3 -4 5
43. FISH PO PU LA TIO N A lake in itia lly co n ta in s 5000 fish . E ach year th e
p op u lation d eclin es 20% due to fish in g and o th er cau ses, an d th e lake is
restocked w ith 500 fish.
a. W rite a recu rsive ru le for th e n u m b er
o f fish at th e b eg in n in g o f th e nth
year. How m any fish are th ere at th e b eg in n in g o f th e 5th year?
b. W hat h ap p ens to th e p op u lation o f fish in th e lake over tim e?
44. POOL CARE You are adding ch lo rin e to a sw im m in g pool. You add
34 o u n ces o f ch lo rin e th e first w eek and 16 o u n ces every w eek th ereafter.
E ach w eek 40% o f th e ch lo rin e in th e pool evaporates. W rite a recursive
rule for th e am o u n t o f ch lo rin e in th e pool each w eek. W hat h appen s to th e
am ount o f ch lo rin e in th e pool over tim e?
@Mwne7Htor
for problem solving help at classzone.c
^ 5 ^ * S H O R T R ESP O N SE Gladys owes $2 0 0 0 to a cred it card co m p an y th at

charges in terest at a rate o f 1.4% per m on th . At th e end o f ea ch m o n th she
m akes a paym ent o f $100. W rite a recu rsive rule for th e b a la n c e
o f th e
a cco u n t at th e b eg in n in g o f th e n th m on th . How long w ill it take to pay o ff
th e accou n t? E xplain your reason in g.
46. F!BONACC! SEQUENCE T he F ib o n a cci seq u en ce, w hich is defin ed recursively
in Exam ple 3 on page 828, o ccu rs m any places in n atu re. T h is seq u en ce ca n
also be defined explicitly as follow s:
W i + Vs Y*
Y5 \ 2
1
i h - Vs Y*
,n> 1
VM
2
Use th e explicit rule to find th e first five term s o f th e F ib o n a cci seq u en ce.
^ g !B !3!sg A lg eb ra at classzone.com
47. * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE A person repeated ly tak es 20 m illig ram s o f a

p rescribed drug every 4 hours. T h irty p ercen t o f th e drug is rem oved from
th e bloo d stream every 4 hours.
a. W rite a recu rsive rule for th e am o u n t o f th e drug in th e b loo d stream
after n doses.
b. T he value th a t a drug level in a person's body ap p roach es after an
extended period o f tim e is ca lled th e ntnintenance lenel. W hat is th e
m ain ten an ce level o f th is drug, given a dosage o f 20 m illig ram s?
c. How does doubling th e dosage a ffe ct th e m a in ten a n ce level o f th e drug?
/a s h /y y o u r answ er m athem atically.
832
on p. WS1
* = STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
48. C HALLENG E You are saving m oney for retirem en t. You p lan to w ithdraw
$30,000 at th e b eg in n in g o f ea ch y ear for 20 y ears a fter you retire. B ased on
th e type o f investm en t you are m aking, you ca n ex p e ct to ea rn a n a n n u al
retu rn o f 8% on your savings a fter you retire.
a. Let a be your b a la n c e a years a fter retirin g. W rite a recu rsive eq u atio n
th a t show s how a^ is related to a^ _ ^
b. Solve th e eq u atio n from p a rt (a) for a _ ^ Find ag, th e m in im u m am o u n t
o f m oney you should have in your a cco u n t w hen you retire. (M a t; Let
a^Q = 0.)
M!XED REV!EW
F in d th e vaiue o f v. ip. 995)
P R E V iE W
Prepare for
Lesson 13.1
in Exs. 4 9 -! i.
51.
49.
3 cm
J.
15m
3 cm
Ev a iu a te th e e x p re ssio n w ith o u t u s in g a caicuiator. ip. 414)
52. 16
3/2
53. ( -2 4 3 )
2/5
54. 64
1/2

F in d th e su m o f th e in f in it e geom etric se rie s, i f i t e x is ts, ip. 820)
77-1
1
7! = 1
Q 3 , 15 , 75 , 375
4
8
16
32
77= 0
W rite th e re pe ating decim al as a fra c tio n in lo w e st te rm s, ip. 820)

4. 0 .7 7 7 ...
5. 0 .3 9 3 9 3 9 ...
6. 1 2 3 .1 2 3 1 2 3 ..
W rite th e f i r s t fiv e te rm s o f th e sequence, ip. 827)
7. a^ = 2
a = a 77-1 + 4
8. aQ = 3
^ = (a^ _ ^
9. a, = 1, a.,2 = 4
- 5
77- 1
77-2
W rite a re c u rsiv e ru le fo r th e sequence. T h e sequence may be a rith m e tic ,

geom etric, o r n e ith e r, ip. 827)
11. 2, 6, 12, 72, 8 6 4 , ..
12. 8, 24, 72, 216, 6 4 8 , . . .
F in d th e f i r s t th re e ite ra te s o f th e fu n c tio n fo r th e given in it ia l vaiue. ip. 827)

13. /(x ) = - 3 x - 2, x^ = 1
14. g(x) = 4 x + 1, Xg = 2
15. /(x ) = - 2 x + 3, x^ = - 2
16. /(x ) = 5x - 7, Xg = - 3
17. h(x) = x
18. /(x ) = 3x^ + 2, Xg = 0
- 6, Xg = - 1
19. P E N D U LU M S A pendu lu m th a t is released to sw ing freeiy travels 25 in ch es on
th e first sw ing. On each su ccessiv e sw ing, th e pen d u lu m travels 85% as far as

th e previous sw ing. W hat is th e to ta l d ista n ce th e pendu lu m sw ings? ip. 820)
ONUNE QU)Z at dasszone.com
833
PROBLEM SOLVING
W O R K SH O P
""M? ALTERNATIVE METHODS

4 n o f ^ e r L V o y f o S o ^ v c fu ro T n p ^ c 4 , p a g e 8 2 9
Y.
M U L T IP L E R E P R E S E N T A TIO N S In E xam ple 4 on page 829, you found th e num ber

th at a real-life seq u en ce approach es over tim e by u sing a ca lcu la to r to evaluate
th e rule for th e seq u en ce. You ca n also solve th is probiem using a graph or an
alg ebraic m ethod.
MUSIC SERVICE An o n lin e m u sic serv ice in itia lly h as 5 0,000 an n u al

m em bers. E ach year th e m u sic serv ice loses 20% o f its cu rren t m em bers
an d adds 5000 new m em b ers. W h at h ap p en s to th e nu m ber o f m em bers
over tim e?
Using a G raph A recu rsive ru le for th e n u m b er <q o f m em bers at th e b eg in n in g

o f th e n th year is <q = 50,000, <q = 0 .8 tq _ ^ + 5 000. O ne alternativ e m eth od for
fin d in g the nu m ber th is seq u en ce ap p roach es is to graph th e seq u en ce on a
.P7!FP 7 Set th e calcu lato r to .sec/nance m ode and
rfot m ode.
S c i Eng
0 1 2 3 4 5 6789
Radi an
Fun c Par Po L _
Connect ed t!!!n
ED SintuL
[iBgg a + bi reêi
m w t Hori z G-T
and en ter th e eq u atio n s

nM in = 1, n(n) = 0 .8n (n - 1) + 5 000, and
n(nM in) = 50,000. P ress LSBBISgSM an d en ter
th e follow ing p aram eters:
P re ss
nM in = 1
nM ax = 100
P lotStart = 1
P lo tS te p = l
i7!FP J
X m in = 0
X m ax = 100
X scl = 10
Y m in = 15,000
Ym ax = 35,000
Yscl = 5000
nM i n = 1
u (n )B .8 u ( n - 1 ) + 5 0 0 0
u ( n Mi n Ijgt 5 0 0 0 0 1
v( n)=
v ( nMi n ) =
w( n ) =
M (n M in )=
Graph th e seq u en ce. Use th e trace featu re

to find th e value th a t th e seq u en ce
approaches as n b eco m es large. From
th e graph, you ca n see th at th e seq u en ce
approaches 25,000.
^ Over time, the number of members of the music service approaches 25,000.
834
Chapter 12
M ETH OD 2
..
...
U sing A igebra A nother approach is to use a n aig eb raic m eth od to d eterm in e

w hat h appens to th e nu m ber of m em bers over tim e.
^TifP 7 W rite th e recu rsive ruie.
rq = 50,000,
= 0.8a _ , + 5000.
FTSFPf Assume th a t th e seq u en ce has a lim it L, w h ich is th e value th at the

seq u en ce approach es as a b eco m es large.
.f72P J
Consider w hat h ap p en s to th e eq u atio n

large. T h e value o f
= 0.8n _ ^ + 5 0 0 0 as a b eco m es
(the left-h an d side) ap p roach es L w hile th e value of
0.8a,j _ j + 5000 (the righ t-h an d side) ap p roach es 0.8L + 5000. So, you can
conclu d e th at L = 0.8L + 5000.
^7<fP4 Solve th e eq u atio n L = 0.8L + 5000 for L.
h = 0.8L + 5000
0.2L = 5000
L = 25,000
W rite equation.
Subtract 0.8L from each side.
H h e seq u en ce approach es th e lim it L = 2 5 ,0 0 0 as a b eco m es large. So, over tim e

th e n u m ber o f m em bers o f th e m usic serv ice approach es 25,000.
P R A C T iC E
Describe w ha t happens to th e te rm s o f th e
sequence as a becomes large.
1. <q = 3000, a = 0.25a _ ^ + 300
5. ER R O R A N A LYSIS A student attem p ted to solve

th e problem in E xercise 4 as show n below.
D escribe and co rrect th e error in th e student's
work.
2. rq = 1700, a = 0.38a _ ^ + 512

3. W H A T !F? Suppose th e o n lin e m usic service
in th e problem on page 834 lo ses 8% o f its
cu rrent m em bers and adds 1200 new m em bers
each year. Use th e graphing m eth o d and th e
algebraic m ethod to d eterm in e w hat happen s
to th e n u m ber o f m em bers over tim e.
4. TOWN U B R A R Y A tow n lib rary in itially has
54,000 books in its co llectio n . E ach y ear 2%
of the books are lost or d iscard ed . T h e lib rary
can afford to pu rchase 1150 new books each
year. W rite a recu rsive rule for th e n u m b er a
of books in th e library at th e b eg in n in g o f the
nth year. Use th e graphing m ethod and the
algebraic m ethod to d eterm in e w hat happen s
to th e nu m ber o f books in th e library over tim e
a,1 = 5 4 *,0 0 0 ,' a n = 0 .0 2 a n ,1 + 1150

Let L be th e timit o f th e sequence. Then:
L = 0 .0 2 L + 1150
0 .9 5 L = 1150
L = 1173
5o, over tim e th e number o f books
in th e library approaches about 1173.
6. REASO NING Give an exam ple o f a real-life

situ atio n w hich you ca n represen t w ith a
recu rsive ru le th a t does not approach a lim it.
W rite a recu rsive ruie th a t represen ts th e
situ ation .
835
Extension
Prove Statements Using

Mathematica] induction
GOAL Use m athem atica] induction to prove statem ents about a!! positive integers.
In Lesson 12.1, you saw th e ruie for th e su m o f th e first n positive integers:

n =
;= i
n(n + 1)
2
You ca n use ntnfkentnP'cn/ induction to prove statem en ts about positive integers.
KEY CONCEPT
M a th e m a tic a ! in d u c tio n
i To show th a t a statem en t is tru e for all positive integers n, p erform th e se steps.

Basis Step: Show th at th e statem en t is tru e for n = 1.
* inductive Step: A ssum e th at th e statem en t is tru e for n = k w here k is any

^ positive integer. Show th at th is im plies th e statem en t is true for n = k + 1.
EXAMPLE 1
Use mathematica) induction
U se m a them atica l in d u c tio n to prove th a t 1 + 2 + - - - + n =

U N D ER STA N D
iN D U C TiO N
S o iu tio n
If you know from

the basis step that
a statement is true
for n = 1, then the
inductive step implies
that it is true for n = 2,
and therefore for
n = 3, and so on for alt
positive integers n.
B a s is Ste p : C heck th at th e form ula w orks for n = 1.
1 = 1^
In d u c tiv e Ste p : A ssum e th a t 1 + 2 + - - - + k =
l + 2 + -- - + k + ( k + l ) =
Assume tru e fo r k.
^ + (k + 1)
Add k + 1 to each side.
k(k + 1) + 2(k + 1)
2
( k + l)(k + 2)
2
(k + l)[(k + 1) + 1]
Therefore, 1 + 2 + - - - + n = -----
836
Chapter 12
"*i" 1)
( k + l ) [ ( k + 1) + 1]
Show th a t l + 2 + -- - + k + ( k + l ) =
1 + 2 + ---+ k =
L-f -L 1)
Add.
Factor out k + 1.
Rew rite k + 2 as (k + 1) + 1.
for all positive in teg ers n.
Use mathematics) induction
EXAM PLE 2
L e t a = 5a
, + 2 w it h
= 2. U se m a th e m a tic a l in d u c tio n to prove th a t
5" 1
an e x p iic it ru ie fo r th e n th te rm is
= - .
S o iu tio n
B a s is Ste p : C heck th at th e form ula w orks for n = 1.
? 5^ - 1
2/
In d u c tiv e Ste p : A ssum e th a t
^ + 1
Definition of a fo r n = it + 1
+ 2
Substitute fo r
. ^
Add.
tt
CH-
_ 5^+^ - 5 + 4
2
Muitipiy.
Simpiify.
Therefore, an exp licit ru le for th e n th term is

integers n.
5"
= for all positive
PRACTKE
EX A M P LE S
1and2
on pp.8 3 6 -8 3 7
for Exs. 1-8
U se m a th e m a tic a l in d u c tio n to prove th e sta te m e n t.
M
1. x (2t - 1) = n^
:= 1
2.
3.
4.
X 2 '" ^ = 2 " - l
1= 1
5. X
7.
6.
-2 _ n(n + l)(2 n + 1)
X f =
- 2 _ 2n(n + l)(2n + 1)
X ( 2 :f =
:= 1
G EO M ETR Y T h e n u m b ers 1, 6 ,1 5 , 2 8 , . . . are called hexagonal num bers

b ecau se they rep resen t th e nu m b ers o f dots used to m ake hexagons, as show n
below. Prove th at th e nth hexagon al n u m b er
is given by
= n (2n - 1).
<3
8. REASONiNG L e t ^ , ^ , b e
th e F ib o n a cci seq u en ce. Prove th at
/ i + .4 + ' ' ' + .4 = -4 + 2 * 1 for all positive in tegers n.
Extension: Prove Statem ents Using M athem atical induction
837
S TA TE T E S T PR A C TK E
ctasszone.com
Lessons 12.4-12.5
1. M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LEM A bait is dropped from
a height o f 12 feet. E ach tim e th e b ah hits
the ground, it b o u n ces to 70% o f its previous
height.
5. S H O R T R ESP O N SE W hy does the sum o f an

in fin ite g eo m etric series not exist if Irl > 1
w here r is th e co m m o n ratio?
6. S H O R T R ESP O N SE T he length ^ o f th e first loop
o f a spring is 16 in ch es. The length ^ o f the
secon d loop is 0.9 tim es th e length o f th e first
loop. Th e len gth
o f th e third loop is 0.9 tim es
th e len gth o f th e seco n d loop, and so on. If the
spring could have in fin itely m any loops, would
its len gth b e /m ite or m /m ifc? Exp/am . If its
len gth is fin ite, find th e length.
a. W rite an in fin ite series to m odei th e totai
d istan ce traveled by th e bah, excluding the

d istan ce traveled before th e first bou nce.
;= 16(0.9p
b. Find the to tal d istan ce traveled by the ball,
including th e d istan ce traveled before the

first bou n ce.
2. M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LEM A fractal tree starts
w ith a single b ran ch (the tru n k ). At each stage,
th e new bran ch es from th e previous stage
each grow tw o m ore b ran ch es as show n.
7. E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE You take out a five year

lo an o f $10,000 to buy a car. T h e loan has an
an n u al in terest rate o f 6.5% com pounded
m onthly. Each m o n th you m ake a m on th ly
p aym ent o f $196 (except th e last m o n th w hen
you m ake a paym ent o f only $165).
a. Find th e m on th ly in terest rate. T h en w rite a
recu rsiv e rule for th e am ou n t o f m oney you

owe a fter a m on th s.
b. How m uch m oney do you owe after
Stage 1
Stage 2
Stage 3
a. List th e nu m ber o f new b ran ch es in each o f
th e first six stages.

b. Is th e seq u en ce o f num bers from p art (a)
arithm etic, geom etric, or neither?

c. W rite an explicit rule and a recursive rule for
the seq u en ce from p art (a).
3. G RtD D ED A N SW ER W hat is th e sum o f th e first
th ree iterates o f th e fu n c tio n /(x ) = x^ - 8 w hen
the in itial value is Xg = 2?
4. O PEN -EN DED Give an exam ple o f an explicit
rule for a seq u en ce and a recursive rule for the
sam e sequence.
12 m on th s?
c. Suppose you had decided to pay an
ad d ition al $50 w ith each m on th ly paym ent.
Lise a g raphing ca lcu la to r to find th e
n u m b er o f m o n th s you would have needed
to repay th e loan.
d. In your opinion, is it b e n e ficia l to pay the
ad d ition al $50 w ith each paym ent? Explain
your reasoning.
8. G RtD D ED A N S W E R A tree farm in itially has
8000 trees. E ach year 10% o f th e trees are
h arv ested and 500 seed lin gs are planted. W hat
n u m b er o f trees eventually exists on th e farm
a fter an extend ed period o f tim e?
9. O PEN -EN D ED W rite an in fin ite g eom etric series
th a t has a sum o f 4.
838
Chapter 12
CHAPTER SUMMARY
8 /C
^ b /- ^ b a /-
/M A S
Anaiyze Sequences
T h e in fo rm atio n below h ighlights th e sim ila rities and d ifferen ces b etw een
a rith m e tic and g eo m etric seq u en ces.
G e o m e tric S e q u e n c e
A rith m e tic S e q u e n c e
.a,
,3,
a = <h + (n - Dd
<
First term: rq
First term: <q
Common
difference: d
Common
ratio: r
Graph is
72 iinear.
' 1
72
'
Graph is
exponentia).
Find Sums of Series

T he m ost co m m o n form ulas for su m s o f series are show n below.
Geometric Series
A rithm e tic Series
Sum of the first n terms:
Sum of the first n terms:
in fin ite Geometric Series
Sum ofth e series:

S =
r < 1
Exampie:
Example:
Example:
4 + 9 + 1 4 + 19 + 24
3 + 6 + 1 2 + 24
5 + 1 + 0.2 + 0.04 +
1 - 2"
S , = S ( ^ ) = 70
O ther co m m o n sum form ulas

72
^ 1= n
E ; =
i= 1
!'= 1
/c ^ a
1 - r'
= 45
5
-
0.2
= 6.25
+ l)(2n + 1)
+ 1)
Use Recursive Ruies

T he table shows exp licit and recursive ru les for a rith m e tic and g eo m etric
seq u ences.
Ex p iic it Ruie
A rith m e tic Sequence
Exampie: 3, 5, 7, 9 ,1 1 ,. ..
o = 1 + 2n
Geometric Sequence
^ =
Exampie: 8, 4, 2 ,1 , 0 . 5 ,. ..
o = 8 (0 .5 )"- i
Recursive Ruie
^ + (n - 1)d
'
- i + ^
= 3-
= a - 1 + 2
' "n - 1
Oi = 3 , a = 0.5a_i
Chapter Sum m ary
839
CHAPTER REV!EW
@ N o m c 7 u fo r
dasszone.com
* Multi-Language Glossary
REV/EtVKEY VOCABULARY
- sequence, p. 794
- arithmetic sequence, p. S02
- terms of a sequence, p. 794
- common difference,
-series,p. 796
' arithmetic series,
- summation notation, p. 796
' geometric sequence,
* sigma notation, p. 796
' common ratio, p. 870
p.
p.
802
804
p. 8:0
- geometric series,
p. s ?2
* partiai sum, p. 820

- expiicit ruie, p. 827
- recursive ruie, p. 827
- iteration, p. 830
1. Copy and com p lete: T h e values in th e range o f a seq u en ce are called th e
of th e sequen ce.
2. W R !T!N G How ca n you d eterm in e w h eth er a seq u en ce is a rith m etic?

3. Copy and com p lete: A(n) ? ru ie gives
nu m ber n in th e seq u en ce.
4. Copy and com p lete: In a(n)
previous term is co n stan t.
as a fu n ctio n o f th e term 's p osition
seq u en ce, th e ratio o f an y term to th e
RE //EM/ EXAMPLES MD EXERCISES

Use th e review exam pies and exercises beiow to ch eck your u n d erstan d in g o f
th e co n cep ts you have learn ed in ea ch lesson o f C hap ter 12.
Define and Use Sequences and Series
F in d th e su m o f th e se rie s X
p p .794 -8 00
- 4).
i= 1
F irs t term
Second term
Th ird term
= 4^ - 4 = 12
Fourth term
4
T he sum o f th e series is
* 4) = - 3 + 0 + 5 + 12 = 14.
;=1
EXERCtSES
EX A M P LES
Sa nd 6
on p. 797
for Exs. 5 -8
840
Chapter 12
F in d th e su m o f th e se rie s.
6
5.
+ 7)
6.
X (10 ;=2
17
4:)
7. X :
:= l
25
8.
Xb^
L= 1
Analyze Arithmetic Sequences and Series
p p .8 0 2 -8 0 9
W rite a ru ie fo r th e n th te rm o f th e sequence 9 , 1 3 , 1 7 , 2 1 , 2 5 , . . . .
T h e seq u en ce is a rith m e tic w ith first term rq = 9 and co m m o n d ifferen ce d = 4.

So, a ruie for th e nth term is:
= ^
+ (n - l) d
W rite genera! ru!e.
= 9 + (a - 1)(4)
Substitute 9 fo r cq and 4 fo r d.
= 5 + 4n
Simpiify.
EXERCtSES
EX A M P LES
2, 3 ,4 , and 5
on pp. 8 0 3 -8 0 5
for Exs. 9 -1 6
W rite a ru ie fo r th e n th te rm o f th e a rith m e tic sequence.

9.
8,5,2, - 1 , - 4 , . . .
10. d =
7,Ug =
54
11.
= 27,% ^ = 69
26
15
12.
X (3 + 2:)
13.
i= 1
30
22
E (25 -
;'= 1
3:)
14.
E(6i-5i
15.
;= i
;'= l
( - 8 4 + 8i)
16. C O M P U TER Joe buys a $ 6 0 0 com p uter on iayaway by m akin g a $ 2 0 0 down
p aym ent and th e n paying $25 per m on th . W rite a rule for th e to ta l am o u n t o f

m oney paid on th e com p uter a fter a m on th s.
Anaiyze Geometric Sequences and Series
F in d th e su m o f th e se rie s
pp. 810-817
E 5 (3 )'
i= 1
T he series is g eo m etric w ith first term ^ = 5 and co m m o n ratio r = 3.

W rite ruie fo r Sy.
= 5
1 -3 ^
1- 3
= 5465
Substitute 5 fo r a, and 3 fo r r.
Simpiify.
EXERCiSES
EX A M P LES
2, 3 ,4 , and 5
on pp. 8 11 -8 1 3
for*Exs. 17 -2 3
W rite a ru ie fo r th e n th te rm o f th e g eom etric sequence.

17. 256, 64, 16, 4, 1 , . . .
18. r = 5, a^ = 200
19. rq = 144, a^ = 16
20. E3(5)'*t
;= 1
21. E8(2)'-*
;=l
22.
E l5 (^
1=1 \^
23.
E 4 0 (l
* 1
Chapter Review
841
) CHAPTER REV!EW
ind Sums of tnfinite Geometric Series
F in d th e su m o f th e se rie s
For th is series,
*, i f i t e x ists.
i= r
= 1 and r = . B eca u se Irj < 1 , th e sum o f th is series exists.
The sum is S =
= 5.
EXERCtSES
EX A M P LES
F in d th e su m o f th e in f in it e geom etric se rie s, i f i t e x ists.
2 and 5
on pp. 821-822
for Exs. 24-31
3 V' - 1
24. ^ 3
;= 1
26.
X 4 ( 1 .3 ) '* '
:=I
27.
X - 0 .2 ( 0 .5 ) '" '
;= l
W rite th e repeating decim al as a fra c tio n in io w e st te rm s.
28.
0 .8 8 8 ...
29. 0 .5 4 6 5 4 6 5 4 6 ...
30- 0.3787878.
31. 0 .7 8 3 8 3 8 3 ...
Use Recursive Ruies with Sequences and Functions
pp. 827 833
W rite a re c u rsiv e ru ie fo r th e sequence 6 ,1 0 ,1 4 ,1 8 , 2 2 , ____
T he seq u en ce is a rith m e tic w ith first term %] = 6 and co m m o n d ifference

d = 10 - 6 = 4.
Genera! recursive ru!e fo r
= < 3 -r+ 4
Substitute 4 fo r d.
So, a recursive ruie for th e seq u en ce is a j = 6, a^ = a^ ^ ^ + 4.
EXERCtSES
EX A M P LES
1, 2, and 3
on pp. 8 27-828
for Exs. 32-38
W rite th e f i r s t fiv e te rm s o f th e sequence.
32. a^ = 4, a^ = a^ _ ^ + 9
33. rq = 8, a^ = 5a^ _ j
34. a^ = 2, a^ = a - a^ _ j
W rite a re c u rsiv e ru le fo r th e sequence.
35. 6, 18, 54, 162, 4 8 6 , . . .
36. 4, 6, 9, 13, 1 8 , . . .
37. 7, 13, 19, 25, 3 1 , ..
38. PO PU LA TIO N A tow n's p opu lation in crea ses at a rate o f abou t 1% per year,
in 2000, th e tow n had a p opu lation o f 26,000. W rite a recu rsive rule for th e
tow n's p opu lation P^ in year a. Let a = 1 rep resen t 2000.
842
Chapter 12
CHAPTER TEST
T e ll w h e th e r th e sequence is a rith m e tic , geom etric, o r n e ith e r. E x p la in .
1.
5, 9 ,1 3 , 1 7 , . . .
2. 3, 6, 12, 2 4 , . . .
3. 4 0 ,1 0 ,
4. 4, 7, 12, 1 9 , . . .
W rite th e f i r s t s ix te rm s o f th e sequence.
8. a^ = - 1
7. ^ = 4
6. a^ = 7n
5. <3^ = 6 - H
= 5a M- 1
W rite th e n e x t te rm o f th e sequence, and th e n w rite a ru ie fo r th e n th te rm .
9 .5 ,1 1 ,1 7 ,2 3 ,...
1 0 .3 ,1 5 ,7 5 ,3 7 5 ,.
6 7 8 9
" ' 5 - , 0 - ,3 '2 0 "
'
I '* 1-6-3-2, 4.8, 6 .4 ,.
X /
14.
;= i
X 9 ( 2 ) ''" *
;= 1
18.
15.
a^
M= 1
6
17.
10
28
48
13.
i- 1
19.
X l 2 (^
i= 1
19
16.
X (4i - 9)
i= 1
i- 1
X 8 ^
X ( 2 i + 5)
i= 1
20 - I 2 0 ( J L
10
i= 1
W rite th e re pe ating decim al as a fra c tio n in lo w e st te rm s.
21. 0 .1 1 1 ...
22. 0 .4 6 4 6 4 6 ...
23. 0.187187187..
24. 0.3252525.
27. 135, 45, 15, 5,
28. 1, - 3 , 9, - 2 7 , . . .
W rite a re c u rsiv e ru le fo r th e sequence.

25. 2, 12, 72, 4 3 2 , . . .
26. 3, 10, 17, 2 4 , . . .
F in d th e f i r s t th re e ite ra te s o f th e fu n c tio n fo r th e given in it ia l vaiue.

29.
/(x ) = 3x - 7, x = 4
32.
QUILTS U se th e p attern o f ch eck erb o ard qu ilts show n.
n = l,o = l
30. /(x ) = 8 - 5x, x = 1
n = 2, a = 2
n = 3, o = 5
31. /(x ) = x^ + 2, x^ = - 1
n = 4, o = 8
a. W hat does a represent for each quilt? W h at does a^ represent?

b. M ake a table th at show s a and a^ for a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, and 8.
c. Use th e ru le
+ ^ [1 * ( * ! ) " ] to find a^ for a = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7,
and 8. Ccarpnre th e se values w ith th e results in your table. W h at can

you conclu de abou t th e seq u en ce defin ed by th is rule?
33.
AUDITIONS Several rounds o f au ditions are b ein g held to ca st th e th ree

m ain p arts in a play. T here are 3072 actors at th e first round o f auditions.
In each su ccessiv e round o f auditions, one fo u rth o f th e actors from the
previous round rem ain . Find a rule for th e n u m b er a^ o f acto rs in th e a th
round o f auditions. For w hat values o f a does your ru le m ake sense?
Chapter Test
843
*2 * '
TEST PREPARATtON
CONTEXT-BASED
MULTtPLE CHOKE QUEST!ONS
Som e o f th e in fo rm atio n you n eed to soive a co n tex t-b a sed m ultipie ch o ice
qu estio n m ay ap p ear in a table, a diagram , or a graph.
T h e freq u en cies (in hertz) o f th e n o tes on

a piano form a g eo m etric seq u en ce. T he
freq u en cies o f G (labeled "8 ") and A (labeled
"10") are show n in th e d iagram . W hat is the
approxim ate frequ en cy o f E flat (labeled "4")?
(A )
247 Hz
(g )
330 Hz
r1mr
1
( B ) 311 Hz
(g )
392 Hz
10
12
440 Hz
554 Hz
P!an
t N T E R P R E T T H E DtAGRAM T he d iagram gives you th e freq u en cies o f th e 8 th and
10th notes. Use th e se freq u en cies to find th e freq u en cy o f th e 4 th note.
Sotution
Write a system of
equations.
.MRP .2
Soive the system of
equations to find the
values of rand rq.
Let a^ b e th e freq u en cy (in hertz) o f th e n th note. B eca u se th e freq u en cies form

a g eom etric seq u ence, a rule for
has th e form
^ \ From th e diagram ,
ttg = 392 and *10 = 440. Use th e se values to w rite a system o f equation s.
n = n ,r 8 - 1
392 =
Equation 1
*10
440 =
Equation 2
a, =
392
4 40 =
392
Solve Equation 1 fo r tq.
r?
Substitute
^7
r'
fo r tq in Equation 2.
440 = 3 9 2 r '
Sim plify.
1.12
1.06
Take positive square root of

each side.
Find n^ by su bstitu tin g th e value o f r into revised E qu ation 1.

a^ =
Write a rule for the nth

term and find a..
392
^7
392
(1.06f
261
A rule for th e seq u en ce is
= n^"
So, a^ = 261(1.06)3 ^
^ T he co rrect answ er is B. (A )
844
Chapter 12
= 261(1.06)
(g) (C) (D)
- 1
T he first 4 term s o f a n in fin ite a rith m e tic seq u en ce

are show n in th e graph. W h ich ruie d escrib es th e
a th term in th e seq u en ce?
(A )
a = 2 a - 5
(B )
(C )
a = 5 a - 2
(D ) a = a + 5
'(4,3)
'(3 1)
a = 2 a + 5
'(2 -1 )
(1 ,-3 )
P !an
!N T E R P R E T T H E G RA PH In o rd er to fin d a ru ie fo r th e se q u e n c e , y ou m u st first
u se th e g rap h to w rite th e te rm s o f th e s e q u e n c e .
Sotution
; ................. .............T h e p o in ts show n in th e graph are:
Write the terms of the
^
sequence.
(l, - 3 ) , (2, - 1 ) , (3, 1), (4, 3)
Therefore, th e seq u en ce is - 3 , - 1 , 1 , 3 , . . . .
................................. T h e first term a, o f th e seq u en ce is - 3 .
Find the first term and
*
the common difference.
B ecau se each term a fter th e first is 2 m ore th a n th e previous term , th e co m m o n
d ifferen ce d is 2.
Write a rule for the nth
term.
"
= a ,+ (a -l)d
'
= - 3 + (a - 1)2
W rite genera! ruie fo r an arithmetic sequence.
= - 3 + 2a - 2
= 2a - 5
Simpiify.
Substitute - 3 fo r rq and 2 fo r d.
F T h e co rrect answ er is A. (A ) ( B ) (C ) ( )
PRACTKE
In Ex e rc ise s I and 2, use th e grap h in P ro b le m 2.
1. W hat is th e value o f a , .?
(A )
-3 5
(B )
25
(C )
30
(D )
165
2. W h ich statem en t is tru e abou t th e seq u en ce th a t is graphed?

(A ) T h e sum o f th e first 14 term s is 140.
(B )
T h e vaiue o f a^Q is 40.
(C ) A recu rsive ru le for th e seq u en ce is a^ = 2, a^ = a^ _ ^ - 5 .

(D ) T h e ratio o f an y te rm to th e previous te rm is co n sta n t.
845
12*
TEST PRACTKE
MULT!PLE CHOKE
1. T he diagram shows the b o u n ce heights o f
a bask etball and a b ase b all dropped from
a height o f 10 feet. On each bo u n ce, th e
bask etball b o u n ces to 36% o f its previous
height, and the baseb all b o u n ces to 30% o f its
previous height. About how m uch greater is the
to tal d istan ce traveled by th e b ask etb all th a n
th e to tal d istan ce traveled by th e b aseball?
i f t
3 ft
+
3 ft
h{
t
;!
1.3 ft
+
1.3 ft
-L
Basketball
4. A ssum e th a t Cheryl is in gen eratio n 1, her

p aren ts are in generation 2, and so on. Let a^ be
th e n u m b er o f relatives in generation a. W h at is
a ru le for a ?
0.9 ft
+
0.9 ft
Baseball
(A )
1.34 feet
(B )
2.00 feet
(g )
2.62 feet
(5 )
5.63 feet
Domain
Range
20
10
2.5
1.25
(A )
= 20, a^ = a , ^ + 10
( )
a^ = 20, a^ = a^ _ ^ - 10
(5 )
a^ = 20, a^ = 0.5a^ _ ^
(g )
a^ = 20, a^ = 2 a , ^
a = 2 "
(g )
(g )
a,
(A )
(B )
64
(g )
128
(g )
255
(A ) a
= a + 1
(B )
a^ = a ( a + 1)
(g )
= 2a^
(g )
a = a^ + 1
20
/7
(g )
G eo m etric w ith
r> 1
(g )
N either a rith m e tic

nor geom etric
(g )
7. W h ich sum gives th e n u m b er o fb lo ck s show n?
(A )
Chapter 12
a =2"
6. W h ich rule d escrib es th e n u m b er o fb lo ck s in

th e a th layer, w here a = 1 rep resen ts th e top
layer?
(A ) A rithm etic
846
(B )
In Ex e rc ise s 6 and 7, use th e dia g ra m o f a stack

o fb lo c k s.
3. W hat type o f sequen ce

is graphed at th e right?
G eo m etric w ith
0<r<l
(A ) a^ = a + 2
5. C heryl crea tes a fam ily tree w ith 8 g enerations

o f h er fam ily. How m any p eople are in her
fam ily tree?
2. The table shows th e d om ain and range o f a

sequence. W hich recursive rule d escribes the
sequence?
(B )
Cheryl is re sea rch in g h er lin eage for a history

p ro ject. So far, she h as created a fam ily tree for
th ree gen eration s, as show n below. Cheryl is only
including relatives from w hom she is d irectly
d escend ed . Siblings are n ot included.
io n
3.6 ft
+
3.6 ft
-L
In Ex e rc ise s 4 and 5, use th e in fo rm a tio n below.
X h '+ D
;=2
X
3D
X ( ;+ i)
f= l
(g )
X ;i; + D
i= l
20
1= 2
+ 1)
GMDDED ANSWER
8. Two term s o f a g eo m etric seq u en ce are
= 12 and a^ = 48. W hat is th e value o f rq?
9. W hat is th e eighth term o f th is seq u ence?
- 4 , 12, - 3 6 , 1 0 8 , . . .
10. W hat is th e sum o f th e follow ing series?
5
X 0 .5 (2 ) ''" *
1
11. W rite th e rep eating d ecim al 0 .1 5 1 5 1 5 ... as a
fractio n in low est term s.
12. W hat is th e sum o f th e first th ree iterates o f
th e fu n c tio n /(x ) = 2% - 1 for an in itia l value of
*o = 2?
13. W hat is th e eighth term o f th e seq u en ce given
by th e recu rsive ru le 3] = 0.5, a^ = 2a^ _ ^ + 5?
14. W hat is th e sum o f th e first 15 term s o f th e
seq u en ce a^ = 6n + 3?
15. W hat is th e co m m o n d ifference d o f the
seq u en ce 3, 6, 9, 1 2 , . . . ?
SHORT RESPONSE
16. You receiv e a n e -m a il th at you are to forward
to 10 o f your frien d s. T h ere w ere 10 recip ien ts
in th e first round, 100 recip ien ts in th e second
round, and so on. By th e tim e you receive the
e-m ail, it h as alread y b een sen t to ju st over
100 m illio n people. W h at round o f recipients
m u st you b e in? E xpiain your reason in g.
17. Th e n u m b er o f d iagon als in a convex polygon
is given by th e form ula
= -^n(n - 3) where
n is th e n u m b er o f sides o f th e polygon (n > 3).

W rite th e first six term s o f th e seq u en ce given
by th e form ula. T h en tell w h ether th e seq u en ce
is arithm etic, geom etric, or neither. Expiain.
18. D uring a b a se b a ll season , a com p any pledges
a d on ation to a ch a rity o f $ 5 0 0 0 plus $100 for
every hom e ru n h it by th e lo ca l team . D oes it
m ake m ore sen se to rep resen t th is situation
using a seq u en ce or a series? E xpiain your
reasoning.
EXTENDED RESPONSE
19.
A ru n n in g track is shaped like a rectan g le w ith two

sem icircu lar ends, as show n. T h e track h as 8 la n e s th a t are
each 1.22 m eters wide. T h e lan es are num bered from 1 to
8 startin g from th e insid e lane. T h e len gth o f ea ch red line
segm ent th at extend s from th e cen ter o f th e left sem icircle
to th e insid e o f a la n e is called th e lan e's cu rve radius.
a. Is th e seq u en ce form ed by th e cu rve rad ii arithm etic,
geom etric, or neither? Expiain.
b. W rite a form ula for the seq u en ce from p art (a ).
c. World record s m u st b e set o n track s th a t have a cu rv e radius o f at m ost

50 m eters in th e outside lan e. D oes th e tra ck show n m eet th e requirem en t?
Explain.
20.
M ark tak es out a loan for $16,000 w ith an in terest rate o f 0.75% per m onth. At
the end o f each m o n th h e m ak es a p aym en t o f $300.
a. W rite a recursive rule for th e b a la n c e a^ o f th e lo an at th e b eg in n in g o f the
nth m onth.
b. How m uch w ill M ark owe at th e b eg in n in g o f th e 18th m onth?
c. How long w ill it tak e M ark to pay o ff th e loan?

d. If M ark pays $350 in stead o f $300 ea ch m on th , how long w ill it tak e h im to
pay o ff th e loan? W ill he end up paying less overall? Expiain.
847
) CUMULAT!VE REV!EW
7-72
1. 3x - y = 5 ip. 89)
- 6x - 27 ip. 236)
4. y = F
7. y = Vx + 6 ip. 446)
10. y = 1 2 ^ ip. 486)
2. ^ x + 3y = - 4 ip. 89)
3. y = lx + 3 1 - 8 ip. 123)
5. y = - 2 ( x + 6 )(x - 1) ip. 243)
6. y = (x - 3 f + 4 ip. 243)
8. y = ^
9. y = 3 * 4^ " ^ ip. 478)
11. y =
- 2 )p. 446)
x -3
12. y
+ 5 ip. 338)
ip. 363)
F -4
Eva iua te th e d e te rm in a n t o f th e m a trix , ip. 203)
13.
14.
12
-7
15.
10
13
-4
-1
-5
*5
-9
16.
4*
T h e va ria b ie s x and y v a ry in v e rse ly . U se th e given va iu e s to w rite an e q ua tion

re ia tin g x and y. T h e n fin d th e vaiue o f y w h e n x = 8. ip. 331)
17. x = 3 , y = 6
18. x = - 4 , y =
20. x = 9, y = ^
19. * = 4 ,y = I
G raph th e eq ua tion.
21. ^
^ inrw-
= 1 ip. 634)
23. (x - 3 f = 16y ip. 630)
F in d th e n u m b e r o f p e rm u ta tio n s o r co m b in a tio n s.
24. ^
ip. 682)
25.
ip. 682)
27. gCgip.690)
26. -,q ip. 690)
F in d th e indicated p ro b a b iiity .
28. P(A) = 0.32
29. 7i and B are
P (B ) = 0.6
P(A or B) = 0.85
P(7t and B) = _ ? _ ip. 707)
30. 71 and B are
d epend ent events.

P(7l) = 0.5
P i B ^ ) = 0.3
P 04 and B) =
ip. 717)
in d ep en d ent events.
P04) = 0.25
P(R) = J L
P(A and B) = 0.2 ip. 717)
F in d th e mean, m edian, mode, range, and sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f th e data set.

ip- 744)
31. 1 9 ,1 1 ,8 , 1 0 ,1 1 ,1 5 , 16
32. 54, 58, 49, 60, 63, 58, 42
33. 216, 203, 225, 216, 212, 228, 209
34. - 3 , 5, - 1 1 , 6, - 3 , 2
35. 99, 92, 93, 82, 88, 71, 97
36.
78, 4, 28, 57, 88, 24, 57, 37, 65
39.
6
37.
X 3 f ip. 794)
7
=l
16
38.
12
X ( - 2 + Dip. 802)
7=1
,
7 - 1
( )
7 -
ip. 810)
40.
X 5 {I
7= 1
W rite an e x p lic it ru le and a re c u rsiv e ru le fo r th e sequence. %?. 827)
41. - 7 , - 3 , 1, 5 , . . .
848
Cumuiative Review: Chapters 1 - 1 2
42. 1, - 1 4 , - 2 9 , - 4 4 , . . .
43. 3, 12, 48, 1 9 2 , . . .
44. F U N D R A IS E R You are org anizin g a schooi fu n d raiser th a t involves sellin g

holiday cook ies and d ecorative calen d ars. You w an t to ra ise $ 2 4 0 0 . You
charge $2 for a bag o f co o k ies and $7 for a calen d ar. W rite an d graph an
eq u atio n to rep resent th e situ ation . If you sell 200 calen d ars, how m any
bags o f co o k ies do you need to sell in order to m eet your goal? (p. 981
45.
G EO M ETR Y A d esigner is creatin g a kit for

m aking sand castles. T h e d esigner w ants one o f th e
m olds to be a co n e th a t w ill hold 75-n- cu b ic in ch es
of sand. W hat should th e d im en sio n s o f th e con e
be if th e height should be 4 in ch es m ore th a n th e
radius o f th e b ase? (p. 3701
46. E L E C TR IC ITY T h e cu rren t 7 (in am peres) required for a n ele c trica l

appliance is given by 7 = ^ ^ w h e r e P is th e pow er (in w atts) and 7? is th e
resistance (in oh m s). Find th e pow er co n su m ed by a p o rtab le h a ir dryer for
w hich 7 = 17 am p eres and P = 6.5 ohm s. (p. 432)
47. D EPREC IA TIO N R achel buys a new ca r for $18,600. T h e value o f th e ca r
d ecreases by 15.5% each year. E stim ate w hen th e ca r w ill have a value o f
$8000. (p. 486)
48. ( 3 G EO M ETR Y Steve is a lifeg u ard at a pond. T h e pond is approxim ately
circu lar in shape w ith a d iam eter o f 330 feet. He ropes o ff a sectio n o f
th e pond for sw im m ing. T h e rope form s a chord o f th e circle and is a
m ax im u m d ista n ce o f 50 feet from th e edge o f th e pond. W h at is th e len gth
o f th e rope? (p. 626)
49. DINING O U T You and th ree frien d s go to a resta u ra n t for d in n er. T h ere are
20 d ifferen t item s on th e m enu. E ach o f you is eq u ally likely to order any
item . W hat is th e p ro bability th a t ea ch o f you orders a d ifferen t item from
th e m enu? (p. 717)
50. R E A L E S T A T E COMMISSIONS T h e data set below gives th e sellin g p rices o f
seven hom es th a t are b ein g sold by one real esta te agent. T h e agent w ill
receive 5% o f th e sellin g p rice o f ea ch hom e as a co m m issio n , (pp. 744, 731)
Se lling Prices of Homes
$201,900; $205,200; $195,800; $210,300; $199,900; $215,500; $192,100

a. Find th e m ean , m ed ian , m ode, range, an d stan d ard d eviation o f th e data.
b. Find th e agent's co m m issio n for ea ch h om e. T h en find th e m ean,
m ed ian, m ode, range, and stand ard d eviation o f th e co m m issio n s.

c. Com pare th e sta tistics from p arts (a) an d (b).
51. SA LA R Y An acco u n ta n t tak es a jo b th a t pays a n a n n u a l salary o f $31,000
for th e first year. T h e em ployer offers a $1600 raise for ea ch o f th e n ext

8 years. W rite a ru le for th e a cco u n ta n t's salary in th e n th year. W h at w ill
th e acco u n ta n t's salary b e in th e 9 th year? (p. 802)
Cumulative Review: Chapters 1 - 1 2
849
13
T rigonom etric Ratios

and Functions
u n e t r vwith
w ith
R i il
h hTriang!es
lT .i^
13.1 Use Trigonometry
!^M
13.2 Define Genera) Angles and Use Radian Measure

13.3 Evaiuate Trigonometric Functions of Any Angtp^
13.4 Eva!uate inverse Trigonometric Functions
13.5 App!yihe Layv of Sines
'
13.6 A p p ty th e L a w o fC o sin e s/
Sejjbre
In previous co u rses and in previous chap ters, you learn ed th e follow ing skills,
w hich you'll use in C hapter 13: using th e P yth ago rean th eo rem , solving eq u atio n s
using inverse fu n ctio n s, and fihd ing angie m easu res in trian g les.
Prerequisite Skiiis
VOCABULARY CHECK
Copy and complete th e sta tem ent.
1. T he recip roca l o f 4 is
? .
2. F u n c tio n s /a n d g are in v e rse s o f each oth er if
and
? .
3. An eq u ation o f th e circie w ith cen ter (0, 0) and a radius o f 1 u n it is
? .
SK)LLS CHECK
A rig h t tria n g le has legs w ith le n g th s a and & and a hypo te nu se w it h le n g th c.
F in d the u n k n o w n side le n g th . ^Reviewp. 9 95 /or 13.1J
4. a = 8, & = 1 0
5. <3 = 2.5, c = 6.5
6. & = 9, c = l l
Solve the eq ua tion. ^Review p. 5 T5/o r 13.4.1
7.
4 *-5 = 3
8. l o g 2 . x = - l
9. - 5 + 2 In 3x = 20
T h e m easures o f th e angles o f a tria n g le are given. F in d th e value o fv .

^Review p. 9 95 /or 13.5, 13.6J
10.
x, 65, 55
11. 90, x, x
@ H o m e 7 u fO f Prerequisite skills practice at ciasszone.com
12. 41, 107, x
In C hapter 13, you w ill apply th e big ideas listed below an d review ed in th e
C hapter Su m m ary on page 897. You w ill also u se th e key v o ca b u la ry listed below.
Big ideas
^
Using trig o n o m e tric functions

Usin g inverse trig o n o m e tric functions
Appiying the iaw o f sines and iaw o f cosines
K E Y VOCABULARY
- sine, p. 852
cotangent, p. 852
inverse sine, p. 875
- cosine, p. 852
radian, p. 860
inverse cosine, p. 875
* tangent, p. 852
central angte,p. 86?
inverse tangent, p. 875
* cosecant, p. 852
unit circie, p. 867
law of sines, p. 882
- secant, p. 852
reference angte,p. 868
law of cosines, p. 889
You c a n use angle m easu res and trig on o m etry to find len gth s an d areas in real life
For exam ple, you ca n u se an angle m easu re to find th e a re a o f ea ch step in a spiral
staircase.
^ g g ifnoted Aigebra
The a n im atio n illu strated below for E xercise 53 on page 864 helps you an sw er th is
qu estion: How does th e ce n tra l angle o f a step in a spiral sta irca se a ffe ct th e step's
area?
T h e s t e p s of a spiral s t a i r c a s e can be
app ro xi mat ed by s e c t o r s of a circle.
Examine th e e f f e c t of th e c e n tra l an gle on

th e arc length and are a of e a c h step .
A ig e b ra at classzone.com
O th e r a n im a tio n s f o r C hapter 13: pages 8 5 4 , 867, 8 8 4 , and 8 9 7
13.1
Use T rigonometry
with Right Triangies
You used the Pythagorean theorem to find iengths.
You wiii use trigonom etric functions to find iengths.
So you can m easure distances indirectiy, as in Exampie
C onsider a right trian g ie th at h as an acu te angie 9 (the

Greek ietter fhefa). T he th ree sides o f th e trian g ie are th e
hypofe/mse, th e side opposite 9, and th e side ad/'acenr to 9.
Key V o cab u iary

* sme
* cosine
* tangent
hypotenuse
opposite
side
R atios o f a right trian g ie's side ien gth s are used to d efine
th e six trig on o m etric fu n ctio n s: sine, cosine, tangent,
cosecant, secant, and cotangent. T h ese six fu n ctio n s are
abbreviated sin, cos, tan, esc, sec, an d cot, respectively.
* cosecant
* secant
* cotangent
adjacent side
KEY CONCEPT
Right Triangie Definitions of Trigonometric Functions
Let 9 b e an acu te angie o f a right trian g ie. T he six trig on o m etric fu n ctio n s o f 9
are defined as foiiows:
s in 8 =
csc8 =
opposite
adjacent
co s8 =
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
opposite
ta n 8 =
hypotenuse
hypotenuse
sec8 =
co t8 =
adjacent
opposite
adjacent
adjacent
opposite
The abbreviations opp, ad/, and hyp are o ften used to rep resen t th e side ien gth s
o f th e right triang ie. Note th at th e ratios in th e seco n d row are recip ro cals o f
th e ratios in th e first row:
csc8 =
1 EX A M P LE
1
sin 8
1
cos 8
sec8 =
co t 8 =
_ t_
tan i
1 Evaiuate trigonometric functions
Eva iu a te th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f th e angie 0.
^ ^ ^ J iy p o te n u s e ^
5
S o iu tio n
REV!EW GEOMETRY
For heip with the
Pythagorean theorem,
see p. 995.
852
Chapter 13
12
* From th e P yth ago rean theorem , th e ien gth o f the

hyp otenu se is
+ 12^ = V l6 9 = 13.
s i n e - y - : ;
hyp
13
hyp
13
csc8 =
= ^
opp
12
hyp
13
s e c 8 = -y /r =
adj
5
Trigonom etric Ratios and Functions
hyp
- 5
13
ta n C -""'adj
12
5
adj
c o t8 = h = 5
opp
12
EXAM PLE 2
I f 0 is an acute angle o f a rig h t tria n g ie and s in # = - , w h a t is ta n 0?
(S )
(g )
4V33
33
(g )
^ 3
(B )
S o tu tio n
F7TP 7
D ra w a right trian g le w ith acu te an gie 6 su ch th at

th e leg opposite 6 h as ien gth 4 and th e h yp oten u se
has len g th 7. By th e P y th ago rean th e o rem , th e
iength x o f th e o th er leg is % = V7^ - 4^ = V33.

Find th e value o f ta n 0.
opp
4
ta n 0 =
^
adj
V33
4V33
33
^ T h e co rrect answ er is B. (A) (B) (E) (E)
C u tD ED PRA C TiC E
Ev a lu a te th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f th e angle 0.

3.
4.
In a right trian g le, 0 is an acu te angle and co s 0 = . W h at is sin 0?
SPEC IA L AN C LES T h e an gles 30, 45, and 60 o cc u r frequ en tly in trigonom etry.
You ca n u se th e trig o n o m etric values for th ese an gles to fin d u nk n o w n side
len gth s in sp e cial right trian g les.
KEY CONCEPT
Trigonometric Vaiues for Specia! Angies
I T h e tab le below gives th e v alues o f th e six trig o n o m etric fu n ctio n s for th e
angles 30, 45, and 60. You ca n o b ta in th e se values from th e trian g les show n.
sin 0
COS 0
tan 0
CSC 0
30
1
2
V3
2
V3
3
4S
V2
2
V2
2
V?
V?
60
V3
2
1
2
V3
2 V3
V3
3
13.1
sec 0
2 V3
3
cot 0
V3
Use Trigonom etry with Right Triangles
853
EXAM PLE 3
^1
Find an unknown side iength of a right triangie
F in d th e vaiue o f x fo r th e rig h t tria n g ie sh o w n .
S o iu tio n
W rite an eq u atio n using a trig on o m etric fu n ctio n th a t involves th e ratio o f x

and 8. Solve th e eq u atio n fo r x .
adj
cos 30 =
W rite trigonometric equation.
Substitute.
4V 3 = x
M uitipiy each side by 8.
^ The length o f th e side is x = 4\ 3 = 6.93.
{^jiM nm tegAjgebra at classzone.com
SOLViNG A TR IA N G LE Finding nB u nknow n side len gth s and angle m easu res o f
a trian g le is called so M n g th e trian g le. Solving right trian g les th a t have acu te
an gles o th er th a n 30, 45, and 60 m ay requ ire th e u se o f a calcu lator.
To find values o f th e sine, co sin e, and tan g en t fu n ctio n s on a calcu lator, u se th e
keys
, and
. Use th ese keys and th e recip ro ca l key for co se ca n t,
secan t, and co tan gen t. Be sure th e ca lcu la to r is set in d egree m ode.
Use a cakutator to sotve a right triangie
EXAMPLE 4
Solve AyfBC.
S o iu tio n
R EA D iN G
Throughout this
chapter, a capital letter
is used to denote both
an angle of a triangle
and its measure. The
same letter in lowercase
is used to denote the
length of the side
opposite that angle.
y4 and B are co m p lem en tary angles,

so B = 90 - 28 = 62.
tan 28 =
OPP
adj
sec 28 =
tan 28 = ^
15
15 (ta n 2 8 ) = n
sec 28 =
15
7.98 = n
1
cos 28
hyp
adj
15
= c
17.0
Substitute.
Soive fo r the variabie.

Use a caicuiator.
> So, B = 62, a = 7.98, and c = 17.0.
G uiD ED PRAC TiC E
Solve A z lB C u s in g th e d ia g ra m at th e rig h t and the

given m e a surem ents.
854
Chapter 13
5. B = 45, c = 5
6.
A = 32, B = 10
7. A = 71, c = 20
8.
B = 60, a = 7
Use indirect measurement

GRAND CANYON W hile stan d in g at Yavapai Point
near th e Grand Canyon, you m easu re an angie of

90 betw een Pow ell P oin t and W idforss Point, as
show n. You th e n w alk to Pow ell P oin t an d m easu re
an angle o f 76 b etw een Yavapai Point and W idforss
Point. Th e d ista n ce b etw ee n Yavapai P oint and
Powell Point is about 2 m iles. How wide is th e Grand
Canyon betw een Yavapai Point and W idforss Point?
Solution
CHOOSE F U N C TIO N S
The tangent function

is used to find the
unknown distance
because it invoives the
ratio of x and 2.
tan 76 =

Muitipiy each side by 2.
2 (tan 76) =
8.0
Use a caicuiator.
F T he w idth is abou t 8.0 m iles.
ANG LES OF StG H T If you look at a point above you,
such as th e top o f a bu ilding, th e angle th a t your

lin e o f sight m akes w ith a lin e parallel to th e ground
is called th e angle o f elevation. At th e top o f the
building, th e angle b etw een a lin e p arallel to the
ground and your lin e o f sight is called th e angle o f
d ep ressio n. T h ese two an gles have th e sam e m easure.
you
U seanangteofetevation
PA RA SA tU N G A p arasailer is atta ch ed to a b o at w ith a rope 300 feet long. The
angle o f elevation from th e b o at to th e p arasailer is 48. E stim ate th e p arasailer's

height above th e boat.
Solution
F7<FP 7
D ra w a d iagram th a t rep resen ts th e situ atio n .

W rite and solve a n eq u atio n to find th e h eight
sin 48 =
3 0 0 (sin 48) = h
223 = h
?!
300 ft/
p

Use a caicuiator.
F T h e h eight o f th e p ara sa iler above th e b o a t is abou t 223 feet.
G utD ED PRAC TtCE
9.
fo r Ex a m p le s 5 and 6
GRAND CANYON In Exam ple 5, find th e d ista n ce b etw een Powell Point and
W idforss Point.
10.
W H A T IF? In Exam ple 6, estim a te th e h eight o f th e p arasailer above th e boat

if th e angle o f elevation is 38.
13.1
Use Trigonom etry with Right Triangles
855
131 EXERCiSES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
Q = W O RKED O U T SO LUTIO NS
onp .W S21fo rExs. 5 ,11,and33
*
= STA ND A RD IZED T E S T PRACTICE

Exs. 2,15,20,33, and 36
= M U L TIP L E REPRESEN TA TIO N S
Ex. 34
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY W h at is an angle o f elevation?
2. * W R ITIN G Explain w hat it m ean s to solve a right trian gle.

EX A M P LE 1
on p. 852
for Exs. 3 -8
EVA LUA TIN G FUN C TIO N S Ev a lu a te th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f the

angie 0.
6.
15
EX A M P LE 2
on p. 853
for Exs. 9-16
FINDING V A LU ES L e t 0 be an acute angie o f a rig h t tria n g ie . F in d th e va iues o f

the o th e r fiv e trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f 0.
9. sin 0 = ^
6
12.
10. c o s 0 = ^
CSC0 = y ^
13. sec 0 =
ta n 0 =
14. co t 0 =
3
6
11
15. ik M U L T IP L E CHOICE In a right trian g le, 0 is a n a cu te angle and co s 0 =

W hat is th e value o f tan 0?
(A )
4V65
65
(g )
V65
(B )
V65
(B )
16. ER R O R A N A LYSIS D escribe and co rrect th e
error in fin d ing esc 0, given th at 0 is an acu te
esc 8
cos 8
^
7
angle o f a right trian g le and co s 0 = ^ .
EX A M P LE 3
FINDING SID E LE N G TH S F in d th e exact vaiues o f x and y.
on p. 854
for Exs. 17-20
18.
4
V21
20. * M U L T IP L E CHOICE In a 30-60-90 trian g le, th e ionger leg h as a len gth o f 5.
W hat is th e iength o f th e shorter teg?
(S) ^
856
Chapter 13
(!)
5V3
(S)
10V3
(D) 5V3
EXAM PLE 4
SOLVING TRIANGLES S o lv e A A B C u s in g th e d ia g r a m a n d th e g iv e n m e a s u r e m e n ts .
on p. 854
for Exs. 21-28
21. A =
35, c =
22. B =
16
75, a
= 12
24. A = 67, & = 7
23. B = 18, c = 24
25. B =
53, a
= 15
27. A = 64, & = 32
26. A = 49, c = 27
28. B = 24, c = 10.8
29. C HALLENG E A p roced u re for app roxim ating zr b ased on th e w ork o f

A rchim ed es is to in sc rib e a regu lar hexagon in a circle.
a. U se th e d iagram at th e right to solve for x. W h at is the
p erim eter o f th e hexagon?

b. Show th a t a regu lar n-sided polygon in scrib ed in
a circle o f radius 1 h as a p erim eter o f 2 a - sin ( - ^ 1 Use th e result from p art (b) to find an expression in
term s o f a th a t ap proxim ates zr. T h en evaluate th e
expression w hen a = 50.
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EX A M P LE S
5 and 6
on p. 855
for Exs. 3 0 -3 5
i n Ex e rc ise s 30 and 31, use th e in fo rm a tio n in th e d ia g ra m to soive th e p rob ie m .
30. T R E E H E iG H T A tree ca sts th e shadow

show n. W hat is th e height o f th e tree?
@ M )m e7M for
31. G RAND PiANO Find th e len gth o f th e

prop holding o p en th e piano.
32. R A iLW A Y T he Falls In clin e Railw ay at N iagara F alls h as a n an gle o f elevation

o f 36. T h e railw ay extend s a h o riz o n ta l d ista n ce o f ab o u t 138 feet. Find th e
height and length o f th e railway.
(3jb) * S H O R T R ESP O N SE A su bm ersible traveling at a d epth o f 250 feet dives at
a n angle o f 15 w ith resp ect to a lin e p arallel to th e w ater's su rface. It travels

a h orizon tal d ista n ce o f 1500 feet d uring th e dive. W h at is th e d epth o f the
su bm ersible after th e dive? Explain how th e an gle o f th e dive a ffe cts th e fin al
depth.
34.
M U L T IP L E R E P R E S E N T A H O N S You are clim b in g M ount M assive in

C olorado. You are at an altitu d e o f 11,200 feet. You m easu re th e an gle of
elevation to a ridge above you to b e 29.4. T h e d ista n ce (along th e face o f
th e m o u n tain ) b etw een you an d th e ridge is 6315 feet.
a. D ra w ing a Diagram Draw a d iag ram th a t rep resen ts th is situation.
b. W ritin g an Equation W rite and solve an eq u atio n to find th e altitu d e of
th e ridge.
13.1
Use Trigonom etry with Right Triangies
857
35. T R O P K OF CANCER T h e Tropic o f C an cer is th e circie o f iatitud e farth est

north o f the equator w here th e sun ca n ap p ear d irectiy overhead, it iies
23.5 n o rth o f th e equator, as show n.
a. Find the circu m fere n ce o f th e Tropic
o f C ancer using 3960 m iies as E arth 's
approxim ate radius.
North Pole
Tropic of
Cancer
b. W hat is th e d ista n ce b etw een tw o points
23.5
equator ( J
on th e Tropic o f C ancer th at lie d irectly

across from each other?
So u th Pole
36. * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE A p assen ger in an a irp la n e sees tw o tow ns

d irectly to the left o f th e plane.
a. W hat is th e d ista n ce d from th e airp la n e to th e first tow n?

b. W hat is th e h o rizo n tal d ista n ce x from th e airp la n e to th e first tow n?
c. W hat is th e d ista n ce y b etw een th e tw o tow ns? E xp/am th e p ro cess you

used to find your answ er.
37. C HALLENG E You m easu re th e angle o f elevation from th e ground to th e top o f
a bu ilding as 32. W hen you m ove 50 m eters clo ser to th e building, th e angle
o f elevation is 53. How high is th e building?
M!XED REV!EW
P R E V iE W
Prepare for
Lesson 13.2
in Exs. 3 8-43.
P e rfo rm th e indicated co n ve rsio n , Ip. 21
38.
3 years to second s
39.
10 p in ts to gallons
40.
500 feet to yards
41.
9.4 kilog ram s to gram s
42.
2 tons to ou n ces
43.
5.6 m eters to m illim eters
Soive th e system u sin g any algebraic m e thod , fp. 1601
44. 2x - y = 8
3x + 4y = 23
45. 4x + 3y = - 1
3x + y = 3
46. 9x - 12y = 20
- 6 x + 8y = 11
47.
48.
49. 4x - 6y = 18
2 x + y = 3
12x + 5y = 4
3x - lOy = - 8
- 2 x + 7y = 16
3 x - 5y = 2
C ia ssify the conic se ction and w rite it s eq u a tio n in sta n d a rd fo rm . fp. 6501
50.
x^ + y^ + 4x + 6y - 17 = 0
51. x^ 4y^ + 6x + 16y + 137 = 0
52.
y^ - 4y + 16x + 116 = 0
53. 9x^ + 25y^ + 162x + 250y + 454 = 0
54. x^ + 8x + 4y + 28 = 0
858
55. x^ - y^ + 14x + 16y - 5 = 0
13.1, p. 1022
13.
Define Genera! Angies

and Use Radian Measure
You used acute angies m easured in degrees.
You wit! use genera! angies that m ay be m easured in radians.
'HKSSS)^
K e y V oc a b uta ry
* in it ia l side
So you can find the area of a curved p!aying fieid, as in Exampie 4.
In Lesson 13.1, you worked only w ith acu te angles. In th is lesson , you w ill study
angles w ith m easu res th a t ca n be any real n u m bers.
* te rm in a i side
* sta nd a rd p o sitio n
KEY CONCEPT
* c o te rm in a i
* ra d ia n
* sector
* centra] angie
Angies in Standard Position
90.
; * In a co o rd in ate plane, an angle c a n b e form ed

:
by fixin g one ray, called th e in it ia i side, and
rotatin g th e oth er ray, called th e te rm in a i side,
; 1! about th e vertex.
:'
'^
T!
terminal
**\ sid e
0
130"
vertex
An angle is in sta n d a rd p o sitio n if its vertex is at

th e origin and its in itia l side lies on th e positive
x-axis.
initial
r
side 3(M
270
T he m easu re o f an angle is positive if th e ro tatio n o f its te rm in a l side is

co u n terclockw ise, and negative if th e ro tatio n is clockw ise. T h e te rm in a l
side o f an angle ca n m ake m ore th a n one com p lete rotation .
Draw angtes in standard position

D ra w an angle w ith th e given m easure in sta n d a rd p o sitio n .
a. 240
-50
b. 500
c.
b. B eca u se 500 is 140
c. B eca u se - 5 0
S o iu tio n
a. B ecau se 240 is 60
m ore th a n 180, the

te rm in al side is 60
co u n terclockw ise past
th e negative x -axis.
m ore th a n 360, th e
te rm in a l side m akes
one w hole revolution
co u n terclockw ise
plus 140 m ore.
1 3 .2
is negative, th e
te rm in a l side is 50
clockw ise from the
positive x-axis.
Define Generai Angles and Use Radian M easure
859
C O TERM IN A L AN C LES In Exam ple 1, th e angles 500 and 140 are c o te rm in a l

b ecau se th eir te rm in al sides co in cid e. An angie co te rm in a l w ith a given angle
can be found by adding or su b tra ctin g m u ltiples o f 360.
EXAMPLE 2
Find cotermina) ang!es
F in d one p o sitiv e angle and one negative angie th a t are c o te rm in a l w ith

(a) - 4 5 and (b) 395.
Solution
T here are m any su ch angles, d epend ing on w hat m u ltiple o f 360 is added or
su btracted .
a. - 4 5 + 360 = 315
- 4 5 - 360 = - 4 0 5
GUIDED PRAC TICE
b. 395 - 360 = 35
3 9 5 - 2(360) = - 3 2 5
D ra w an angle w it h th e given m e asure in sta n d a rd p o sitio n . T h e n fin d one

p o sitiv e c o te rm in a l angle and one negative c o te rm in a l angle.
1. 65
2. 230
3. 300
RA D IA N M E A S U R E Angles ca n also b e m easu red in
radians. To d efine a rad ian, con sid er a circle w ith

radius r cen tered at th e origin as show n. One ra d ia n
is th e m easu re o f an angle in stand ard position
w hose term in al side in tercep ts a n arc o f len gth r.
B ecau se th e circu m fere n ce o f a circle is 2rrr, th ere
are 2ir rad ian s in a full circle. D egree m easu re and
rad ian m easu re are therefore related by th e eq u ation
360 = 27r rad ians, or 180 = 7r rad ian s.
KEY CONCEPT
Converting Between Degrees and Radians
Degrees to radians
Radians to degrees
M ultiply d egree m easure
M ultiply rad ian m easu re
by
860
Chapter 13
77-radians
180
by
180
7r radians
4. 740
Convert between degrees and radians

C o n v e rt (a) 125 to ra d ia n s and (b) - ^ ra d ia n s to degrees.
R EA D iN G
The unit 'radians* is

often omitted. For
instance, the measure
" 1Y radians may be
a.
125 = 1 2 5 ( ^ # ^ j
180 /
=
36
written simply as - y ^
b.
12
radians
\ 12
radians f ^ 0
A Tf radians
= -1 5
CONCEPT SUMMARY
Degree and Radian Measures of Specia! Angies
ra d ia n
m e a s u re
The diagram shows equivalent degree

and radian measures for special angles
from 0 to 3 6 0 (0 radians to 2ir radians).
You may find it helpful to memorize the
equivalent degree and radian measures of
special angles in the first quadrant and for
9 0 = y radians. All other special angles
are just multiples of these angles.
CutDED PRACTKE
fo r E x a m p ie 3
C o n v e rt th e degree m e asure to ra d ia n s o r th e ra d ia n m e asure to degrees.
5.
135
6. - 5 0
7. ^
8.
10
SEC TO R S OF CtRCLES A se cto r is a region o f a circle th a t is b o u n d ed by tw o radii

and an arc o f th e circle. T he c e n tra l angle 9 o f a secto r is th e angle form ed by the
two radii. T h ere are sim ple form u las for th e arc len gth and area o f a secto r w hen
th e ce n tra l angle is m easu red in rad ian s.
/Iff %?#/*
KEY CONCEPT
^ Arc Length and Area of a Sector

____ s e c t o r
' T h e arc len g th s and a re a A o f a secto r w ith

radius r and ce n tra l angle 6 (m easu red in
rad ians) are as follows.
.
A r c ie n g th :
/
\\
\
A rea:
*(
+
c e n tra ! \
a n g !e #
\
]
!en gth
// // s
/
1 3 .2
Define General Angles and Use Radian M easure
861
So!ve a mutti-step probtem
EXAM PLE 4
S O F TB A LL A so ftb all field form s a secto r w ith th e
d im ensions show n. Find th e len gth o f th e outfield

fence and the area o f th e field.
Outfield
fence
Solution
Convert th e m easu re o f th e cen tra l
angle to rad ians.
F7KP 7
AVOID E R R O R S
QQO
You must write the

measure of an angle
in radians when using
the formulas for the arc
length and area of a
sector.
90^ ^ radians) = y rad ian s

180
Find th e arc len gth and th e area o f

th e sector.
.fT ifP F
Arc length : s = r9 = 180) y ) = 90ir = 283 feet

Area: A = 1 ^ 8 = y ( 1 8 0 f ( y ) = 8100rr = 25,400 ft^
F T he len gth o f th e outfield fen ce is abou t 283 feet. T h e area o f th e field is about
25,400 squ are feet.
G UIDED PRAC TICE
fo r Exam ple 4
9. W H A T IF? In Exam ple 4, estim a te th e len gth o f th e outfield fen ce and th e

area o f th e field if th e outfield fen ce is 220 feet from hom e plate.
H O M EW O RK
KEY
13.2 EXEROSES
= W O RKED -O U T SO LUTIO NS
on p. WS22 fo r Exs. 11,23, and 51
= STA N D A RD IZED T E S T PRACTICE

Exs. 2,14, 31,50, and 53
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and co m p lete: An angle is in stand ard p o sitio n if its
vertex is at th e
and its
lies on th e positive x -axis.
2. * W R IT IN G How does th e sign o f an an gle's m easu re d eterm in e its d irectio n

o f rotation?
EX A M P LES
1 and 3
on pp. 859-861
for Exs. 3-14
862
Chapter 13
V ISU A L TH IN K IN G M atch th e angle m e asure w it h th e angle.
3. -2 4 0
4. 600
5. -
D RA W IN G ANG LES D ra w an angle w it h th e given m e asure in sta n d a rd p o sitio n .
6.
7. -1 0
110
8. 450
12 .
10. 677
- -
577*
9. - 9 0 0
13.
2677
th e diagram ?
(g )
-1 5 0
( B ) 210
(g )
570
(D ) 930
EX A M P LES
2 and 3
FtNDING C O TERM tN A L ANG LES F in d one p o sitiv e angie and one negative angie
th a t are c o te rm in a i w ith th e given angie.
on pp. 860-861
for Exs. 15-22
15. 70
16. 255
17. -1 2 5
18. 820
19. ^
20 .
21. ^ 1 7
22
EX A M P LE 3
on p. 861
for Exs. 23-31
CONVERTtNG M E A S U R E S C o n v e rt th e degree m e asure to ra d ia n s o r th e ra d ia n

m easure to degrees.
23.) 40
24. 315
25.
27.
28.
29. 577
31.
on p. 862
for Exs. 32 -3 8
30
(B )
(C )
390
For Exs. 3 9 -4 6 ,
set your
calculator in
radian mode.
750
26. 500
30.
1477
15
rad ians?
(D)
1110
FINDING ARC LE N G TH AND A REA F in d th e arc le n g th and area o f a se c to r w ith

th e given ra d iu s r and c e n tra i angie 0.
32. r = 4 in., 9 = ^
6
33. r = 3 m, 9 = ^
35. r = 12 ft, 9 = 150
36. r = 18 m,
38. ER R O R A N A LYSIS D escribe and co rrect

th e error in fin d in g th e area o f a secto r
w ith a radius o f 6 ce n tim eters an d a
cen trai angie o f 40.
H IN T
-2 6 0
* M U L T IP L E CHOiCE W h ich angie m easu re is equivalen t to

(A )
EX A M P LE 4
2077*
34. r = 15 cm , 9 = 45
25
37. r = 25 in., 9 = 270
A = ( 6 ) ^ (4 0 ) = 7 2 0 cm^
^
EV A LUA TiN G FUN C TiO N S Eva iu a te th e trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n u sin g a c a ic uia tor
i f necessary, i f p ossib le , give an exact answ er.
39.
40. sin ^
4
41. ta n - ^
6
42. s e c ^
43.
44. c o s ^
b
45. s i n ^ E
46.
-T Y
47. C HALLENG E A ro tatin g o b je ct th a t p asses th rou gh an angle 9 during tim e f

has an an g u lar velocity n given by th e form ula ^ = y- Find th e an gu lar
velocity o f th e hou r hand, th e m in u te hand, and th e seco n d h and on a
12 hour clock. Give all answ ers in degrees per hour.
1 3 .2
Define General Angles and Use Radian M easure
863
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EXAM PLES
1 and 3
on pp. 859-861
for Exs. 4 8 -5 0
48. A STRO N O M Y In astronom y, th e term inator is th e

day-night line on a p lan et th at divides th e p lan et
into daytim e and n ig h ttim e regions. T h e te rm in a to r
m oves across th e p lan et's su rface as th e p lan et
rotates. It tak es abou t 4 hours for E arth 's te rm in a to r
to m ove across th e co n tin e n ta l U nited States.
Through w hat angle h as E arth rotated d uring th is
tim e? Give th e answ er in b o th d egrees and rad ian s.
@M?me7HtOf
49. CD P LA Y E R W h en a CD player reads in fo rm a tio n from th e outer edge o f a CD,

th e CD spins abou t 200 revolutions per m inu te. At th a t speed, throu gh w hat
angle does a p o in t on th e CD spin in one m inu te? Give th e answ er in b o th
degrees and rad ian s.
@MMne7Mtor
50. * S H O R T R ESP O N SE You work every Saturd ay from 9 :0 0 A.M. to 5 :0 0 P.M.

Draw a d iagram th a t show s th e ro ta tio n com p leted by th e h o u r h an d of
a clock during th is tim e. Find th e m easu re o f th e an gle g enerated by th e
hour hand in b o th d egrees and rad ian s. Com pare th is an gle w ith th e angle
generated by th e m in u te han d from 9 :0 0 A.M. to 5 :0 0 P.M.
EX A M P LE 4
on p. 862
for Exs. 51-53
M U L T I- S T E P P R O B LEM A scien tist perform ed an
exp erim en t to study th e effects o f gravitation al

force on hu m ans. In order for h u m a n s to
exp erien ce tw ice E arth 's gravity, th ey w ere
placed in a cen trifu g e 58 feet long and spun
at a rate o f about 15 revolutions per m inute.
a. Through how m any rad ian s did th e people
rotate each second ?
b. Find th e length o f th e arc th rou gh w hich th e
peop le rotated each second .

52. M U L T !- S T E P P R O B LEM In th e shot put event at th e 2 0 0 4 Su m m er O lym pic
G am es, th e w in n in g shot w as 21.16 m eters. For a shot put to b e fair, it m ust
land w ith in a secto r having a ce n tra l angle o f 34.92.
a. If th e o fficials drew an arc across th e fair lan d in g area m ark in g th e
fa rth e st throw , how long w ould th e arc be?
b. All fair shot puts in th e 2004 O lym pics land ed w ith in a secto r boun d ed by
th e arc from p art (a). W hat is th e area o f th is sector?

53. * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE A spiral sta irca se has 15 steps. E ach step is a secto r
w ith a radius o f 42 in ch es and a cen tra l angle o f
a. W hat is th e len g th o f th e arc form ed by th e outer edge o f a step?
b. T hrou gh w hat angle would you rotate by clim b in g th e stairs? Include a
sixteen th tu rn for stepping up on th e land ing. E xplain your reason in g.

c. How m any squ are in ch es o f ca rp etin g w ould you need to cover the
15 steps?
C^HHtaisgAlgebra at classzone.com
864
O = WORKED OUT SOLUTtONS

on p. WS1
* =STANDARD<ZED
TEST PRACTKE
54. C HALLENG E A d artbo ard is divided in to 20 secto rs. E ach secto r is w orth a
p o in t value from 1 to 20 an d h as shaded region s th a t double or triple th is
value. A secto r is show n below.
^
Ain.
a. Find th e areas o f th e en tire sector, th e double region, and th e triple
region.
b. A d art you throw rand om ly land s som ew here in sid e th e sector. W h at is
th e probability th a t it lan d s in th e double region? in th e triple region?
MIXED REV!EW
P R E V )E W
S im p lify th e e x p re ssio n , ip. 2661
P re p a re for
55.
Lesson 1 3 .3
in Exs. 5 5 - 6 2 .
56.
V54
57.
V320
61.
60.
59.
58.
V36 * \ 18
62.
V l2
V7
V3 * V60
V28
V8
W rite an e q u a tio n o f th e iin e ta nge nt to th e given circle at th e given p o in t, ip. 6261
63.
F +
= 53; (7, 2)
64. F + /
= 4 0 ; (2, 6)
65.
+ /
= 146 ; (5, 11)
F in d th e n u m b e r o f p e rm u ta tio n s o r c o m b in a tio n s.
66 . gPg ip. 6821
67. -P ip. 6821
68 . ^
70. 9Cgip.6 <MJ
71. 15( ^ . 690!
72. gC^ ip. 6901
69. ioPgip.6821
73. gCJp.6901
ip. 6821

Solve A A BC u sin g th e d ia g ra m and th e given m e a su re m e n ts, ip. 8521
1.
A = 50, a = 14
2. A = 25, & = 10
3.
B = 70, a = 5
4. B = 42, c = 18
5.
A = 15, a = 9
6 . B = 37, c = 12
F in d one p o sitiv e angle and one negative angle th a t are c o te rm in a l w it h th e

given angle, ip. 8591
7.
115
8 .2 9 0
9 .4 ^
9
1 0 .^
5
1 1. Find th e arc len g th and area o f a secto r w ith a radius o f 8 in ch es an d a

ce n tra l angle o f 0 = 115. ip. 8591
12. ESC A LATO R T h e escalato r at th e W ilsh ire/V erm o n t M etro R ail Station in
Los A ngeles h as an angle o f elevation o f 30. T h e len g th o f th e esca la to r is
152 feet. W hat is th e height o f th e escalato r? ip. 8521
865
1 3 3 Evatuate Trigonometric
3 . 3 Functions of Any Ang!e
You evaluated trigonom etric functions of an acute angie.
You wiii evaiuate trigonom etric functions of any angie.
So you can caiculate distances invoiving rotating objects, as in Ex. 37.
Key Vocabutary
* u n it circie
You ca n g eneraiize th e righ t-trian gle d efin itio n s o f trig on o m etric fu n ctio n s from
Lesson 13.1 so th at they appiy to any angie in stand ard position.
* q ua d ra nta i angie
* reference angie
j:
KEY CONCEPT
Genera) Definitions of Trigonometric Functions
Let 0 b e an angle in stand ard position, and let (x, y)

be th e point w here th e te rm in a l side o f 0 in tersects
th e circle x^ + y^ = r^. T he six trig on o m etric
fu n ctio n s o f 0 are defined as follows:
^
^
-1!
r-
sin 0 =
r
esc 0 = , y ^ 0
y ^
co s 0 =
r
sec 0 = , x ^ 0
x
ta n 0 = , x # 0
x
co t 0 = , y ^ 0
y
'X
\.
Fv
\
\
* T hese fu n ctio n s are so m etim es called circMiar/MHchons.
EXAMPLE 1
Evatuate trigonometric functions given a point
L e t (4 ,3 ) be a p o in t on the te rm in a i side o f an
angie 0 in sta n d a rd p o sitio n . Eva iu a te th e s ix
trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f P.
Soiution
Use th e P yth ago rean th eo rem to find th e value o f r.
r=
+ y^ = V (-4 )2 + 32 = V 25 = 5
U sing x = 4, y = 3, and r = 5, you ca n w rite

th e follow ing:
ta n 0 =
sec 0 = =
x
866
Chapter 13
cot 0 = - = -
'
KEY CONCEPT
T h e U nit C ird e
The circle x^ + y^ = 1, w hich h as cen ter (0, 0)
and radius 1, is called th e u n it circle. T h e values
o f sin 6 and co s 0 are sim ply th e y -co o rd in a te and
x-co o rd in ate, respectively, o f th e p o in t w here the
te rm in al side o f 0 in tersects th e u n it circle.
s in 0 = ^ = Z = y
r
1
It is con ven ient to use th e u n it circle to find trig on o m etric fu n c tio n s of

angles. A q u a d ra n ta l angle is a n angle in stand ard p o sitio n w hose
te rm in a l side lies on an axis. T h e m easu re o f a qu ad ran tal an gle is always a
m ultiple o f 90, or ^ rad ians.
E X AMPLE 2
Use the unit cirde
U se th e u n it circle to evaluate th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f 0 = 270
ANOTHER WAY
The genera! circle
x^ + y^ = r^ can a!so
be used to find the
trigonometric functions
of 9 = 270. The
terminal side o f#
intersects the cirde at
(0, -r). Therefore:
sin 9=y =^=-1
r
r
The other functions can
be eva!uated simi!ar!y.
S o lu tio n
Draw th e u n it circle, th e n draw th e angle 0 = 270 in
stand ard position. T h e te rm in a l side o f 0 in tersects
th e u n it circle at (0, - 1 ) , so use x = 0 and y = - 1 to
evaluate th e trig on o m etric fu n ctio n s.
y
sm 9 = =
r
= -1
esc 9 = =
1
= -1
-1
undefined
sec 0 =
v
ta n 9 = =
x
COt 9 = A =
undefined
0
= 0
-1
at classzone.com
GutDED PRACTICE
for E xam p les 1 an d 2
Eva lu a te th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f 9.
4.
U se th e u n it circle to evaluate th e six trig o n o m etric fu n ctio n s o f 9 = 180.
1 3 .3
Evaiuate Trigonom etric Functions of Any Angle
867
KEY CONCEPT
/w* %?%/-
R e fe re n ce A ngie R elation sh ip s
R EA D iN G
Let 0 be an angle in stand ard p osition. T he reference angle for 6 is th e acu te

angle 0' form ed by th e te rm in a l side o f 0 an d th e x -a x is. T h e relationship
betw een 0 and 8' is show n below for n o n q u ad ran tal angles 0 such th at
The symbol 6' is read

as "theta prime *
9 0 < 8 < 3 6 0 f-^ < 8 < 2 ? A

Quadrant it
Degrees: 8' = 180 - 8

Radians: 8 = rr - 8
Degrees: 8 = 8 - 180
Radians: 8 = 8 - ^
Degrees: 8' = 360 - 8

Radians: 8 = 2 r r - 8
reference ang!es
F in d th e reference angle O' fo r (a) 0 =
and (b) 0 = -1 3 0 .
Solution
a. T h e te rm in al side o f 8 lies in Q uad rant IV. So, 8' = 2rr - ^
= y.
b. Note th a t 8 is co term in a l w ith 230, w hose te rm in a l side lies in

Q uad rant III. So, 8' = 230 - 180 = 50.
EV A LUA TIN G TR iG O N O M ETR tC FUN C H O N S R eferen ce an gles allow you to
evaluate a trig on o m etric fu n ctio n for any angle 8. T h e sign o f th e trig on o m etric
fu n ctio n value depends on th e qu ad ran t in w h ich 8 lies.
KEY CONCEPT
^ E v alu atin g T rig o n o m e tric F u n ctio n s
U se th ese steps to evaluate a
trig on o m etric fu n ctio n for any angle 8:
II
"
II
II
868
Chapter 13
7 Find th e referen ce angle 8'.

^ Evaluate th e trig on o m etric
fu n ctio n for 8'.
^7!6P<? D eterm ine th e sign o f the
trig on o m etric fu n ctio n value
from th e qu ad ran t in w hich
8 lies.
Signs of Function Vatues

Q u ad ran t II
Q u ad ran t 1
8, e s c 8 :
sin
c o s 8, s e c 8 :
cos
tan 8, c o t 8 :
ta n
sin
Q u ad ran t III
sin 8 , e s c
8, e s c 8 : +
8, s e c 8: +
8, c o t 8 : +
Q u ad ran t IV
8:
sin
8, e s c
8:
c o s 8, s e c 8 :
c o s 8, s e c 8 :
ta n 8, c o t 8 :
t a n 8, c o t
8:
+
-
Use reference ang!es to evaluate functions

Ev a lu a te (a) ta n ( - 2 4 0 ) and (b) esc
Solution
a. T h e angle 240 is co term in a l w ith 120. T he
referen ce angle is 9' = 180 - 120 = 60. Th e

tan g en t fu n ctio n is negative in Q uad rant II,
so you c a n w rite:
ta n ( -2 4 0 ) = - t a n 60 = - V 3
b. T h e angle
is co term in a l w ith
reference angle is 0' = 7r - ^
Th e
T he
co secan t fu n ctio n is positive in Q uad rant II,

so you c a n w rite:
esc
GutDED PRACTtCE
= esc
= 2
Sketch th e angle. T h e n fin d it s reference angle.
6. -2 6 0
5. 210
7. -
777
157T
4
9. Evaluate co s (-2 1 0 ) w ith ou t using a calcu lator.
Ca)cu!ate horizonta! distance traveled

RO BO TIC S T h e "fro g b o t" is a ro b o t designed for exploring
rough terrain on oth er plan ets. It ca n ju m p at a 45 angle
and w ith an in itia l speed o f 16 feet per secon d . On
E arth , th e h o rizo n tal d ista n ce d (in feet) traveled
by a p ro jectile lau n ch ed at a n angle 6 an d w ith
an in itia l speed f (in feet per second) is given by:
F ro g b o t
I N T E R P R E T M O D E LS
This mode! neglects air

resistance and assumes
that the projectiie's
starting and ending
heights are the same.
32
s in 2 0
How far ca n th e frogbot ju m p on Earth?
Solution
W rite model fo r horizontal distance.
16^
sin (2 - 45)
32
= 8
Substitute 16 fo r v and 45 fo r 0.
Simpiify.
^ T h e fro gbo t ca n ju m p a h o rizo n tal d ista n ce o f 8 feet on E arth .
1 3 .3
Evaiuate Trigonom etric Functions o f Any Angie
869
Mode) with a trigonometric function
EXAMPLE 6
ROCK CLIM BING A rock clim b er is using a rock
clim b in g tread m ill th at is 10.5 feet long. T h e clim b er

beg ins by lying horizon tally on th e tread m ill, w hich
is th en rotated about its m idp oint by 110 so th at
th e rock clim b er is clim b in g tow ards th e top. If the
m idp oint o f th e tread m ill is 6 feet above th e ground,
how high above th e ground is th e top o f th e tread m ill?
Sotution
sin 0 =
r
sin 110 =
Use definition of sine.
Substitute 110 fo r 0 and
5.25
4.9 = y
= 5.25 fo r n
Solve fo r y.
F T he top o f th e tread m ill is about 6 + 4.9 = 10.9 feet above th e ground.
G UIDED PRAC TICE
10. TR A C K AND F tE LD E stim ate th e h o rizo n tal d ista n ce traveled by a track and
field long ju m p er who ju m p s at an angle o f 20 and w ith an in itia l speed of

27 feet per second.
11. W H A T iF? In Exam ple 6, how high is th e top o f th e rock clim b in g trea d m ill
if it is rotated 100 about its m idpoint?
13.3 EXEROSES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
Q = W O RKED O U T SOLUTtONS

*
Exs. 2,11,33,37, and 39
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: Alnl
is a n an gle in stand ard position
w hose term in al side lies on an axis.

2. ^ W R IT IN G Given an angle 8 in Q uad rant III, exp lain how you c a n use a
referen ce angle to find co s 6.
EX A M P LE
on p. 866
for Exs. 3-11
USING A P O IN T U se th e given p o in t on th e te rm in a i side o f an angie 0 in

sta n d a rd p o sitio n to evaiuate th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f 8.
3. (8, 15)
4. ( - 9 , 12)
7.
8. ( - 6 , 9)
11.
(2, - 2 )
Chapter 13
9. ( - 3 , - 5 )
6. (5, - 1 2 )
10. (5, - V h T )
* M U L T !P L E C H O !C E Let (7, - 4 ) b e a poin t on th e te rm in a l side o fa n angle 8

in stand ard p osition. W hat is th e value o f ta n 8?
(g )
870
( ] i ) ( - 7 , -2 4 )
(g )
(S) I
EXAM PLE 2
QUADRANTAL ANCLES E v a lu a te th e s ix tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s o f A
on p. 867
for Exs. 12-15
12. 0 = 0
EX A M P LE 3
FiN D iN C R EFER EN C E A N C LES Sketch th e angie. T h e n fin d it s reference angie.
on p. 868
for Exs. 16-23
16.
20 .
14. 0 = 540
13. 0 = ^
-1 0 0
( l ? ) 150
21 .
15. 0 =
18. 320
19. -3 7 0
22 .
23. -
1577
EX A M P LE 4
EV A LUA TIN G FUN C TIO N S Eva iu a te th e fu n c tio n w ith o u t u sin g a calculator.
on p. 869
for Exs. 24-31
24. sec 135
25. ta n 240
26. sin (-1 5 0 )
7 *7T
28. co s 22?
29. co t [ - 4 ^
30. ta n -
32.
777
377
1377
27. esc (-4 2 0 )

31. sec
1 177
ER R O R A N A LY SiS Let (4, 3) b e a p oin t on the

term in ai side of an angie 0 in stand ard position.
Describe and co rrect th e error in fin d in g ta n 0.
33. * S H O R T R ESP O N SE W rite ta n 0 as th e ratio o f tw o o th er trig on o m etric

fu n ctio n s. Use th is ratio to ex p iain why ta n 90 is u nd efin ed but co t 90 = 0.
34. CHALLENG E Five o f th e m ost fam ou s nu m b ers in m a th e m a tics 0, 1 , 77, e,
and : are related by th e sim ple eq u atio n e"" + 1 = 0. D erive th is eq u atio n
using Euier's form ula: ^
= g "(co s b + i sin b).
PROBLEM SOLVtNG
EX A M P LE 5
in Ex e rc ise s 35 and 36, use th e fo rm u ia in Exa m p ie 5 o n page 869.
on p. 869
for Exs. 3 5 -3 6
35 FOOTBALL You and a friend each kick a fo o tb a ll w ith a n in itia l sp eed of

second . Your kick is p ro jected at an angle o f 45 and your friend's
kick is pro jected at an angle o f 60. About how m u ch fa rth er w ill your footb all
travel th a n your friend's football?
@MMne7HtOf for problem solving help at dasszone.com

36. <N-HNE S K A TiN C At w hat speed m ust th e in -lin e skater lau n ch h im se lf o ff
th e ram p in order to land on th e oth er side o f th e ram p?
@Womc!Mtor for problem solving help at dasszone.com

EX A M P LE 6
on p. 870
for Exs. 37-38
(37 I) * S H O R T R ESP O N SE A Ferris w heel h as a radius o f 75 feet. You board a ca r at
Ihe b o tto m o f th e Ferris w heel, w h ich is 10 feet above th e ground, and rotate
255 co u n terclockw ise before th e ride tem p o rarily stops. How high above
th e ground are you w hen th e ride stops? If th e radius o f th e Ferris w heel is
doubled, is your height above th e ground doubled? Exp/abt.
1 3 .3
Evaluate Trigonom etric Functions of Any Angle
871
38. M U L T i- S T E P P R O B LEM W hen two ato m s in a m o lecu le

are bonded to a co m m o n atom , ch em ists are in terested
in b o th th e bond angle and th e len gth s o f th e bonds. An
ozone m olecu le (O^) is m ade up o f tw o oxygen atom s
bonded to a th ird oxygen atom , as show n.
a. In th e diagram , co o rd in ates are given in p ico m eters
(pm). (Note.* 1 pm = 1 0 " ^ m.) Find th e co o rd in ates

(x, y) o f th e cen ter o f th e oxygen atom in Q uad ran t 11.
b. Find th e d istan ce d (in picom eters) b etw een th e
cen ters o f th e two u nb ond ed oxygen atom s.

39. * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE A sp rin kler at ground level is used to w ater a garden.
T h e w ater leaving th e sp rin kler h as a n in itia l speed o f 25 feet per second.
a. Calculate Copy th e table below. U se th e form ula in E xam ple 5 on
page 869 to com p lete th e table.

25
30
35
40
Horizonta) distance
w ater traveis, d
LT)
<3*
Angie of sp rin k ie r, 0
50
55
60
65
b. In te rp re t W hat value o f 6 ap p ears to m a x im iz e th e h o rizo n tal d istan ce
traveled by th e water? Use th e form ula for h o rizo n tal d ista n ce traveled
and th e u nit circle to exp lain why your an sw er m ak es sense.
c. Compare Compare th e horizon tal d ista n ce traveled by th e w ater w hen
8 = (45 - k) w ith th e d ista n ce w hen 9 - (45 + k).
40. CHALLENG E T he latitud e o f a p oin t on E a rth is th e
degree m easu re o f th e sh o rtest arc from th at p o in t to

th e equator. For exam ple, th e latitu d e o f p o in t P in th e
diagram eq u als th e degree m easu re o f a rc PE. At w hat
latitude 9 is th e circu m fere n ce o f th e circle o f latitud e
at P h a lf th e d ista n ce around th e equator?
M!XED REVIEW
P R E V IE W
Prepare for
Lesson 13.4
in Exs. 41-46.
G raph th e fu n c tio n / T h e n use th e graph to d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e in v e rse o f /

is a fu n c tio n , (p. 438)
4 1 ./( x ) = 5 x + 2
44.
/(x ) = 4x*y x > 0
4 2 . /(x ) = - x + 7
4 3 ./(x )= x ^ + 5
45. /(x ) = 0.25x^
46. /(x ) = jx - 7]
F in d th e range and sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n o f th e data se t. (p. 744)

47.
3, 5, 2, 3, 7, 11, 8, 4
48. 18, 12, 15, 9, 13, 7, 4 , 17
49.
5.9, 8.2, 3.7, 6.1, 2.9, 1.8, 5.7
50. 54, 60, 57, 53, 59, 51, 56, 62
18
15
51.
X ( 3 : + 2) (p. 802)
;= 1
54.
X 2 ( 3 ) ' * ' (p. 810)
52.
24
X (4: + 1) (p. 802)

;= 1
53.
X (17 - 2 :) (p. 802)

i= 1
872
:= 1
55.
56.
X 8 ( I) '
\p.820)
ONHNE QU!Z at ciasszone.com
MtXED REV!EW^Pr.Mea,$.Mag
' h S TA TE T E S T P R A C TK E
ctasszone.com
Lessons 13.1-13.3
1. M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LEM Your school's m arch in g
ban d is perform ing at h a iftim e during a

football gam e. In th e last form ation, th e ban d
m em bers form a circle 100 feet wide in th e
cen ter o f th e field. You start at a p oint on th e
circle 100 feet from th e goal lin e, m a rch 300
around th e circle, and th e n w alk tow ard the
goal lin e to exit th e field.
5. S H O R T RESP O N SE T h e top o f th e Space N eedle

in Seattle, W ash in gton , is a revolving, circu la r
restau ran t. T h e restau ran t h as a radius of
47.25 feet and m akes on e com p lete revolution
in abou t a n hour. You have d in n er at a w indow
table from 7 :0 0 P.M. to 8 :5 5 P.M.
a. How m an y feet do you revolve?
b. Do d in ers seated 5 feet away from th e
w indow s revolve th e sam e d istan ce?

Explain.
6. M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LE M You are stand in g
100 m eters from th e m a in en tra n ce o f the
Sears Tower in C hicago, Illin ois. You estim ate
th a t th e angle o f elevation to th e top o f the
skyscraper is 77.
a. How far from th e goal lin e are you at th e
point w here you leave th e circle?

b. How far do you m arch around th e circle?
2. M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LEM You are flying a kite

at an angle o f 70. You have let out a to ta l of
400 feet o f strin g an d are holding th e reel
steady 4 feet above th e ground.
a. W h at is th e app roxim ate height h o f the
Sears Tower?
b. Suppose o n e o f your frien d s is at th e top o f
th e Sears Tower. W h at is th e straig h t-lin e

d ista n ce d b etw een you and your friend?
7. E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE A pizza shop offers
two ch o ices for individual pizza slices, as
show n.
a. Find th e area o f ea ch slice o f pizza.
a. How high above th e ground is th e kite?
b. A friend w atch ing th e kite estim ates th a t the
angle o f elevation to th e kite is 85. How far

from your friend are you standing?
b. W h ich slice is th e b ette r deal? Explain
your reason in g.
c. How could you ch an g e th e p rice o f the
7 in ch slice so th a t n eith er slice offers a

b ette r deal th a n th e other?
3. G R!D D ED A N S W E R W hat is th e referen ce angle,

in degrees, for th e angle 6 = 560?
4. O PEN -END ED W hat is th e m easu re, in
degrees, o f an angle for w hich th e seca n t
is positive and th e co tan g en t is negative?
1 3 .4 investigating inverse
Trigonometric Functions
M A T E R iA L S
- paper and pencil
( ^ Q S E E B B O ^ Do th e sine and cosine functions have inverse fu n ction s?
D eterm ine if a trig o n o m etric function has an inverse function

A
Copy and com p iete th e tab ie to find th e vaiues of
/(P) = sin P and g(P) = cos P for each o f th e given vaiues o f P.
"7 7
377
4
77
2
_ 77
4
77
4
77
2
377
4
77
/( P ) = sin P
<y(P) = c o s P
iFTifPFl 4 /ra /fW M/M Use th e tabie

to explain w hy/(P) = sin P does not
have an inverse fu n ctio n on th e
d om ain ir < P < 7r.
[F7BP J ] 4A & 4T6 MM/M D oes

g(P) = co s Phave an inverse fu n ctio n
on th e d om ain -7 r < P < 7r? E xp iain
why or why not.
4[
y/*a//A^ Th e graphs o f/(P ) = sin P and g(P) = co s P are show n for the
dom ain - r r < P < rr. Expiain how th e graphs ju stify your answ ers in Steps 2 and 3.
f(P) = s in P
RA W
CONCLUSiONS
</(P) - c o s P
Use you r o bservation s to co m p iete th e se e x e rcise s
f. Use th e graph o f/(P ) = sin P in Step 4 to ch o o se a restricted d om ain for

w hich the sine fu n ctio n does have an inverse fu n ctio n . Exp/am how you
m ade your choice.
2. Give a restricted d om ain for w hich g(P) = co s P has an inverse fu n ctio n .
Explain how you chose th e d om ain.
3. Are the d om ain s th at you w rote in Exercises i and 2 th e ordy d om ain s
for w hich th e trig on o m etric fu n ctio n s have inverse fu n ctio n s? Exp/am .
874
Chapter 13
Eva!uate !nverse
Trigonometric Functions
You found values of trigonom etric functions given angies.
You wiii find angies given values of trigonom etric functions.
So you can find taunch angles, as in Example 4.
K ey V o cab u iary
* in v e rse sine
* in v e rse cosine
* in v e rse tangent
So far in th is chapter, you have learn ed to evaiuate trig on o m etric fu n ctio n s o f a

given angle. In th is iesson, you w ill study th e reverse problem fin d in g an angle
th at corresp on d s to a given value o f a trig o n o m etric fu n ctio n .
Suppose you were asked to find an angle 6 w hose sin e is 0.5. A fter con sid erin g the
problem , you would realize m any su ch an gles exist. For in sta n ce , th e angles
rr5rrl37rl7rr^^j_7rr
6' 6 ' 6 ' 6 '
6
all have a sine value o f 0.5. To o b ta in a u niqu e angle 0 su ch th a t sin 6 = 0.5, you
m u st re strict th e d om ain o f th e sine fu n ctio n . D om ain re strictio n s allow the
inoerse sine, inocrse cosine, and inoerse tangent fu n ctio n s to b e defined.
KEY CONCEPT
A /-
in v e rse T rig o n o m e tric F u n ctio n s

If - 1 < a < 1, th e n th e in v e rse sin e o f a is an
angle 6, w ritten 0 = s in " ' a , w here:
( 1 ) s in 9 = a
(2) ^ < 9 < y (or - 9 0 < 9 < 90)
If - 1 < a < 1, th e n th e in v e rse cosine o f a is an

angle 9, w ritten 9 = c o s ' a, w here:
(1 )c o s 9 = a
(2) 0 < 9 < r r (or 0 < 9 < 180)
If a is any real num ber, th en th e in v e rse

ta nge nt of a is an angle 9, w ritten 9 = t a n " ' a,
w here:
(1 )ta n 9 = a
(2) - y < 9 < y (or - 9 0 < 9 < 90)
1 3 .4
Evaluate Inverse Trigonom etric Functions
875
Eva!uate inverse trigonometric functions

Eva iu a te th e e xp re ssio n in b o th ra d ia n s and degrees.
a. cos
- i V3
c. ta n * ( - V 3 )
b. sin * 2
Soiution
a.
W hen 0 < 8 < 7r, or 0 < 0 < 180, th e angie w hose co sin e is ^y- is:
'= cos* ^
= 30
b. T here is no angie w hose sine is 2. So, sin - i 2. is u nd efined .

c. W hen - y < 0 < y , or - 9 0 < 0 < 90, th e an gie w hose tan g en t is - V3 is:
0 = ta n ** ( - V 3 ) = - y
or
8 = ta n ** ( - V 3 ) = - 6 0
Soive a trigonometric equation

Solve th e eq ua tion s in 0 = jj w h e re 180 < 0 < 270.
Solution
USE A CALCULATOR
On m o st ca lcu la to rs,
y ou ca n e v a lu a te
Inverse trig o n o m e tric
sine is - y is sin "* ( * y ) ^ -3 8 .7 . T h is
fu n ctio n s using th e
keys S B
E B
Use a caicu iato r to d eterm in e th a t in th e

in terval - 9 0 < 8 < 90, th e angie w hose
angie is in Q uad ran t IV) as show n.
for
Find th e angie in Q uad rant ill (where

180 < 0 < 270) th at h as th e sam e sine
vaiue as th e angle in Step 1. T h e an gie is:
in verse sine, g j E t E E )
fo r in v erse co sin e, an d
E E ) E E ) to** in verse
ta n g e n t.
0 = 1 8 0 + 38.7 = 218.7
CMfCAf
Use a caicu iato r to ch eck th e answ er.

sin 218.7 = - 0 .6 2 5 = - 4 /
CutDED PRACTKE
Eva lu a te th e e x p re ssio n in b o th ra d ia n s and degrees.
1. sin * ^
2. c s s - i
3. ta n
(--1)
4.
Solve th e e q ua tion fo r 0.
5. co s 0 = 0 .4 ;2 7 0 < 8 < 3 6 0
6. tan 0 = 2.1; 1 8 0 < 8 < 270
7. sin 0 = - 0 .2 3 ; 270 < 0 < 360
8. tan 0 = 4.7; 1 8 0 < 0 < 270
9. sin 0 = 0.62; 9 O < 0 < 180
876
Chapter 13
10. cos 0 = - 0 .3 9 ; 180 < 0 < 270
((T
W h a t is th e m e asure o f th e angle 0 in th e tria n g ie sho w n?

(g )
28.6
(g )
33.1
(g )
56.9
(D )
61.4
AVO iD E R R O R S
Sotution
At! th e a n sw e r ch o ice s
In th e right trian g le, you are given th e len gth s o f th e side ad jacen t to 6 and th e
hypotenuse, so use th e inverse co sin e fu n ctio n to solve for 6.
a re in d e g re e s.
T h e re fo re , c h e ck th a t
y o u r ca icu ia to r is se t
o-
in d e g re e m o d e , n ot
rad ian m o d e .
adj _
6 = co s ^ y L = 56.9
F T h e co rrect answ er is C. (A) (B) (g) (B)
Write and soive a trigonometric equation

M O N S TE R TR U C K S A m o n ster truck
drives o ff a ram p in order to jum p

onto a row o f cars. T h e ram p h a s a
height o f 8 feet and a h o rizo n tal
len gth o f 20 feet. W hat is th e angle 9
o f th e ram p?
Soiution
.fTE/* 7
D ra w a trian g le th a t rep resen ts th e ram p.

W rite a trig o n o m etric eq u atio n th at
involves th e ratio o f th e ram p's height and

h o rizo n tal length.
ta n 6 =
J
20 ft
opp _ 8
adj
20
Use a calcu la to r to find th e m easu re o f &
6 = tan-<^'
21 .8
F T h e angle o f th e ram p is about 22.
G utD ED P R A C TK E
F in d th e m easure o f th e angie 8.
11.
\9
4
1
14.
12.
8
J"
10
13.
12/ -
W H A T )F? In Exam ple 4, suppose a m o n ster tru ck drives 26 feet on a ram p

b efo re ju m p in g onto a row o f cars. If th e ram p is 10 feet high, w hat is the
angle # o f th e ram p?
1 3 .4
Evaluate Inverse T risonom etric Functions
877
13 4 EXERC!SES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
Q = W O RKED -O U T SOLUTIONS
on p. WS22 for Exs. 7.23. and 37
*
= STA N D A RD IZED T E S T P R A C TK E
Exs. 2.11,30, 31,37, and 38
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY Copy and com p lete: T he
s i n e o f ^ i s . o r30.
2
6
2. * W R ITIN G Exp/am why t a n * 3 is defined, bu t co s"* 3 is u nd efined .

EX A M P LE 1
on p. 876
for Exs. 3-11
EVA LUA TING EX P R E SSIO N S Ev a iu a te th e e x p re ssio n w ith o u t u sin g a caicuiator.

Give y o u r a n sw e r in b o th ra d ia n s and degrees.
3. sin"* 1
m -I V3
^ 7 ^ s in
4. tan
(-1 )
5. c o s * 0
9. t an
8. s i n " ' ^
6. co s * (2)
V'3
3
10. co s *
11. tE M U L T iP L E CHOiCE W hat is th e vaiue o f th e expression co s * ^ - ?
(A ) 0
(g )3 0
(g )
45
(5 )
60
US!NG A CALCULATOR U se a ca ic u ia to r to evaiuate th e e x p re ssio n in b o th

ra d ia n s and degrees.
12. sin *0.18

16.
ta n "* (-0 .7 5 )
13. tan * 2 .6
14. co s"* 0.36
17. sin "* ( - 0 .2

.2 ))
18.
sin *0.8
21.
sin 6
= - 0 .4 5 ; 180 < 0 < 270
(2 3 ^
ta n 0
= 3.2; 180 < 0 < 270
25.
co s 0
= 0 .2 5 ; 270 < 0 < 360
EX A M P LE 2
SOLVING EQ UATiO NS Soive th e e q ua tion fo r 8.
on p. 876
for Exs. 2 0 -2 6
20.
cos 0 = - 0 .8 2 ; 180 < 0 < 270
22.
sin 0 = 0.15; 90 < 0 < 180
24.
tan 0 = - 5 .3 ; 90 < 0 < 180
26. ER R O R A N A LYSiS D escribe and co rrect th e

error m soivm g th e eq u atio n sm 0 = 0.7
w here 90 < 0 < 180 .
EX A M P LE 3
F!ND)NG ANGLES F in d th e m easure o f th e angie 0.
on p. 877
for Exs. 27-29
27.
28.
15. co s ' ( -0 .4 )
19. co s"* 0.99
angle tvhose sine is 0 .7 is

^ ^
^ ^ ^
li*
30. * O PEN-ENDEO M A TH Suppose co s 0 > 0 and sin 0 < 0. Give a possible vaiue
of 0 such th at - 3 6 0 < 0 < 0.
31. * O PEN -EN D ED M A TH Suppose sin 0 < 0 and ta n 0 > 0. Give a possible value
o f 0 such th at 360 < 0 < 720.
CHALLENG E R e w rite th e e xp re ssio n so th a t i t does n o t in v o lve trig o n o m e tric
fu n c tio n s o r in v e rse trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s.
32. esc (sin * x)
878
33. cot (tan * x)
Chanter 13 Trieonometrir Ratios and Functions
34. sec (cos
x)
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAM PLE 4
on p. 8 7 7
fo r E xs. 3 5 - 3 7
35. LA D D ER ANCLE A fire tru ck has a 100 foot iadder w hose b a se is 10 feet above
th e ground. A firefigh ter extend s a ladder tow ard a b u rn in g bu ild in g to
reach a w indow 90 feet above th e ground. D raw a d iag ram to rep resen t th is
situ ation . At w hat angle should th e firefigh ter set th e ladder?
@Home7ufor
36. ANGLE OF D ESC EN T An airp la n e is flying at an altitu d e o f 31,000 feet w hen it

b eg in s its d escen t for landing. If th e runw ay is 104 m iles away, at w hat angle
does th e airp lan e descend?
@M)me7MfW for problem solving help at dasszone.com

( 37 ) * S H O R T R ESP O N SE D ifferen t ty p es o f gran u lar
su b stan ces n atu rally settle at d ifferen t angles w hen

stored in co n e-sh ap ed piles. T h e angle 6 is ca lled
th e angle
repose. W hen ro ck salt is stored in a
co n e-sh ap ed pile 11 feet high, th e d iam eter o f th e
pile's b ase is abou t 34 feet. Find th e angle o f repose
for rock salt. If an o th er pile o f rock salt is 15 feet
high, w hat is th e d iam eter o f its b ase? Explain.
38. * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE If you are in shallow w ater and look at a n o b ject
below th e su rface o f th e water, th e o b je c t w ill look fa rth e r aw ay from you
th a n it really is. T h is is b eca u se w hen light rays pass b etw een air and
water, th e w ater re/racfs, or ben d s, th e light rays. T he index q/ve/racfion
for w ater is 1.333. T h is is th e ratio o f th e sine o f <^ to th e sin e o f
for th e
an gles
and ^ show n below.
.......
..
4 ft
a. You are in 4 feet o f w ater in th e shallow end o f a pool. You look down at
som e goggles at angle
= 70 (m easu red from a lin e p erp en d icu lar to
th e su rface o f th e w ater). Find
b. Find th e d istan ce s x and y.
c. Find th e d istan ce d betw een w here th e goggles are and w here th ey

appear to be.
d. Expiain w hat h ap p en s to d as you m ove clo ser to th e goggles.
39. CYCUNG As a sp ectato r at a cy clin g road race, you are sittin g 100 feet from
th e cen ter o f a straightaw ay. A cy clist travelin g 30 m iles per hou r p asses in
front o f you. At w hat angle do you have to tu rn your head to see th e cyclist
f second s later? A ssum e th e cy clist is still on th e straightaw ay and is traveling
at a co n sta n t speed. (EfinE First con vert 30 m iles per h our to a speed n in
feet per second . T h e expression ni rep resen ts th e d ista n ce, in feet, traveled by
th e cyclist.)
1 3 .4
Evaluate Inverse Trigonom etric Functions
879
40. C HALLENG E You w ant to photograph a p ain tin g

w ith a cam era m ounted on a tripod. T h e p ain tin g
is 3 feet taii, and th e bo tto m o f th e p ain tin g is 1 foot
above the cam era iens, as show n. How far should
th e cam era be p ositioned from th e w ali in order
to have th e largest p ossible view ing angle 8 w hen
you take th e photograph? (Hint.- W rite an eq u ation
for 9 in term s o f x only, and th en use a graphing
calcu lato r to find th e value o f x th a t m a x im iz es 0.)
MtXED REV!EW
Solve th e eq ua tion.
41. x + 4 = - I x - ^ ip. 18)
42. 18x2 + ^ - 5 = o (p. 2591
43. 12x^ = 8x + 15 ip. 2591
44. 3x2 _ 30x - 9 = 0 ip. 2841
45. 27x^ - 64 = 0 ip. 3531
46. f x + 1 2 = 5 ip. 4521
47. (6x - 1 l f ' 2 = 243 ip.452)
48. 8* * " = 32 ^
49. K f * - 6 = 12 ip. 5151
ip. 5151
P R E V IE W
Solve th e ra tio n a l eq u a tio n . Check fo r ex tra n e o u s s o lu tio n s , ip. 5891
Prepare for
Lesson 13.5
in Exs. 5 0-55.
50.
51.
x + 5
53. ^ + 3 =
x+1
54.
x+1
2
x - 6
_10
52.
1
x
x + 3
3x+16
3
= ^9
2 + x
4x
55. - ^ - = 2
x - 4
12
x - 4
Q U IZ /or Wessons
U se th e given p o in t on th e te rm in a l side o f an angle 8 in sta n d a rd p o s itio n to
evaluate th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f 8. ip. 8661
1.(6,-2)
2. ( - 7 ,5 )
3. (4 ,8 )
4. ( - 1 2 , - 3 )
Eva lu a te th e ex p re ssio n w ith o u t u sin g a ca lcula tor, (p. 866)

5. co s 150
8rr
6. tan
7. sin ( -8 4 0 )
8. sec
1577
Eva lu a te th e exp re ssio n w ith o u t u sin g a ca lcula tor. Give y o u r a n sw e r in b o th

ra d ia n s and degrees, (p. 875)
9. co s ^
10. sin** (-1 )
11. ta n
V3
12. co s -i 1
Solve th e eq ua tion fo r 8. (p. 875)

13. s i n 8 = 0 . 3 ;9 0 < 8 < 1 8 0
14. ta n 8 = 6 ; 180 < 8 < 270
15. co s 8 = - 0 .7 2 ; 90 < 8 < 180
16. sin 8 = - 0 .5 5 ; 270 < 8 < 360
17. ACROBATICS A stu n tm an u ses a 30 foot rope to sw ing 136 b etw een two
platform s o f eq u ai height, grazing th e ground in th e m iddle o f th e sw ing. If

th e rope stays tau t throu ghou t th e sw ing, how far above th e ground was th e
stu n tm a n at th e b e g in n in g and th e end o f th e sw ing? How fa r ap art are th e
tw o platform s? (p. 875)
880
13.4, p. 1022
A cn vrrY
@ H o m c 7 u to r
c t a s s z o n e .c o m
Keystrokes
1 3 .5 Expiore the Law of Sines

A
How can you use g e o m e try so ftw are to exp to re th e iaw

of sines?
investigate a reiationship b etw een th e an gies and sides

of a trian gie
F72P7I Praw a ^riaayTc

Draw A ABC. L abel th e v ertices and
sides as show n.
Find th e side len gth s a, B, and c. Also

find th e m easu res o f angles A, B, and C.
a = 3.25
A = 2.00
C=
^
y
^
Z A = 67.3
X S = 34.6
A C = 78.2
J ) P a T e a T a fe r a ^ M
Find th e ratios
DRAW
sin C
sin A sin B
, and
a
CONCLUStONS
1. W hat are th e values o f th e ratios
^
a
B
W hat do you n o tice about th e se values?
and
for your trian gle?
2. C hange th e shape o f your trian g le by dragging its v ertices, and observe how
th e ratios you found in Step 3 change. M ake a co n je c tu re abou t how th ese
ratios are related for any trian g le.
1 3 .5
Apply the Law o f Sines
881
*jj 3
C Appty the Law of Sines

You soived right triangies.
You wil! soive triangies that have no right angle.
So you can find the distance betw een faraw ay objects, as in
Key Vocabuiary
* iaw o f sin e s
In Lesson 13.1, you soived right trian g ies. To soive a tria n g le w ith no right angle,
you need to know th e iength o f at ieast one side an d any tw o oth er p arts o f th e
triangie. T he ia w o f sin e s ca n be used to solve tria n g ies w hen two angles and the
iength o f any side are know n (AAS or ASA ca ses), or w hen th e len gth s o f two sides
and an angie opposite one o f th e two sides are know n (SSA case).
KEY CONCEPT
L aw o f Sines
T he law o f sines ca n be w ritten in eith er o f th e follow ing
form s for A ABC w ith sides o f ien gth a, B, and c.
sin A _ sin B _ sin C
a
B
^ EXAMPLE 1
a
sin A
sin B
sin C
Sotve a triangte for the AAS or ASA case
Soive A A B C w ith C = 107, B = 25, and & = 15.
S o iu tio n
First find th e an gie: A = 180 - 107 - 25 = 48.
By th e law o f sines, you ca n w rite . ^
^
^
sin 48
<2
sin 48
a =
^
sin 25
15
sin 25
W rite tw o equations, each

w ith one variabie.
15 sin 48
sin 25
Soive fo r each variabie.
a = 26.4
Use a caicuiator.
^ sin 107
c
sin 107
c =
15
sin 25
15 sin 107
sin 25
33.9
> In A ABC, A = 48, a = 26.4, and c ^ 33.9.
G UIDED PRACTICE
fo r Exam pie 1
Solve A A B C .
1. B = 34, C = 100, & = 8
882
Chapter 13
2. A = 51, B = 44, c = 11
D E S C R iB E C A SES
Because the SSA case

can result in 0, 1, or 2
triangles, it is called the
ambiguous cose.
SSA CASE Two angles and one side (AAS or ASA) d eterm in e exactly one trian gle.
Two sides and an angle opposite one o f th e sides (SSA) m ay d eterm in e no
trian g le, one trian g le, or tw o trian g les.
KEY CONCEPT
A ir
P ossib le T ria n g ie s in th e SSA Case

C onsider a trian g le in w hich you are given a , b, an d A. By fixin g side b and
angle A, you ca n sketch th e p ossible p osition s o f side a to figure out how m any
trian g les ca n be form ed. In th e d iagram s below, n ote th a t b = b sin A.
A is acute.
A is obtuse.
a< b
No triang le
b> a
No trian g le
b = a
O ne trian g le
a> b
One triang le
b<a<b
Two trian g les
a > b
One trian g le
So!ve the SSA case with one soiution

Solve A A B C w it h A = 115, a = 20, and b = 11.
S o lu tio n
F irst m ake a sketch. B eca u se A is o b tu se and th e side

opposite A is longer th a n th e given ad jacen t side, you
know th a t o nly one trian g le ca n b e form ed. U se th e law
o f sines to find B.
sin B _ sin 115
11
20
sin B = ^
20
a = 20
Law of sines
^ 0.4985
B = 29.9

Use inverse sine function.
You th e n know th at C = 180 115 29.9 = 35.1. U se th e law o f sin es again to

find th e rem ain in g side len gth c o f th e trian g le.
sin 35.1
20
sin 115
Law of sines
20 sin 35.1
sin 115
M uitipiy each side by sin 35.1.
c=12.7
Useacaicuiator.
> In AABC, B - 29.9, C = 35.1, and c = 12.7.
1 3 .5
Apply th e Law of Sines
883
Examine the SSA case with no soiution

Solve A A B C w ith A = 51, a = 3 .5 , and & = 5.
Solution
B egin by draw ing a h o rizo n tai iine. On one end
form a 51 angie (A) and draw a seg m ent 5 u n its
a = 3.5
<&
iong (AC, or &). At vertex C, draw a seg m ent 3.5 u n its

iong (a). You ca n see th at a need s to b e at ieast
5 sin 51 = 3.9 u n its iong to reach th e h o rizo n tai side
and form a trian g ie. So, it is n ot p ossibie to draw th e
in d icated trian gie.
15 sin
5 1 = 3.9
So!ve the SSA case with two soiutions

Solve A A B C w it h A = 40, a = 13, and & = 16.
Solution
First m ake a sketch. B ecau se & sin A = 16 sin 40 10.3, and
10.3 < 13 < 16 (h < <2 < &), two trian g ies ca n b e form ed.
T ria n g le 2
a = 13
^ = 13
Use th e iaw o f sines to find th e p ossibie m easu res o f B.

sin B _ sin 40
16
13
Law of sines
sin B = -16-^
Use a caicuiator.
4 ^ 0 .7 9 1 1
T here are two angies B betw een 0 and 180 for w hich sin B = 0.7911. O ne is
acu te and th e o th er is o btu se. U se your ca icu ia to r to find th e acu te angie:
sin** 0.7911 = 52.3.
The obtu se angie has 52.3 as a referen ce angie, so its m easu re is
180 - 52.3 = 127.7. Therefore, B = 52.3 o r B = 127.7.
Now find th e rem ain in g angle C and side ien gth c for ea ch trian gle.
T ria n g le 1
T ria n g le 2
C = 180 - 40 - 52.3 = 87.7
C = 180 - 40 - 127.7 = 12.3

c
_
13
sin 12.3
sin 40
c
_
13
sin 87.7
sin 40
c=
13 sin 87.7
sin 40
20.2
^ In Triangle 1, B = 52.3, C = 87.7,

and c = 20.2.
^ g g jin aisg A )g eb ra at classzone.com
884
Chapter 13
c=
13 sin 12.3
sin 40
4.3
> In T riangie 2, B = 127.7, C = 12.3,

an d c = 4.3.
CutDED PRACTKE
fo r E x am p les 2 , 3 , and 4
Solve A A BC.
3.
A = 122, a = 18, B = 12
4.
A = 36, a = 9, & - 12
5.
A = 50, a = 2.8, B = 4
6.
B = 105, & = 13, a = 6
AREA OF A TRIANGLE You ca n use th e follow ing result to find th e a re a o f a

trian g le w hen you know th e len gth s o f tw o sides and th e m easu re o f th e included
angle. T h is result c a n also b e used to derive th e law o f sin es (see E xercise 42).
KEY CONCEPT
A rea o f a T rian g le
T h e area o f any trian g le is given by on e h a lf th e
prod uct o f th e len gth s o f tw o sides tim es th e sine
o f th eir inclu d ed angle. For A A BC show n, th ere
are th ree ways to ca lcu la te th e area:
A rea = -^B csin A
Area = y<3CsinB
Area = y a & s in C
Find the area of a triangie

BtOLOGY B lack-necked stilts are
birds th a t live throu gh ou t Florida
and su rround ing areas but breed
m ostly in th e trian g u la r region
show n on th e m ap. Find th e area
o fth is region.
Soiution
T h e area o f th e region is:
Area = y B c sin A
W rite area formula.
1,
= ^ (1 2 5 ) (223) sin 54.2
Substitute.
= 11,300
Use a caicuiator.
F T he area o f th e region is abou t 11,300 squ are m iles.
C U!D ED P R A C TK E
fo r Exa m p le 5
F in d th e area o f A A B C w ith th e given side ie n g th s and included angle.
7.
a = 10, & = 14, C = 46
8. a = 19, c = 8, B = 75
9.
B = 11, c = 7, A = 120
10. a = 20, & = 24, C = 87
1 3 .5
Appiy the Law of Sines
885
13 5 EXERCISES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
on p. WS23 for Exs. 13, 31, and 45
A = STA N DA RD IZED T E S T PRACTICE

Exs. 2, 28, 41,47, and 48
Ex. 45
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY W hat in fo rm atio n do you n eed to u se th e law o f sines?
2. * W R ITIN G Suppose a, B, and A are given for A ABC w here A < 90. Under
what co n d itio n s would you have no trian g le? one trian g le? tw o triangles?
EX A M P LE S
1, 2, 3, and 4
ID EN TIFY IN G CASES Sta te th e case (AAS, A SA , o r SSA ) applicable to th e given

m e asurem ents. T h e n decide w h e th e r th e m e a su re m e n ts d e te rm in e one
on pp. 8 8 2 -8 8 4
trian g le, tteo trian g les, o r no tria n g le .
for Exs. 3 -2 8
3. A = 1 1 2 , a = 9, B = 4
4. A = 40, C = 7 5 , c = 20
5.
A = 52, a = 32, B = 42
6. A = 37, a = 8, B = 14
7. A = 28, B = 64, c = 55
8.
A = 149, a = 7, B = 10
11.
C = 4 8 , c = 28, B = 20
14.
9. B = 34, B = 5, a = 16
10. B = 70, B = 85, c = 88
SOLViNG TR iA N G L E S Solve A A B C .
17.
SOLVING TR IA N G LE S So lve A A B C . ( H in t; Som e o f th e " tria n g le s " have no

s o lu tio n and some have tw o so lu tio n s.)
18.
A = 7 3 , a = 18.
B = 11
19.
A = 26, C = 3 5 , B = 13
20.
B = 102, C = 43, B = 21
21.
A = 38, a = 19,
B = 25
22.
A = 55, B = 64, c = 34
23.
A = 114, a = 15, B = 10
24.
C = 98, c = 29,
a = 33
25.
A = 49, B = 32, B = 44
26.
B = 21, B = 17, c = 32
27. ER R O R A N A LYSIS DescriBe and co rrect th e error in

find ing th e m easu re o f angle C in th e trian g le below.
sin C _ sin 55
^ r - 6 sin 55
stn c ------------5
C - 79.4
28. * M U L T IP L E CHOtCE W hat is th e side ien gth c in A A BC if A = 32, C = 67,

and B = 31 ft?
(A )
886
Chapter 13
16.6 ft
(B )
28.9 ft
(g)
33.3 ft
( g ) 57.8 ft
0 .9 5 3 0
EXAMPLE 5
FtNDiNG A REA F in d th e area o f A A B C w it h th e given side ie n g th s and inciuded
on p. 885
for Exs. 29-41
angie.
a2 == 9, c == 11
29. B = 124, <
30. A =
3 L ) A = 34, B = 29, c = 36
32. C = 79, a = 25, B == 17
33. B ' =
34. C = 96, a = 7, B = 15
35. A = 130, B = 23, c = 20
36. B =
37. C = 29, a = 38, B = 31
FtNDiNG A REA F in d th e area o f A A B C .

40.
41.
* M U L T IP L E C H O KE W hat is th e area o f A A BC if B = 52, a = 29, and c = 24?

(A )
42.
274 units^
( B ) 348 units^
(C )
548 units^
C HALLENG E U sing th e trian g ie show n at th e right as a

reference, derive th e form u ias for th e area o f a trian g ie
given on page 885. T hen use th e area form ulas to
derive th e law o f sines.
(D )
696 units^
/r \
"
^PRO BLEM SOLV!NG

EX A M P LE 1
on p. 882
for Ex. 43
43. H FEG U A R D S Two lifeguard s are w atching
a w indsurfer. U se th e in fo rm atio n in th e
diagram to find th e d ista n ce from each
lifeguard to th e w indsurfer.
@Bomc7Mtor for problem solving help

at dasszone.com
EX A M P LE 2
on p. 883
for Ex. 44
44. N EW Y O RK C iTY You are on th e ob serv ation deck o f th e E m pire State
Building looking at th e C hrysler Building. W hen you tu rn 145 clockw ise,

you see th e Statu e o f Liberty. You know th at th e C hrysler B uild ing and th e
E m pire State Building are about 0.6 m ile ap art and th a t th e C hrysler Building
and th e Statu e o f Liberty are abou t 5.7 m iles ap art. E stim a te th e d ista n ce
b etw een th e Em pire State B uild ing and th e Statu e o f Liberty.
@Bome7MtOf for problem solving help at classzone.com

EX A M P LE 5
on p. 885
for Exs. 4 5 -4 6
M U L T !P L E R E P R E S E N T A TIO N S You are fertilizin g a tria n g u la r garden.

O ne side o f th e garden is 62 feet long and a n o th er side is 54 feet long. T he
angle opposite th e 62 foo t side is 58.
a. D raw ing a Diagram Draw a d iagram to rep resen t th is situation.

b. Soiving a Tria n g ie U se th e law o f sines to solve th e trian g le you drew in
p art (a).
c. Appiying a Form uia One bag o f fertiliz er covers an area o f 200 squ are feet.
How m any bags o f fertiliz er w ill you n eed to cover th e en tire garden?
13.5
Apply the Law of Sines
887
46. M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LEM Q uad rilateral ABCD show n at

th e right is a kite.
a. Find th e area o f AARD.
b. Find th e area o f ABCD.
c. W hat is th e area o f th e kite?
47. * S H O R T R ESP O N SE A bu ilding is co n stru cted on top o f a c liff th a t is

300 m eters high. A p erso n stan d in g on level ground below th e c liff observes
th at th e angle o f elevation to th e top o f th e b u ild in g is 72, and th e angle of
elevation to th e top o f th e c liff is 63.
a. How far away is th e person from th e b ase o f th e cliff?
b. D escribe tw o d ifferent m eth od s you c a n u se to find th e h eight o f th e
building. U se one o f th ese m eth o d s to find th e bu ild in g's height.

48. * EX TE N D E D R ESP O N SE Use a graph in g ca lcu la to r to explore how the
included angle in th e form ulas on page 885 a ffe cts a trian g le's area.
a. Model C hoose lengths for tw o sides o f th e trian g le. Let x rep resen t the
m easu re (in degrees) o f th e inclu d ed angle. W rite an eq u atio n th a t gives

th e trian g le's area y as a fu n ctio n o f x.
b. Graphing Calculator Enter th e eq u atio n from p a rt (a) into a graphing
calcu lator. Use th e fable featu re to ex a m in e values o f th e area for

0 < x < 180. D oes th e area alw ays in crea se as x in crea ses? Explain.
c. In te rp re t W hat value o f x m a x im iz es th e trian g le's area? W h at is th e
m axim u m area, and how is it related to th e side len gth s you ch o se in

p art (a)?
49. CHALLENG E T h e d ista n ce b etw een M ercury and th e sun is approxim ately
36 m illio n m iles. T h e d istan ce betw een E arth and th e sun is approxim ately
93 m illion m iles. If on a ce rta in day th e angle (m easu red from Earth)
betw een th e su n and M ercury is 22, w hat are th e possible d ista n ce s betw een
M ercury and Earth?
MtXED REV!EW
P e rfo rm th e indicated o p e ra tio n , (p. 420)
50. 6 V l3 - V l3
51. 5(250) 1/3
10(54) 1/3
53. 5 ( 2 0 ) ^ - 3 (45 -.1/2

)
54. 9 ^ 5 6 - ^ 1 8 9
52. - 2 ^ 1 6 0 + 4 ^ 1 1 1 0
55. - 6 ( 88 ) 1/3
9(297) 1/3
P e rfo rm th e indicated o p e ra tio n and s im p lify , (p. 573)

56.
59.
P R E V iE W
Prepare for
Lesson 13.6
in Exs. 62-67.
888
5x3
xy
x^y
20xy2
4x^ - 16
25
x + 5
4x- 8
57.
40x y
2xyz
lOxy
60.
x^ + 5x + 6
^ (x + 3)
3x^ + 13x + 14
58.
x^yz^
61.
3x - 9
* " 1
x + 7
6x2-18
6x^ + i i x + 4 . 6x - 8
2x + 3x - 1
Solve th e eq ua tion fo r 0. (p. 873)

62.
cos 0 = 0.75; 270 < 0 < 360
63.
co s 0 = - 0 .6 ; 180 < 0 < 270
64.
cos 0 = - 0 .3 5 ; 90 < 0 < 180
65.
co s 0 = 0.92; 270 < 0 < 360
66.
co s 0 = - 0 .2 8 ; 180 < 0 < 270
67.
co s 0 = 0.47; 270 < 0 < 360
ONUNE QU!Z at ciasszone.com
x+1
H
*
App'y the
Law of Cosines
You soived triangies using the iaw of sines.
You wiii soive triangies using the iaw of cosines.
So you can find angies formed by trapeze artists, as in Ex. 4 3.
Key Vocabulary
* taw o f cosines
tn Lesson 13.5, you soived trian g ies for th e AAS, ASA, and SSA ca ses. In th is
iesson, you w ili use th e la w o f cosines to soive tria n g ies w hen tw o sides and th e
included angle are know n (SAS), or w hen ail th re e sides are k now n (SSS).
KEY CONCEPT
Law o f C osines
If A A BC h as sides o f ien gth a , B, and c as show n, th en :
= B^ +
- 2Bc co s A
L2 _ 2 +
- 2accos B
+ B^ - 2aB co s C
Soive a triangie for the SAS case

Solve A A B C w it h a = 11, c = 14, and B = 34.
Solution
a = 11
Use th e iaw o f co sin es to find side len gth B.

B" = a^ +
2 a c co s B
B^ = 11^ + 14^ 2(11)(14) co s 34
Substitute fo r a, c, and B.
B^ = 61.7
Simpiify.
B = V61.7 = 7.85
ANOTHER WAY
When you know aii
three sides and one
angle, you can use the
law of cosines or the
law of sines to find the
measure of a second
angle.
Law of cosines
Take positive square root.
U se th e law o f sin es to find th e m easu re o f angie A.

sin A _ sin B
a
B
Law of sines
sin A _ sin 34
11
7.85
Substitute fo r a, B, and B.
sin A =
11 sin 34
7.85
0.7836
A = s in " ' 0.7836 = 51.6
Muitipiy each side by 11 and simpiify.

Use inverse sine.
T he th ird angie C o f th e trian g ie is C = 180 - 34 - 51.6 = 94.4.

^ In AABC, B = 7.85, A == 51.6, and C = 94.4.
1 3 .6
Apply th e Law of Cosines
EXAMPLE 2
Sotve a fr!ang!e for the SSS case
S o lv e A A B C w ith a = 12, B = 27, a n d c = 2 0 .

S o lu tio n
AVOID E R R O R S
in Exampie 2, the
largest angie is found
first to make sure that
the other two angies are
acute. This way, when
you use the law of sines
to find another angle
measure, you will know
that it is between 0
and 90.
F irst f in d t h e a n g le o p p o s ite th e lo n g e s t sid e , AC. U se

th e la w o f c o s in e s to so lv e fo r B.
+
- 2accos B
Law of cosines
27^ = 12^ + 20^ - 2 (1 2 )(2 0 ) c o s B

272 - 122 - 20 ^
- 2 (121(20) = c o s B
Substitute.
Soive fo r cos B.
- 0 .3 8 5 4 = c o s B
Simpiify.
B = c o s " ' ( -0 .3 8 5 4 ) = 112.7
Lise inverse cosine.
N o w u s e th e la w o f s in e s to f in d A.
sin A _ s in B
a
sin A
12
Law of sines
sin 112.7
27
Substitute fo r a, b, and B.
s in A = 12 sin 112.7
27
0.4100
A - s i n " ' 0.4100 = 2 4.2
M uitipiy each side by 12 and simpiify.

Use inverse sine.
T h e th ir d a n g le C o f th e tr ia n g le is C = 180 - 24 .2 - 112.7 = 43.1.

> In A A B C , A = 24.2, B = 112.7, a n d C = 43.1.
Use the !aw of cosines in rea! !ife

S c ie n tis ts c a n u s e a s e t o f f o o tp r in ts to c a ic u ia te a n o rg a n is m 's sfep
a n g le , w h ic h is a m e a s u r e o f w a lk in g e ffic ie n c y . T h e c lo s e r th e s te p a n g le is to
180, th e m o r e e ffic ie n tly th e o r g a n is m w a lk e d .
SCIENCE
T h e d ia g r a m a t th e r ig h t s h o w s a s e t o f
f o o tp r in ts fo r a d in o s a u r . F in d th e s te p
a n g ie B.
155 c m / - < 5 ? ^ 1 9 7 c m
316 cm
S o tu tio n
= a^ +
- 2ac cos B
316" = 155" + 197" - 2(1551(197) c o s B

3 1 6 2 -1 5 5 2 -1 9 7 2
-2(1551(197)
- 0 .6 0 6 2 = c o s B
B = c o s " ' ( -0 .6 0 6 2 ) ^ 127.3
^ T h e s te p a n g le B is a b o u t 127.3.
890
Chapter 13
Law of cosines
Substitute.
Soive fo r cos B.
Simpiify.
Use inverse cosine.
GUIDED PRACTKE
for Exam ples 1 ,2 , and 3
S o lv e A A R C .
2. n = 14, & = 16, c = 9
1. rt = 8 , c = 10, B = 48
3.
W H A T IF? In E x a m p le 3, s u p p o s e th a t a = 193 c m , & = 3 3 5 c m , a n d

c = 186 c m . F in d th e s te p a n g le &
T h e la w o f c o s in e s c a n b e u s e d to e s ta b lis h th e
fo llo w in g f o r m u la fo r t h e a r e a o f a tr ia n g le . T h e f o r m u la is c r e d ite d to th e G re e k
m a t h e m a t ic ia n H e r o n (c irc a A.D. 100).
H ERO N 'S A R EA FO R M U LA
KEY CONCEPT
Heron s Area Formu!a
T h e a r e a o f th e tr ia n g le w ith s id e s o f le n g th a , &, a n d c is
A re a = V s(s - a )(s - &)(s - c)
w h e re s = i ( u + & + c). T h e v a r ia b le s is c a lle d th e se m fp e rfm e te r, o r
^ h a lf - p e rim e te r, o f th e tr ia n g le .
EXAMPLE 4
T h e in te r s e c tio n o f
th r e e s tr e e ts fo rm s a p ie c e o f la n d c a lle d
a tr a f fic tr ia n g le . F in d th e a r e a o f th e
tr a f fic tr ia n g le s h o w n .
U R B A N PLAN NING
A N O TH ER WAY
For an alternative
problem in Example4,
the Problem Solving
Workshop
S o lu tio n
.PTifP 7
Find
th e s e m ip e r im e te r s.
c) = 1 (1 7 0 + 240
3 5 0 ) = 380
U se H e ro n 's f o r m u la to f in d th e a r e a o f A A B C .
A re a = V s(s - n )(s - &)(s - c)
= V 3 80(380 - 170) (380 - 240) (380 - 350) = 18,300
F T h e a r e a o f th e tr a f fic tr ia n g le is a b o u t 18,300 s q u a r e y a rd s .
G UID ED PRAC TICE
fo r Exa m p le 4
F in d th e area o f A A B C .
4.
5.
6- 4
23
1 3 .6
Apply th e Law of Cosines
891
13 6 EXERCtSES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
O = W O RKED -O UT SO LUTIO NS
+ = STA ND A RD IZED T E S T P R A C TK E
Exs. 2,20,33, 34,45, and 47
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY
C o p y a n d c o m p le te : I n a tr ia n g le w ith sid e s o f le n g th a , b,
a n d c, y ( a + b + c) is c a lle d th e ? .
2. *
W R ITIN G
E x p re s s H e ro n 's f o r m u la in w o rd s .
EX A M P LE S
CHOOSING A M ETH O D For the given case, teli w hether you would use the law o f
1 and 2
sines or the inn/ p/cosines to solve the triangle.
on pp. 889-890
for Exs. 3-20
5. SSA
6.
SAS
7. AAS
SOLVING TR IA N G LE S Solve AABC.

8. A
9.
10.
23
i/ l
14
B
SOLVING TR IA N G LE S Solve A ABC.
11.
B = 25, a = 8 , c =
14.
a = 38, b = 31, c = 35
( ! w ) a = 1 0 , b = 3, c = 1 2
12.
A = 103, b = 15, c = 24
13.
a = 18, b = 28, c = 13
15.
C = 48, a = 17, b = 20
16.
B = 63, a = 29, c = 38
18.
a = 23, b = 24, c = 20
19.
C = 9 6 , a = 35, b = 43
20. i t M U L T IP L E CHOICE W h a t is th e m e a s u r e o f a n g ie B in A A B C if a = 17,

b = 29, a n d c = 14?
(B ) 22.9
(A ) 18.7
(C )
EX A M P LE 4
FINDING A REA Find the area of A ABC.
on p. 891
for Exs. 21-33
21.
19
(D ) 138.4
111.2
23. A
22. A
11
A
FINDING A REA Find the area o f A ABC w ith the given side lengths.
24.
a = 1 2 , b = 7, c
27.
a = 14, b = 20, c = 28
28.a
30.
a = 43, b = 59, c = 4 8
31.a
33. i t
=8
M U L T IP L E CHOICE
(A )
66
u n its ^
( 2 5 ^ a = 5, b = l l , c = 10
26.
a = 25, b = 24, c = 1 9
= 31, b = 23, c = 17
29.
a = 81, b = 67, c = 71
= 51, b = 51, c = 43
32.
a = 38, b = 25, c = 61
W h a t is th e a r e a o f A A B C if a = 21, b = 16, a n d c = 13?

(B ) 104 u n its ^
(C ) 1350 u n its ^
(D ) 4 3 6 8 u n its ^
U se t h e la w o f c o s in e s to s h o w th a t th e m e a s u r e o f e a c h
a n g le o f a n e q u ila te r a l tr ia n g ie is 60. E x p ia in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
34. i t S H O R T RESP O N SE
892
Chapter 13
35. ERROR ANALYSIS Descnhe and

c o r r e c t th e e r r o r in f in d in g th e
m e a s u r e o f a n g le A in A A B C if
a = 18, h = 15, a n d c = 10.
- 15^ + 10^ - 16
2(10)(15)
^ ^ g -1 9 9 9 ^ 9 ^
gpg ^
0 .0 0 1 9
9 9 .9
CHOOStNG A M ETH O D U se th e la w o f sin e s, th e la w o f cosines, o r th e

P yth a g o re a n th e o re m to solve AABC.
EX A M P LE 3
on p"890
for Ex. 43
36. A = 72, B = 44, & = 14
37. B = 98, C = 37, a = 18
38. C = 65, a = 12, & = 21
39. B = 90, a = 15, c =
40. C = 40, & = 36, c = 27
41. a = 34, & = 19, c = 27
42.
C HALLENG E G iv e n A A B C w ith h e ig h t h , d e riv e th e la w o f c o s in e s . E x p la in

h o w th e P y th a g o r e a n th e o r e m is r e la te d to th e la w o f c o s in e s .
4 3.
T h e d ia g r a m s h o w s th e p a th s o f
tw o t r a p e z e a r tis ts w h o a r e b o th 5 fe e t lo n g w h e n
h a n g in g b y th e i r k n e e s . T h e " fly e r" o n th e le ft b a r is
p r e p a r in g to m a k e h a n d - to - h a n d c o n ta c t w ith th e
" c a tc h e r" o n t h e r ig h t b a r. A t w h a t a n g le 6 w ill th e
tw o m e e t?
T R A P E Z E A R T IS T S
@ B o m e 7 a tO r
EX A M P LE 4
44.
on p. 891
for Exs. 4 4 -4 5
fo r problem solvin g help a t classzon e.co m
R a le ig h , D u r h a m , a n d C h a p e l H ill a r e t h r e e c itie s
in N o rth C a ro lin a t h a t f o r m w h a t is k n o w n a s th e R e s e a r c h T ria n g le .
It is a b o u t 18 m ile s fro m R a le ig h to D u r h a m , 23 m ile s f ro m R a le ig h to
C h a p e l H ill, a n d 8 m ile s f ro m C h a p e l H ill to D u r h a m . F in d th e a r e a o f
t h e R e s e a rc h T ria n g le .
RESEA RC H TR IA N G LE
@ H o m e 7 H fo r
fo r problem solvin g help a t cla ssz o n e.co m
( 45 ) * S H O R T R ESP O N SE
T h e d ia g r a m s h o w s th e d im e n s io n s
o f a p lo t o f la n d . W h a t is t h e a r e a o f th e la n d in a c re s ?
(U se th e fa c t t h a t 1 a c re = 4 3 ,5 6 0 s q u a r e fe e t.) E x p /a m
h o w y o u c o u ld a ls o d e te r m in e th e a r e a b y f irs t f in d in g
th e le n g th o f AC.
46.
M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LEM A g o lfe r h its a d riv e 2 60 y a r d s o n a h o le th a t is

4 0 0 y a r d s lo n g . T h e s h o t is 15 o ff ta rg e t.
a.
b.
W h a t is t h e d is ta n c e x fro m th e g o lfe r's b a ll to th e h o le ?

A s s u m e th e g o lfe r is a b le to h it th e b a ll p re c is e ly th e d is ta n c e f o u n d in
p a r t (a ). W h a t is th e m a x im u m a n g le 6 b y w h ic h t h e b a ll c a n b e o ff ta r g e t
in o rd e r to la n d n o m o r e t h a n 10 y a r d s f ro m th e h o le ?
1 3 .6
Appiy th e Law of Cosines
893
S ta r tin g a t th e s a m e p o in t in a fo re s t, tw o h ik e r s
ta k e d if fe re n t p a th s . T h e f ir s t h ik e r w a ik s d u e n o r t h a t a s p e e d o f 2 m ile s
p e r h o u r. T h e s e c o n d h ik e r w a lk s 60 e a s t o f n o r t h a t a s p e e d o f 3 m ile s
p e r h o u r.
a. H o w f a r a p a r t a r e t h e h ik e r s a f te r 1 h o u r?
b. T h e tw o h ik e r s c a r r y w a lk ie -ta lk ie s w ith a r a n g e o f 10 m ile s . A fte r h o w
m u c h tim e a r e th e h ik e r s o u t o f r a n g e o f e a c h o th e r?
c. S u p p o s e a f te r tw o h o u r s th e firs t h ik e r s to p s a n d te lls th e s e c o n d h ik e r to
m e e t h e r. H o w lo n g w ill it ta k e th e s e c o n d h ik e r to m e e t th e f irs t h ik e r? In
w h a t d ir e c t io n s h o u ld th e s e c o n d h ik e r w a lk ? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
47. * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE
A n a ir p la n e f lie s 55 e a s t o f n o r t h f ro m c ity A to c ity B, a

d is ta n c e o f 470 m ile s . A n o th e r a ir p la n e f lie s 7 n o r t h o f e a s t f ro m c ity A to
c ity C, a d is ta n c e o f 8 9 0 m ile s . W h a t is th e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n c itie s B a n d C?
48. CHALLENG E
M!XED REV!EW
P R E V iE W
Graph th e fu n c tio n .
Pre p a re for
L esso n 14.1
in Exs. 49-54.
49.
y = 9 - 4x
52.
y = 2V x + 7 - 3 ip. 4461
ip. 891
50.
y = I4 x -
53.
y=
5l ip. 1281
1.5 e ^ ip. 492)
51.
/( x ) = F - lO x + 12
54.
g(x) = In (x
ip. 2361
+ 4) ip. 4991
D iv id e u sin g sy n th e tic d iv is io n , ip. 3621
8 x^ 17x + 1) (x + 4)
(x" + x3 - 3 x + 7x + 4) -r (x + 2)
55. (x^ +
56. (x^ - 9x^
57.
58.
2 gx _ 17 ) ^
(x^ + x^ - 31x2 +
^ _ g)
_ 22)
(x
- 5)
P e rfo rm th e indicated op e ra tio n and state th e d o m a in , ip. 428!
/ + g ;/( x ) = x + 7, g(x) = lO x
59.
61. / - g ;/( x ) =
3 x - 2, g(x)
2x^
60.
/ - g ;/( x ) = 5x ^ 2, g(x) = - 4 x ^
62.
/( g ( x ) ) ;/( x )
x2 -
6 , g(x) = 8 x
^ Q U )Z /o r Lessons 73.5-73.6
Solve A A B C . ipp. 8 8 2 and8 8 9 !

1.
50, B
74, c
3.
20, & = 14, c
5.
102, C
7.
53, a
23
25, a
41, c
12
31
29
2 . C == 6 6 , a == 18, c = 17
4. C == 118, a = 26, & = 34
6 . a = 49, & = 52, c = 38
8 . A == 112, B = 48, c = 5
F in d th e area o f A A B C . ipp. 882 and 889!

9.
B = 94, a = 13, c = 15
11.
a = 18, & = 25, c = 19
13.
a = 62, & = 47, c = 53
15.
10 . C = 18, a = 16, h = 11
12. a = 27, & = 21, c = 37
14. A = 70, & = 44, c = 36
T h e b a s e o f a r ig h t tr ia n g u la r p r is m h a s sid e s o f le n g th
c e n tim e te r s , 10 c e n tim e te r s , a n d 13 c e n tim e te r s . T h e h e ig h t o f th e p r is m is
5 c e n tim e te r s . W h a t is t h e v o lu m e o f th e p ris m ? ip. 889!
(& G EO M ETRY
894
-t- 11
ONHNE QU!Z at ctasszone.com
"MM?ALTERNATIVE METHODS
LESSON 13.6
Another !M?y to Sotve Exompte 4 , poge
M U L T IP L E R E P R E S E N T A TIO N S I n E x a m p le 4 o n p a g e 891, y o u f o u n d th e a r e a o f a
tr ia n g le g iv e n th e le n g th s o f its sid e s b y u s in g H e ro n 's f o r m u la . Y ou c a n a ls o f in d
t h e a r e a o f th e tr ia n g le b y w r itin g a n d s o lv in g a s y s te m o f e q u a tio n s .
T h e in te r s e c tio n
o f t h r e e s tr e e ts f o r m s a p ie c e o f la n d
c a lle d a tr a f fic tr ia n g le . F in d th e
a r e a o f th e tr a f fic tr ia n g le s h o w n .
PROBLEM
METHOD
U R B A N PLA N N fN G
U se a s y s te m o f q u a d r a tic e q u a tio n s to f in d th e
tr ia n g le 's h e ig h t h . T h e n f in d th e a r e a o f t h e tr ia n g le u s in g th e f o r m u la A = y b b .
U s in g a Sy ste m o f Eq u a tio n s
^TifP 7 D ra w a n e w d ia g r a m o f th e tr ia n g le
a s s h o w n . L et h b e th e h e ig h t o f th e
tr ia n g le . T h e a ltitu d e la b e le d b y h
d iv id e s A B in to tw o s e g m e n ts o f
le n g th x a n d 3 5 0 - x.
1 7 o / 1^^240
/7
/
B
r
x
t h e f irs t e q u a tio n fo r
to g e t = 170^ - x*v
S u b s titu te th is e x p re s s io n
fo r in th e s e c o n d
e q u a tio n , a n d so lv e fo r x.
350 - x
7^ + X^ = 17Q2
(350 - x f = 240^
t h e P y th a g o r e a n th e o r e m to w rite
a s y s te m o f q u a d r a tic e q u a tio n s .
^ 7 2P ^ Use
170^ - x^
^72P <? Solve
(350 - x f = 2 4 0
2 8 ,9 0 0 - x-" + 1 2 2 ,5 0 0 - 7 0 0 x + x^ = 57,600
- 7 0 0 x = - 9 3 ,8 0 0
x = 134
t h e P y th a g o r e a n th e o r e m to f in d th a t h = V l7 0 ^ - 134^ = 104.6.
S o t h e a r e a o f th e tr ia n g le is A = y b /: ^ ( 3 5 0 ) (104.6) = 18,300.
^ 7 2 ^ 4 Use
F T h e a r e a o f t h e tr ia n g le is a b o u t 18,300 s q u a r e y a rd s .
PRACTfCE
FINDING A R EA S U se th e m e thod above to fin d th e
area o f A A B C w it h th e given side ie n g th s.
1. a = 12, & = 17, c = 26

2. a = 63, b = 92, c = 87
3 . a = 101, b = 94, c = 153
4.
5.
S u p p o s e a = 2 0 0 y d in th e p ro b le m
a b o v e . F in d th e a r e a o f th e tr ia n g le .
W H A T !F?
G A RDEN A REA A tr ia n g u la r g a r d e n h a s sid e s

w ith le n g th s 50 fe e t, 38 fe e t, a n d 43 fe e t. U se
th e m e th o d a b o v e to f in d th e a r e a o f th e
g ard en .
895
/ ^
dasszone.com
Lessons 13.4-13.6
1.
2.
M U L T !- S T E P P R O B LEM Y ou a r e b u y in g a
tr ia n g u ia r p ie c e o f p ro p e rty . T w o s id e s o f th e
tr ia n g ie a r e 5 4 0 y a r d s a n d 3 3 0 y a r d s io n g a n d
h a v e a n in c lu d e d a n g le o f 100 .
a. H o w lo n g is th e th ir d s id e o f th e p ro p e rty ?
b. T h e p ric e o f th e la n d is $ 2 5 0 0 p e r a c re
(1 a c re = 4 8 4 0 s q u a r e y a rd s ). H o w m u c h
d o e s th e la n d c o st?
O n a b a s e b a ll fie ld , th e
p itc h e r's m o u n d a t P is 6 0 .5 fe e t f ro m h o m e
p la te a t N a n d 95 f e e t fro m a n a r c w h e re th e
o u tf ie ld g ra s s b e g in s .
S H O R T R ESP O N SE
T h e IK O N O S s a te llite
ta k e s im a g e s o f E a r th 's s u r fa c e fro m a h e ig h t
o f a b o u t 423 m ile s .
M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LEM
A b a ll is h it 25 to t h e r ig h t o f th e p itc h e r's
m o u n d a n d tra v e ls to th e e d g e o f th e g ra s s .
W h a t d is ta n c e d m u s t a n o u tf ie ld e r a t G th r o w
th e b a ll to m a k e a n o u t a t h o m e p la te ? E x p la in .
6 . E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE
A tr o u g h c a n b e m a d e b y
fo ld in g a r e c ta n g u la r p ie c e o f m e ta l in h a lf a n d
th e n e n c lo s in g th e e n d s . T h e v o lu m e o f w a te r
th e tr o u g h c a n h o ld d e p e n d s o n h o w f a r y o u
b e n d th e m e ta l.
1045 mi
/Vof draw n fo s c a /e
a.
b.
IK O N O S c a n ta k e p h o to g r a p h s th a t sh o w
o b je c ts 1 m e te r a c ro s s p ro v id e d th e o b je c ts
lie w ith in a r e g io n a b o u t 413 m ile s a c ro s s , a s
s h o w n a b o v e . F in d th e v a lu e o f
T h e la rg e s t re g io n IK O N O S c a n v ie w is a b o u t
1045 m ile s a c ro s s , a s s h o w n a b o v e . W h a t
is th e m a x im u m a n g le ^ th r o u g h w h ic h
IK O N O S c a n ro ta te ?
3.
O PEN -ENDED A tr ia n g le h a s a 30 a n g le . G ive

th e le n g th s o f tw o s id e s t h a t in c lu d e th e a n g le
a n d p ro d u c e a tr ia n g le w ith a n a r e a o f
40 s q u a r e in c h e s .
4.
G R!D D ED A N S W E R A fte r w a lk in g 20 fe e t in to
th e w a te r a t a b e a c h , y o u n o tic e t h a t th e d e p th
o f th e w a te r is 3 fe e t. F in d th e a n g le 9 a t w h ic h
th e b e a c h s lo p e s . R o u n d y o u r a n s w e r to th e
n e a r e s t te n t h o f a d e g re e .
20 ft
3ft
896
Chapter 13
P r e d ic t th e v a lu e o f 6 t h a t w ill m a x im iz e th e
v o lu m e o f th e tr o u g h s h o w n .
b. F in d th e v o lu m e o f th e tr o u g h a s a f u n c tio n
o f 6. (H m f; Y ou w ill n e e d to f in d th e a r e a o f
o n e o f th e tr ia n g u la r fa c e s.)
c. D e sc rib e h o w th e v o lu m e c h a n g e s a s 6
in c r e a s e s f ro m 0 to 180.
d. W h a t v a lu e o f 6 m a x im iz e s th e v o lu m e ?
C o m p a re th is v a lu e w ith y o u r p r e d ic tio n .
a.
7.
S H O R T RESP O N SE Y ou a r e b u ild in g a tr ia n g u la r
c o n c re te p a tio th a t h a s s id e s o f le n g th 8 fe e t,
11 fe e t, a n d 15 fe e t, a n d a th ic k n e s s o f 0.5 fo o t.
If o n e b a g o f c e m e n t m a k e s 0 .3 3 c u b ic fo o t
o f c o n c re te , h o w m a n y b a g s o f c e m e n t d o
y o u n e e d to b u ild th e p a tio ? E x p /a m y o u r
r e a s o n in g .
CHAPTER SUMMARY
IQtcd
dasszone.com
f ie /-
/C /D M S
Using T rigonom etric Functions
h y p o te n u s e ^ ^ ^
opposite
sine
cosine
tangent
.
opp
sin 8 - v
hyp
adj
cos 8 = v
hyp
opp
ta n 8 = *yr
adj
cosecant
secant
cotangent
r
adjacent
e sc 8
Qpp
hyp
adi
cot 6 = ^
Using inverse T rigonom etric Functions
In v e rs e tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s c a n b e u s e d to so lv e tr ig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n s .
if - 1 < a < 1, th en th e
in v erse co s in e o f a is an
w ritten sin "i o = 8, w h e re
a n g le 8, w ritten c o s ^ a = 8,
a n g ie 8, w ritten ta n ^ o = 8,
w h e re c o s 8 = a an d
w h e re tan 8 = o an d
sin 8 = a a n d - y < 6 < y .
^ y
If a is a n y real num ber, th en
in v erse sin e o f a is a n a n g le 6,
If - 1 < o < 1, th en th e
< 8 <TT.
th e in v erse ta n g e n t o f a is an
77"
Appiying the Law of Sines and Law of Cosines
U se th e ta b le b e lo w to h e lp y o u r e m e m b e r w h e n to a p p ly e a c h law .
i f you know th is in fo rm a tio n . . .
use th is ia w .. .
to fin d th is in fo rm a tio n .
a n g le -a n g le -sid e
L aw o f sin es
rem ain in g sides*
a n g le -sid e -a n g ie
L aw o f sines
rem ain in g sides*
sid e-sid e-an g le
L aw o f sin es
rem ain in g side a n d o n e an gle*
sid e-an g le-sid e
Law o f co sin e s
rem ain in g side an d o n e an gle*
sid e-sid e-sid e
L aw o f co sin e s
tw o an g ies*
Find the rem aining angle by using the triangle sum theorem .
Chapter Sum m ary
897
CHAPTER REV!EW
@Nome7ofor
dasszone.com
* M ulti-Language G lossary
* V o cab u lary p ractice
R F W H V K E V y O C 4 RtV M R V
* sine, p. 8?2
' initial side o f an a n g ie , p. 859
- co sin e, p 852
' term in a! side o f an an g le ,
- ta n g e n t, p. 852
' sta n d a rd p osition o f an a n g le ,
* c o s e c a n t,
' co term in al a n g ie s,
852
p.
p.
* q u ad ra n ta l an g le, p. 867
859
p.
* re fe re n ce a n g le ,
859
860
852
* in v erse ta n g e n t,
se cto r, p. 8 6!
cen tral an g le,
* a n g le o f d ep ressio n , p. 855
unit circle,
p.
86!
867
1. W RITIN G D e sc rib e a n a n g le in s ta n d a r d p o s itio n .

2. Id e n tif y th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e a n g le s - 2 2 5 a n d 135.
3. W h a t is th e n a m e o f a c irc le w ith c e n te r a t th e o rig in a n d r a d iu s 1 u n it?
4. C o p y a n d c o m p le te : If c o s 9 = a a n d 0 < 8 < 7r, t h e n th e ? o f a e q u a ls 9.
5. W RITIN G S ta te t h e la w o f s in e s in w o rd s .
Rfy/FM/ &MMPLFS 4ND EXFRGSFS

U s e th e re v ie w e x a m p le s a n d e x e rc is e s b e lo w to c h e c k y o u r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e
c o n c e p ts y o u h a v e le a r n e d in e a c h le s s o n o f C h a p te r 13.
Use Trigonometry with Right Triangies
Eva lu a te th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f th e angie 8.
F ro m th e P y th a g o r e a n th e o r e m , th e le n g th o f
th e h y p o te n u s e is V 6 ^ + 8 " = VlOO = 10 .
e sc
6^
hyp
= oh py pp
JLO
6
adj
hyp
h yp
sec 8 =
adj
cos
10
OPP
adj
adj
cot 8 = opp
3^
4
4^
3
EXER C !SES
EX A M P LES
1 and 3
on pp. 852-854
for Exs. 6-7
898
Chapter 13
I n A A B C , a = 4, b = 5, a n d C = 90. E v a lu a te th e six tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s

o f a n g le B.
7.
H O T A !R BALLOON
Y ou a r e s ta n d in g 50 m e te r s fro m a h o t a ir b a llo o n t h a t is
p r e p a r in g to ta k e off. T h e a n g le o f e le v a tio n to th e to p o f th e b a llo o n is 28.
F in d th e h e ig h t o f th e b a llo o n .
p.
875
- law o f co sin e s, p. 889
10
868
* law o f sines, p. 882
- a n g le o f elev atio n , p. 855
p.
p.
* in v erse sine, p. 875

- in v erse co sin e, p. 875
rad ian , p. 860
- s e c a n t, p. 852
* c o ta n g e n t,
p.
p.
@M)fne7tvfor
dasszone.com
Define Genera! Angies and Use Radian Measure
C o n v e rt 110 to ra d ia n s and ^
110
ra d ia n s to degrees.
o/ ir ra d ia n s
180
110 =
p p .8 5 9 -8 6 5
12
r a d ia n s = (^
\12
ra d ia n s )}
/\ 77-ra d ia n s
= 105
r a d ia n s
EXERCtSES
C o n v e rt th e degree m easure to ra d ia n s o r th e ra d ia n m e asure to degrees.
EX A M P LE 3
on p. 861
for Exs. 8-11
8.
9. - 8 0
145
10 .
47T
11 .
Evaiuate Trigonometric Functions of Any Angie
1177
pp. 8 6 6 -8 7 2
Ev a lu a te sec 120.
T h e r e fe re n c e a n g le is 6 ' = 180 - 120 = 60. T h e s e c a n t f u n c tio n is n e g a tiv e in

Q u a d r a n t II, so y o u c a n w rite :
sec
120
= - s e c 60 =
-2
EXERC tSES
EX A M P LE 4
Eva iu a te th e fu n c tio n w ith o u t u sin g a caicuiator.
on p. 869
for Exs. 12-15
12. ta n 330
13. e s c ( -4 0 5 )
14.
s in
1377
Evaiuate inverse Trigonometric Functions
Eva lu a te ta n
15. se c
p p .8 7 5 -8 8 0
1 in b o th ra d ia n s and degrees.
W h e n - y < 0 < -y, o r - 9 0 < 8 < 90, th e a n g le 8 w h o s e ta n g e n t is 1 is:

' = t a n " ' 1 = 45
EXERCtSES
EX A M P LES
1 and 4
on pp. 8 7 6 -8 7 7
for Exs. 16 -1 7
16. E v a lu a te s i n ^ (0.5) in b o th r a d ia n s a n d d e g re e s .
17.
Y ou u s e a 12 fo o t r a m p to lo a d ite m s in to a v a n . If th e flo o r o f th e v a n
is 4 fe e t o ff th e g ro u n d , w h a t is th e a n g le o f e le v a tio n o f th e ra m p ?
RAM P
I I 77
CHAPTER REV!EW
13.5
App!y the Law of Sines
Solve A A BC w ithA - 28, C = 74, and & = 22.
F in d a n g ie B ; B = 180 - 28 - 74 = 78.
U se t h e ia w o f s in e s to so iv e fo r a a n d c.
a _ 22
c
22
sin 2 8 sin 7 8
sin 74 sin 7 8
a = 22 sin 28 10.6
c = 22 sin 74
sin 78
sin 78
21.6
^ F o r A A B C , B = 78 a = 10.6, a n d c = 21.6.
EXERCISES
EX A M P LES
1 ,2 , 3 and 4
Solve AABC. (M a t; Som e o f the "tria n g le s ' m ay have no solution and som e
m ay have two solutions.)
on pp. 882-884
for Exs. 18-21
18.
A = 43, C = 83, & = 12
19.
B = 104, & = 25, c = 18
20 .
C = 55, a = 17, c = 15
21.
B = 60, C = 73, & = 20
Appiy the Law of Cosines
p p .8 8 9 -8 9 4
Solve AABC w ithA = 6 6 ,& = 1 6 ,a n d c = 2 1 .
U se th e ia w o f c o s in e s to f in d th e ie n g th a .
6=16
a^ = &^ + <^ - 2&c c o s A

a^ = 16^ + 2 f - 2(16)(21) c o s
66
a^ ^ 4 2 3 .7
a =
20.6
N o w fin d a n g le B a n d a n g ie C.
s in B _ sin 66
16
20.6
s in B = 1 6 sin 6 6 0.7095
20.6
B = s in * ' 0.7095 = 45.2

C - 180 -
66
- 45.2 -
> F o r A A B C , B = 45.2, C EX A M P LE S
la n d 2
on pp. 8 8 9 - 8 9 0
for Exs. 2 2 -2 4
6 8 .8
6 8 . 8 ,
a n d a = 20.6.
EXERC!SES
Solve AABC.
22. a = 19, & = 11, c = 14
2 3 . B = 75, a = 2 0 , c = 17
2 4 . a = 3 0 , & = 3 5 , c = 39
CHAPTER TEST
Eva tu a te th e s ix trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f th e angie 0.
1.
3. ^
2.
\11
V13
^ ^
ft
C o n v e rt th e degree m e asure to ra d ia n s o r th e ra d ia n m e a sure to degrees.
-50
4. 260
6. 477
877
7.
Ev a lu a te th e fu n c tio n w ith o u t u sin g a caicuiator.
8.
t a n 150
9. s e c ( -4 8 0 )
10. s i n [
11. c o s
I I 77
Eva lu a te th e e x p re ssio n in b o th ra d ia n s and degrees w ith o u t u sin g a calculator.
12 .
cos
13.
ta n * 'V 3
14.
s in * [ - y
15.
cos -l
V3
2
Solve A A B C . ( H in t; Som e o f th e " tria n g le s " m ay have no s o lu tio n and some

m ay have tw o so lu tio n s.)
16.
A = 47, C = 32, c = 12
17.
n = 24, & = 12, c = 17
18.
B = 63, a = 11, & =
19.
C = 101, <2 = 23, & = 19
20.
a = 24, & = 30, c = 21
21.
71 = 26, B = 77, c = 50
81, & = 16, c = 18
23.
a = 8, & = 6, c = 7
24.
a = 25, & = 24, c = 38
25.
C = 111, n = 7, & = 13
26.
a = 16, & = 33, c = 24
27.
B = 61, a = 12, c = 18
F in d th e area o f A A B C .
22 . 21 =
28.
SURVEYING To m e a s u r e th e w id th
o f a riv er, y o u p ia n t a s ta k e a t p o in t 21
o n o n e s id e o f th e r iv e r b a n k , d ir e c tly
a c ro s s f ro m a tr e e s tu m p a t p o in t B o n
th e o th e r s id e o f th e r iv e r b a n k . F ro m
p o in t 21, y o u w a lk 80 m e te r s a lo n g
t h e r iv e r b a n k to p o in t C. Y ou f in d th e
m e a s u r e o f a n g le C to b e 39. W h a t is
t h e w id th ta o f th e riv er?
A c r a n e h a s a 2 0 0 fo o t a r m w ith a lo w e r e n d th a t is 5 f e e t
o ff t h e g ro u n d . T h e a r m h a s to r e a c h to th e to p o f a b u ild in g th a t is 160 fe e t
h ig h . A t w h a t a n g le 9 s h o u ld th e a r m b e set?
29.
C O N STRUC TIO N
30.
NAVlGATtON
A b o a t tr a v e ls 40 m ile s d u e w e s t b e fo re t u r n in g 20 a n d
tr a v e lin g a n a d d itio n a l 25 m ile s . H o w fa r is th e b o a t f ro m its p o in t o f
d e p a r tu r e ?
ChaDterTest
901
jg +
Scoring Rubric
TEST PREPARAT!ON
FuH Credit
and correct
Partia! Credit
but has errors,
or
- solution is without
error but Incomplete
PROBLEM
A c c o rd in g to th e A D A A c c e s s ib ility G u id e lin e s , th e m a x im u m s io p e o f a
w h e e lc h a ir r a m p is f : 12. W h a t is th e m a x im u m a n g ie o f e le v a tio n o f a n
a c c e p ta b ie ra m p ? W h a t is th e a n g ie o f e le v a tio n o f th e r a m p s h o w n ? D o e s
t h e r a m p s h o w n m e e t th e g u id e iin e s ? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
No Credit
or
* solution makes no
sense
B e lo w are sam ple so lu tio n s to th e p ro b le m . Read each s o lu tio n and th e

co m m ents in biue to see w h y th e sam pie re p re se n ts f u i i c re d it, p a rtia l
c re d it, o r no cred it.

The diagram,
calculations, and
reasoning are correct.
A r a m p w ith th e m a x im u m a c c e p ta b le s lo p e is s h o w n .
F ro m t h e d ia g r a m , t a n 8 = y y , so 8 = ta n ^ y y 4.76.
T h e m a x im u m a n g le o f e le v a tio n is a b o u t 4.76.
12
Ramp meeting
ADA guidelines
T h e le n g th o f th e r a m p g iv e n In th e p ro b le m is 30 fe e t.
The diagram and
calculations are correct
and clearly explained.
T h e ris e o f th is r a m p is 18 in c h e s , o r
So, t a n
= -y y a n d
= ta n *y y
= 1-5 fe e t.
2 . 86 .
3 1.5 ft
30 ft
T h e r a m p 's a n g le o f e le v a tio n is a b o u t 2.86.

The answer is correct.
T h e r a m p g iv e n in th e p ro b le m h a s a n a n g le o f e le v a tio n le s s th a n th e
m a x im u m a c c e p ta b le a n g le , so th e r a m p m e e ts th e A D A g u id e lin e s .

T h e s lo p e o f a n a c c e p ta b le r a m p c a n b e a t m o s t 1 :1 2 , so ta n
The maximum
acceptable angle is
correctly calculated.
The student forgot to

use the same units when
calculating slope, so the
rest of the answers are
Incorrect.
902
is th e m a x im u m an g le . T h e re fo re ,
= y y w h e re
= t a n ^ y y = 4.76. T h e m a x im u m a n g le
o f e le v a tio n fo r a w h e e lc h a ir r a m p is a b o u t 4.76.
T h e s io p e o f th e r a m p g iv e n in th e p ro b le m is y y , so ta n
8
= y y . T h e re fo re ,
= ta n ' y y 30.96. T h e r a m p 's a n g ie o f e le v a tio n is a b o u t 31.
T h e a n g le o f e le v a tio n e x c e e d s th e m a x im u m a c c e p ta b ie a n g ie o f e le v a tio n ,
so th e r a m p d o e s n o t m e e t th e g u id e lin e s .
Chanter 13 Tripnnnmetrir Ratios and Functions

T h e r is e is 18 in c h e s . T h e r u n is 30 fe e t,
The answer is correct
and clearly explained,
but only one of the three
questions is answered.
o r 30 ft * ^ !^ ' = 3 6 0 in c h e s .
^ ^ *n ia in
in
360in.
Y ou k n o w th e ie n g th s o f th e sid e s o p p o s ite a n d a d ja c e n t to th e a n g ie , so u s e
th e ta n g e n t ra tio .
ta n * = ^
= -^ x = t a n - i ^ = 2.86
ad j
360
360
T h e a n g le o f e le v a tio n o f th e r a m p g iv e n in th e p ro b le m is a b o u t 2.86.
SAMPLE 4: No credit soiution

T h e m a x im u m s io p e o f a n a c c e p ta b le w h e e ic h a ir r a m p is 1 :1 2 , so th e
The student confused
slope and angle measure,
and did not answer the
final question.
m a x im u m a n g le o f e ie v a tio n is ^
0.083. T h e s lo p e o f th e r a m p s h o w n in
t h e p ro b le m is 18 i n . : 30 ft, o r 1 :2 0 , so th e a n g ie o f e le v a tio n is ^
PR ACT!CE
= 0.05.
A p p iy t h e S c o r i n g R u b r ic
U se th e ru b ric on page 9 02 to score th e s o iu tio n to th e p ro b ie m below a s / a ii

credit, p a rtie d credit, o r no cred it. E x p la in y o u r re a so n in g .
P R O B LEM F in d th e v o lu m e o f th e r ig h t
tr ia n g u la r p r is m s h o w n .
1. To find the prism's volume, multiply the three given measures:

30(6)(67) = 12,060cm ^
2.
To find the area of the base of the prism, first find

the side lengths b and h shown in the diagram.
^
ein 67 = -TO
cos 67 = 30h
30
30(sin 67) = b
30(cos 67) = h
27.62 - b
11 .7 2 -h
Base of prism
The area of the base is ^bh = ^(27.62)(11.72) 161.9 cm^.

The voiume of the prism is (area of base)(height) = 161.9(6) = 971.4 cnT
903
^2 * ^
T E S T PRACT!CE
SHORT RESPONSE
1.
A te n n is p la y e r is p r a c tic in g h e r se rv e . S h e a im s
fo r a c a n p la c e d 57 fe e t fro m h e r in th e s e rv ic e
b o x . If s h e h its th e b a ll w h e n it is 9 fe e t in th e
a ir, w h a t a n g le m u s t th e p a th o f th e b a ll m a k e
w ith th e g r o u n d in o rd e r fo r th e b a ll to h it th e
c a n 's b a s e ? A s s u m e th e b a ll tra v e ls a lo n g a
s tr a ig h t lin e . E x p la in y o u r a n s w e r.
K e p le r's s e c o n d la w s ta te s t h a t a n im a g in a r y
iin e c o n n e c tin g th e c e n te r o f a p ia n e t a n d th e
c e n te r o f th e s u n s w e e p s o u t e q u a i a r e a s in
e q u a l tim e in te rv a ls . T h e d ia g r a m b e io w
s h o w s th e lo c a tio n o f M a rs in o rb it o v e r a te n
d a y p e rio d .
M ars
(position 1)
sun
M ars
(position 2)
a. A p p ro x im a te th e a r e a M a rs s w e p t o u t d u r in g
th is tim e b y f in d in g th e a r e a o f th e tr ia n g le
fo r m e d b y th e s u n a n d th e s ta r ti n g a n d
e n d in g p o s itio n s o f M a rs . G iv e th e a n s w e r in
s q u a r e m ile s . (H u h ; 1 AU is 1 a s tr o n o m ic a l
u n it, w h ic h is e q u a l to a b o u t 93 m illio n
m ile s.)
b. A s a p la n e t m o v e s c lo s e r to th e s u n a lo n g its
o rb it, w h a t d o e s K e p le r's la w im p ly a b o u t th e
p la n e t's s p e e d ? E x p la in .
T h e d ia g r a m s b e lo w s h o w th e d is ta n c e s
b e tw e e n a to m s in a w a te r m o le c u le in liq u id
a n d ic e fo rm s . T h e m e a s u r e m e n ts a r e g iv e n in
p ic o m e te r s (p m ), w h e re 1 p m = 10 ^ m . A re
th e o b tu s e a n g le s in th e d ia g r a m s th e s a m e ?
E x p la in .
T h e w h e e l o f a u n ic y c le c o m p le te s 6 fu ll
re v o lu tio n s .
a. T h ro u g h w h a t a n g le , in d e g r e e s a n d r a d ia n s ,
h a s th e w h e e l ro ta te d ?
b. If th e d ia m e te r o f th e w h e e l is 24 in c h e s ,
h o w fa r d o e s th e u n ic y c le tr a v e l in 6 w h e e l
re v o lu tio n s ? E x p la in .
3. T h e ta b le lis ts s e v e ra l to o ls u s e d to m a k e
v e r tic a l tr a n s iti o n s fro m o n e p o in t to a h ig h e r

p o in t. It a ls o lis ts th e r e c o m m e n d e d r a n g e o f
a n g le s o f e le v a tio n fo r e a c h to o l. If a c e r ta in
ta s k r e q u ir e s m a k in g a v e r tic a l tr a n s iti o n w ith
a s lo p e o f ^r, w h ic h to o l w o u ld b e a p p r o p r ia te
fo r th e ta sk ? E x p la in y o u r re a s o n in g .
904
96 pm
/1 5 1 .8 p m
Liquid
6.
101 pm
101 pm /
/ ^ 1 6 5 pm
ice
Y ou a r e s ta n d in g 30 fe e t f ro m th e b a s e o f a tr e e .
T h e a n g le o f e le v a tio n f ro m y o u r e y e s to th e
to p o f th e tr e e is 70. If th e h e ig h t a t ey e le v e l
is 5 fe e t, w h a t is th e h e ig h t o f th e tr e e to th e
n e a r e s t fo o t? E x p la in a ll o f y o u r s te p s .
Too)
Range o f angles
Ramp
0-30
Fixed step s
30-35
7. Y ou k ic k a s o c c e r b a ll w ith a n in itia l v e lo c ity

o f 4 0 fe e t p e r s e c o n d a t a n a n g le o f 45. Y o ur
t e a m m a te k ic k s a s o c c e r b a ll a t a n a n g le o f 25.
W ith w h a t in itia l v e lo c ity d o e s y o u r te a m m a te
h a v e to k ic k th e b a ll in o rd e r fo r b o th o f th e
s o c c e r b a lls to tra v e l th e s a m e h o r iz o n ta l
d is ta n c e ? E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
L adder stairs
3 5 -7 5
8.
Portable stairs
6 8 -8 0
Fixed ladder
75-90
Chapter 13
F in d th e r a d iu s r (in in c h e s ) a n d th e c e n tr a l
a n g le 9 (in r a d ia n s ) o f a s e c to r w ith a n a rc
le n g th o f
in c h e s a n d a n a r e a o f
sq u a re
in c h e s. E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
STA TE T E S T P R A C TK E
GR<DDED ANSWER
MULTIPLE CHOKE
9. W h ic h a n g ie m e a s u r e is s h o w n in t h e d ia g ra m ?
12. If 0 is a n a c u te a n g ie o f a r ig h t tr ia n g ie a n d
s in 8 = w h a t is th e v a iu e o f c o s 8?
5
13. W h a t a n g ie , in d e g r e e s , is e q u iv a le n t to ^
O
ra d ia n s?
14. W h a t is th e v a lu e o f sin "^ 0.5 in d e g re e s ?
(A )
^ ra d ia n s
(g )
10.
r a d ia n s
^ ra d ia n s
(g ) ^
r a d ia n s
W h a t is th e a p p r o x im a te v a iu e o f a in A A B C if
A = 85, B = 27, a n d c = 5.0 c m ?
(A )
1 .0 c m
( g ) 5 .9 c m
11 .
(B )
(B )
5 .4 c m
( g ) 1 1 .0 c m
W h a t is th e r e fe re n c e a n g le fo r 300?
(A )
30
( g ) 120
(B )
60
15. W h a t is t h e a r e a o f t h e tr ia n g ie , to th e n e a r e s t
te n t h o f a s q u a r e u n it?
10
16. L e t (10, 24) b e a p o in t o n th e te r m in a l sid e o f a n

a n g le 8 in s ta n d a r d p o s itio n . W h a t is th e v a iu e
o f s e c 8?
17. W h a t is th e d e g r e e m e a s u r e o f a n g ie A in A A B C
if % = 13, B = 9, a n d c = 7? R o u n d y o u r a n s w e r
to th e n e a r e s t d e g re e .
( g ) 240
EXTENDED RESPONSE
____
____________
18. A b o a t u s e s 50 fe e t o f r o p e to d r o p a n c h o r in a ia k e . T h e a n g le 8 th a t th e ro p e
m a k e s w ith th e b o tto m o f th e ia k e is 2 0 .
a. F in d th e d e p th o f t h e w a te r.
b. T h e b o a t m o v e s to d e e p e r w a te r b u t s tiii ie ts o u t th e s a m e a m o u n t o f r o p e
w h e n d r o p p in g a n c h o r, if th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e fro m th e b o a t to th e
a n c h o r is 37 fe e t, w h a t a n g ie 8 d o e s th e r o p e m a k e w ith th e la k e b o tto m ?
c. D e sc rib e h o w 8 c h a n g e s a s th e b o a t tr a v e ls to d e e p e r w a te r w ith a c o n s ta n t
le n g th o f a n c h o r r o p e le t o u t. A s s u m e th e r o p e is a lw a y s ta u t.
19. Y ou a r e m a k in g a la m p s h a d e o u t o f f a b ric fo r th e la m p s h o w n . T h e p a tt e r n
fo r th e la m p s h a d e is s h o w n in t h e d ia g r a m o n th e le ft.
a. U se th e s m a lle r s e c to r to w rite a n
147rin.
e q u a tio n t h a t re la te s 8 a n d x.
b. U se th e la rg e r s e c to r to w rite a n
e q u a tio n t h a t r e la te s 8 a n d x + 10 .
c. S o lve th e s y s te m o f e q u a tio n s fro m
p a r ts (a) a n d (b) to f in d x a n d 8.
d . U se th e f o r m u la fo r t h e a r e a o f a s e c to r
to fin d th e a m o u n t o f f a b ric (in s q u a r e
in c h e s ) t h a t y o u w ill u s e .
905
Trigonometric Graphs,
identities, and Equations
141 Graph Sine, Cosine, and Tangent
Funcjtidnl.
14.1
Tangehtûncfion^
14.2 Transiate and Refiect Trigonometric G raphs,
14.3 Verify Trigonometric Identities
14.4 Soive Trigonometric Equations
14 5 Write Trigonometric Functions and Modeis
14.6 Appiy Sum and Difference Formuias
14 7 Appiy Doubie-Angie and Haif-A^Stc Formuias
"y
Non/
In C h a p te r 14, y o u w ill a p p ly th e b ig id e a s lis te d b e lo w a n d re v ie w e d in th e
C h a p te r S u m m a r y o n p a g e 96 4. Y ou w ill a ls o u s e th e k e y v o c a b u la r y lis te d b elo w .
Big ideas
^
Graphing trig o no m e tric functions

So iving trig o n o m e tric equations
j Q Appiying trig o nom e tric fo rm u ia s
K E Y VOCABULARY
- amplitude, p. 90S
' period, p. 908
' trigonometric identity, p. 924
- periodic function, p. 908
' frequency, p. 970
' sinusoid, p. 947
* cycie, p. 908
Y ou c a n u s e tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s to m o d e l c h a r a c te r is tic s o f a p ro je c tile 's

p a th . F o r e x a m p le , y o u c a n f in d th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e tr a v e le d b y a s o c c e r b a ll
u s in g tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s .
Algebra
T h e a n im a tio n ill u s tr a te d b e lo w fo r E x e rc ise 51 o n p a g e 961 h e lp s y o u a n s w e r th is
q u e s tio n : H o w d o e s c h a n g in g th e in itia l s p e e d a n d a n g le o f a s o c c e r b a li k ic k e d
fro m g r o u n d le v e l a ffe c t th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e th e b a ll tra v e ls?
" "
,
= 15-
It
y = 5(
'" " I "
7 ^ *
The angle and speed at which a ball is
kicked influence the distance it travels.
Given a speed and distance, use the

*
motion equation to solve for the kick angle. ,
O ther anim ations for Chapter 14:
p a g e s 9 1 2 , 91 7, a n d 9 6 4
14.1
Graph Sine, Cosine,

and Tangent Functions
Y ou e v a lu a te d sin e , c o sin e , a n d ta n g e n t fu n c tio n s .
Y ou w ill g ra p h sin e , c o sin e , a n d ta n g e n t fu n c tio n s.
S o y o u c a n m o d e l o sc illa tin g m o tio n , a s in Ex. 31.
Key Vocabulary
* a m p litud e
* p eriod ic fu n c tio n
* cycle
I n th is le s s o n , y o u w ill le a r n to g r a p h f u n c tio n s o f th e fo rm y = <3 s in &x a n d

y = a c o s h x w h e re a a n d & a r e p o s itiv e c o n s ta n ts a n d x is in r a d ia n m e a s u re .
T h e g ra p h s o f a ll s in e a n d c o s in e f u n c tio n s a r e r e la te d to th e g ra p h s o f th e
p a r e n t f u n c tio n s y = s in x a n d y = c o s x, w h ic h a r e s h o w n b elo w .
* p eriod
* frequency
/w * % % /*
K E Y CO N C EPT
C h a ra cte ristics o f y = sin x an d y = cos x
* T h e d o m a in o f e a c h f u n c tio n is a ll r e a l n u m b e r s .
* T h e r a n g e o f e a c h f u n c tio n is - 1 < y < 1. T h e re fo re , th e m in im u m
v a lu e o f e a c h f u n c tio n is m = - 1 a n d th e m a x im u m v a lu e is M = 1 .
* The
a m p litu d e
o f e a c h f u n c tio n 's g r a p h is h a lf th e d if fe re n c e o f th e
m a x im u m M a n d t h e m in im u m m , o r y ( M - m )
- ( - 1)1 = IE a c h f u n c tio n is periodic, w h ic h m e a n s th a t its g r a p h h a s a r e p e a tin g

p a tte r n . T h e s h o r te s t r e p e a tin g p o r tio n o f th e g r a p h is c a lle d a cycle.
T h e h o r iz o n ta l le n g th o f e a c h c y c le is c a lle d th e p eriod . E a c h g ra p h
s h o w n a b o v e h a s a p e r io d o f 2 rr.
[1
T h e x -in te r c e p ts fo r y = s in x o c c u r w h e n x = 0, 7r, 27r, 3 r r ,. . . .
The x-intercepts for y = cos x occur when x = y ,
908
Chapter 14
Trigonom etricG raphs, Identities, and Equations
" I T .........
KEY CONCEPT
Air
* A m p iitu d e an d P eriod
^ T h e a m p litu d e a n d p e r io d o f th e g r a p h s o f y = a s in Bx a n d y = a c o s Bx,
^ w h e re a a n d B a r e n o n z e r o r e a l n u m b e r s , a r e a s fo llo w s:
^
:
A m p litu d e = I a I
P e rio d =
E a c h g r a p h b e lo w s h o w s fiv e k e y x -v a lu e s o n th e in te rv a l
0 < x < ^ th a t y o u c a n u s e to s k e tc h th e g ra p h s o f y = a s in Bx a n d y = a c o s Bx fo r
a > 0 a n d B > 0. T h e s e a r e th e x -v a lu e s w h e re t h e m a x im u m a n d m in im u m v a lu e s
o c c u r a n d t h e x -in te rc e p ts.
G RA PHING K E Y P O iN TS
EXAMPLE 1
Graph sine and cosine functions
G raph (a) y = 4 s in x and (b) y = cos 4x.

V A R Y C O N S TA N TS
S o iu tio n
N otice how ch an g es
in a and B affect th e
graph s of y = a sin Bx
and y = a cos Bx. W hen
th e value of a increases,
th e am plitude increases.
W hen th e value of B
increases, th e period
decreases.
a.
T h e a m p litu d e is a = 4 a n d th e p e r io d is 277
In te rc e p ts: ( 0 ,0 ) ; ^
M a x im u m :
(I
M in im u m :
* 27?, 0) = ( 77 , 0 ); (277, 0)
2rr, 4 j
- 2?r,
277*
- 4) =
-4
2 7 7 "_ 2 7 T
M a x im u m s : (0 ,1 ); (
M in im u m :
GutOED P R A C TK E
fo r Exa m p le 1
1. y = 2 c o s x
2 . y = 5 s in x
14.1
3 . /( x ) = s in 7rx
4. g(x) = c o s
Graph Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
47rx
909
Graph a cosine function
EXAMPLE 2
G raph y = ^ cos 27?%.

S K E TC H A G RA PH
S o iu tio n
After you have drawn

one complete cycle of
the graph in Example 2
on the interval 0 <x < 1,
you can extend the
graph by copying the
cycle as many times as
desired to the left and
right of 0 < x < 1.
T h e a m p litu d e is a = i a n d th e p e r io d is ^
In te rc e p ts:
2 ?r
= 1.
1, 0 ) = ( ? "
1, o H r -
i); ( Q )
M in im u m :
1, -
1!
r-ljCN
M a x im u m s: ] 0,
T h e p e r io d ic n a tu r e o f
tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s is u s e f u l fo r m o d e lin g o s c d /a tfa g m o tio n s o r r e p e a tin g
p a tt e r n s th a t o c c u r in r e a l life. S o m e e x a m p le s a r e s o u n d w a v e s, th e m o tio n o f
a p e n d u lu m , a n d s e a s o n s o f th e y e a r. I n s u c h a p p lic a tio n s , th e r e c ip r o c a l o f th e
p e r io d is c a lle d th e frequency, w h ic h g iv e s th e n u m b e r o f c y c le s p e r u n it o f tim e .
M ODELING W IT H TR IG O N O M ETRIC FUN C TIO N S
Mode! with a sine function

A s o u n d c o n s is tin g o f a s in g le f re q u e n c y is
c a lle d a p u r e to n e . A n a a d fo m e fe r p r o d u c e s p u r e to n e s to
te s t a p e r s o n 's a u d ito r y f u n c tio n s . S u p p o s e a n a u d io m e te r
p ro d u c e s a p u r e to n e w ith a f r e q u e n c y / o f 20 0 0 h e r tz (cy cle s
p e r s e c o n d ). T h e m a x im u m p r e s s u r e P p r o d u c e d f ro m th e
p u r e to n e is 2 m illip a s c a ls . W rite a n d g r a p h a s in e m o d e l th a t
g iv es th e p r e s s u r e P a s a f u n c tio n o f th e tim e f (in s e c o n d s ).
AUDIO T E S T
S o lu tio n
7 F in d th e v a lu e s o f a a n d b in th e m o d e l P = a s in bf. T h e m a x im u m
p r e s s u r e is 2, so a = 2. Y ou c a n u s e th e f r e q u e n c y / t o f in d b.
1
4000-n* = b
2000 277
p e rio d
T h e p r e s s u r e P a s a f u n c tio n o f tim e f is g iv e n b y P = 2 s in 40007rf.
fre q u e n c y =
G ra p h th e m o d e l. T h e a m p litu d e is a = 2 a n d th e p e r io d is y =
In te rc e p ts: (0 ,0 );
1
2
1
2000 ' )
M a x im u m :
M in im u m :
910
Chapter 14
4 0 0 0 ')' ( 2 0 0 0 '
)4
2000 . 2
1
3
1
4 * 2000 - - 2 =
Trigonom etric Graphs, Identities, and Equations
I
8000
,2
3
8000'
GUIDED PRACTKE
for Exam pies 2 and 3
5. ^v =
4 s in 7rx
9.
6.
y = y c o s rrx
7. /( x ) = 2 s in 3 x
8.
g(x) = 3 c o s 4x
W H A T IF? In E x a m p le 3, h o w w o u ld th e f u n c tio n c h a n g e if t h e a u d io m e te r
p r o d u c e d a p u r e to n e w ith a f r e q u e n c y o f 1000 h e r tz ?
T h e g r a p h s o f a ll ta n g e n t f u n c tio n s a r e r e la te d to th e g ra p h
o f th e p a r e n t f u n c tio n y = ta n x, w h ic h is s h o w n b elo w .
G RA PH OF Y = TA N X
T h e f u n c tio n y = t a n x h a s th e fo llo w in g c h a r a c te r is tic s :
F IN D ODD
M U L T IP L E S
Odd muitiples of y are
values such as these:
+3
5
=
2
+ 7!*
" 2
= + 37!*
2
"
=
+ 577
* 2
1. T h e d o m a in is a ll r e a l n u m b e r s e x c e p t o d d m u ltip le s o f y . A t th e s e
x -v a lu e s , t h e g r a p h h a s v e r tic a l a s y m p to te s .
2.
T h e r a n g e is a ll r e a l n u m b e r s . So, th e f u n c tio n y = t a n x d o e s n o t h a v e
a m a x im u m o r m in im u m v a lu e , a n d th e r e f o re th e g ra p h o f y = t a n x
d o e s n o t h a v e a n a m p litu d e .
3. T h e g r a p h h a s a p e r io d o f ir.
4. T h e x - in te r c e p ts o f th e g r a p h o c c u r w h e n x = 0, 7r, 2rr, :3 7 r, . . . .
K E Y C O N C EPT
C h a ra cte ristics o f y = a ta n b x
T h e p e r io d a n d v e r tic a l a s y m p to te s o f th e g r a p h o f y = a t a n bx, w h e re
a a n d & a r e n o n z e r o r e a l n u m b e r s , a r e a s fo llo w s:
* T h e p e r io d is
T h e v e r tic a l a s y m p to te s a r e a t o d d m u ltip le s o f
2
T h e g r a p h a t th e r ig h t
s h o w s fiv e k e y x -v a lu e s t h a t c a n h e lp y o u s k e tc h
th e g ra p h o f y = a t a n b x fo r a > 0 a n d & > 0 .
T h e s e a r e t h e x -in te rc e p t, th e x -v a lu e s w h e re
th e a sym p tote s o c c u r, a n d th e x -v a lu e s h a lfw a y
between t h e x - in te r c e p t a n d th e a s y m p to te s . A t
e a c h h a lf w a y p o in t, th e f u n c tio n 's v a lu e is e ith e r
a o r -c t.
G RAPHING K E Y P O IN TS
14.1
G raph Sin e, Cosine, and T angent Functions
911
Graph a tangent function
EXAMPLE 4
Graph one p e rio d o f th e fu n c tio n y = 2 ta n 3%.
Soiution
T h e p e r io d is ^
In te rc e p t: (0, 0)
x = s^ - = j , o r x = ^6 '
26 2 - 3 '
x =
H a lfw a y p o in ts :
2 -3
o rx =
0-13
A sy m p to te s:
a] =
77
46'
a = - 4 -3
at cla s s z o n e .co m
G UIDED P R A C TK E
fo r Exa m p ie 4
G raph one p e rio d o f th e fu n c tio n .
10. y = 3 t a n x
141 EXERCiSES
11. y = ta n 2 x
H O M EW O RK
KEY
12. /( x ) = 2 t a n 4 x
13. g(x) = 5 ta n 7rx
= STA N DA RD IZED T E S T P R A C TK E
Exs. 2,15,24,25, and 31
= M U LTIP LE REPRESEN TA TIO N S
Ex. 32
SKiLL PRACTKE
C o p y a n d c o m p le te : T h e g r a p h s o f t h e f u n c tio n s y = s in x
a n d y = c o s x b o th h a v e a (n ) ? o f 277.
1. VOCABULARY
2. * W R ITIN G C o m p a re th e d o m a in s a n d r a n g e s o f t h e f u n c tio n s y = a s in 6 x,
y = a c o s 6 x, a n d y = a t a n 6 x w h e re a a n d 6 a r e p o s itiv e c o n s ta n ts .
EX A M P LE 1
ANALYZING FUN C TtO N S Id e n tify th e a m p litu d e and th e p e rio d o f th e grap h o f
on p. 909
for Exs. 3-14
the fu n c tio n .
912
Chapter 14
Trigonom etricG raphs, identities, and Equations
GRAPHtNG G raph th e fu n c tio n .

y = s in y X
7. y = 4 c o s x
10. /(x ) = y s i n x
11. /(x ) = s i n - y t
6.
14.
15.
8. /(x) = cos yX
12 .
ER R O R A N A LYSIS D e s e r v e a n d c o r r e c t
th e e r ro r in f in d in g th e p e r io d o f th e
f u n c tio n y = s in yX .
* M U L T IP L E CHOICE
a p e r io d o f 2 ?
(A )
9. y = s in irx
v = cos x
^ 4
13.
/( x ) = c o s 2 4 x
21
Period =
277
3 ! _
27 7
1
377
T h e g r a p h o f w h ic h f u n c tio n h a s a n a m p litu d e o f 4 a n d
y = 4 cos 2x
(5 )
y = 4 s in 7rx
(l7 !)/(x ) = 4 t a n x
18.
y = 3 c o s 77X
19.
y = 5 s in 2x
21 . y = 2 c o s y 7rx
22.
/( x ) = 4 t a n 7rx
23.
y=
(B )
y = 2 s in 4 x
(D )
y = 2 c o s y 7rx
GRA PHING G raph th e fu n c tio n .
EX A M P LE S
2, 3, and 4
on pp. 910-912
16.
for Exs. 16 24
y = 2 s in 8 x
2
2 4 . fF M U L T IP L E
y = 2 t a n 3x?
C H O KE
O PEN -EN D ED M A TH
p e r io d ic f u n c tio n .
cos
47rx
W h ic h o f th e fo llo w in g is a n a s y m p to te o f t h e g r a p h o f
(B ) x =
25.
77
(B )
77
D e sc rib e a re a i-iife s itu a tio n th a t c a n b e m o d e le d b y a
C HALLENG E Sketch th e grap h o f th e fu n c tio n by p io ttin g p o in ts . T h e n sta te th e

fu n c tio n 's d o m a in , range, and p eriod .
26.
27. y = s e c x
y = e sc x
28.
y = cot x
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EX A M P LE 3
29.
on p. 910
for Exs. 29-30
P E N D U LU M S T h e m o tio n o f a c e r ta in p e n d u lu m c a n b e m o d e le d b y th e
f u n c tio n d = 4 c o s 7rf w h e re is th e p e n d u iu m 's h o r iz o n ta l d is p la c e m e n t
(in in c h e s ) re la tiv e to its p o s itio n a t r e s t a n d f is t h e tim e (in s e c o n d s ).
G ra p h t h e f u n c tio n . W h a t is th e g r e a te s t h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e t h e p e n d u lu m
w ill tr a v e l f ro m its p o s itio n a t re st?
@ H om e!M tor for problem solving help at dasszone.com
30.
TU N iN G FO R K S A tu n in g fo rk p r o d u c e s a
s o u n d p r e s s u r e w a v e t h a t c a n b e m o d e le d b y
P = 0.001 s in 8 8 0 f
w h e re P is t h e p r e s s u r e (in p a s c a ls ) a n d f is
t h e tim e (in s e c o n d s ). F in d th e p e r io d a n d
f re q u e n c y o f th is f u n c tio n . T h e n g r a p h th e
f u n c tio n .
@ M )m e7ufor
14.1
Graph Sine, Cosine, and T angent Functions
913
A b u o y o s c illa te s u p a n d d o w n a s w a v e s go p a s t.
T h e b u o y m o v e s a to ta l o f 3.5 fe e t f ro m its lo w p o in t to its h ig h p o in t, a n d
th e n r e tu r n s to its h ig h p o in t e v e ry 6 s e c o n d s .
a. W rite a n e q u a tio n t h a t g iv e s th e b u o y 's v e r tic a l p o s itio n y a t tim e f if th e
b u o y is a t its h ig h e s t p o in t w h e n 1 = 0 .
b. E x p la in w h y y o u c h o s e y = n s in b f o r y = n c o s b f fo r p a r t (a ).
31^ * S H O R T R ESP O N SE
32.
Y ou a r e s ta n d in g o n a b rid g e , 140 fe e t
a b o v e th e g ro u n d . Y ou lo o k d o w n a t a c a r tr a v e lin g a w a y f ro m th e u n d e r p a s s .
M U L T iP L E R E P R E S E N T A H O N S
W rite a n e q u a tio n th a t g iv e s th e c a r 's d is ta n c e d

fro m th e b a s e o f t h e b rid g e a s a f u n c tio n o f th e a n g le 6.
Draw ing a Graph G ra p h th e f u n c tio n f o u n d in p a r t (a). E x p la in h o w th e
g ra p h re la te s to th e g iv e n s itu a tio n .
Making a Table M a k e a ta b le o f v a lu e s fo r th e f u n c tio n . U se th e ta b le to
fin d th e c a r 's d is ta n c e f ro m th e b rid g e w h e n 0 = 20, 40, a n d 60.
a. W ritin g an Equation
b.
c.
33.
CHALLENG E T h e m o tio n o f a s p r in g c a n b e m o d e le d b y y = A c o s k f w h e re
y is th e s p r in g 's v e r tic a l d is p la c e m e n t (in feet) re la tiv e to its p o s itio n a t
re s t, A is th e in itia l d is p la c e m e n t (in fe e t), k is a c o n s ta n t th a t m e a s u r e s
th e e la s tic ity o f th e s p rin g , a n d f is th e tim e (in s e c o n d s ).
a. S u p p o s e y o u h a v e a s p r in g w h o s e m o tio n c a n b e m o d e le d b y th e
f u n c tio n y = 0.2 c o s 6 f. F in d th e in itia l d is p la c e m e n t a n d th e p e r io d o f
th e s p rin g . T h e n g ra p h th e g iv e n f u n c tio n .
b. Graphing Calculator If a d a m p in g fo rc e is a p p lie d to th e s p rin g , th e
m o tio n o f th e s p r in g c a n b e m o d e le d b y th e f u n c tio n y = 0 .2 e ^ ^ c o s 4f.
G ra p h th is f u n c tio n . W h a t e ffe c t d o e s d a m p in g h a v e o n th e m o tio n ?
M!XED REVIEW
P R E V !E W
Prepare for
Lesson 14.2
in Exs. 34-39.
G raph th e fu n c tio n . La b el th e ve rte x and th e a xis o f sy m m e try , (p. 245)
= 5 (x 1)
y = 0 .5 ( x + 2 f + 5
34.
y = -(x - 2 r + 1
35. y
36. / ( x ) = 2 ( x + 6 ) 2 -
37.
y = -3 (x + 3 f+ 2
38.
39.
g(x) = - 2 ( x + 4 f
L e t/ ( x ) = x^ - 5, g(x) = - 7 x , and b(x) = x " h F in d th e ind ic ate d vaiue. (p. 428)

40.
g (/(9 ))
41.
h (g (3 ))
42.
/( g ( - 7 ) )
43. /(b(8))
Sketch th e angie. T h e n fin d it s reference angie. Ip. 866)
914
44.
250
45.
2 90
46.
-1 4 5
47.
48.
1377
49.
2177
50.
1377
51.
14.1, p. 1023
-4 3 0
1677
Transtate and Reflect

Trigonometric Graphs
Y ou g ra p h e d sin e , c o sin e , a n d ta n g e n t fu n c tio n s.
Y ou w iii tr a n s la te a n d re fie c t tr ig o n o m e tric g ra p h s .
unYrrar
So y o u c a n m o d e l p re d a to r-p re y p o p u ia tio n s , a s in Ex. 5 4 .
Key V ocabulary
p. 723
* re je c tio n , p. 724
* a m p litud e, p. 908
* p eriod, p. 908
* tra n s la tio n ,
T ra n sla tio n s of Sine an d Cosine G raphs
' To g r a p h y = a s in 0 (x - 0) + k o r y = a c o s 0 (x 0) + k w h e re a > 0 a n d 0 > 0,

^ fo llo w th e s e s te p s :
^7!6P 7
identify
th e a m p litu d e a , th e p e r io d
th e h o r iz o n ta l s h if t 0 , a n d
th e v e r tic a l s h if t k o f th e g ra p h .
71
F 7 iff ^
D ra w th e h o r iz o n ta l lin e y = k, c a lle d th e mrWO'ae o f th e g ra p h .

J
71
FT iff 4
t h e fiv e k e y p o in ts b y tr a n s la tin g th e k e y p o in ts o f y = a s in Ox
o r y = a c o s Ox h o r iz o n ta lly 0 u n its a n d v e r tic a lly k u n its .
Find
D ra w th e g ra p h th r o u g h th e fiv e tr a n s la te d k e y p o in ts .
Graph a verticai tran sition

G r a p h y = 2 s in 4 x + 3.
Soiution
^TiFP 7
identify
th e a m p litu d e , p e r io d , h o r iz o n ta l s h ift, a n d v e r tic a l s h ift.
A m p litu d e : a = 2
H o riz o n ta l s h ift: 0 = 0
P e rio d :
.P76PF
F !N D K E Y P O iN T S
Because the graph is
shifted up 3 units, the
y-coordinates of the
five key points will be
increased by 3.
Draw
FTBP <? Find
t h e m id lin e o f th e g ra p h , y = 3.
th e fiv e k e y p o in ts .
O ny=k:
( 0 ,0 + 3) = (0 ,3 );
M a x im u m :
M in im u m :
^7!F<P4
Draw the
2 + 3j=
-2 +
3)
5j
=
graph through the key points.

1 4 .2
Translate and Refiect Trigonom etric Graphs
915
EXAMPLE
Graph a horizonta) tran sition

377).
G ra p h y = 5 cos 2 (x -
Sotution
^7<FP 7 id e n tify th e a m p litu d e , p e r io d , h o r iz o n ta l s h ift, a n d v e r tic a l s h ift.
FiN D KEY P O iN T S
B ecause th e g rap h is
shifted to th e right 377
units, th e x-coordinates
of th e five key points
wili be increased by 3ir.
A m p litu d e : a = 5
H o r iz o n ta l s h ift: ft =
P e rio d : ^
V e rtic a l s h ift: A: = 0
377
.W BPF D ra w t h e m id lin e o f th e g ra p h . B e c a u s e A: = 0, th e m id lin e is th e x -a x is.

F 7 5 P <? F in d th e fiv e k e y p o in ts .
O n y = A ;: ^
+ 377,0) = ( ^ , o ) ;
+ 3 ir ,0 ) = ( ^ , 0
M a x im u m s :
M in im u m :
(0 + 377, 5) = (377, 5);

(77 + 377, 5) = (477, 5)
]-y +
377,
- 5 j = ^ -y , - 5
^TiFP 4 D ra w t h e g r a p h th r o u g h th e k e y p o in ts .
EXAMPLE
Graph a mode! for circu!ar motion
FERRtS W HEEL S u p p o s e y o u a r e r id in g a F e rris w h e e l th a t tu r n s fo r 180 s e c o n d s .

Y o ur h e ig h t h (in feet) a b o v e th e g ro u n d a t a n y tim e f (in s e c o n d s ) c a n b e
m o d e le d b y t h e e q u a tio n h = 85 s in y (f - 10) + 90.
a.
G ra p h y o u r h e ig h t a b o v e th e g r o u n d a s a f u n c tio n o f tim e .
b. W h a t a r e y o u r m a x im u m a n d m in im u m h e ig h ts ?
Soiution
a.
T h e a m p litu d e is 85 a n d th e p e r io d is
= 40. T h e w h e e l tu r n s
20
= 4 .5 tim e s in 180 s e c o n d s , so th e g r a p h b e lo w sh o w s 4 .5 c y c le s.
T h e fiv e k e y p o in ts a r e (10, 9 0 ), (20, 175), (30, 9 0 ), (40, 5), a n d (50, 9 0 ).
b . Y o ur m a x im u m h e ig h t is 90 -t- 85 = 175 fe e t a n d y o u r m in im u m h e ig h t
is 90 - 85 = 5 fe e t.
916
Chapter 14
Trigonom etric Graphs, identities, and Equations
GutDED PRACTKE
for Exam ples 1, 2, and 3
Graph the function.

1.
y = cos x + 4
2.
y = 3 s in ^x - y j
3.
/( x ) = s in (x +
77)
R EFLEC TIO N S Y ou h a v e g r a p h e d f u n c tio n s o f th e fo rm y = a s in &(x - h) + A; a n d

y = a c o s &(x - h) + A: w h e re r: > 0. To s e e w h a t h a p p e n s w h e n a < 0, c o n s id e r th e
g ra p h s o f y = - s i n x a n d y = - c o s x .
N o tic e th a t t h e g r a p h s a r e r e f le c tio n s o f th e g r a p h s o f y = s in x a n d y = c o s x
in th e x -a x is . In g e n e ra i, w h e n a < 0 th e g ra p h s o f y = a s in &(x - h) + A: a n d
y = a c o s &(x - h) + A; a r e r e fle c tio n s o f th e g r a p h s o f y =
s in h (x - h) + A:
a n d y = ]a I c o s &(x - h) + A;, re s p e c tiv e iy , in th e m id iin e y = Ar.
Combine a tra n sitio n and a reflection
EXA M PLE 4
G raphy = - 2 sin -2(/ x -
Soiution
^7<FP 7 Id e n tify th e a m p litu d e , p e r io d , h o r iz o n ta l s h ift, a n d v e r tic a l s h ift.

A m p litu d e : 1^1 = 1 -2 ] = 2
H o r iz o n ta l s h ift: ^ = y
P e rio d : ^
V e rtic a l s h ift: A; = 0
D ra w
The maximum and

minimum ofthe
originai graph become
the minimum and
maximum, respectiveiy,
of the reflected graph.
(0 +
0) =
Y'
+ y . o) = (277, 0); (377 + y- 0) =
0);
^
M inim um :
977 , 77
4
2'
_ I I 77
1 4
Refiect th e g ra p h . B e c a u s e % < 0,
th e g r a p h is r e f le c te d in th e m id lin e
y = 0. So, 1 ^ , 2 ] b e c o m e s ] * y , - 2 j
and
F72P F
= 377
F ind th e fiv e k e y p o in ts o f y = I - 2 1 s in ^ x - y j.
M axim um :
4
2.
3
th e m id lin e o f t h e g ra p h . B e c a u s e A: = 0, th e m id lin e is th e x -a x is.
Ony =
G RA PH
R E F L E C T IO N S
&
D ra w
- 2 j becom es (
).
t h e g r a p h th r o u g h th e k e y p o in ts ,
at classzone.com
1 4 .2
T ranslate and Reflect Trigonom etric d ranhs
QT 7
G ra p h in g ta n g e n t f u n c tio n s u s in g tr a n s la tio n s a n d
r e fle c tio n s is s im ila r to g r a p h in g s in e a n d c o s in e f u n c tio n s .
TA N G EN T FUN C T!O N S
Combine a tran sition and a rejection

G raph y = - 3 ta n x + 5 .
Solution
F T ff 7
Id e n tify
th e p e rio d , h o r iz o n ta l s h ift, a n d v e r tic a l s h ift.
P e rio d : 7r
F IN D A S Y M P T O T E S
F T P ff
D ra w
FTP?.?
Find
Notice that the

asymptotes are not
shifted. This is because
there is no horizontal
shift.
H o riz o n ta l s h ift: /t = 0
t h e a s y m p to te s a n d k e y p o in ts o f y = I - 3 1 t a n x + 5.
O ny=k:
x =
( 0 ,0
77"
_ J 7 7 . y.
2 -1
2'
5) = (0 ,5 )
- 3 + 5) =
77
2 -1
77
2);
3 + 5 j = 1^, 8
R e fie c t th e g ra p h . B e c a u s e a < 0,
t h e g r a p h is r e fle c te d in th e m id lin e
y = 5. So,
and
2j becom es ( * ^ 8)
8 j b e c o m e s ( ^ , 2 ).
FTiEP F D ra w th e g r a p h th r o u g h th e k e y
p o in ts .
Mode! with a tangent function

Y ou a r e s ta n d in g
120 fe e t fro m th e b a s e o f a 2 60 fo o t
b u ild in g . Y ou w a tc h y o u r frie n d go
d o w n th e sid e o f th e b u ild in g in a
g la s s e le v a to r. W rite a n d g r a p h a
m o d e l t h a t g iv e s y o u r f rie n d 's
d is ta n c e d (in feet) fro m th e to p
o f th e b u ild in g a s a f u n c tio n o f
th e a n g le o f e le v a tio n &
G LASS ELEV A TO R
Solution
U se a ta n g e n t f u n c tio n to w rite a n e q u a tio n r e la tin g 6? a n d 8.

o p p _ 260 - d
""^= adj
120
120 t a n 8 = 2 60 - d
120 t a n 8 - 2 6 0 = - d
- 1 2 0 ta n 8 + 2 6 0 = d
Definition of tangent
Soive fo r d.
T h e g r a p h o f d = - 1 2 0 t a n 8 + 2 6 0 is s h o w n a t th e rig h t.
01R
rh a n tcr i a
A: =
t h e m id lin e o f th e g ra p h , y = 5.
A sy m p to te s:
FTiEP 4
V e rtic a l s h ift:
CU!DED PRACTKE
for Exampies 4 ,5 , and 6
4 . y = - c o s (x + y j
7.
5. y = - 3 s in y X + 2
6. /(x ) = - t a n 2 x - 1
W H A T !F? In E x a m p le 6, h o w d o e s th e m o d e l c h a n g e if y o u a r e s ta n d in g
150 f e e t fro m a b u ild in g th a t is 4 0 0 fe e t ta ll?
141 EXERC!SES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
= W O RKED -O U T SO LUTtONS
= STA N D A RD tZED T E S T PRA C TK E

Exs. 2,21,35,48, and 54
SKILL PRACTKE
C o p y a n d c o m p le te : T h e g r a p h o f y
o f y = c o s 2 x tr a n s la te d ? u n its to th e rig h t.
1. VO C ABULARY
c o s 2 (x - 3) is t h e g r a p h
2 . * W R iT tN G D e sc rib e th e d if fe re n c e b e tw e e n th e g r a p h s o f y = t a n x a n d
y = - t a n x. H o w a r e t h e g ra p h s re la te d ?
EX A M P LE S
1 and 2
on pp.* 915-916*
for Exs. 3-21
MATCHING M atch th e fu n c tio n w ith it s graph.
3 . y = s in 2 (x + y )
4. /( x ) = c o s (x + -?r)
5. y = c o s x 2
6. y = s in jx + y
7. y = c o s yX + 1
8. /( x ) = s in y ( x - ir)
GRAPHtNG G raph th e sin e o r cosine fu n c tio n .
9. y = s in x + 3
10. y = c o s x - 5
^ h ) y = 2 cos x + 1
12. y = s in 3 x - 4
13. /( x ) = sin ^x + y
14. y = c o s (x * y )
15. y = c o s 2 (x + 7r)
16. /( x ) = y s in (x -
17. y = 4 s in
18.
19. y = 3 cos x + 37T
2 0 . y = s in 2 ( x + 2rr) 3
/ (x ) =
cos (x
-2^ + 2
1 4 .2
x + y
T ranslate and Reflect Trigonom etric Graphs
919
21. * M U L T IP L E CHOICE
(g ) y = cos ^
T h e g r a p h o f w h ic h f u n c tio n is s h o w n ?
(B ) y = c o s x + 3
(C ) y = c o s 2 x + 3
(B ) y = c o s (x +
EXAMPLE 4
GRAPHING G raph th e sin e o r cosine fu n c tio n .
on p. 917
for Exs. 22-33
2 2 . /(x ) = - s i n x + 2
25.
28.
31.
77)
+ 3
(2 & ); y = - s i n y-K + 3
y = - s i n (x y = - 3 c o s (x - 77) + 4
y = -s in (x -^ ) + 2
24. y = - c o s 2x - 2
26.
jf(x) = - s i n (x - rr)
27. y = - 2 c o s -j-x
29.
jy = - c o s (x +
3 0 . /(x ) = 1 - 3 s in (x +
32.
jf(x) = - c o s ^x + y j - 2
D e sc rib e a n d
c o r re c t th e e r r o r in d e te r m in in g
th e m a x im u m p o in t o f th e
f u n c tio n y = 2 s in ^x -
77)
+ 1
77)
3 3 . y = - 4 c o s 2^x -
34. ER R O R A N A LYSIS
M a x im u m :
277)
2) =
W h ic h o f th e fo iio w in g is a m a x im u m p o in t o f th e g ra p h
o f y = - 4 c o s ^x - y j ?
35. * M U L T IP L E CHOICE
(g ) ( - y ,4 )
(B ) (0 ,4 )
(C ) ( ^ , 4 )
EX A M P LE 5
GRAPHING G raph th e ta ngent fu n c tio n .
on p. 918
for Exs. 36-41
36.
y = - y ta n x
39.
y = 2 ta n lx
yj
(D ) ( 77, 4 )
37.
y = ta n 2 x - 3
38. y
40.
y = -ta n 2 (x -y j
41. y
= -^ -ta n ^ x -^ j
W R ITIN G EQ UATIO NS In Ex e rc ise s 4 2 - 4 6 , w rite an e q u a tio n o f th e graph

described.
42.
T h e g r a p h o f y = c o s 277X t r a n s ia te d d o w n 4 u n its a n d ie ft 3 u n its
43.
T h e g ra p h o f y = 3 s in x tr a n s ia te d u p 2 u n its a n d r ig h t
44.
45.
46.
77 u n its
T h e g r a p h o f y = 5 t a n x t r a n s ia te d r ig h t ^ u n it a n d t h e n r e fle c te d
in t h e x -a x is
T h e g r a p h o f y = ^ c o s irx tr a n s ia te d d o w n 1 u n it a n d t h e n re fle c te d
in th e i i n e y = - 1
T h e g r a p h o f y = y s in 6 x tr a n s ia te d d o w n y u n its a n d r ig h t 1 u n it,
a n d th e n r e fle c te d in t h e iin e y =
E x p im 'n h o w y o u c a n o b ta in th e g ra p h o f y
tr a n s la tin g th e g r a p h o f y = s in x.
47. REASONING
920
on p. WS1
(0 , 2 )
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
cos x by
- ta n 4x + 2
P x p /rrm w h y th e r e is m o r e t h a n o n e ta n g e n t f u n c tio n
w h o s e g r a p h p a s s e s th r o u g h th e o rig in a n d h a s a s y m p to te s a t x = - r r a n d
48. * S H O R T RESP O N SE
X =
77*.
F in d a ta n g e n t f u n c tio n w h o s e g r a p h in te r s e c ts th e g r a p h o f
y = 2 + 2 s in x o n ly a t m in im u m p o in ts o f th e s in e g ra p h .
49. C HALLENG E
^PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EX A M P LE 3
50.
on p. 916
for Exs. 50-51
W A T E R W H E E L T h e G re a t L a x e y w h e e i, lo c a te d o n th e Isie o f M a n , is o n e o f
t h e la r g e s t w o rk in g w a te r w h e e ls in th e w o rld . T h e w h e e i w a s b u iit in 1854
to p u m p w a te r f ro m th e m in e s u n d e r n e a t h it. T h e h e ig h t h (in fe e t) a b o v e
t h e v ie w in g p la tfo r m o f a b u c k e t o n th e w h e e i c a n b e a p p r o x im a te d b y th e
f u n c tio n
h = 3 6 .2 5 s in y Y + 3 4 .2 5
w h e re f is tim e (in s e c o n d s ). G ra p h th e f u n c tio n . F in d th e d ia m e te r o f th e
w h e e l if t h e lo w e s t p o in t o n th e w h e e l is 2 f e e t b e io w t h e v ie w in g p la tfo r m .
@ P o m e 7 u fo r
T h e p is to n s in a n e n g in e fo rc e th e c r a n k p in s to
r o ta te in a c irc le a r o u n d th e c e n te r o f th e c r a n k s h a f t. T h e g r a p h s h o w s th e
h e ig h t h (in in c h e s ) o f a c r a n k p in r e la tiv e to th e a x le a s a f u n c tio n o f tim e f
(in s e c o n d s ). W rite a c o s in e f u n c tio n fo r th e h e ig h t o f th e c r a n k p in .
51. A U TO M O TIV E MECHANICS
@ M )fne7utor for problem solving help at classzone.com
52.
BLOOD P R E S S U R E F o r a c e r ta in p e r s o n a t r e s t, th e b lo o d p r e s s u r e P
(in m illim e te r s o f m e r c u ry ) a t tim e r (in s e c o n d s ) is g iv e n b y th is f u n c tio n :
P = 100 - 20 c o s ^ y t
G ra p h t h e f u n c tio n . If o n e c y c le is e q u iv a le n t to o n e h e a r tb e a t, w h a t is th e
p e r s o n 's p u ls e r a te in h e a r tb e a ts p e r m in u te ?
EX A M P LE 6
on p. 918
for Ex. 53
( 53 )
M U LT) S T E P P R O B LEM Y ou a r e s ta n d in g 3 0 0 fe e t fro m

th e b a s e o f a 2 0 0 fo o t cliff. Y o ur f rie n d is r a p p e llin g
d o w n th e cliff.
a . W rite a m o d e l t h a t g iv e s y o u r frie n d 's d is ta n c e d
(in feet) f ro m th e to p o f th e c liff a s a f u n c tio n o f
th e a n g le o f e le v a tio n 0.
b. G ra p h th e f u n c tio n f ro m p a r t (a).
c. D e te r m in e th e a n g le o f e le v a tio n if y o u r f rie n d
h a s r a p p e lle d h a lf w a y d o w n t h e cliff.
14 .2
Translate and Reflect Trigonom etric Graphs
921
In a p a r tic u l a r re g io n , th e p o p u la tio n C o f c o y o te s
(th e p re d a to r) a n d th e p o p u ia tio n R o f r a b b its (th e p re y ) c a n b e m o d e le d b y
54. * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE
C = 9 0 0 0 + 3 0 0 0 s in ^ y f a n d
R = 2 0 ,0 0 0 + 8 0 0 0 c o s ^ y l
w h e re f is th e tim e in m o n th s .
a. D e te r m in e th e r a tio o f r a b b its to c o y o te s w h e n f = 0, 6 ,1 2 , a n d 18 m o n th s .
b. G ra p h b o th f u n c tio n s in t h e s a m e c o o r d in a te p ia n e .
c. U se th e g r a p h s to e x p la in h o w th e c h a n g e s in th e tw o p o p u la tio n s a p p e a r
to b e re ia te d .
S u p p o s e a F e rris w h e e l h a s a r a d iu s o f 25 fe e t a n d o p e r a te s a t a
s p e e d o f 2 r e v o iu tio n s p e r m in u te . T h e b o tto m c a r is 5 f e e t a b o v e th e g ro u n d .
W rite a m o d e l fo r a p e r s o n 's h e ig h t R (in feet) a b o v e th e g r o u n d if th e v a iu e o f
It is 44 fe e t w h e n f = 0.
55. CHALLENG E
M<XED REV!EW
P R E V IE W
S im p lify th e ra tio n a i e xp re ssio n , i f p ossib le , (p. 573)
Prepare for
Lesson 14.3
in Exs. 5 6 -5 9 .
56.
8jU
16x^ - 24x"
57.
x +x- 6
x^ - 7x + 12
58.
x^ + 4x - 12
x^ 12x + 36
59.
x^ - 8x + 15
x^ 6x + 9
F in d th e n u m b e r o f c o m b in a tio n s, (p. 690)

60. ^C2
6 3 . ^C g
62* n ^ 3
61. gC,
F in d th e arc ie n g th and area o f a se cto r w ith th e given ra d iu s r and c e n tra i

angie 0. (p. 059)
r = 3 cm , 0 = ^ y
64.
r = 6 in ., 6 =
65.
67.
r = 10 in ., 6 = 135
6 8 . r = 16 c m , 6 = 50
6 6 . r = 15 m , 0 =
69.
r = 24 m , 6 = 240
QU!Z/or Lessons T4 .?-? 4.2

F in d the a m p iitu d e and th e p eriod o f th e graph o f th e fu n c tio n , (p. 908)
1. y = c o s 4 x
2. y = y s in 5x
3. f(x) = s in x
4
4- y = y c o s 2rrx
5. y = s in -nx
6. g(x) = 3 c o s y-x
7.
10.
y = 4 s in irx (p. 908)

/(x ) = - 2 s in 3 x + 4
8.
(p. 915)
11.
y = y cos y v x
(p. 908)
y = c o s (x + rr) + 2
(p. 915)
9.
12.
g(x) = 2 ta n x
y = - t a n 2( x + ^
Y ou a r e s ta n d in g 70 fe e t fro m th e b a s e o f a 2 5 0 fo o t
b u ild in g w a tc h in g a w in d o w w a s h e r lo w e r h im s e lf to th e g r o u n d . W rite a n d
g r a p h a m o d e l th a t g iv e s th e w in d o w w a s h e r 's d is ta n c e d (in feet) f ro m th e
to p o f th e b u ild in g a s a f u n c tio n o f th e a n g le o f e le v a tio n 0. (p. 915)
13. W !N D O W W A S H E R S
922
14.2, p. 1023
(p. 908)
(p. 915)
'" ^ " ^ A C T !V !T Y
@ ^ o m e 7 u fo r
Keystrokes
14.3
investigating T rig o n o m etric

identities
M A T E R iA L S
- graphing calculator
How can you use a graphing caicuiator to verify trigonom etric

identities?
investigate a trigonom etric identity

D e te rm in e w h e th e r th e e q ua tion sin^ x + cos^ x = 1 is tru e fo r no x r afaes,
some x-pahres, o r aH x-pafaes.
E n te r th e ie ft s id e o f th e
e q u a tio n a s jq a n d th e r ig h t
s id e a s y ^ . U s e th e " th ic k "
g ra p h s ty le fo r y^ to
d is tin g u is h th e g ra p h s .
MINDOM
\YlB(sin(X))2+
(cos(X))2
=
=
=
=
Xmi n = - 6 . 2 8 3 1 8 5
Xmax=6. 2 8 3 1 8 5 3
X sct=1.5707963
Ymi n = - 2
Yma x = 2
Ys c t = . 5
\Y2B1
\Y3
\Y4
\Y5
\Y6
].W!Ff <?) # ra/?A

G ra p h th e e q u a tio n s . T h e
c a ic u ia to r f irs t g ra p h s
y^ = sin ^ x + c o s ^ x a n d
th e n y^ = 1 a s a th ic k e r iin e
o v e r th e g r a p h o f y ^
I .f 727*^1
S e t y o u r c a ic u ia to r in r a d ia n
m o d e . A d ju s t th e v ie w in g
w in d o w so th a t th e x -a x is
s h o w s -2 7 ? < x < 2 ir a n d th e
y -a x is sh o w s - 2 < y < 2.
< < < t
^ T h e g ra p h s o f e a c h sid e o f t h e e q u a tio n sin ^ x + cos^ x = 1 a r e th e s a m e .

So, th e e q u a tio n is tr u e fo r a il x -v a iu e s .
DRAW
CONCLUStONS
U se a g ra p h in g c a ic uia tor to d e te rm in e w h e th e r th e e q ua tion is tru e fo r

aox-pafaes, som ex-pafaes, o r aHx-pafaes. (Set y o u r ca ic u ia to r in ra d ia n
mode and use -277 < x < 277 and - 2 < y < 2 fo r th e v ie w in g w ind ow .)
x
1. t a n x = csin
osx
2. s in x = - c o s x
3. t a n x = y
4. c o s ( - 3 x ) = c o s 3x
5. c o s x = 1.5
6. s in (x -
7. s in ( - x ) = - s i n x
y* 1
8. cos ^ = Y
77)
= cos x
9. c o s [x * y ) = s in x
10. REASON!NG T rig o n o m e tric e q u a tio n s t h a t a r e tr u e fo r aH v a iu e s

o f x (in th e i r d o m a in ) a r e c a lle d tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s . W h ic h
tr ig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n s in E x e rc ise s 1 -9 a r e tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s ?
1 4 .3
Verify Trigonom etric Identities
923
1 / [ 3 Verify Trigonometric
if**-* tdentities
*****
g ra p h e d trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s.
Y ou w iii v e rify trig o n o m e tric id e n titie s.
S o y o u c a n m o d e i th e p a th o f H aiiey 's c o m e t, a s in Ex. 41
Key Vocabuiary
trig o n o m e tric
id e n tity
R e c a ll fro m L e s s o n 13.3 t h a t if a n
a n g le 9 is in s ta n d a r d p o s itio n w ith its
te r m in a l sid e in te r s e c tin g t h e u n it c irc ie
a t (x, y ), th e n x = c o s # a n d y = s in 0.
B e c a u s e (x, y) is o n a c irc ie c e n te r e d
a t th e o rig in w ith r a d iu s 1, it fo iio w s th a t:
x^ + y^ = 1
cos^# + s in ^ # = l
T h e e q u a tio n co s^ 0 + sin ^ 0 = 1 is tr u e fo r a n y v a iu e o f 0. A tr ig o n o m e tr ic
e q u a tio n t h a t is tr u e fo r a ii v a iu e s o f 9 (in its d o m a in ) is c a lie d a trig o n o m e tric
id e n tity . S e v e ra i f u n d a m e n ta i tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s a r e iis te d b e io w , s o m e o f
w h ic h y o u h a v e a ir e a d y ie a rn e d .
K E Y CO N C EPT
F u n d a m e n ta ! T rig o n o m e tric id en tities
Reciprocai id entitie s
C SC #
1
s in #
sec # =
1
co s!
c o t# =
1
ta n #
Tangent and Cotangent identities
t a n # = s in #
cos #
c o t # = cos #
sin #
Pythagorean identities
sin ^ # + co s^ # = 1
l + ta n ^ # = sec ^ #
l + c o t ^ # = csc^#
c o s - # = s in #
ta n
cos (-# ) = cos #
ta n (-# ) = - t a n #
Cofunction id entitie s
s in - # = c o s #
r - ')
= c o t#
Negative Angie identities
s in ( - # ) = - s i n #
Y ou c a n u s e tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s to e v a iu a te tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s ,
s im p iify tr ig o n o m e tr ic e x p re s s io n s , a n d v e rify o th e r id e n titie s .
924
Chapter 14
Find trigonometric vaiues
EXAMPLE 1
Given th a t s in 0 = 4 and ^ < 9 <

5
2
trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f 9.
77, fin d
th e va iues o f th e o th e r fiv e
Soiution
7
Find
c o s 9.
s in '
+ co s' 9 = 1
W rite Pythagorean identity.
( ^ )^ + c o s ' 9 = 1
R E V !E W
TfM G O N O M E TR Y
For heip w ith finding th e

sign of a trigonom etric
function value, see
p. 866.
Substitute
c o s '9 = l - ^ ) '
Subtract
c o s '9 = ^
Simpiify.
fo r sin 9.
from each side.
cos 9 = 4
c o s 9 = _^
Because 9 is in Quadrant!), cos 9 is negative.
-P72P F
Fin d th e v a lu e s o f th e o th e r f o u r tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s o f 9 u s in g th e
k n o w n v a lu e s o f s in 9 a n d c o s 9.
ta n 9 - s i" !-
^ _
COS 9
4
3
3
5
esc 9 = -sm
4 9 = 4 = 44
5
EXAMPLE
co t9 -C o s9_
sm 9
3
5 __3
4
4
5
sec 9 =
co s 9
Simpiify a trigonometric expression
S im p iify th e e x p re ssio n ta n ( y " #) s in 9.
t a n ( y - 9) s in 9 =
cot 9
s in 9
Cofunction identity
cp s 9 j ^ ^
sm
Cotangent identity
9/
= cos 9
Simpiify.
Simpiify a trigonometric expression

S im p lify th e e x p re ssio n esc 9 c o t' 9 +
. ' .
sm 9
e sc 9 c o t ' 9 + ^
= e sc 9 c o t ' 9 + esc 9
sm 9
= e s c 9 ( e s c ' 9 - 1) + e s c 9
=
esc' 9
esc' 9
e sc 9
e sc 9
Reciprocai identity
Pythagorean identity
Simpiify.
1 4 .3
Verify Trigonom etric identities
925
CutDED PRACTtCE
F in d th e va iues o f th e o th e r fiv e trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f 0.
1. c o s # = I , 0 < # < ^
6
2
2. s i n # = - $ , 7 r < # < ^
7
2
S im p lify th e e xp re ssio n .
3. s i n x c o t x s e c x
4. t a n x e s c x
secx
g ----------v2
l + s i n ( #)
Y ou c a n u s e th e f u n d a m e n ta l id e n titie s o n p a g e 924 to
v e rify n e w tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s . W h e n v e r if y in g a n id e n tity , b e g in w ith th e
e x p r e s s io n o n o n e s id e . U se a lg e b ra a n d tr ig o n o m e tr ic p r o p e r tie s to m a n ip u la te
th e e x p r e s s io n u n til it is id e n tic a l to th e o th e r sid e .
VER)FY)NG !D E N T !T tE S
Verify a trigonometric identity

sec^ 0 - 1 '
V e rify th e id e n tity
= sin ^ 0.
sec^0
sec^ # - 1 _ sec^ #
sec#
sec#
W rite as separate fractions.
sec#
= 1 - cos^ 0
Reciprocai identity
= s im #
EXAMPLE 5
V e rify th e id e n tity sec x + ta n x =
sec x
+ ta n x =
1
cosx
J
cos X
cosx
1 - sin x
ta n x
Reciprocai identity
s in x
Tangent identity
cos X
1 + sin x
Add fractions.
co sx
V E R !F Y I D E N T I T I E S
To verify the identity,
you must introduce
1 - sin x into the
denominator. Multiply
the numerator and
the denominator by
1 - sin x so you get an
equivalent expression.
1 + sin x . 1 - sin x
cos x
1 - sin x
1 - sin ^ x
Chapter 14
Sim piify numerator.
c o s x (1 - sin x)
cos^x
c o s x ( l sinx)
cos x
1 s in x
926
M uitipiy b y -
'1-stnx
Trigonom etricG raphs, Identities, and Equations
Simpiify.
Verify a reaHife trigonometric identity

A v e r tic a i g n o m o n (th e p a r t o f
a s u n d ia l t h a t p ro je c ts a s h a d o w ) h a s h e ig h t 9.
T h e ie n g th s o f t h e s h a d o w c a s t b y th e g n o m o n
w h e n th e a n g ie o f th e s u n a b o v e th e h o riz o n is 9
c a n b e m o d e le d b y th e e q u a tio n b e lo w . S h o w th a t
t h e e q u a tio n is e q u iv a le n t to s = 9 c o t 9.
SHADO W LE N G TH
_ 9 sin (90 9)
sin 9
S o tu tio n
S im p iify t h e e q u a tio n .
9 sin (90 - 9)
. . .
s = ------ ^
W rtte ongmai
h s ln (^
sm
9 co s 9
sin 9
Convert 90 to radians.
Cofunction identity
= 9 cot 9
C u tD ED PRACTICE
.. equatton.
Cotangent identity
fo r Exa m p ie s
4 , 5, and
V e rify th e id e n tity .
14.3
6. c o t ( - 9 ) = - c o t 9
7. e s c ' x (1 - s i n ' x) = c o t ' x
8. c o s x c s c x t a n x = l
9. ( t a n ' x + 1 ) ( c o s ' x - l ) = - t a n ' x
EXERC!SES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
Q
*
^
on p. WS24 fo r Exs. 5,11, and 41
Exs. 2 ,9 ,24 ,42 , 43, and 44
Ex. 41
SK K L PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY
W h a t is a tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n tity ?
2 . * W R iT iN G W h a t d o e s th e c o f u n c tio n id e n tity s in l y - 9) = c o s 9 te ii y o u
a b o u t th e g r a p h s o f y = s in x a n d y = c o s x?
E X A M P LE
on p. 925
for Exs. 3 - 9
F!ND)NG V A LU ES F in d th e va iues o f th e o th e r fiv e trig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n s o f 9.
3. s in 9 = y 0 < 9 < y
4 . ta n 9 = y , 0 < 9 < y
6 . s in 9 = - 41 40 7t < 9 < 4 z^
7. c o t 9 = 45 -4z < 9 < ir

1 4 .3
5 377
8. s e c 9 = - y , y < 9 < 77
Verify Trigonom etric identities
927
9. *
M U L T IP L E C H O KE
3C
EXAMPLES
2and3
on p. 925
for Exs. 1 0 -2 4
If e s c # = y a n d y < # < 7r, w h a t is th e v a lu e o f t a n 6?

3P
<$) ^
(s,
2^5
S tM P H FY tN G EX P R E SSIO N S S im p lify th e e xp re ssio n .

10.
s in x c o t x
( ll) ^
13. c o s # ( l + ta n ^ # )
16.
^ ^
12.
co s ( -8 )
14. 1 + t a n ^ f - ^ - x ^
c o s(-y -e )
^2 f + c o s ^ 6
17. s in f ^ - # ) s e c #
s e c x s in x + c o s f-^ -x )
_________________ \2
1
1 + sec x
C SC #
ER R O R AN ALYSIS
i,2
D e s c r ib e
15.
e sc # s in 6
'
?
?
c sc ^ x - c o r x
* sin ( - x ) co t x
21
co t^ 0
co s (-y - x
cscx
2
18. ^
rCOt
n t2 X
2
2,
c o s ^ x ta m f - x ) - 1
*
cos^ x
and co rre ct th e e r ro r in s im p lify in g th e e xp re ssio n .
22.
23.
1 s i n ^ # = 1 (1 c o s ^ #)
esc x -
= 1 - 1 - co s^
\
= co s^
^ * -
cosx
_ 1
cos
/ \
gjnx
= s e c x
/ \
2 4 . ^ M U L T IP L E C H O KE W h ic h o f th e fo llo w in g is th e s im p lifie d fo r m o f th e
e x p re s s io n c o s # s e c #?
(g ) ta n #
EX A M P LE S
4andS
on p. 926
for Exs. 2 5 -3 4
(B ) 1
(C ) 2
(D ) 1 - s i n ^ #
V ER IFY IN G ID E N T IT IE S V e rify th e id e n tity .
25. s in x c s c x = 1
27. ' " . , ' ^
l-sin (-#)
26. t a n # c s c # c o s # = l
= 1
2 9. csc^ # - cot^ # ^
^^^2
2 8 . s in
g
12
- x ! t a n x = s in x
3 0 . 2 - co s^ # = 1 + sin ^ #
1 - si n #
sin^ (x)
3 2 .-------- - = c o s ?x
ta n x
31. s m x + c o s x c o^ t x = c s c x
33.
35.
1 + c o s x , s in x
sm x
1 + co s x
^2
cscx
3 4 .,
= c s c x + c o tx
1 - co s (x)
ODD ANO EV EN FUN C TIO N S A f u n c t i o n / i s o d d i f / ( - x ) = - / ( x ) . A f u n c tio n

/ i s eo en i f / ( - x ) = /( x ). W h ic h o f th e six tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s a r e o d d ?
W h ic h a r e e v e n ?
V ER IFY IN G t D E N T lT lE S V e rify th e id e n tity .
36. In Ise c #1 = - I n )c o s #]
38.
928
37. In I ta n #1 = In Isin #1 - In Ic o s #1
CHALLENG E U se th e P y th a g o r e a n id e n tity sin ^ # + co s^ # = 1 to d e riv e th e

o th e r P y th a g o r e a n id e n titie s , 1 + ta n ^ # = sec^ # a n d 1 + co t^ # = csc^ #.

on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
<&F = M U LTIP LE
REPRPSPNTRTmNS
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 6
39.
on p. 927
for Exs. 39-41
R A T E OF CHANCE I n c a lc u lu s , it c a n b e s h o w n t h a t th e r a te o f c h a n g e
o f th e f u n c tio n /( x ) = s e c x + c o s x is g iv e n b y th is e x p re s s io n :
s e c x ta n x - s i n x
S h o w t h a t t h e e x p r e s s io n fo r th e r a te o f c h a n g e c a n b e w r itt e n a s s in x ta n ^ x.
@ Home7M tor for problem solving help at dasszone.com
40.
PH Y S!C A L SCtENCE S ta tic f ric tio n is th e a m o u n t o f fo rc e

n e c e s s a r y to k e e p a s ta tio n a r y o b je c t o n a f la t s u r fa c e
fro m m o v in g . S u p p o s e a b o o k w e ig h in g I V p o u n d s is
ly in g o n a r a m p in c lin e d a t a n a n g le 6. T h e c o e ffic ie n t
o f s ta tic f r ic tio n M fo r th e b o o k c a n b e f o u n d u s in g
th is e q u a tio n :
u tV c o s 8 = IV s in 8
a.
b.
S o lve th e e q u a tio n fo r u a n d s im p lify th e re s u lt.

U se th e e q u a tio n f ro m p a r t (a) to d e te r m in e w h a t
h a p p e n s to t h e v a lu e o f M a s th e a n g le 8 in c r e a s e s
f ro m 0 to 90.
4 l)
M U LT< P LE R E P R E S E N T A T!O N S T h e p a th o f H a ile y 's c o m e t is a n e llip s e w ith

th e s u n a s a fo c u s . T h e e q u a tio n b e lo w g iv e s th e c o m e t's d is ta n c e r f ro m th e
s u n (in a s tr o n o m ic a l u n its ) a s a f u n c tio n o f th e a n g le 8 (in r a d ia n s ) b e tw e e n
th e m a jo r a x is a n d th e c o m e t.
S im p lify th e e q u a tio n g iv e n a b o v e .
b. D ra w ing a Graph U se a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to g r a p h th e e q u a tio n
fro m p a r t (a).
c. Making a Tabie M a k e a ta b le o f v a lu e s fo r th e e q u a tio n fro m p a r t (a) in
w h ic h 8 s ta r ts a t 0 a n d in c r e a s e s in in c r e m e n ts o f 4 U se th e ta b le to
a p p r o x im a te t h e c lo s e s t a n d f a r t h e s t d is ta n c e , in m ile s , t h a t H a ile y 's
c o m e t is f ro m th e s u n . (Note.* 1 a s tr o n o m ic a l u n i t 93 m illio n m ile s .)
a. W ritin g an Equation
42.
S H O R T R ESP O N SE U se a r e c ip r o c a l id e n tity to d e s c r ib e w h a t h a p p e n s
to t h e v a lu e o f s e c 8 a s t h e v a lu e o f c o s 8 in c r e a s e s . O n w h a t in te rv a ls
d o e s th is h a p p e n ?
4 3 . * S H O R T RESP O N SE U se th e ta n g e n t id e n tity to d e s c r ib e w h a t h a p p e n s
to th e v a lu e o f t a n 8 a s t h e v a lu e o f s in 8 in c r e a s e s a n d th e v a lu e o f c o s 8
d e c re a s e s . O n w h a t in te r v a ls d o e s th is h a p p e n ?
1 4 .3
Verify Trigonom etric Identities
929
4 4 . * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE W h e n lig h t tr a v e lin g in a

m e d iu m (s u c h a s air) s tr ik e s th e s u r fa c e o f a s e c o n d
m e d iu m (s u c h a s w a te r) a t a n a n g le 9^ t h e lig h t b e g in s
to tra v e l a t a d if f e r e n t a n g le
T h is c h a n g e o f d ir e c tio n
is d e f in e d b y S n e ll's law , rq s in 9^ = rq s in 9^, w h e re ?q
a n d rq a r e th e in d ic e s o /v e /rn c fio n fo r th e tw o m e d iu m s .
S n e ll's la w c a n b e d e riv e d fro m th e e q u a tio n :
\ COt' it, + 1
"1
\/c O t' &2 + 1
S im p lify th e e q u a tio n to d e riv e S n e ll's la w : ?q s in 9] = rq s in

b. Solve If
= 55, ^ = 35, a n d rq = 2, w h a t is th e v a lu e o f ?q?
c. interpret If 9, =
w h a t m u s t b e tr u e a b o u t th e v a lu e s o f ?q a n d rq?
E x p ia in w h e n th is s itu a tio n w o u ld o c c u r.
a. Derive
45.
CHALLENG E B re w s te r's a n g le is th e a n g le 9,, a t w h ic h lig h t r e fle c te d o ff

w a te r is c o m p le te ly p o la r iz e d , so th a t g la r e is m in im iz e d w h e n y o u lo o k a t
th e w a te r w ith p o la r iz e d s u n g la s s e s . B re w s te r's a n g le c a n b e f o u n d u s in g
S n e ll's la w (se e E x e rc ise 4 4 ).
2
/ n,
\2
/n p
a. L et s in 92 = ^ sin 9, j a n d c o s 92 = I c o s 9j
A d d th e tw o e q u a tio n s to s h o w th a t
" L i n ' 9 , + - ^ cos'
rq
rq
b.
= 1.
S h o w th a t th e e q u a tio n fro m p a r t (a) c a n b e s im p lifie d

r r ' - n,
rr '
to - T - s in 9, = - y T - c o s ' 9^
n'
S o lve th e e q u a tio n f ro m p a r t (b) to f in d B re w s te r's a n g le :
c.
MtXED REVIEW
Find the product, (p. 195)
46.
P R E V IE W
Prepare for
Lesson 14.4
in Exs. 4 9 -5 4 .
4 -1
5
-2
-3
2
47.
7 2
1 0
1 -2
5
0 9 -2
48 .
5 1 -3
0 8 2
-1 3 4
Solve the equation.
49. x ' + 5 x + 4 = 0
52. 2 x '
(p. 252)
1 = 0 (p. 259)
50. x ' -
8x
+ 12 = 0 (p. 252)
53 . 1 0 x ' + 17x -
= 0 (p. 259)
51. x ' + 3 x - 10 = 0 (p. 252)

54. 4 x ' - 12x - 27 = 0 (p. 259)
Evaluate the expression without using a calculator. Give your answ er in both
radians and degrees, (p. 875)
930
1 2
3
8 -7
6
0 5 -6
55. c o s - l 1
56. s i n " ' ^
57. s in '
58. ta n * ( - V 3 )
59. t a n * ' 1
60 . c o s ' 0
14.3, p. 1023
4^
V3
2
ONUNE QU!Z at dasszone.com
1 /!
*
/j[ Sotve Trigonometric

Equations
You v e rifie d trig o n o m e tric id e n titie s.
Y ou w ill so lv e trig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n s .
S o y o u c a n s o lv e s u rfa c e a r e a p ro b le m s, a s in Ex. 43.
K e y V o c a b u la r y
* extra ne o us so lu tio n ,
I n L e s s o n 14.3, y o u v e rifie d tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s . In th is le s s o n , y o u w ill so lv e

tr ig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n s . To s e e th e d iffe re n c e , c o n s id e r th e fo llo w in g :
sin^ x + cos^ x = 1
Equation 1
s in x = 1 Equation 2
E q u a tio n 1 is a n id e n tity b e c a u s e it is tr u e fo r a ll r e a l v a lu e s o f x. E q u a tio n 2,
h o w e v e r, is tr u e o n ly fo r s o m e v a lu e s o f x. W h e n y o u f in d th e s e v a lu e s , y o u a re
s o lv in g th e e q u a tio n .
EXAMPLE 1
Solve 2 s in
x \
Sotve a trigonometric equation

3 0.
S o lu tio n
F irs t is o la te s in x o n o n e sid e o f th e e q u a tio n .
2 s in x - v 3 = 0
W rite originai equation.
2 s i n x = V3
Add \ 3 to each side.
V3
s m x =
O n e s o lu tio n o f s in x =
in th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 2 ir is x = s in " '
T h e o th e r s o lu tio n in th e in te r v a l is x = rr M o re o v e r, b e c a u s e
y = s in x is p e r io d ic , th e r e w ill b e in f in ite ly m a n y s o lu tio n s .
W R IT E G EN ERA L
S O L U T IO N
To write the general
solution of a
trigonometric equation,
you can add multiples
of the period to all the
solutions from one
cycie.
Y ou c a n u s e th e tw o s o lu tio n s f o u n d a b o v e to w r ite th e g e n e ra l s o lu tio n :

x = ^ + 2M7r
or
x=
+ 2m r
(w h e re n is a n y in te g e r)
Y ou c a n c h e c k th e a n s w e r b y g r a p h in g y = s in x a n d y =
in
th e s a m e c o o r d in a te p la n e . T h e n fin d th e p o in ts w h e re th e g ra p h s
in te r s e c t. Y ou c a n s e e th a t th e r e a r e in f in ite ly m a n y s u c h p o in ts .
1 4 .4
Solve Trigonom etric Equations
931
So!ve a trigonometric equation in an interva)

S o lv e 9 t a n x + 2 = 3 in t h e i n te r v a l 0 < x < 277.
9 ta n x + 2 = 3
9 ta n ^ x = 1

ta n x =
R E V IE W IN V E R S E
F U N C TIO N S
For heip with inverse
trigonometric functions,
see p. 875.
U s in g a c a lc u la to r, y o u f in d t h a t t a n. - i ^l = 0 .3 2 2 a n d t a n -r - 1 ) = - 0 .3 2 2 .
T h e re fo re , th e g e n e ra l s o lu tio n o f th e e q u a tio n is:
x = 0 .3 2 2 + m r
F
or
x = 0 .3 2 2 + n rr
(w h e re n is a n y in te g e r)
T h e s p e c ific s o lu tio n s in th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 2rr a re :

x = 0 .3 2 2
x = 0 .3 2 2 +
x = - 0 .3 2 2 + 77 = 2 .8 2 0
77 =
3 .4 6 4
x = - 0 .3 2 2 + 277 = 5.961
Sotve a re a i-iife tr ig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n

OCEANOGRAPHY
T h e w a te r d e p th d fo r th e B ay o f F u n d y c a n b e m o d e le d b y
d = 35
28 c o s - ^ - t
6.2
w h e re d is m e a s u r e d in fe e t a n d f is th e tim e in h o u r s . If f = 0 r e p r e s e n ts
m id n ig h t, a t w h a t tim e (s ) is t h e w a te r d e p th 7 fe e t?
A N O TH E R W A Y
S o lu tio n
For aiternative methods

in Example 3, turn
to page 938 for the
Probiem Soiving
Workshop
S u b s titu te 7 fo r d in th e m o d e l a n d so lv e fo r f.
35 - 28 c o s ^ L - f = 7
6.2
-2 8 cos + = -2 8
6.2
COS
6.2 f
6.2
932
Chapter 14
Substitute 7 fo r d.
t = 2/777
cos 9 = 1 when 9 =
1 = 1 2 .4 n
Solve fo r f.
2r/77.
O n t h e in te r v a l 0 < f < 24 ( re p r e s e n tin g o n e f u ll d a y ), th e w a te r d e p th is 7 fe e t

w h e n f = 12.4(0) = 0 ( th a t is, a t m id n ig h t) a n d w h e n f = 12.4(1) = 12.4 ( th a t is,
a t 12:24P .M .).
CutDED PRACTICE
1. F in d th e g e n e ra i s o iu tio n o f th e e q u a tio n 2 s in x + 4 = 5.
2. S o lv e th e e q u a tio n 3 csc^ x = 4 in th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 2rr.
3.
OCEANOGRAPHY
In E x a m p le 3, a t w h a t tim e (s ) is th e w a te r d e p th 63 feet?
EXA M PLE
W h a t is th e general s o lu tio n o f sin"* x - 4 s in x = 0?
(A) x = y + 2mr o r x = ^
(5)
+ 2nrr
(B) ^
o r x = rr + 2nrr
( ) x = 2 m r o r x = re + 2 n rr
x = rr + 2 n rr
Solution
sin ^ x - 4 s in x = 0
s i n x ( s i n ^ x - 4) = 0
s in x ( s in x + 2) (s in x - 2) = 0
W rite original equation.

Factor out sin x.
Factor difference of squares.
S e t e a c h f a c to r e q u a l to 0 a n d so lv e fo r x, if p o s s ib le ,
E L IM IN A T E
S O L U T IO N S
B ecause sin x is never

less th an -1 or g reater
th an 1, th ere are no
solutions of sin x = - 2
and sin x = 2.
s in x = 0
} s in x + 2 = 0
x = 0 o r x = 7r
s in x 2 = 0
s in x = - 2
s in x = 2
T h e o n ly s o lu tio n s in th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 2rr a r e x = 0 a n d x = rr.

T h e g e n e ra l s o lu tio n is x = 2f!7r o r x = Tr + 2 m r w h e re n is a n y in te g e r.
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is D. (S ) (S ) (C) (B)
EXAMPLE 5
Use the quadratic formuia
Solve cos^ x 5 cos x + 2 = 0 in th e in te rv a l 0 < x < 7r.
Solution
B e c a u s e th e e q u a tio n is in th e fo rm
+ c = 0 w h e re n = c o s x, y o u c a n
u s e t h e q u a d r a tic f o r m u la to so lv e fo r c o s x.
co s^ x - 5 c o s x + 2 = 0
-(-5 ) V (-5 f-4 (l)(2 )
cos x =
2 ( 1)
5 \ 17
Quadratic form uia
Simpiify.
4 .5 6 o r 0 .4 4
-i
x = c o s 4 .5 6
x = cos
N o s o lu tio n
1.12
Use a caicuiator.
0.44
Use inverse cosine.

Use a caicuiator, if possibie.
^ In the interval 0 < x < 7r, the only solution is x = 1.12.

14.4 Solve Trigonometric Equations
933
W h e n s o lv in g a tr ig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n , it is p o s s ib le
to o b ta in e x tr a n e o u s s o lu tio n s . So, y o u s h o u ld a lw a y s c h e c k y o u r s o lu tio n s in th e
o rig in a l e q u a tio n .
EX TR A N E O U S SO LU TIO N S
EXAMPLE
Sotve an equation with an extraneous soiution
Solve 1 + cos x = s in x in th e in te rv a l 0 < x < 27?.
1 + c o s x = s in x
(1 + c o s x ) ' = ( s i n x ) '
R E V IE W
F O IL M E TH O D
For help m ultiplying

binom ials, see p. 245.
1 + 2 cos x + c o s ' x =
s in '
1 + 2 cos x + c o s' x =
Square both sides.
Muitipiy.
c o s' x
2 c o s' x + 2 cos x = 0
Quadratic form
2 c o s x (co s x + 1) = 0
Factor out 2 cos x.
2 cosx = 0 or c o s x + l= 0
co sx = 0 or c o s x = - l
Soive fo r cos x.
O n th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 27?, c o s x = 0 h a s tw o s o lu tio n s : x = ^ o r x =

O n th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 27?, c o s x = - 1 h a s o n e s o lu tio n : x = 7?.
T h e re fo re , 1 + c o s x = s in x h a s th r e e p o s s ib le s o lu tio n s : x = y , 7?, a n d
To c h e c k th e s o lu tio n s , s u b s titu te th e m in to th e o r ig in a l e q u a tio n
a n d sim p lify .
1 + cos 4 r - s in
1+ 0^1
1
7?
1 + cos
7?
^ s in 7?
1 + (-1 ) ^ 0
1/
0= 0/
1+ c o s ^ s in ^
1 + 0 + -1
1 ^ -1
37? is
. e x tr a n e o u s
F T h e a p p a r e n t s o lu tio n x =
b e c a u s e it d o e s n o t c h e c k in th e o rig in a l
e q u a tio n . T h e o n ly s o lu tio n s in th e in te r v a l
0 < x < 27? a r e * = y a n d x = 7?. G ra p h s o f e a c h

sid e o f t h e o rig in a l e q u a tio n c o n f ir m th e
s o lu tio n s .
G utD ED PRACTICE
fo r Exa m p le s 4, 5, and 6
F in d th e general s o lu tio n o f th e e q ua tion.
4. s i n ' x - s in x = 0
sm x
5. 1 - c o s x = V 3 si
Solve th e e q ua tion in th e in te rv a l 0 < x < 7?.
6. 2 s i n x = c s c x
934
Chapter 14
7. ta n ' x - sin x ta n ' x = 0
14.4 EXERC!SES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
O = W O RKED -O U T SO LUTIO NS
IF = STANDARDtZEO T E S T PRACTtCE
Exs. 2,15, 36,42, and 44
^ F = M U L TIP L E REPRESEN TA TIO N S
Ex.43
SK K L PRACTKE
W h a t is t h e d if fe re n c e b e tw e e n a tr ig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n a n d
a tr ig o n o m e tr ic id e n tity ?
1. VO C ABULARY
2. * W R IT IN G
EX A M P LE 1
on p. 931
for Exs. 3 -15
D e sc rib e s e v e ra l te c h n iq u e s fo r s o lv in g tr ig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n s .
CHECKING SO LU TIO N S V e rify th a t th e given x-value is a so iu tio n o f th e eq ua tion.

3.
2 + 3 c o s x 5 = 0, x = 4rr
o 12 s in " x - 3
4.
77 S e C X + 7 7 = 0 , X = 7 7
6. 5 ta n ^ x - 5 = 0, x = ^
4
= 0, x = -^
b
8. 3 coT* x - co t^ x - 24 = 0, x = 777
7. 2 cos'* x - co s^ x = 0, x = Y
G EN ER A L SO LU TIO N S F in d th e general s o lu tio n o f th e e q ua tion.
9. 2 s i n x - l = 0
12. s in x + V 2 = - s i n x
15. * M U L T IP L E C HO KE
4 s i n x = 2 s in x + 1 ?
10.
V 3cscx + 2 = 0
11.
3 ta n x -V 3 = 0
13 J
4 cos^ x - 3 =
14.
3 ta n ^ x - 9 = 0
W h a t is th e g e n e ra l s o lu tio n o f th e e q u a tio n
(A ) X = -^6 +. 2H77 o r X = -yr6 + 2M77
(B
^ ) ^6 " y^ ,
(C ) x = -^ + 2 /! 77. o r x = ^ +
6
6
(B )
2^77
or
H77
= ^57T- +
M77
777
^
7777
x = - ^ + U 7 7 o r x =
EX A M P LE 2
SOLVING EQ UATIO NS Solve th e eq u a tio n in th e in te rv a l 0 < x < 277.
on p. 932
for Exs. 1 6 -2 3
16.
5 + 2 s in x - 7 = 0
17.
3 ta n x - V3 = 0
18.
3 cos x = cos x - 1
19.
2 s in " x 1 = 0
20.
5 ta n ^ x 15 = 0
21.
co s^ x
- 1= 0
ER R O R A N A LYSIS D escribe and c o rre c t th e e r ro r in so lv in g th e e q u a tio n in th e

in te rv a l 0 < x < y .
22 .
.2
sin
1 ,
2
x = sin x
23.
2 c o s x =
cos x = J!-
x=
x= ^
EX A M P LE 4
G EN ER A L SO LU TIO N S F in d th e general s o lu tio n o f th e e q ua tion.
o n p . 933
for Exs. 2 4 -2 9
24.
s in x c o s x -3 c o s x = 0
25. V 3 c o s x t a n x - c o s x = 0
27. 2 tan^ x - tan^ x - 15 = 0 28. Vcos x = 2 cos x - 1

1 4 .4
277
26. 2 s in ^ x = s in x
29. 1 + cos x = V3 sin x

Solve Trigonom etric Equations
EXAMPLES
5 and 6
SOLVING Solve the equation in the given interval. C heck your soiutions.
on pp. 933-934
for Exs. 30-35
30.
s e c x e s c x = 2 s e c x ; 0 < x < 2?r
31.
V 3 co s^ x = c o s ^ x ta n x ;0 < x < ? r
32.
2 sin ^ x
33.
sin ^ x + 5 s in x - 3 = 0; - y < x < y
34.
ta n ^ x - 3 t a n x + 2 = 0 ; 0 < x < r r
35.
c o s x + s in x ta n x = 2; 7r < x < 2 ir
36.
cos x - l = 0 ;0 < x < 2 z r
^ M U L T IP L E C H O KE W h a t a r e th e p o in ts o f in te r s e c tio n o f th e g ra p h s o f
y = 4 s in x + 1 a n d y = 2 s in x + 2 o n th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 2 v ?
(S )
< 3 ) ( ^ . 3 ) . 117T ,3
!N TE R S E C T!O N P O IN TS F in d th e p o in ts o f in te rse c tio n o f th e g ra p hs o f th e given

fu n c tio n s in th e in te rv a l 0 < x < 27r.
37.
4 0.
y = cos x
y = 2 cos x - 1
3 8 . y = 9 s in x
y = s h / x + 8 s in x - 2
39.
y = V3 ta n ^ x
y = V3 - 2 t a n x
C HALLENG E A n u m b e r c is a / tx e d p o in t o f a f u n c t i o n / i f / ( c ) = c. F o r e x a m p ie ,
0 is a fix e d p o in t o f/(x ) = s in x b e c a u s e / ( 0 ) = s in 0 = 0.
a. Reasoning U se g ra p h s to e x p ia in w h y th e f u n c tio n g (x ) = c o s x h a s o n ly
o n e fix e d p o in t.
b. Graphing Caicuiator F in d th e fix e d p o in t o f g (x ) = c o s x.
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EX A M P LE 3
on p. 932
for Exs. 41-42
T h e a v e ra g e w in d s p e e d s (in m iie s p e r h o u r) in th e B o s to n
H a r b o r c a n b e a p p r o x im a te d b y s = 3 .3 8 s in
+ 3) + 11.6 w h e re f is th e
tim e in d a y s, w ith f = 0 r e p r e s e n tin g J a n u a r y 1. O n w h ic h d a y s o f th e y e a r is
th e a v e ra g e w in d s p e e d 10 m iie s p e r h o u r?
41. W IN D SP E E D
@ W omc!Mtor for problem solving help at classzone.com
4 2 . * S H O R T R ESP O N SE T h e n u m b e r o f d e g r e e s 6 n o r t h o f d u e e a s t (6 > 0) o r
s o u th o f d u e e a s t (0 < 0) t h a t th e s u n r is e s in C h e y e n n e , W y o m in g , c a n b e
m o d e le d b y
' " = 3 1 s in [ ^ - 1 . 4 )
w h e re f is th e tim e in d a y s, w ith f = 1 r e p r e s e n tin g J a n u a r y 1. U se a n
a lg e b ra ic m e th o d to f in d a t w h a t d a y (s) th e s u n is 20 n o r t h o f d u e e a s t a t
s u n r is e .
h o w y o u c a n u s e th e g r a p h o f 0(f) to c h e c k y o u r a n s w e r.
@ Jfomc7Mtor for problem solving help at classzone.com
936
on p. WS1
* =STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
= M U LTIP LE
REPRESEN TA TIO N S
43.)
T h e s u r fa c e a r e a S o f a
h o n e y c o m b ceH c a n b e e s tim a te d b y th e e q u a tio n s h o w n
a t th e r ig h t. In th e e q u a tio n , b is th e h e ig h t (in in c h e s ),
s is th e w id th o f a sid e (in in c h e s ), a n d 9 is th e a n g le
(in d e g re e s ) in d ic a te d in t h e d ia g r a m .
a . Usin g a Diagram U se t h e v a lu e s o f b a n d s in th e d ia g r a m
to s im p iify t h e e q u a tio n .
b. M aking a Tabie U se a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r to m a k e a ta b ie
fo r t h e f u n c tio n fro m p a r t (a). F o r w h a t v a lu e (s ) o f 6 d o e s
S = 9 s q u a r e in c h e s ?
c. D ra w ing a Graph U se a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r to g r a p h th e
f u n c tio n f ro m p a r t (a ). W h a t v a lu e o f 0 m in im iz e s th e
s u r fa c e a re a ?
4 ^ M U L T IP L E R E P R E S E N T A TiO N S
s = 0.75
S = 6 h i+ ^
2
stn 0
4 4 . * E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE T h e p o w e r P (in w a tts ) u s e d b y a m ic ro w a v e o v e n is

th e p r o d u c t o f t h e v o lta g e V (in v o lts) a n d th e c u r r e n t / (in a m p e r e s ) . S u p p o s e
th e v o lta g e a n d c u r r e n t c a n b e m o d e le d b y
170 c o s 1 2 0irf a n d
f = 11.3 c o s 1 20rrt
w h e re f is th e tim e (in s e c o n d s ).
a . Modei W rite th e f u n c tio n P (f) fo r th e p o w e r u s e d b y th e m ic ro w a v e .
b. Soive A t w h a t tim e s d o e s th e m ic ro w a v e u s e 3 75 w a tts o f p o w e r?
c. Graphing Caicuiator G ra p h th e f u n c tio n P (f). D e sc rib e h o w th e g ra p h
d iffe rs f ro m th a t o f a c o s in e f u n c tio n o f th e fo rm y = n c o s bt.
M a trix m u ltip lic a tio n c a n b e u s e d to r o ta te
a p o in t (x, y) c o u n te rc lo c k w is e a b o u t th e o rig in th r o u g h
a n a n g le 0. T h e c o o r d in a te s o f th e r e s u ltin g p o in t (x', y ')
a r e d e te r m i n e d b y t h e m a tr ix e q u a tio n s h o w n a t th e rig h t.
a. T h e p o in t (2, 3) is r o ta te d c o u n te rc lo c k w is e a b o u t th e
o rig in th r o u g h a n a n g le o f y . W h a t a r e th e
c o o r d in a te s o f th e r e s u ltin g p o in t?
b. T h ro u g h w h a t a n g ie 0 m u s t t h e p o in t (6, 2) b e r o ta te d
to p r o d u c e (x', y ') = (3V 3 - 1, V3 + 3)?
45. C HALLENG E
COS 0
sin 0
-sin 0
cos 0
X
y'
MtXED REV!EW
P e rfo rm th e indicated o p e ra tio n (s).
46
48.
x^ + 3x - 4 x^ 3x - 10
. + 4, fP' 573)
x - 4x - 5 x 2 + 5x
x- 2
x+ 4
+
(Px^ - 3x - 10 x^ - 9x + 20
P R E V tE W
Prepare for
Lesson 14.5
in Exs. 5 0 -5 8 .
50.
y = 3 s in x
53.
g(x) = 3 s in 4 x
56.
g(x) = - s i n x + 2
(p. 903)
(p. 908)
(p. 915)
47.
49.
2x - 7x + 3 ^ 3x - 9x (p. 573)
x^ + 5x - 36 x^ - 6x + 8
x+2
3 . x 1 (p. 582)
16
51.
y = ta n ^ x
54.
y = cos 4x + 3
57.
y = t a n 4 (x - 7r) (p. 915)
14.4, p. 1023
(p. 908)
(p. 913)
52.
y = cos 2x
55.
/( x ) = c o s x + 9 (p. 915)
58.
y = 2 c o s jx + y j
(p. 908)
ONHNE QUtZ at classzone.com
(p. 915)
937
"""9 ALTERNAUVE METHODS

LESSON !4.4
A n o th e r LV oy fo S o /^ c E x c m p /c 3 , p o ^ e 9 3 2
M U L T !P L E R E P R E S E N TA TLO N S In E x a m p le 3 o n p a g e 932, y o u so lv e d a
tr ig o n o m e tr ic e q u a tio n a lg e b ra ic a lly . Y ou c a n a ls o so lv e a tr ig o n o m e tr ic
e q u a tio n u s in g a ta b le o r u s in g a g ra p h .
PROBLEM
OCEANOGRAPHY T h e w a te r d e p th d fo r th e B ay o f F u n d y c a n b e m o d e le d b y
d = 35 2 8 c o s
6.2
w h e re d is m e a s u r e d in f e e t a n d f is th e tim e in h o u rs . If f = 0 r e p r e s e n ts
m id n ig h t, a t w h a t tim e (s ) is th e w a te r d e p th 7 fe e t?
U sin g a T a b ie T h e p ro b le m r e q u ir e s s o lv in g th e e q u a tio n 35 - 28 co s
6.2 f = 7.
O n e w a y to so lv e th is e q u a tio n is to m a k e a ta b le o f v a lu e s . Y ou c a n u s e a
g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to m a k e th e ta b le .
FTiFP 7 E n te r t h e f u n c tio n y = 35 - 28 c o s -^ rX
6.2
in to a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r. N o te th a t
tim e is n o w r e p r e s e n te d b y x a n d w a te r
d e p th is n o w r e p r e s e n te d b y y .
YiB35-28cos(nX/6.2)
Y2 =
Y3 =
Y4 =
Ys =
Y6 =
Y7 =
a ta b le o f v a lu e s fo r th e f u n c tio n .
S e t th e ta b le so th a t th e x -v a lu e s s ta r t
a t 0 a n d in c r e a s e in in c r e m e n ts o f 0.1.
(B e s u r e th a t t h e c a lc u la to r is s e t in
r a d ia n m o d e .)
Make
FTiFf <? S croil th r o u g h th e ta b le to fin d a ll th e

tim e s x a t w h ic h th e w a te r d e p th y is
7 fe e t. O n th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 24
(w h ic h r e p r e s e n ts o n e fu ll d ay ), y o u
c a n s e e th a t th e f u n c tio n e q u a ls 7
w h e n x is 0 a n d 12.4.
^ T h e w a te r d e p th is 7 fe e t w h e n x =
( th a t is, a t 12:24 P.M.).
938
Chapter 14
X
. 1
.2
.3
.4
X= 0
Yi
7
7.0359
7.1437
7.3229
7.5732
X
Yi
12.1
7.3229
7.1437
12.2
12.3
7.0359
t o m 7
7.0359
12.5
X=12 . 4
0 (th a t is, a t m id n ig h t) a n d w h e n x = 12.4
Using a Graph
Another approach is to use a graph to soive the equation
35 - 28 c o s t = 7. Y ou c a n u s e a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r to m a k e th e g ra p h .
6.2
F72P 7 E n te r th e f u n c tio n s y = 35 - 28 c o s ^ y X
a n d y = 7 in to a g ra p h in g c a ic u ia to r.
A g a in , n o te th a t tim e is n o w r e p r e s e n te d
b y x a n d w a te r d e p th is n o w r e p r e s e n te d
byy-
*
.
YiB35-28cos(nX/6.2)
Y2B 7
Y3 =
Y6 =
Y7 =
G ra p h t h e f u n c tio n s . S e t y o u r c a ic u ia to r
in r a d ia n m o d e . A d ju st th e v ie w in g
w in d o w so th a t y o u c a n s e e w h e re th e
g ra p h s in te r s e c t o n th e in te r v a i 0 < x < 24
^ 7 ? ^ J F in d th e in te r s e c tio n p o in ts o f th e tw o
g r a p h s u s in g th e in te rse c t f e a tu r e o f th e
g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r. O n th e in te rv a i
0 < x < 24, t h e g r a p h s in te r s e c t a t (0, 7)
a n d (12.4, 7). B e c a u s e x r e p r e s e n ts th e
n u m b e r o f h o u r s s in c e m id n ig h t, y o u
k n o w t h a t th e w a te r d e p th is 7 f e e t a t
m id n ig h t a n d 1 2:2 4 P.M.
PRACTKE
SOLViNG EQ UAT!O NS Solve th e eq ua tion
u sin g a tabie and u sin g a graph.
7.
1. 20 s in ^ x - 6 = 8
4
2 . 5 c o s -^ x + 6 = 2
6
8.
3 . 10 c o s 2 irx = 3
4. 3 + 4 s in y X = 2
5. - 1 5 - 1 0 s i n ^ x = -1 1
6 . - 3 4 c o s ^ ( x - - ^ ) + 22 = 17
9.
W H A T !F? I n th e p ro b ie m o n p a g e 938, s u p p o s e
y o u w a n t to f in d th e tim e (s ) w h e n th e d e p th o f
th e w a te r in th e B ay o f F u n d y is 15 fe e t. F in d
th e tim e (s ) u s in g a ta b ie a n d u s in g a g ra p h .
E x p la in w h y th e e q u a tio n
2 s in x + 3 = 0 h a s n o s o lu tio n . H o w d o e s a
g r a p h s h o w th is ?
W R iT iN G
BUO Y A n o c e a n b u o y b o b s u p a n d d o w n a s
w a v e s tra v e i p a s t it. T h e b u o y 's d is p ia c e m e n t
d (in fe e t) w ith r e s p e c t to s e a ie v e l c a n b e
m o d e ie d b y d = 3 s in 77+ w h e re f is th e tim e
(in s e c o n d s ). D u r in g th e o n e s e c o n d in te rv a i
0 < t < 1, w h e n is th e b u o y 1.5 fe e t a b o v e s e a
ievei? S o iv e t h e p ro b ie m u s in g a ta b ie a n d u s in g
a g ra p h .
Using Aiternative M ethods
939
c ta ssz o n e .c o m
Lessons 14.1-14.4
1.
Y ou p u t a r e fle c to r o n
a sp o k e o f y o u r b ic y c fe w h e e t. A s y o u rid e y o u r
b icy c fe , th e r e ffe c to r's h e ig h t h (in in c h e s )
a b o v e th e g r o u n d is m o d e ie d b y
M U L T !- S T E P P R O B LEM
4.
E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE A t a n a m u s e m e n t
p a r k y o u w a tc h y o u r frie n d go o n a rid e th a t
s im u la te s a fre e -fa ll. Y ou a r e s ta n d in g 2 0 0 fe e t
f ro m th e b a s e o f th e rid e a s it slo w ly b e g in s to
p u ll y o u r frie n d u p to th e to p . T h e rid e is 120
f e e t ta ll.
h = 13.5 + 11.5 c o s 2irf

w h e re t is th e tim e (in s e c o n d s ).
a. G ra p h th e g iv e n f u n c tio n .
b. W h a t is th e f re q u e n c y o f th e f u n c tio n ?
W h a t d o e s th e f re q u e n c y r e p r e s e n t in th is
s itu a tio n ?
c. A t w h a t tim e (s ) o n t h e in te r v a l 0 < f < y w ill
th e r e fie c to r b e 8 in c h e s a b o v e th e g ro u n d ?
2.
Y ou s ta n d 80 fe e t fro m
th e la u n c h site o f a h o t a ir b a iio o n . Y ou lo o k a t
y o u r f rie n d w h o is tr a v e lin g s tr a ig h t u p in th e
b a llo o n to a h e ig h t o f 150 fe e t.
M U L T f- S T E P P R O B LEM
200 ft
a.
b.
c.
a.
b.
3.
5.
O PEN -EN D ED
6.
G RtD D ED A N S W E R
W rite a n d g r a p h a n e q u a tio n t h a t g iv es
y o u r f rie n d 's d is ta n c e d (in feet) a b o v e
th e g r o u n d a s a f u n c tio n o f th e a n g le o f
e le v a tio n 0 fro m y o u to y o u r frie n d .
W h a t is th e a n g le o f e le v a tio n w h e n y o u r
frie n d is a t a h e ig h t o f 120 feet?
G RtDDED A N S W E R
o f th e g ra p h b elo w ?
W rite a n e q u a tio n th a t g iv e s th e d is ta n c e
d (in fe e t) y o u r frie n d is f ro m th e to p a s a
f u n c tio n o f th e a n g le o f e le v a tio n 6.
W h a t is th e d o m a in o f th e f u n c tio n ?
G ra p h th e f u n c tio n . E x p /a m h o w th e g r a p h
r e la te s to th e g iv e n s itu a tio n .
F in d tw o d if fe re n t c o s in e
f u n c tio n s th a t h a v e (0, 6) a s a m a x im u m a n d
(7r, - 4 ) a s a m in im u m .
T h e n u m b e r n (in m illio n s )
o f g a llo n s o f ic e c r e a m p r o d u c e d in th e U n ite d
S ta te s c a n b e a p p r o x im a te d b y
n = 2 4 .5 s in
- 1.09) + 113
w h e re f is th e tim e (in d a y s) w ith f = 1

r e p r e s e n tin g J a n u a r y 1. W h a t v a lu e o f f
c o r r e s p o n d s to th e f irs t d a y th a t 125 m illio n
g a llo n s o f ic e c r e a m w ill b e p ro d u c e d ? R o u n d
y o u r a n s w e r to th e n e a r e s t in te g e r.
W h a t is t h e a m p litu d e
7.
I n c a lc u lu s , it c a n b e
s h o w n th a t t h e r a te o f c h a n g e o f th e f u n c tio n
/( x ) = - e s c x - s in x is g iv e n b y th is
e x p re s s io n :
S H O R T R ESP O N SE
e sc x c o t x c o s x
a.
b.
940
Chanter 14
Trigonom etric CraDhs. identities, and Eauations
S h o w th a t th e e x p r e s s io n fo r th e r a te o f
c h a n g e c a n b e w r itte n a s c o s x co t^ x.
L ist th e id e n titie s u s e d to so lv e p a r t (a).
1 /]
*
C Write Trigonometric
Y ou g r a p h e d s in e a n d c o s in e fu n c tio n s.
Y ou wit! m o d e i d a ta u s in g s in e a n d c o s in e fu n c tio n s.
S o y o u c a n m o d e ! th e n u m b e r o f b ic y d is ts, a s in Ex. 2 6 .
Key Vocabulary
sin u so id
G ra p h s o f s in e a n d c o s in e f u n c tio n s a r e c a lle d sin u so id s. O n e m e th o d to w rite a

s in e o r c o s in e f u n c tio n th a t m o d e ls a s in u s o id is to f in d th e v a lu e s o f <3, &, h , a n d
A; fo r
y = a s in &(x - h) + A
w h e re l%l is th e a m p litu d e , ^
A is t h e v e r tic a l s h ift.
or
y = %cos
- A) + A
is th e p e r io d (A > 0), A is th e h o r iz o n ta l s h ift, a n d
So!ve a mu)ti-step probtem
EXAMPLE 1
W rite a fu n c tio n fo r th e sin u so id sh o w n below.
Soiution
F T ff 7
F 7 !fP F
Find t h e m a x im u m v a lu e M a n d m in im u m v a lu e m . F ro m th e g ra p h ,
M = 5 an d m - -1 .
id e n tify t h e v e r tic a l s h ift, A. T h e v a lu e o f A; is th e m e a n o f th e m a x im u m
a n d m in im u m v alu e s. T h e v e rtic a l s h ift is A = ^
So, A = 2 .
w h e th e r th e g r a p h s h o u ld b e m o d e le d b y a s in e o r c o s in e
f u n c tio n . B e c a u s e th e g r a p h c r o s s e s th e m id lin e y = 2 o n th e y -a x is,
th e g r a p h is a s in e c u r v e w ith n o h o r iz o n ta l s h if t. So, A = 0.
Decide
F IN D P E R IO D
Because the graph
repeats every y units,
the period iS y .
Find
t h e a m p litu d e a n d p e r io d . T h e p e r io d is y =
T h e a m p litu d e is [a ] = ^ 2
^ 2 ^
re fle c tio n , so a > 0. T h e re fo re , u = 3.
So, A = 4.
" 3 ' T h e g r a p h is n o t a
F T h e f u n c tio n is y = 3 s in 4 x + 2.
14 5
W rite Trigonom etric Functions and Models
EXAMPLE 2
Mode! drcu!ar motion
JU M P ROPE A t a D o u b le D u tc h c o m p e titio n , tw o p e o p le s w in g ju m p r o p e s a s
s h o w n in th e d ia g r a m b elo w . T h e h ig h e s t p o in t o f th e m id d le o f e a c h r o p e is
75 in c h e s a b o v e th e g ro u n d , a n d th e lo w e s t p o in t is 3 in c h e s . T h e ro p e m a k e s
2 r e v o lu tio n s p e r s e c o n d . W rite a m o d e l fo r th e h e ig h t h (in feet) o f a r o p e a s a
f u n c tio n o f th e tim e f (in s e c o n d s ) if th e r o p e is a t its lo w e s t p o in t w h e n 7 = 0 .
75 in. above ground
S o tu tio n
F7EP7
th e m a x im u m a n d m in im u m v a lu e s o f th e f u n c tio n . A ro p e 's
m a x im u m h e ig h t is 75 in c h e s , so M = 75. A r o p e 's m in im u m h e ig h t
is 3 in c h e s , so m = 3.
Find
id e n tify
th e v e r tic a l s h if t. T h e v e r tic a l s h if t fo r th e m o d e l is:

k
75 + 3 _ (711 _ gg
Decide w h e th e r th e h e ig h t s h o u ld b e m o d e le d b y a s in e o r c o s in e
f u n c tio n . W h e n 7 = 0, th e h e ig h t is a t its m in im u m . So, u s e a c o s in e
f u n c tio n w h o s e g r a p h is a r e f le c tio n in th e x -a x is w ith n o h o r iz o n ta l
s h if t (h = 0).
Find
th e a m p litu d e a n d p e rio d .
T h e a m p litu d e is la ] =
7 5- 3 = 36.
-
B e c a u s e th e g r a p h is a r e fle c tio n , a < 0. So, a = - 3 6 . B e c a u s e a r o p e

is r o t a tin g a t a r a te o f 2 r e v o lu tio n s p e r s e c o n d , o n e r e v o lu tio n is
c o m p le te d in 0.5 s e c o n d . So, th e p e r io d is ^ = 0.5, a n d & 47T.
b
^ A m o d e l fo r th e h e ig h t o f a ro p e is h = - 3 6 c o s 4-7r7 + 39.
G utD ED PRACTtCE
fo r Exa m p ie s 1 and 2
W rite a fu n c tio n fo r th e sin u so id .
3.
QA7
W H A T <F? D e sc rib e h o w th e m o d e l in E x a m p le 2 w o u ld c h a n g e if th e
lo w e st p o in t o f a r o p e is 5 in c h e s a b o v e th e g r o u n d a n d th e h ig h e s t p o in t
is 70 in c h e s a b o v e th e g ro u n d .
rh;3nt(3r1A T rifJn n n m P 'trirflm n h c !r!*3ntitif3C ^ n rlF m m tin n c
A n o th e r w a y to m o d e l s in u s o id s is to u s e a g r a p h in g
c a lc u la to r th a t h a s a s in u s o id a l r e g re s s io n f e a tu r e . T h e a d v a n ta g e o f th is m e th o d
is th a t it u s e s a ll o f th e d a ta p o in ts to fin d th e m o d e l.
StN USO tD A L REG RESStO N
Use sinusoida) regression
EXAMPLE 3
T h e ta b le b e lo w sh o w s th e n u m b e r o f k ilo w a tt h o u r s (in th o u s a n d s )
u s e d e a c h m o n th fo r a g iv e n y e a r b y a h a n g a r a t th e C a p e C a n a v e r a l A ir S ta tio n in
F lo rid a . T h e tim e t is m e a s u r e d in m o n th s , w ith t = 1 r e p r e s e n tin g J a n u a ry . W rite
a tr ig o n o m e tr ic m o d e l th a t g iv e s kf a s a f u n c tio n o f t.
EN ERG Y
10
11
12
61.9
59
62
70.1
81.4
93.1
102.3
106.8
105.4
92.9
81.2
69.9
S o i u t io n
F7Z P7
th e d a ta in a g r a p h in g
c a lc u la to r.
1
Li
2
, 3
1 4
5
L 1
(1
)=
L2
61 . 9
59
62
70.1
81 . 4
1
a s c a tte r p lo t.
Make
E n te r
L3
P e rfo rm a s in u s o id a l re g re s s io n ,
b e c a u s e t h e s c a tte r p lo t a p p e a r s
s in u s o id a l.
F7YP4
Graph th e m o d e l a n d th e
d a ta in th e s a m e v ie w in g
w in d o w .
S i n R eg
y = a * s i n ( bx + c ) +d
a = 2 3 .91304529
b = .5325144426
c = - 2 . 691761344
d =82.44844029
^ T h e m o d e l a p p e a r s to b e a g o o d fit. So, a m o d e l fo r t h e d a ta is
^ f = 2 3 .9 s in (0 .5 3 3 f - 2.6 9) + 82.4.
G tRD ED PRAC TtCE
4.
f o r Exa m p le 3
M ETEO RO LO G Y U se a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to w rite a s in e m o d e l th a t
g iv e s th e a v e ra g e d a ily te m p e r a tu r e T (in d e g r e e s F a h re n h e it) fo r B o sto n ,
M a s s a c h u s e tts , a s a f u n c tio n o f th e tim e t (in m o n th s ) , w h e re f = 1
r e p r e s e n ts J a n u a ry .
10
11
12
29
32
39
48
59
68
74
72
65
54
45
35
1 4 .5
W rite Trigonom etric Functions and Models
943
14.5 EXERC!SES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
= W O RKED -O UT SO LUTIO NS
f t = STA N DA RDIZED T E S T PRACTICE

Exs. 2,18,19,20, and 28
SKILL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY
2. *
EX A M P LE 1
W R IT IN G
W h a t is a s in u s o id ?
D e sc rib e tw o m e th o d s y o u c a n u s e to m o d e i a s in u s o id .
W R ITIN G FUN C TIO N S W rite a fu n c tio n fo r th e sin u so id .
on p. 941
for Exs. 3-19
ER R O R AN A LYSIS D escribe and co rre ct th e e r ro r in fin d in g th e a m p iitu d e and

v e rtic a i s h if t fo r a sin u so id w it h a m a x im u m p o in t at (2 ,1 0 ) and a m in im u m
p o in t at (4, - 6 ) .
7.
8.
a = M m
2
i,
'
M+ m
2 "
= 1 0 -6
2
_ 2 + 4
= 2
= 3
W R ITIN G FUN C TIO N S W rite a fu n c tio n fo r th e sin u so id w it h m a x im u m at

p o in t /i and m in im u m at p o in t B .
@ 4 ( i r , 6), B(3rr, - 6 )
10. y4(0, 4),B(?r, -4 )
12. 2t ^ , 8 ,B (0 , - 6 )
13.
15. ^(0, 0),B(4rr, -4 )
16.
11. 21 ^ , 5 ,B (0,3)
9l,B(27T, 5)
14. A(0, 5), B(6, -11)
o),B(0, -12)
17.
18. * M U L T iP L E CHOtCE D u r in g o n e c y c le , a s in u s o id h a s a m in im u m a t (16, 38)

a n d a m a x im u m a t (24, 60). W h a t is th e a m p litu d e o f th is s in u s o id ?
(E) 8
944
Chapter 14
( B ) 11
(g )
22
(D )
49
19. * M U L T IP L E C H O KE W h a t is a n e q u a tio n o f th e
g r a p h s h o w n a t th e rig h t?
(A)
y = -3 c o s-^ x + 1 2
(B)
( C ) y = 3 s in -^ x + 12
y = -5 c o s^ x + 1 0
(D ) y = - 5 s in ^ x + 10
2 0 . * W R IT IN G A n y s in u s o id c a n b e m o d e le d b y b o th a s in e f u n c tio n a n d a
c o s in e f u n c tio n . T h e re fo re , y o u c a n c h o o s e th e ty p e o f f u n c tio n t h a t is m o r e
c o n v e n ie n t. E x p la in w h ic h ty p e o f f u n c tio n y o u w o u ld c h o o s e to m o d e l a
s in u s o id w h o s e y - in te r c e p t o c c u r s a t th e m in im u m v a lu e o f th e f u n c tio n .
21.
22.
REASONING M o d e l th e s in u s o id in E x a m p le 1 o n p a g e 941 w ith a c o s in e

f u n c tio n o f th e fo r m y = a c o s E (x - E) + E. U se id e n titie s to s h o w t h a t th e
m o d e l y o u f o u n d is e q u iv a le n t to th e s in e m o d e l in E x a m p le 1.
CHALLENG E
W rite a s in e f u n c tio n fo r th e s in u s o id w ith a m in im u m a t ] y , 3 j
a n d a m a x im u m a t
8 j.
PROBLEM SOLV!NC
EX A M P LE 1
on p . 941
for Exs. 2 3 -2 4
23.
C tRC U tTS A c ir c u it h a s a n a lte r n a tin g

v o lta g e o f 100 v o lts th a t p e a k s e v e ry
0.5 s e c o n d . U se t h e g r a p h s h o w n a t
t h e r ig h t to w rite a s in u s o id a l m o d e l
fo r t h e v o lta g e V a s a f u n c tio n o f th e
tim e t (in s e c o n d s ).
@ Home7M tor for problem solving help at classzone.com
24.
T h e g ra p h b e lo w s h o w s th e a v e ra g e d a ily te m p e r a tu r e o f
H o u s to n , T ex as. W rite a s in u s o id a l m o d e l fo r th e a v e ra g e d a ily te m p e r a tu r e T
(in d e g r e e s F a h re n h e it) a s a f u n c tio n o f tim e f (in m o n th s ) .
CLIM ATOLOGY
D a ity Te m p e ra tu re in H o u sto n
6,
84
52
10
'
M onths s in c e Ja n u a ry 1
@MMne7Mfor for problem solving help at classzone.com

EX A M P LE 2
on p. 942
for Ex. 25
( 2 5 !) C iRC ULAR M O TtO N
O n e o f th e la rg e s t s e w in g m a c h in e s in th e w o rld h a s a
/iyM /Eeel (w h ic h t u r n s a s th e m a c h in e sew s) t h a t is 5 f e e t in d ia m e te r . W rite a
m o d e l fo r th e h e ig h t E (in feet) o f t h e h a n d le a t th e e d g e o f th e fly w h e e l a s a
f u n c tio n o f t h e tim e f (in s e c o n d s ). A s s u m e t h a t th e w h e e l m a k e s a c o m p le te
t u r n e v e ry 2 s e c o n d s a n d th e h a n d le is a t its m in im u m h e ig h t o f 4 f e e t a b o v e
th e g r o u n d w h e n f = 0.
1 4 .5
W rite Trigonom etric Functions and M odeis
945
EXAMPLE 3
on p. 943
for Exs. 2 6 -2 7
26.
27.
B K Y C U S T S T h e ta b ie b e io w s h o w s th e n u m b e r o f a d u it r e s id e n ts R
(in m iiiio n s ) in th e U n ite d S ta te s w h o ro d e a b ic y c ie d u r in g th e m o n th s o f
O c to b e r 2001 t h r o u g h S e p te m b e r 2 0 0 2 . T h e tim e f is m e a s u r e d in m o n th s ,
w ith 1 = 1 r e p r e s e n tin g O c to b e r 2001. U se a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r to w rite a
s in u s o id a l m o d e l t h a t g iv es E a s a f u n c tio n o f 1.
10
11
12
35
30
24
24
26
29
35
34
39
43
44
37
M U L T t- S T E P P R O B LEM T h e ta b ie b e lo w sh o w s th e n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s N
(in th o u s a n d s ) a t a s p o r tin g g o o d s c o m p a n y e a c h y e a r fo r e ie v e n y e a rs . T h e
tim e 1 is m e a s u r e d in y e a rs , w ith f = 1 r e p r e s e n tin g th e f ir s t y e a r.
10
11
208
227
24.6
232
20
17.5
16.7
17.8
21
22
24.1
a.
Mode) U se a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r to w r ite a s in u s o id a l m o d e i th a t g iv es
N a s a f u n c tio n o f l.
Cakutate P r e d ic t th e n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s in th e tw e lf th y e a r.
b.
2 8 . * EX TE N D E D R ESP O N SE T h e io w tid e a t E a s tp o r t, M a in e , is 3.5 fe e t

a n d o c c u rs a t m id n ig h t. A fte r 6 h o u rs , E a s tp o r t is a t h ig h tid e , w h ic h is
16.5 feet.
Low tide: 3.5 ft

a.
W rite a s in u s o id a l m o d e i t h a t g iv e s th e tid e d e p th d (in feet) a s a

f u n c tio n o f th e tim e 1 (in h o u rs ) . L e t 1 = 0 r e p r e s e n t m id n ig h t.
b. Ca)cu)ate F in d a ll t h e tim e s w h e n lo w a n d h ig h tid e s o c c u r in a 24 h o u r
p e rio d .
c. Reasoning E x p la in h o w th e g ra p h o f th e f u n c tio n y o u w ro te in p a r t (a)
is r e la te d to a g r a p h th a t s h o w s th e tid e d e p th d a t E a s tp o r t f h o u r s a f te r
3 :0 0 A.M.
29.
Mode)
C HALLENG E T h e ta b le b e lo w sh o w s th e a v e ra g e m o n th ly s e a te m p e r a tu r e s E
(in d e g r e e s C e lsiu s) fo r S a n ta B a rb a r a , C a lifo rn ia . T h e tim e f is m e a s u r e d in
m o n th s , w ith 1 = 1 r e p r e s e n tin g J a n u a ry .
t
10
11
12
14
13.6
13.4
12.5
13.9
15.6
16.8
17.2
17.7
17.1
15.5
14.1
a. U se a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to w rite a s in e m o d e l th a t g iv e s E a s a
f u n c tio n o f 1.
b. F in d a c o s in e m o d e l fo r th e d a ta .
946
on p. WS1
* = STANDARDIZED
TEST PRACTKE
M!XED REVIEW
W rite th e sta n d a rd fo rm o f th e e q ua tion o f th e paraboia w ith th e given focus
and ve rte x at (0, 0 ). (p. 620)
32 . (0, - 3 )
( - 4 ,0 )
3 0 . (6 ,0 )
31.
3 3 . (0 ,A
34 . 4 , 0
35 . (0,
Ev a iu a te th e fu n c tio n w ith o u t u sin g a calculator, (p. 866)
P R E V tE W
Prepare for
Lesson 14.6
in Exs. 3 6 -4 I.
3 6 . c o s (-2 1 0 )
37. ta n 315
3 8 . s in (-1 2 0 )
39. s in 377*
4 0 . t a n - 11 77
41. c o s 4 4
F in d th e area o f A A B C w ith th e given side le n g th s and includ ed angle, (p. 882)
42 . A =
36, & = 8, c = 5
43 . A = 79, b = 14, c = 8
44. C =
145, a = 4, & = 14
45 . B = 50, a = 7, c = 9
46. A =
123, & = 26, c = 31
47. C = 105, a = 22, b = 19
QU!Z/or Lessons T4 .3 - 74.5

S im p lify th e e x p re ssio n , (p. 924)
1. s i n x s e c x
2. s in 0 (1 + c o t 0)
4. c o s 0 + s in 0 + t a n 0
5.
I cot 0 - CSC
ta n ^ y - x j s e c x
6.
1 CSC^ X
sin ( - x ) . cos ( -x )
secx
cscx
F in d the general s o lu tio n o f th e eq u a tio n , (p. 931)
7. c o s x + c o s ( - x ) = 1
8. V2 c o s x s in x - c o s x = 0
9. 2 s im x - s in x = 1
W rite a fu n c tio n fo r th e sin u so id , (p. 94!)
12.
T h e ta b ie b e io w s h o w s th e a v e ra g e d a iiy
te m p e r a tu r e D (in d e g r e e s F a h re n h e it) in D e tro it, M ic h ig a n . T h e tim e f
is m e a s u r e d in m o n th s , w ith 1 = 1 r e p r e s e n tin g J a n u a ry . U se a g r a p h in g
c a ic u ia to r to w rite a s in u s o id a l m o d e l t h a t g iv e s D a s a f u n c tio n o f 1. (p. 94!)
DAILY T E M P E R A T U R E S
t
D
'
24.5
10
11
12
27.2
36.9
48.1
59.8
69
73.5
71.8
63.9
51.9
40.7
29.6
14.5, p. 1023
ONUNE QU!Z at ctasszone.com
947
on ACT!V!TY
7%.F
@ H o m e 7 M to r
Keystrokes
1 4 .5 Cottect and Mode!

T rigon om etric Data
M A T E R IA L S - m usical in strum ent * C alculator B ased L aboratory (CBL)
- CBL m icrophone * g rap h in g calculator
H o w is m usic reiated to trig o n o m e try ?
S o u n d is a v a r ia tio n in p r e s s u r e tr a n s m it te d th r o u g h a ir, w a te r, o r o th e r m a tte r .

S o u n d tra v e ls a s a w av e. T h e s o u n d o f a p u r e n o te c a n b e r e p r e s e n te d u s in g a s in e
(o r c o s in e ) w av e. M o re c o m p lic a te d s o u n d s c a n b e m o d e le d b y th e s u m o f s e v e ra l
s in e w a v e s.
A naiyze th e so und o f a m usicai in s tru m e n t

P la y a note on a m u sic a l in s tru m e n t. W rite a sin e fu n c tio n to describe th e note.
I-W 2P7]
/M &
P lay a p u r e n o te o n a m u s ic a l in s tr u m e n t. U se th e
CBL a n d t h e CBL m ic r o p h o n e to c o lle c t th e s o u n d
d a ta a n d s to re it in a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r.
U se th e g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to g ra p h th e p r e s s u r e
o f th e s o u n d a s a f u n c tio n o f tim e .
U se th e g ra p h o f th e s o u n d d a ta to c a lc u la te th e
n o te 's a m p litu d e a n d f re q u e n c y (th e n u m b e r o f
c y c le s in o n e s e c o n d ).
W rite a s in e f u n c tio n fo r t h e n o te .
RAW
CONCLUStONS
Use y o u r o b se rv a tio n s to com piete th e se exercises
1. C h o o s e a n o te to p la y a n d h a v e a c la s s m a te a ls o c h o o s e a n o te . F in d tw o
s in e f u n c tio n s y = /( x ) a n d y = g(x) t h a t m o d e l th e tw o n o te s . T h e n p la y
th e n o te s s im u lta n e o u s ly a n d u s e t h e CBL a n d a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to
g ra p h t h e r e s u ltin g s o u n d w a v e . C o m p a re th is g r a p h w ith th e g r a p h o f
y = /(x ) + g (x ). W h a t d o y o u n o tic e ?
2. T h e p itc h o f a s o u n d w a v e is d e te r m i n e d b y th e w a v e 's fre q u e n c y .
T h e g re a te r th e fre q u e n c y , th e h ig h e r th e p itc h . W h ic h o f th e n o te s in
E x e rc ise 1 h a d a h ig h e r p itc h ?
3. W h e n y o u c h a n g e t h e v o lu m e o f a n o te , w h a t h a p p e n s to th e g r a p h o f th e
s o u n d w av e?
4. C o m p a re t h e s in e w a v e s fo r d if fe re n t i n s tr u m e n ts p la y in g th e s a m e n o te .
948
Chapter 14
892310105
1ZL
Appiy Sum and

Difference Formuias
You found trigonom etric fu n ctions o f a given angie.
You w iii use trigonom etric sum and difference form ula s.
So you can sim p iify a ratio used fo r aeriai photography, as
Key Vocabuiary
trig o n o m e tric
id e n tity , p. 924
In th is le s s o n , y o u w ill s tu d y f o r m u la s th a t a llo w y o u to e v a lu a te tr ig o n o m e tr ic
f u n c tio n s o f t h e s u m o r d if fe re n c e o f tw o a n g le s .
KEY CONCEPT
Sum an d D ifferen ce F o rm u ias
Sum Form ula s
Difference Form ula s
s in (a + &) = s in a c o s & + c o s a s in &
s in (a - &) = s in a c o s & - c o s a s in &
c o s (a + &) = c o s a c o s & - s in a s in &
c o s (a - &) = c o s a c o s & + s in a s in &
t a n (a + &) = ta n a + ta n &
1 - ta n a ta n &
ta n (a - &) = ta n a - ta n h
1 + ta n a ta n &
I n g e n e ra l, s in (a + &) =^= s in a + s in &. S im ila r s ta te m e n ts c a n b e m a d e fo r th e

o th e r tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s o f s u m s a n d d iffe re n c e s .
Evaiuate a trigonometric expression

F in d th e exact vaiue o f (a) s in 15 and (b) ta n
a . s in 15 = s in (6 0 - 45)
Substitute 60 - 45 fo r 15.
= s in 60 c o s 45 - c o s 60 s in 45
V3VV2
(2
V6-V2
2
b.
ta n
ta n ^ + ^
Evaluate.
Simplify.
Substitute y + y fo r
Sum form ula fo r tangent
R E V iE W
C O N JU G A TES
For help with using
conjugates to rationalize
denominators, see
p. 266.
l( V 2
2( 2
Difference form uia fo r sine
V3 + 1
1 - V3 * 1
= - 2 - V3
Evaluate.
Sim piify.
1 4 .6
Apply Sum and Difference Formulas
949
Use a difference formuia
EXAMPLE 2
F in d cos (a- b) given th a t cos a - - 4 w it h

5
77 < a <
^ 4 and s in b =
2
13
w ith 0 < b < .
S o iu tio n
U s in g a P y th a g o r e a n id e n tity a n d q u a d r a n t s ig n s g iv e s s in a = - 4 a n d
5
c o sA -n
c o s (a - b) = c o s a c o s b + s in a s in b
Difference form uia fo r cosine
= -
G uiD ED PRACTK E
Simplify.
f o r E x a m p te s 1 a n d 2
F in d the exact vaiue o f th e e xp re ssio n .
1. s in 105
2. c o s 75
3. t a n y y
4.
cos^l
5. F in d s in (a - b ) g iv e n th a t s in a = y y w ith 0 < n < -y a n d c o s b = - y y

W ith 77 < b < y y .
Sim piify an expression

S im p lify th e e xp re ssio n cos (x +
c o s (x +
77)
= cos x
77
950
Chapter 14
s in
77
Sum form uia fo r cosine

Evaiuate.
= c o s x
Simpiify.
s in (* + 1^ ) + s in
" l^ ) "
A N O T H E R WAY
You can also solve
by using a graphing
calculator. First graph
each side of the original
equation and then use
the intersect feature
to find the x-value(s)
where the expressions
are equal.
- s in x
= (c o s x )(-l)-(s in x )(0 )
E XAMPLE
Soive
cos
77) .
1 fo r 0 < x <
277.
s in f x + 4 4 + s in f x - 4 4 = 1
s in x
cos
+ cos x
s in
^ + s in x
cos
y^ - c o s x
s in
y = 1
W rite equation.
Use formuias.
]
\3
]
\4
s m x + 4 4 c o s x + s m x - c o s x = 1
Evaiuate.
sin x = 1
Sim piify.
F In th e in te rv a l 0 < x <
277,
th e o n ly s o lu tio n is x = y .
Trigonom etricC raphs, Identities, and Equations
D AYHCHT HOURS T h e n u m b e r ft o f h o u r s o f d a y lig h t fo r D a lla s , T ex as, a n d

A n c h o ra g e , A la sk a , c a n b e a p p r o x im a te d b y th e e q u a tio n s b e lo w , w h e re f is th e
tim e in d a y s a n d f = 0 r e p r e s e n ts J a n u a r y 1. O n w h ic h d a y s o f th e y e a r w ill th e
tw o c itie s h a v e th e s a m e a m o u n t o f d a y lig h t?
D allas: ft, = 2 s in
i
1182
1.35) + 12.1
A n c h o ra g e : ft^ =
132 )
+ 12.1
Sotution
7 S o lv e th e e q u a tio n fq = ft,, fo r f.
2 s in
s in
- 1.35) + 12.1 =
c o s 1 .3 5 - c o s )-r^ r) s in
182 r
il8 2 J
sm ( - g
[ 0 .2 .9 )
- cos ( - g
-6
c o s ( ^ ) + 12.1
1 .3 5 = - 3 c o s
(0 .9 7 6 )
082
- - 3 cos ( ^ L
0.219 s in ) - g = - 2 .0 2 4 c o s
= t a n * * ( - 9 . 2 4 2 ) + nir
ioZ
- 1 . 4 6 3 + rt77
- 8 4 .7 6 + 182rt
^ 7 ? P ^ F ind t h e d a y s w ith in o n e y e a r (365 d a y s) fo r w h ic h D a lla s a n d

A n c h o ra g e w ill h a v e th e s a m e a m o u n t o f d a y lig h t.
f = - 8 4 .7 6 + 182(1) = 97, o r o n A p ril
f = - 8 4 .7 6 + 182(2) = 279, o r o n O c to b e r 7
C U !D ED P R A C TK E
fo r Exa m p le s 3 ,4 , and 5
S im p lify th e e xp re ssio n .
6.
s in (x +
277)
9. S o lv e 6 c o s
7.
c o s (x - 27r)
8.
ta n (x -
77)
+ 5 = - 2 4 s i n ( ^ + 22 ) + 5 f o r 0 < f < 277.
1 4 .6
Apply Sum and D ifference Formulas
951
14 6 EXERCtSES
H O M EW O RK
KEY
O = W O RKED -O UT SO LUTIO NS
*
= STA ND A RD IZED T E S T P R A C TK E
Exs. 2,11,18, 32, and 44
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VOCABULARY
ta n g e n t.
G iv e th e s u m a n d d if fe re n c e f o r m u la s fo r s in e , c o s in e , a n d
2. ^ W R IT IN G E x p la in h o w y o u c a n e v a lu a te t a n 75 u s in g e ith e r th e s u m o r
d if fe re n c e f o r m u la fo r ta n g e n t.
EX A M P LE 1
FINDING V A LU ES F in d th e exact value o f th e e xp re ssio n .
on p. 949
for Exs. 3-10
3. ta n (-1 5 )
7. s in
2377
12
4. s in (-1 6 5 )
5. t a n 195
8. ta n 17?r
12
9. Ic o s
6. c o s 15
577
12
10. s i n l - ^
D e riv e th e c o f u n c tio n id e n tity s in (y ** (?) = c o s 6

u s in g th e d if fe re n c e f o r m u la fo r sin e .
11. * S H O R T R ESP O N SE
EX A M P LE 2
EVA LUA TING EX P R E SSIO N S Ev a lu a te th e e xp re ssio n given th a t cos a =
on p. 950
for Exs. 12-18
w ith
< a < 27 and s in & -
2
12. s in (a + &)
15.
17
s in (a - &)
18. IE M U L T tP L E
w ith 77 < a <
w it h ^377 < & < 277.

13.
2
c o s (a + &)
14.
ta n (a + &)
16.
c o s (a - &)
17.
t a n (a - &)
W h a t is th e v a lu e o f s in (a - &) g iv e n th a t s in a = - ^
a n d c o s & = -^7 w ith 0 < & < 22?
C H O KE
13
(D )
^
EX A M P LE 3
S1MPHFY1NG EX P R ESS!O N S S im p lify th e e xp re ssio n .
on p. 950
for Exs. 19-31
19.
t a n (x +
77)
20. s in (x +
sin jx -
27. ta n )x +
31.
377
ER R O R AN A LYSIS
e x p re s s io n .
ta n fx +
EX A M P LE 4
on p. 950
for Exs. 32-38
952
Chapter 1 4
77)
21.
c o s (x +
277)
43
2 2 . t a n (x -
2 4. ta n
25. s in [x +
26. c o s )
28. cos [ * - # )
29. ta n ^x + 577 )
30. COS
D escn'& e a n d c o r r e c t th e e r ro r in s im p lify in g th e
77\ =_
4/
tan x + tan
---1
+ tan x tan ^
_ tan x + 1 ^ ^
1 + tan x
3 2 . * M U L T IP L E C H O KE W h a t is a s o lu tio n o f th e e q u a tio n
s in (x - 277) + t a n (x - 277) = 0 o n th e in te r v a l 77 < x < 3 7 7 ?
(5 ) ^
( g ) 377
(5 )
277
(D ) 377
277)
fi + ? )
SOLV!NG TR!GONOMETR)C EQUATtONS

3 3 . c o s fx +
- 1 = cos
3 5 . s in ^x +
+ s in (x -
Solve th e eq u ation for
3 4 . s in x +
= 1
37. t a n (x + -nj + 2 s in (x + 7r) = 0

39.
0 < x < 2rr.

+ s in jx *
36. ta n
(x + rr) +
3 8 . s in
(x
cos
+ ir) + c o s
* 0
^x +
(x
C o n s id e r a c o m p le x n u m b e r z = a + h i in th e
c o m p le x p la n e s h o w n . L e t r b e th e le n g th o f th e lin e s e g m e n t
jo in in g z a n d th e o rig in , a n d le t 8 b e th e a n g le t h a t th is s e g m e n t
m a k e s w ith th e p o s itiv e r e a l a x is , a s s h o w n .
a . E x p la in w h y a = r c o s 6 a n d b = r s in 6, so th a t
z = (r c o s 0) + i( r s in 0).
b . U se th e r e s u lt f ro m p a r t (a) to s h o w th e fo llo w in g :
z^ = r^ [(c o s 0 c o s 0 - s in 0 s in 0) + i(s in 0 c o s 0 + c o s 0 s in 0)]
c. U se th e s u m a n d d if fe re n c e f o r m u la s to s h o w th a t th e e q u a tio n
in p a r t (b) c a n b e w r itte n a s z^ = r^ (c o s 2 0 + i s in 20).
)=
+ rr) = 0
C HALLENG E
z = a + iri
/X
/ V
------- 3 --------
rea/
PROBLEM SOLV)NC
EX A M P LE 5
40.
o n p. 9 5 1
f o r E x s. 4 0 - 4
M ETEO RO LO G Y T h e n u m b e r h o f h o u r s o f d a y iig h t fo r R o m e , Ita iy , a n d

M ia m i, F lo rid a , c a n b e a p p r o x im a te d b y th e e q u a tio n s b e io w , w h e re f is th e
tim e in d a y s a n d 1 = 0 r e p r e s e n ts J a n u a r y 1.
^ r + 12.1
R o m e : iq = 2.7 s in 7Tl - 4.94) 1 2 .i M ia m i: ^ = - 1 .6 c o s -loZ
O n w h ic h d a y s o f th e y e a r w ill th e c itie s h a v e t h e s a m e a m o u n t o f d a y lig h t?

@ NomeJufor for problem solving help at dasszone.com
41.
CLOCK T O W E R T h e h e ig h ts m a n d h (in feet) o f a c lo c k

to w e r's m in u te h a n d a n d h o u r h a n d , re s p e c tiv e ly , c a n b e
a p p r o x im a te d b y
m = 1 8 2 . 5 - 1 1 . 5 s in
and
h = 1 8 2 . 5 - 7 s in
7rf
360
w h e re 1 is t h e tim e in m in u te s a n d 1 = 0 r e p r e s e n ts 3 :0 0 P.M.
U se a g r a p h in g c a ic u ia to r to f in d h o w lo n g it ta k e s fo r th e
h e ig h t o f th e m in u te h a n d to e q u a l th e h e ig h t o f th e h o u r h a n d .
@M)me7Mfor for problem solving help at dasszone.com
42.
PHYStC A L SC!ENCE W h e n a w a v e tr a v e ls th r o u g h a ta u t s tr in g , th e
d is p la c e m e n t y o f e a c h p o in t o n th e s tr in g d e p e n d s o n th e tim e 1 a n d th e
p o in t's p o s itio n x . T h e e q u a tio n o f a s la n g in g la a u e c a n b e o b ta in e d b y
a d d in g th e d is p la c e m e n ts o f tw o w a v e s tr a v e lin g in o p p o s ite d ir e c tio n s .
S u p p o s e tw o w a v e s c a n b e m o d e le d b y th e s e e q u a tio n s :
^ = 7 ic o s (^ -^
S h o w th a ty ^ + y^ = 2zl c o s
cos ^
1 4 .6
Apply Sum and Difference
Formulas
953
(4 3 ^
A p h o to g r a p h e r is a t a h e ig h t h ta k in g
a e ria i p h o to g ra p h s . T h e r a tio o f th e im a g e ie n g th W Q to th e
ie n g th NA o f th e a c tu a l o b je c t is
WQ _ / ta n (# - f) + / t a n f
NA
h ta n 6
w h e r e / i s th e fo c a i ie n g th o f th e c a m e r a , 6 is th e a n g ie b e tw e e n
th e v e r tic a i iin e p e r p e n d ic u i a r to th e g r o u n d a n d th e iin e fro m
th e c a m e r a to p o in t A, a n d f is th e tiit a n g ie o f th e fiim .
a. U se th e d if fe re n c e f o r m u ia fo r ta n g e n t to s im p iify th e ra tio .
WO f
b. S h o w th a t = y- w h e n f = 0.
NA
h
M U L T i- S T E P P R O B LEM
cam era
4 4. * EX TE N D E D R ESP O N SE Y o u r frie n d p u iis o n a w e ig h t a tta c h e d to a s p rin g

a n d th e n re le a s e s it. A s p iit s e c o n d ia te r, y o u b e g in f iim in g th e s p r in g to
a n a ly z e its m o tio n . Y ou f in d th a t th e s p r in g 's d is ta n c e y (in in c h e s ) f ro m its
e q u iiib r iu m p o in t c a n b e m o d e ie d b y y = 5 s in (2f + C) w h e re C = tan * * ^
a n d f is t h e e ia p s e d tim e (in s e c o n d s ) s in c e y o u b e g a n film in g .
a. F in d th e v a iu e s o f s in C a n d c o s C.
b. U se a s u m f o r m u ia to s h o w th a t
y = 5 s in (2f + C) c a n b e w r itte n
a s y = 4 s in 2 f + 3 c o s 2f.
c. G ra p h th e f u n c tio n f o u n d in
p a r t (b) a n d fin d its m a x im u m
v a iu e . E x p la in w h a t th is v a lu e
r e p re s e n ts .
45 .
C HALLENG E T h e b u s y s ig n a i o n a to u c h - to n e p h o n e is a c o m b in a tio n o f tw o
to n e s w ith f re q u e n c ie s o f 4 8 0 h e r tz a n d 6 20 h e r tz . T h e in d iv id u a i to n e s c a n
b e m o d e le d b y th e fo iio w in g e q u a tio n s :
4 8 0 h e rtz :
y^ = c o s 9 60zrf
6 20 h e rtz :
y^ = c o s 124077 f
T h e s o u n d o f th e b u s y s ig n a l c a n b e m o d e ie d b y y^ + y^. S h o w th a t:
Yi + y^ = 2 c o s llOOTrf c o s 1 4 0 irf
M!XED REV!EW
_____________________________ -4
Sketch th e angie. T h e n fin d it s reference angie. (p. 866)

46.
230
47.
-5 1 0
48.
730
49.
-3 5 5
50.
460
51.
860
Soive A A B C . (p. 382)
P R E V iE W
Prepare for
Lesson 14.7
in Exs. 5 6 -6 1
954
52.
A = 110, C = 3 0 , a = 15
53. B = 20,
54.
55.
103, B
28, B
26
Soive the eq ua tion in th e in te rv a i 0
&=
10, c = 11
C = 122, a = 12, c = 18
< x < 277. (p. 931)
56.
ta n x + \ 3 = 0
57.
5 + 8 s in x = 1
58.
4 co sx = 2 cosx - 1
59.
5 ta n ^ x - 15 = 0
60.
4 sin ^ x - 3 = 0
61.
2 cos'* x s in x - 1 = 0
1 Z t 7
*
A P P *y D o u b te -A n g te a n d
H a !f-A n g !e F o rm u ia s
You evaiuated expressions using sum and difference form uias.
You w iii use doubte-angie and half-angie form uia s.
So you can fin d the distance an object traveis, as in Example 4.
Key V ocabuiary
p. 852
' cosine, p. 852
tangent, p. 852
' sine,
In th is le s s o n , y o u w ill u s e f o r m u ia s fo r d o u b le a n g le s (a n g le s o f m e a s u r e 2 a)
a n d h a lf a n g le s i a n g le s o f m e a s u r e y ).
K E Y CO N C EPT
Doubie-Angie and Ha!f-Ang!e Formuias

Double-Angle Form ulas
s in 2 a = 2 s in a c o s a
c o s 2 a = 1 - 2 sin ^ a
ta n 2 a =
2 ta n a
1 - tan^ a
c o s 2 a = 2 cos^ a - 1
c o s 2 a = co s^ a - sin ^ a
Half-Angle Form ulas
s in = ^
t a n = ^ " cos a
2
sin a
Th e signs of sin y and cos y depend on the
ta n ^ = - ^ ^
2 1 + cos a
quadrant in which y lies.
Evaiuate trigonometric expressions

F in d th e exact vaiue o f (a) cos 165 and (b) ta n
a. c o s 165 = c o s ^ (3 3 0 )
CHOOSE S!G N S
s'
)
5'
ch
1 - cos ^
6
1
2
V2 + V3
1 4 .7
^1+cosa
II
m s " -
1 + c o s 3 30
2
^
Because 165 is in
Quadrant II and the
vaiue of cosine Is
negative in Quadrant II,
the foiiowlng formula
is used:
b. t a n ^ = t a n - L f- ^ j
12
2 \6 J
Appiy Double-Angle and Haif-Angle Formulas
955
Eva!uate trigonometric expressions

Given cos # - y y w it h
< a < 2?r, fin d (a) s in 2a and (b) s in y .
Soiution
M ULTIPLY AN
1N EQ U A H TY
a . U sin g a P y th a g o r e a n id e n tity g iv e s s in a = " y y s in 2 a = 2 s t n a c o s a - 2 ( - ) ( ^ ) - -
In part (b), you can

multiply through the
inequality y ^ < a < 2?r
b.
B e c a u s e y is in Q u a d r a n t
b y l t o g e t^ < < 7 7 .
Ii,
s in y is p o s itiv e .
1 - ^ 13-
So, ^ is in Quadrant II.
13
2 \ 13
13
W h ic h e xp re ssio n is e q u iv a le n t to ] -cosG tP^
(C ) c s c 9
(B ) c o t 9
( g ) s in 0
(D ) c o s 9
Soiution
sin 2 d
1 - co s 2 9
2 s in 9 c o s 9
l-(l-2 s in ^ 9 )
_ 2 s in 9 c o s 9
2 sin 9
_ co s I
sin t
Sim piify denominator.
= cot (
Use cotangent identity.
^ T h e c o r r e c t a n s w e r is B.
G utDED PRACTtCE
(A) (g)
Use doub!e-ang!e formuias.
Divide out common factor 2 sin 9.
(g ) (g )
f o r Exa m p ie s 1 ,2 , and 3
F in d th e exact vaiue o f th e e xp re ssio n .
2. s in 5rr
1. ta n
3. c o s 15
4. G iv en s in a = y - w ith 0 < a < y , f in d c o s 2 a a n d t a n y .

5. G iv e n c o s a =
5 w ith 7r < a < z f in d s in 2 a a n d s in z
S im p iify th e e xp re ssio n .
956
Chapter 14
cos 29
sin 9 + co s 9
7. tatann 2x
x
8. s in 2 x ta n
Ml!-t
6.
P A TH OF A P R O JEC TiLE T h e p a th tr a v e le d b y a n o b je c t t h a t is p r o je c te d a t
a n in itia l h e ig h t o f hg fe e t, a n in itia l s p e e d o f a f e e t p e r s e c o n d , a n d a n in itia l
a n g le 0 is g iv e n b y
16 -x^ + ( ta n 6)x +
y=
cos^
w h e re x is th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e (in fe e t) a n d y is t h e v e r tic a l d is ta n c e (in fe e t).
(T h is m o d e l n e g le c ts a ir re s is ta n c e .)
Derive a trigonometric mode!
W rite a n e q u a tio n fo r th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e tr a v e le d b y a s o c c e r b a ll
k ic k e d fro m g r o u n d le v e l (hg = 0) a t s p e e d a a n d a n g le 6.
SOCCER
S o tu tio n
16 x^ + ( ta n 6)x + 0 =
cos^ 6
16 x - ta n 6 j =
cos^ 6
16 x - t a n 6 =
cos^ 6
16 - x =
^ cos^
U SE ZERO PRO D UC T
P RO PERTY
O ne solution of this
equation is x = 0,
w hich co rresponds to
th e point w h ere th e
ball leaves th e ground.
This solution is ignored
in later steps, b ecau se
th e problem requires
finding w h ere th e ball
lands.
x=
9.
10.
Let ftp = 0.
Factor.
ta n i
Add tan 6 to each side.
co s^ 6 t a n 6
M uitipiy each side by
c o s 6 s in 6
Use cos 6 tan 6 = sin 0.
x = JZ
(2 c o s 6 s in 6)
Rew rite
x=
s in 2 0
Use a doubie-angie formuia.
x =
C u tD ED P R A C TK E
16
lb
1
lb
as
1
3Z
cos^ 6.
-2
f o r Exa m p ie 4
S u p p o s e y o u k ic k a s o c c e r b a ll f ro m g r o u n d le v e l w ith a n in itia l
s p e e d o f 70 fe e t p e r s e c o n d . C a n y o u m a k e th e b a ll tr a v e l 2 0 0 feet?
W H A T )F?
U se th e e q u a tio n x = ^ a ^ s in 26 to e x p la in w h y th e p ro je c tio n
a n g le t h a t m a x im iz e s th e d is ta n c e a s o c c e r b a ll tr a v e ls is 6 = 45.
REASO NiNG
1 4 .7
Apply Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas
957

V e rify the id e n tity cos 3x = 4 cos^ x - 3 cos x.
cos 3x
c o s (2x
= cos
x)
Rew rite cos 3x as cos (2x + x).
2x cos x
(2 cos^ x -
2 x s in x
s in
Use a sum formuia.
c o s x - (2
s in
2 co s^ x -
cos x - 2
sin^
2 co s^ x
c o s x 2(1
2 co s^ x
cos x 2 cos x
1)
cos x )
s in x
x cos x
cos^ x )
+
Muitipiy.
cos x
2 co s^ x
= 4 co s^ x -3 co sx
Use doubie-angie formuias.
Use a Pythagorean identity.

Combine iike terms.

Soive s in 2 x + 2 cos x = 0 fo r 0 < x < 2 ^ .
S o i u t io n
s in
s in
2x + 2 cos x = 0
cos x
+ 2 cos x = 0
Use a doubie-angie formuia.
2 c o s x (sin x + 1) = 0
Factor.
S e t e a c h f a c to r e q u a l to 0 a n d so lv e fo r x.
2 cos x = 0
s in x + 1 = 0
cos x = 0
s in x = 1
i- = 2T 37r
2' 2
x = 4^
G ra p h t h e f u n c tio n y = s in 2 x + 2 c o s x o n
a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r. T h e n u s e th e z e ro f e a tu r e
to f in d th e x -v a lu e s o n th e in te rv a l 0 < x < 277 fo r
w h ic h y = 0. T h e tw o x -v a lu e s a re :
and
x=
377
4.71
Zero
X=1.570796 Y=0
Find a genera! sotution

F in d th e genera! s o lu tio n o f 2 s in ^ = 1*
s i n ^ = l
SO LV E EQ U A TIO N S
As seen in Example 7,
some equations that
involve double or half
angles can be solved
without resorting to
double- or half-angle
formulas.
958
Chapter 14
# = -^ + 27!77
or
577
27777
Genera) soiution fo r y
X =
or
577
- - +
47777
Generai soiution fo r x
-+ +
47777
GutOED P R A C TK E
f o r Exam pte s 5 ,6 , and 7
11.
s in 3 x = 3 s in x - 4 sin ^ x
12. 1 +
c o s lO x
2 cos^ 5x
Solve th e eq ua tion.
13.
ta n 2x
ta n x
= 0 fo r 0 < x
<
14. 2 c o s y + 1 = 0
277
H O M EW O R K
KEY
1 4 .7 E X E R C i S E S
Q
"
*
Exs. 2,11,27,54, and 55
SK!LL PRACTKE
1. VO CABULARY C op y and com plete: sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a is calle d the
form uia for sine.
2. * W R iT IN G Ex p ia in h o w to d eterm ine the sign of the an sw er w h en

evaluatin g a haif-angie form uia for sine or cosine.
EXAM PLE 1
on p. 955
for Exs. 3-11
EVALUATING E X PR E SS !O N S F in d th e exact vaiue o f th e e xp re ssio n .

3. sin 105
4. tan 112.5
^7^cos
8. sin
6. cos (-75)
5. tan (-165)
577
12
9. tan -
577
10. sin
1177
12
11. * M U LT iPLE C H O KE W h a t is the exact vaiu e of tan 15?

(A )
-V3
( g ) 2 - V3
(g )
(D ) 2 + V3
V3
EXAM PLE 2
HALF-ANGLE FO R M U LA S F in d th e exact va iues o f s in ^ cos
on p. 956
for Exs. 12-20
12. c o s a = ^ , 0 < a < - ^
12
and ta n
(13.) cos a = ^ , ^
77
14. s m a = , y < a < 7 7
15. sin a = - 4 ,
5
< a < 277
77 < a
<4 r
2
16. ERR O R ANALYStS Describe and correct the error in fin d in g the exact vaiu e of
sin y given that cos a =
a _ _
* '" 2
1-
cos a _
-----------
w ith
< a < 77.
5 _
. 2V5
5
DOUBLE-ANGLE FO RM U LA S F in d th e exact va iues o f s in 2a, cos 2a, and ta n 2a.

17. tan a = 2 , 77 < a <
19. s in a =
77 <
377
18. t a n a = - V 3 , y < a < 7 7
20. cos a = X
a < 4^
1 4 .7
<a <0
Appiy Doubie-Angte and Half-Angie Formuias
959
EXAMPLE 3
SIM P LIFY IN G EX P R E SSIO N S R e w rite th e e x p re ssio n w ith o u t doubie angies o r
on p. 956
for Exs. 21-29
h a if angies, given th a t 0 < 0 < ^ . T h e n s im p iify th e e xp re ssio n .
21.
24.
cos 20
22.
l- 2 s in ^ 0
sin20
2 cos 0
23. (1 - tan 0) tan 20
-ta n y
CM 20
25.
s in 0 - c o s 0
26. 2 s in ^ cos-^
esc 0
27. * M U L T IP L E C H O KE W h ic h expression is eq u ivalen t to cot 0 + tan 0?

(A )
csc2 0
(B )2 c s c 2 0
(C )
sec20
(g )
2sec20
ER R O R A N A LYSIS D escribe and co rre ct th e e r ro r in s im p lify in g th e exp re ssio n .

28.
29.
cos 2x _ cos^ x sin^ x
sin 22.5 = sin 1 (4 5 )
cos^ x
cos^x
1
COS^ X
= 2 sin 4 5 cos 4 5
= sec^x
EX A M P LE 5
V ER !FY !N G < O E N TiTtES V e rify th e id e n tity .
on p. 958
for Exs. 30-35
30. 2 cos^ 0 = 1 + cos 20
31. sin 30 = sin 0 (4 cos 0 - 1 )
32. Y sin ^
33. 2 sin^ x tan 4 = 2 sin x - sin 2x
= sin ^ cos ^
34. - c$s^0 =
sm 0
2 sin
0 - esc
35. cos 40 = cos'* 0 - 6 sin^ 0 cos^ 0 + sin* 0
EX A M P LE 6
SOLVtNG EQ UAT!O NS Soive th e e q ua tion fo r 0 < x < 2)7.
on p. 958
for Exs. 36-41
36. sin 4 = 1
37. 2 cos 4 + 1 = 0
38. tan x - tan 2x = 0
39. t a n ^ =
2
2 sm x
40. cos 2x = -2 cos x
41. 2 sin 2x sin x = 3 cos x
EX A M P LE 7
FiN D iN G G EN ERA L SO LU TtO N S F in d th e genera! s o iu tio n o f th e eq ua tion.
on p. 958
for Exs. 42-47
42. cos 4 = 1
43. t a n Y = s in x
44. sin 2x = s in x
45. cos 2x + cos x = 0
46. cos + sin x = 0
47. sin + cos x = 0
48. REASONiNG Sho w that the three double-angle form ulas for cosine
are equivalent.
49. CHALLENG E U se the d iag ram show n at the right to derive
the form ulas for sin y cos y , and tan y w h en 0 is an
acute angle.
960
on p. WS1
* =STANDARD)ZED
TEST PRACTKE
PROBLEM SOLV!NG
EXAMPLE 4
5 0 . GOLF U se th e e q u a tio n % =
on p. 957
for Exs. 50-51
sin 2 9 fro m E x a m p ie 4 o n p a g e 9 5 7 to fin d
t h e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e a g o lf b a il w ill tr a v e l if it is h it a t a n in itia l s p e e d
o f 50 fe e t p e r s e c o n d a n d a t a n in itia l a n g le o f 40.
@M)me7ufor for problem solving help at classzone.com
51.
SOCCER S u p p o s e y o u a r e a tte m p tin g to k ic k a s o c c e r b a ll f ro m g r o u n d lev el.

T h ro u g h w h a t r a n g e o f a n g le s c a n y o u k ic k th e s o c c e r b a ll w ith a n in itia l
s p e e d o f 80 f e e t p e r s e c o n d to m a k e it tr a v e l a t le a s t 150 feet?
Q ^M H SisgA lgebra at classzone.com
52.
M U L T I- S T E P P R O B LEM A t la titu d e L, th e a c c e le r a tio n

d u e to g ra v ity g (in c e n tim e te r s p e r s e c o n d s q u a r e d )
a t s e a le v e l c a n b e a p p r o x im a te d b y :
g = 978 + 5.17 sin ^ T - 0.014 s in P c o s P
a . S im p lify th e e q u a tio n a b o v e to s h o w th a t
g = 978 + 5.17 sin ^ P - 0 .0 0 7 s in 2P.
b . G ra p h t h e f u n c tio n f ro m p a r t (a).
c. U se t h e g r a p h to a p p r o x im a te th e a c c e le r a tio n
d u e to g ra v ity w h e n th e la titu d e is 45, 30, a n d 0.
53^
45 latitude
30 latitude
0 latitude
MACH N U M B E R A n a i r p la n e 's M a c h n u m b e r M is th e r a tio o f its s p e e d to th e

s p e e d o f s o u n d . W h e n a n a ir p la n e tr a v e ls f a s te r t h a n th e s p e e d o f s o u n d , th e
s o u n d w a v e s f o r m a c o n e b e h in d th e a ir p la n e . T h e M a c h n u m b e r is r e la te d
to th e a p e x a n g le 9 o f th e c o n e b y th e e q u a tio n s in ^ ^ * F in d th e a n g le 9
t h a t c o r r e s p o n d s to a M a c h n u m b e r o f 2.5.
5 4 . * S H O R T R ESP O N SE A M e rc a to r p ro /ecft'o n is a m a p p ro je c tio n o f th e g lo b e

o n to a p la n e th a t p r e s e r v e s a n g le s . O n a g lo b e w ith r a d iu s r, c o n s id e r a
p o in t P t h a t h a s la titu d e P a n d lo n g itu d e 71 T h e c o o r d in a te s (x, y) o f th e
c o r r e s p o n d in g p o in t P ' o n th e p la n e c a n b e f o u n d u s in g th e s e e q u a tio n s :
x = rP
y = r In ta n
t !
1 1
f'
k
0
*- j
,! ,!
a . U se h a lf - a n g le a n d s u m f o r m u la s to s h o w th a t th e e q u a tio n fo r th e
y - c o o r d in a te c a n b e w r itte n a s y = r In ^
^ )b . W h a t is a r e a s o n a b le d o m a in fo r th e e q u a tio n in p a r t (a)? PxpPnM .
1 4 .7
Apply Double-Angle and Half-Angle Formulas
961
55.
5 6.
* EX TE N D E D R ESP O N SE A t a b a s k e tb a ll g a m e , a p e r s o n h a s a c h a n c e to w in
1 m illio n d o lla rs b y m a k in g a h a lf c o u r t s h o t. T h e d is ta n c e f ro m h a lf c o u r t to
th e p o in t b e lo w th e 1 0 -fo o t-h ig h b a s k e tb a ll r im is 41.75 fe e t.
a. W rite a n e q u a tio n t h a t m o d e ls th e p a th o f th e b a s k e tb a ll if th e p e r s o n
re le a s e s th e b a ll 6 fe e t h ig h w ith a n in itia l s p e e d o f 40 fe e t p e r s e c o n d .
b. S im p lify th e e q u a tio n . U se a c a lc u la to r to f in d th e a n g le s a t w h ic h th e
p e r s o n c a n m a k e th e h a lf c o u r t sh o t.
c. A s s u m e th e p e r s o n r e le a s e s th e b a ll a t o n e o f th e a n g le s f o u n d in p a r t (b).
W h a t o th e r a s s u m p tio n ( s ) m u s t y o u m a k e to s a y th a t th e s h o t is m a d e ?
CHALLENG E A r e c ta n g le is in s c r ib e d in a
s e m ic irc le w ith r a d iu s 1, a s s h o w n . W h a t v a lu e
o f 6 c r e a te s th e r e c ta n g le w ith th e la r g e s t a re a ?
MtXED HEV!EW
'
4)
57.
y = 3 lx - 2 l + 1 (p. 123)
58.
y = 2 x (x - 7) Ip. 2451
59. / M = x^(x +
60.
61.
y = 3 ta n x
62.
64.
z'3 + 9z^ = 0
65.
\6 x + 7 = 3
68.
2 s in x - V3 = 0
In
%+
(p. 499)
(p. 908)
3 ta n (x
3S7j
+ 7r) Ip. 9151
Soive th e equation.
63.
I l x 2 - 4 4 x = 0 (p. 259)
Ip. 3531
6 6 . 4 ^ * *4 = ig5* ^ ^
69.
SKHNG A sk i s lo p e a t a m o u n ta in h a s a n a n g le o f e le v a tio n o f 27.4. T h e

v e r tic a l h e ig h t o f th e s lo p e is 1908 fe e t. H o w lo n g is th e sk i s lo p e ? ip. 8521
Q U )Z /o r Lessons 74.6-74.7
F in d the exact vaiue o f th e e x p re ssio n , ipp. 949,9551
1- s i n - y
2.
s in (-2 2 .5 )
3.
ta n ( -3 4 5 )
4.
cosy
Soive th e eq ua tion fo r 0 < x < 27r.

5.
s in [x + y j - s in [ x - y j = 0
(p. 949)
6.
c o s 2 x = 3 s in x + 2
(p. 955)
F in d the exact vaiues o f s in y , cos y , and ta n 2a . (p. 955)
Q
yy
7. t a n a = y 0 < < 3 < y
9.
962
A
Qyy8 . c o s a = y rr < a <
U se t h e f o r m u la x = i y i ^ s in 26 to fin d th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e
x (in feet) t h a t a fo o tb a ll tra v e ls if it is k ic k e d f ro m g r o u n d le v e l w ith a n
in itia l s p e e d o f 25 fe e t p e r s e c o n d a t a n a n g le o f 30. (p. 955)
FO O TB A LL
14.7, p. 1023
ip. 4521
ip. 9311
M!XED R E V !E W ./p r.^ w ^ ^
S T A T E T E S T PRAC TtCE
ctasszone.com
L e s s o n s 1 4 .5 - 1 4 .7
S u p p o s e tw o
m id d te -A tu n in g fo rk s a r e s tr u c k a t d if fe re n t
tim e s so th a t th e i r v ib r a tio n s a r e s iig h tiy
o u t o f p h a s e . T h e c o m b in e d p r e s s u r e
c h a n g e P (in p a s c a is ) c a u s e d b y t h e tu n in g
fo rk s a t tim e f (in s e c o n d s ) is g iv e n by:
1. M U L T i- S T E P P R O B LEM
P = 3 s in 8 8 O7U + 4 c o s 8 8 0 rrf
a. G ra p h th e e q u a tio n o n a g r a p h in g
c a lc u la to r. U s e a v ie w in g w in d o w o f
0 < f < 0 .0 0 5 a n d - 6 < P < 6 . W h a t d o
y o u o b s e rv e a b o u t t h e g ra p h ?
b . W rite t h e g iv e n m o d e l in th e fo rm
y = a c o s &(x h ).
c. G ra p h th e m o d e l fro m p a r t (b) to c o n f ir m
th a t th e g r a p h s a r e t h e s a m e .
2.
3.
R e c a ll t h a t a s p e c ia l a n g le is o n e
t h a t is a m u ltip le o f 30 o r 45. F in d a n a n g le
t h a t is n o t a s p e c ia l a n g le b u t t h a t c a n b e
w r itte n a s th e s u m o r d if fe re n c e o f tw o s p e c ia l
a n g le s . T h e n u s e a s u m o r d if fe re n c e f o r m u la
to f in d th e c o s in e o f th e a n g le .
O PEN -EN DED
S H O R T R ESP O N SE T h e f o r m u la fo r th e in d e x
o f r e f r a c tio n n o f a t r a n s p a r e n t m a te r ia l is th e
r a tio o f t h e s p e e d o f lig h t in a v a c u u m to th e
s p e e d o f lig h t in th e m a te r ia l. S o m e c o m m o n
m a te r ia ls a n d th e ir in d ic e s a r e a ir ( 1.0 0 ), w a te r
(1.33), a n d g la s s (1.5). T r ia n g u la r p r is m s a r e
o fte n u s e d to m e a s u r e th e in d e x o f r e fr a c tio n
b a s e d o n th e f o r m u la s h o w n b elo w .
4.
C R tD D ED A N S W E R In th e f ig u re s h o w n b elo w ,
th e a c u te a n g le o f in te r s e c tio n , ^
o f tw o
lin e s w ith s lo p e s
and
is g iv e n b y th is
e q u a tio n :
ta n
(#2
1 + nqn^
F in d th e a c u te a n g le o f in te r s e c tio n o f th e
lin e s T = vpt a n d y = 2 x - 4. R o u n d y o u r
a n s w e r to th e n e a r e s t t e n t h o f a d e g re e .
E X TE N D E D R ESP O N SE T h e g r a p h b e lo w sh o w s
t h e a v e ra g e d a ily te m p e r a tu r e T (in d e g r e e s
F a h re n h e it) in D e n v e r, C o lo ra d o . T h e tim e f is
m e a s u r e d in m o n th s , w ith f = 0 r e p r e s e n tin g
J a n u a r y 1.
D a ily Te m p e ra tu re in D enve r
a) 80r
3
<
m __
6, 73
t!
= .-4 0
as
JU, 2L3
0
2 4 6 8 10
Months since January 1
T ell w h e th e r th e g r a p h
s h o u ld b e m o d e le d b y a
s in e o r c o s in e f u n c tio n .
E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g .
b. W rite a tr ig o n o m e tr ic
m o d e l fo r th e a v e ra g e
d a ily te m p e r a tu r e in
D e n v e r, C o lo ra d o .
c. O n w h ic h d a y s o f th e
y e a r is th e a v e ra g e d a ily
te m p e r a tu r e in D e n v e r,
C o lo ra d o , 70F?
a.
n = '" 1 2 + 2*J
a.
S h o w th a t th e in d e x o f r e f r a c tio n c a n b e
s im p lifie d a s s h o w n :
n = c o s y + s in y c o t ^
U se a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to f in d t h e v a lu e
o f 9 w h e n a = 60 a n d t h e p r is m is m a d e o f
g la s s.
Mivor) Pm/iotA; rtf Prrthlr-rrt <^rt)\/mcr
QRT
CHAPTER SUMMARY
^Kgimsieg Algebra
ctasszone.com
/D E 4 S
/<& ?a ^
/lo/-
i Graphing T rigonom etric Functions
-I T h e g r a p h s o f y = a s in b x a n d y = a c o s b x a r e s h o w n b e lo w fo r a > 0 a n d & > 0.
To g r a p h a f u n c tio n o f th e fo rm y = a s in b (x - b) + A; o r y = a c o s b (x - b) + A;,
^ s h if t t h e g r a p h o f y = a s in b x o r y = a c o s bx, re s p e c tiv e ly , h o r iz o n ta lly b u n its
a n d v e r tic a lly A; u n its . T h e n , if a < 0, r e f le c t th e g r a p h in th e m id lin e y = A;.
* Soiving T rigonom etric Equations
^ T h e ta b le b e lo w sh o w s s tr a te g ie s th a t m a y h e lp y o u so iv e tr ig o n o m e tr ic
e q u a tio n s . O n ly th e f ir s t fe w s te p s a r e s h o w n .
Factor
Use the quadratic fo rm u ia
Use an id e n tity
x sin^ x - x = 0
cos^ x - 6 cos x + 1 ==0
cos^x - 1 = 9 s in ^ x
x ( s in ^ x - 1) = 0
6 + V36 - 4(1 )(1)

cos x = ------- r i
2(1)
cos^ x - 1 = 9(1 - cos^x)
x (sin x + l) ( s in x - 1) = 0
10 cos^ x = 10
cos x = 3 2V 2
)i
X
0
L2
Appiying Trigonom etric Formuias
" U se th e f o r m u la s b e lo w to e v a lu a te tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n s o f c e r ta in a n g le s .
0 cos b + cos a sin b
= cos 0 cos b - sin a sin b
Sum
form uia s
sin (a + &) = sin
Difference
fo rm u ia s
sin (a - b) = sin
cos (a + b)
0 cos b -
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin

cos 2a = cos^ 0 - sin^
Doubie-angie
form uia s
cos a sin b
cos 2a = 2 cos^ 0 - 1
0 sin b
ta n(a + b ) -
tan (a
tan 2 a -
6 )-
^ a + tanb
1 - tan a tan b
1 + tan a tan b
^ n a
1 - tarn a
cos 2a = 1 - 2 sin^ a
sin 2a = 2 sin a cos a
Haif-angie
form uia s
a _
sm ^
!l - cos a
^
co s^ = j l + ^ "
QKA
rh ^ n fp -rU . T n o rn n n m p frirflr^n h c irlpn+i+ioc nnrlPm m +irm c
ta n "= 1 I ' " ' "

2
sin 0
. a
sin 0
tan = ---------2
1 + cos j
@M)me7ufor
ctasszone.com
- M ulti-Language G lossary
- V ocabulary practice
R E W E M iK E V V O C A B t/L A R y
* amplitude, p. 908
- period, p. 908
* trigonometric identity, p. 924
- periodic function, p. 908
-frequency, p. 9?o
* sinusoid, p 94?
* cycle, p. 908
VOCABULARY EXERC<SES
1. C o p y a n d c o m p le te : F r e q u e n c y g iv e s th e n u m b e r o f ? p e r u n it o f tim e .
2. W R tU N G E x p la in h o w to f in d th e p e r io d o f y = a s in &(x - h) + k.
D e te rm in e w h e th e r th e given n u m b e r is th e nm piifM de, p erio d , or^reqaewcy o f
th e grap h o f y =
77 cos y y .
3. 4
4. 7r
5. 0.25
R E W EtV E X A M P LE S A N D EXERC7SES
U se t h e re v ie w e x a m p le s a n d e x e rc is e s b e io w to c h e c k y o u r u n d e r s ta n d in g o f th e
c o n c e p ts y o u h a v e le a r n e d in e a c h le s s o n o f C h a p te r 14.
Graph Sine, Cosine, and Tangent Functions
p p .908-914
G raph (a) y = y cos 2 x and (b) y = 3 ta n y .
a. A m p litu d e :
a = ^
P e rio d : -y^ = 47
In te rc e p ts: (0, 0 ); (-y, 0 ); (ir, 0)
M a x im u m :
M in im u m : (
b. P e rio d : y = 2 ir
In te rc e p t: (0 ,0 )
y
A sy m p to te s: x = -
77 ;
x -
TT ^
47
H a lfw a y p o in ts : [ - y , - 3 ) ; ( y 3 j
EX A M P LES
EXERCtSES
h
f .
on pp. 9 0 9 -9 1 2
for Exs. 6 - 9
y == s si in
66 .. y
n 22xx
7. / ( x ) = y c o s y
8 . g (x) = 5 s in 7rx
9 . y = 2 ta n y X
Chapter Review
C H A P T E R R E V !E W
Transiate and Ref!ect Trigonometric Graphs
p p . 9 7 5 -9 2 2
G ra p h y = 3 cos (x - rr) - 1.
To g r a p h y = 3 c o s (x - -nj - 1, s ta r t w ith th e g r a p h o f y = 3 c o s x . T h e n , tr a n s la te
th e g r a p h r ig h t 7r u n its a n d d o w n 1 u n it.
A m p litu d e : l3 l = 3
P e rio d : 2 ir
H o riz o n ta i s h if t : 7r
V e rtic a i s h if t : - 1
o n ,.* ,
M in im u m : (2rr, - 4 )
M a x im u m s: ( 7?, 2 ) ;( 3 rr, 2)
EXERO SES
EX A M P LES
I,2 ,a n d 4
on pp. 9 1 5 -9 1 7
for Exs. 10-15
10. /(x ) = c o s 2 x + 4
11. T = y s in 5 (x - rr)
12. y = 2 s in ^x -
13. y = 2 c o s
14. g(x) = - 1 - 3 c o s 4 x
15. y = 4 - s in 3
+ 3
Verify Trigonometric identities

V e rify th e id e n tity
cot^ 9
esc 9
= esc 9 s in 9.
esc 9 - 1
esc 9
esc 9
esc" 9
esc 9
= e sc 9 = esc 9 -
p p . 9 2 4 -9 3 9
1
csc9
W rite as separate fractions.
Simpiify.
esc 9
s in 9
Reciprocai identity
EXERCtSES
EX A M P LES
2, 3, 4, and 5
on pp. 9 2 5 -9 2 6
for Exs. 1 6 -2 0
S im p iify th e e xp ressio n.
16.
- c o s x t a n ( -x )
17.
s e c x ta n x + se c x
18. s in (-f- - x ta n x
s i n ^ ( - x ) - l = - s m.
19. --------
966
Chapter 14
Trigonom etric Graphs. Identities, and Eauations
2 0 . ta n I y - x ) c o t x = csc^ x - 1
@Mnne7tifor
Soive Trigonometric Equations

Solve 2 cos^ x = 1 in th e in te rv a i 0 < x <
2 cos^ x = 1
p p .931-937
277.
COS2 X = y
COS X = V2
^ In th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 277, th e s o lu tio n s a r e x = 4 4

EX A M P LE S
1 and 4
on pp. 931-933
for Exs. 21-23
EX ER C !SES
4 and 4
277.
22. cos x = cos x
Solve th e e q u a tio n in th e in te rv a l 0 < x <

21.
- 4 s in x = - 3
23.
ta n ^ 4 x = 3
Write Trigonometric Functions and Models
p p .941-947

FTiEP 7
Find
t h e m a x im u m v a lu e M a n d m in im u m
id e n tify
th e v e r tic a l s h ift, k.
_ M + m _ 3 + (1) _ 2_ _ 2
2
2 *
J
Decide w
h e th e r th e g r a p h s h o u ld b e m o d e le d b y a s in e o r c o s in e f u n c tio n .
B e c a u s e th e g r a p h c r o s s e s th e m id lin e , y = 1, o n th e y -a x is a n d th e n
d e c re a s e s to its m in im u m v a lu e , th e g r a p h is a s in e c u r v e w ith a re fle c tio n
b u t n o h o r iz o n ta l s h ift. So, a < 0 a n d It = 0.
Find
t h e a m p litu d e a n d p e r io d . T h e p e r io d is y - = y - . So, & = 3.
T h e a m p litu d e is
l%l = ^
^ = y =
2. So,
a = -2 .
A f u n c tio n fo r th e s in u s o id is y = 2 s in 3 x + 1.
EXERCtSES
EX A M P LE 1
on p. 941
for Exs. 2 4 -2 5
Chapter Review
967
CHAPTER REV!EW
App!y Sum and Difference Formuias
pp. 949 -9 5 4
F in d th e exact value o f th e e xp re ssio n.

a.
c o s 2 2 5 = c o s (27 0 - 45)
Substitute 270 - 45 fo r 225.
= c o s 270 c o s 45 + s in 270 s in 45
= oj
, 2 (
Difference form uia fo r cosine
-( V22
Evaiuate.
V2
2
b.
s in = s in
12
Simpiify.
(? f)
Substitute y + y fo r y y
s in
Sum form uia fo r sine
Vs (V 2 '
2 ( 2 ,
Evaiuate.
^ V6 + V2
Simpiify.
EXERCiSES
EX A M P LES
la n d 2
on pp. 949-950
for Exs. 26-30
2 8 . s in 13m12
3 0 . F in d co s (a - &), g iv e n th a t s in a = y y w ith y < a < 7r a n d co s & = y
2 6 . c o s 195
27. ta n 75
2 9 . c o s 5m*
w ith 0 < & < y .
App!y Doub)e-Ang!e and Ha!f-Ang!e Formu!as
p p . 9 5 5 -9 6 2

a.
t a n 135 = t a n ^ (2 7 0 )
_ 1 - cos 270 _ 1 - 0
-1
sin 270
1 - cos
= -1
f l - V3
EXERCtSES
EX A M P LES
1 and 2
on pp. 955-956
for Exs. 31-35
968
Chapter 14
F in d th e exact value o f th e e xp re ssio n .
31. s in 75
3 2 . ta n (-1 5 )
33. c o s i y
3 5 . G iv en c o s % = y w ith 0 < a < y , fin d s in 2 a a n d ta n y .

34. c o s ^
4
C H A P T E R T E ST
1. /(x ) = 4 c o s 2 x
2' y =
4. y = s in (x - rr) - 2
5. /( x ) = 3 t a n (* - y )
6. y = - 2 c o s ^
g -----secx
s in n* *
3. /( x ) = - 4 t a n y X
+ 3
S im p iify th e exp re ssio n .
sin ( - 8 )
ta n ( - 6 )
_ ^g ^2
10.
12.
V erify th e id e n tity c o s 3 x = 4 co s^ x - 3 c o s x.
Soive th e e q ua tion in th e in te rv a l 0 < x < 2?r.

13.
9 s in ^ x ta n x = 1 6 ta n x
14. ( l - t a n ^ x ) t a n 2 x = 2V 3
15.
s in y = ^y-
18.
s in ^ = 1 - c o s x
F in d th e general s o iu tio n o f th e eq ua tion.

16.
6 ta n ^ x - 2 = 0
17.
c o s x = s in 2 x s in x

19.
s in 255
20.
c o s(
21.
ta n ^
22.
s in ^
T h e p a d d ie w h e e l o f a s h ip is 11 fe e t in d ia m e te r , re v o iv e s 15
tim e s p e r m in u te w h e n m o v in g a t to p s p e e d , a n d is 2 f e e t b e lo w th e w a te r's
s u r fa c e a t its lo w e s t p o in t. U s in g th is s p e e d a n d s ta r ti n g f ro m a p o in t a t
th e v e ry to p o f t h e w h e e l, w rite a m o d e i fo r th e h e ig h t h (in feet) o f th e
e n d o f t h e p a d d le r e la tiv e to th e w a te r's s u r fa c e a s a f u n c tio n o f tim e t (in
m in u te s ).
23. BOATING
24.
T h e ta b le b e lo w s h o w s th e m o n th ly p r e c ip ita tio n P
(in in c h e s ) in B ism a rc k , N o rth D a k o ta . T h e tim e f is m e a s u r e d in m o n th s ,
w ith t = 1 r e p r e s e n tin g J a n u a ry . U se a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to w r ite a
s in u s o id a l m o d e l th a t g iv e s P a s a f u n c tio n o f f.
P REC !P)TA T)O N
10
11
12
0.5
0.5
0.9
1.5
2.2
2.6
2.6
2.2
1.6
1.3
0.7
0.4
Chapter Test
969
T EST PH EPA R A TM N
EXTENDED RESPONSE QUESTIONS
Scoring Rubric
Fu!) Credit
* so lu tio n is co m p le te
a n d co rrect
Partia! Credit
* so lu tio n is co m p lete
b u t h a s erro rs,
or
* so tu tio n is w ith o u t
e rro r b u t in co m p lete
PRO BLEM
T h e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e x (in feet) tr a v e le d b y a f o o tb a ll k ic k e d fro m

g r o u n d le v e l a t s p e e d y a n d a n g le 9 c a n b e m o d e le d b y x =
s in 29.
a.
No Credit
* n o solution is given,
or
* so lu tio n m ak e s n o
se n se
b.
W rite a n e x p re s s io n fo r h a lf o f th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e . H o w is th is
e x p r e s s io n r e la te d to th e fo o tb a ll's m a x im u m h e ig h t?
W rite a s im p iifie d e x p r e s s io n fo r th e fo o tb a ll's m a x im u m h e ig h t.
c. W h a t is t h e m a x im u m h e ig h t o f a f o o tb a ii k ic k e d f ro m g r o u n d ie v e l
w ith a s p e e d o f 80 fe e t p e r s e c o n d a n d a n a n g ie o f 35?
B e io w are sam pie s o iu tio n s to th e pro b ie m . Read each s o iu tio n and the
co m m ents in biue to see w h y th e sam pie re p re se n ts f u i i c re d it, p a rtia ! cred it,
o r no c re d it.
SAMPLE 1: Fu!) cred it soiution
T he expression
is correct, and its
significance is fuiiy
explained.
a.
H a if o f t h e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e = ^
2
32
s in 29 =
64
s in 29
B e c a u s e th e b a li tra v e ls in a p a r a b o iic p a th , th e m a x im u m h e ig h t o c c u rs
a t h a lf th e h o r iz o n ta l d is ta n c e .
b.
S u b s titu te th e e x p r e s s io n f ro m p a r t (a) fo r x in th e e q u a tio n fo r th e p a th o f

a p ro je c tile . N o te th a t th e in itia i h e ig h t is 0.
16
y = ^ cos^ 9 x + ( ta n 9)x +
16 I 1
y=
cos^ 9 6 4 '
T he correct form ula is

used for th e path of a
projectile.
64' ^ :
y (sin 2 9)(sin 29) ( ^ s i n 2 9 ) t a n 9

64
256 cos
r^(2 sin 9 cos 9) (2 sin 9 cos 9) ^ i^(2 sin 9) (cos 9 ta n 9)
256 cos 9 cos
64
1
1
(Z sin 9.cetr% )(Zsm 9rxxr9) ^
(2 sin 9)(sin 9)
64
A double-angle form uia

is used correctiy, an d th e
resuiting expression is
correctiy simpiified.
64
sin^ " + 2 ^ sin^ 9

64
64
=
c.
T he an sw er is correct.
970
Chapter 14
64
gin2 p
To f in d th e m a x im u m h e ig h t o f th e b a ll, s u b s titu te 80 fo r r* a n d 35 fo r 9.
M a x im u m h e ig h t =
64
sin ^ # = - i - . 80^ sin ^ 3 5 = 33 f e e t

64
SAMPLE 2: Partia) credit soiution

a.
The answer is correct, but
work is not shown and
no expianation is given.
64
s in 28
16
o
c co s' 8
(ta n 8)x +
-16 ^
c ' c o s '8^ 64
s in 28) + ( t a n 6 ) ( - ^ - 8 's i n 2 6 ) + 0
1
(64
b. y = 5---- 5" x +
16
^ 6 ^ s i n ' 28 ) + (ta n 6 ) ( ^ - c ' s in 28
c ' C os' i
y ' s in ' 28
256 cos" 8
The expression is not

fuliy simpiified.
y ' ta n 8 sin 28
64
c. T h e m a x im u m h e ig h t o f th e f o o tb a ll is:
^
r ' s in ' 2 8 +, r ' ta n 8 sin 2 8 _

64
256 c o s ' 8
The answer is correct.
8 0 ' s in ' 70 +, 8 0 ' ta n 35 sin 70

64
256 cos 35
33 feet
SAMPLE 3: No credit soiution
x = 641 2 s m
a.
The expressions in parts
(a) and (b) are incorrect,
and no work is shown.
The values are

substituted incorrectly.
The answer is wrong.
b.
T h e m a x im u m h e ig h t is g iv e n b y
s in 8.
c.
fe e t
64
s in
8 = - L - 35'
64
s in
80 = 19
T h e m a x im u m h e ig h t is a b o u t
P R A C T !C E
19
fe e t.
Apply th e S co rin g Rubric
Score th e fo lto w in g so lu tio n to th e p ro b le m on th e p re v io u s page as/w d credd,

p a rtia l credit, o r wo credit. E x p la in y o u r re a so n in g . I f you choose p a rtia i cred it
o r wo credit, e xp la in ho w you w o u ld change th e so lu tio n so th a t i t e a rn s a score
o f f u l l c re d it.
a. Half of the to ta l horizontal distance Is
1 v? sin 26. This is the horizontal
64
distance when the hall is a t Its maximum height.

b. A simplified expression for the maximum height of the hall is
sin^ 6.
c. Substitu te 6 0 for v and 3 5 for 6 in the expression from part (h) to find
the maximum height of the football.
sin^ 6 = - L *
ein2 35 = - L . 6 4 0 0 (0 .5 7 4 )^ - 3 3 feet
971
+ a -* -* * T E S T P R A tT M E
EXTENDED RESPONSE
1. S o u n d tra v e ls in w a v e s th a t c a n b e r e p r e s e n te d u s in g s in e f u n c tio n s . W h e n
tw o n o te s a r e p la y e d a t th e s a m e tim e o n a m u s ic a l in s tr u m e n t, th e r e s u ltin g
s o u n d w a v e c a n b e m o d e le d b y t h e s u m o f tw o s o u n d w a v e s.
a. P la y in g C a n d G to g e th e r c r e a te s h a r m o n y a n d
Note
Sound wave
p ro d u c e s a p le a s a n t s o u n d . U s e a g r a p h in g
C
y = sin 523.26t
c a lc u la to r to g r a p h th e s o u n d w a v e th a t r e s u lts
fro m p la y in g C a n d G a t th e s a m e tim e .
G
y = sin 784t
b. P la y in g C a n d B to g e th e r c r e a te s d is s o n a n c e a n d
B
y = sin 987.76t
p ro d u c e s a n u n p le a s a n t s o u n d . U se a g r a p h in g
c a lc u la to r to g r a p h th e s o u n d w a v e t h a t r e s u lts
fro m p la y in g B a n d C a t th e s a m e tim e .
c. M a k e a c o n je c tu r e a b o u t th e r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n h o w th e n o te s
s o u n d w h e n p la y e d to g e th e r a n d th e r e s u ltin g s o u n d w av e.
E x p la in y o u r re a s o n in g .
2. T h e b la d e s o f a fa n r o ta te c o u n te rc lo c k w is e a t a
s p e e d o f 8 0 0 r o ta tio n s p e r m in u te . T h e le n g th o f
e a c h b la d e is 9 in c h e s . T h e m a x im u m h e ig h t o f th e
tip o f th e r e d fa n b la d e a b o v e t h e g r o u n d is
48 in c h e s .
a. W h a t is th e m in im u m h e ig h t o f th e tip o f th e re d
fa n b la d e a b o v e th e g ro u n d ?
b. W rite a f u n c tio n th a t m o d e ls th e h e ig h t o f th e tip
o f th e r e d f a n b la d e a s a f u n c tio n o f tim e . A s s u m e
t h a t th e b la d e s ta r ts in t h e p o s itio n s h o w n in th e
d ia g r a m .
c. D o y o u r a n s w e r s to p a r ts (a) a n d (b) c h a n g e if th e
f a n r o ta te s c lo c k w is e ? E x p la in w h y o r w h y n o t.
3. T h e c h a r t sh o w s th e a v e ra g e m o n th ly te m p e r a tu r e (in d e g r e e s F a h re n h e it)
a n d a h o u s e h o ld 's g a s u s a g e (in c u b ic feet) fo r 12 m o n th s .
a. U se th e c h a r t to m a k e a ta b le o f
February
January
March
v a lu e s g iv in g th e m o n th f (w ith
J a n u a r y c o r r e s p o n d in g to t = 0),
32F
21 F
15F
th e a v e ra g e m o n th ly te m p e r a tu r e y ^
20,000 ft^
27,000 ft^
23,000 ft^
a n d th e g a s u s a g e y^ (in th o u s a n d s
o f c u b ic fe e t).
May
June
July
b. U se th e ta b le fro m p a r t (a) a n d
35F
49F
62F
a g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r to fin d
14,000 ft^
21,000 ft3
8,000 ft3
tr ig o n o m e tr ic m o d e ls fo r th e a v e ra g e
m o n th ly t e m p e r a tu r e y , a s a f u n c tio n
September
October
November
o f tim e a n d th e g a s u s a g e y^ a s a
f u n c tio n o f tim e .
71F
63F
55F
c. G ra p h th e tw o r e g re s s io n e q u a tio n s
13,000 f f
15,000 ft^
19,000 ft^
in th e s a m e c o o r d in a te p la n e o n y o u r
g r a p h in g c a lc u la to r. D e sc rib e th e
r e la tio n s h ip b e tw e e n th e g ra p h s .
972
Chapter 1 4
A p ril
22F
22,000 ft^
August
78F
9,000 ft^
December
40F
23,000 ft3
classzone.com
GR!DDEO ANSWER
MULT!PLECH0!CE
7. W h a t is th e x - in te r c e p t o f th e g r a p h o f
y = s in ^ r r x o n th e in te r v a l 0 < x < 3?
4 . T h e g r a p h o f w h ic h f u n c tio n is s h o w n ?
8. F in d th e v a lu e o f t a n (a + &) g iv e n t h a t th e
fo llo w in g a r e tr u e :
s in a = ^5 w ith 0 < a < -^2 a n d
y = - 3 cos 2x
(B ) y = - 2 c o s 3 x
(C ) y = " y c o s 3 x
(D ) y = - 3 c o s 1^2 x
(A )
cos & =
9. F in d th e y - c o o r d in a te o f th e p o in t o f
in te r s e c tio n o f th e g r a p h s o f y = 2 + s i n x
a n d y = 3 - s in x in th e in te r v a l 0 < x < Y -
5. W h ic h e x p r e s s io n is n o t e q u iv a le n t to 1?
(A ) t a n x s e c x c o s x
(B ) s i n 'x + c o s 'x
( g ) c o s 'l - x l t a ^ x
s in (-x )
(g ) c o s ( ^ - x ) c s c x
'4
1
w ith 0 < & < Y
10. F in d th e a m p litu d e o f th e s in u s o id s h o w n
b elo w .
6 . W h a t is th e g e n e ra l s o lu tio n o f th e e q u a tio n
c o s ' x = 25 c o s x?
(A) ^+2W7T
( B ) y + " rr
(E ) ^
( 5 ) Y + 2 " ir
+ 2W7T
SHORT RESPONSE
11. U se th e f a c t t h a t th e f re q u e n c y o f a p e r io d ic f u n c tio n 's g r a p h is th e r e c ip r o c a l
o f th e p e r io d to s h o w th a t a n o s c illa tin g m o tio n w ith m a x im u m d is p la c e m e n t
a a n d f r e q u e n c y / c a n b e m o d e le d b y y = a s in 2 i7 /f o r y = a c o s 2 rr/f.
12. A b a s k e tb a ll is d r o p p e d f ro m a h e ig h t o f 15 fe e t. C a n th e h e ig h t o f th e
b a s k e tb a ll o v e r tim e b e m o d e le d b y a tr ig o n o m e tr ic f u n c tio n ? I f so , w r ite th e
f u n c tio n . If n o t, e x p la in w h y n o t.
13. C o n s id e r t h e fo llo w in g f u n c tio n :
/( x ) = s i n x c o s x
W ith o u t g r a p h in g t h e f u n c tio n , w h a t w o u ld y o u e x p e c t th e g r a p h to io o k iik e ?
E x p la in y o u r r e a s o n in g . C o p y a n d c o m p le te th e ta b le b e lo w a n d d e te r m in e
w h e th e r y o u r p r e d ic tio n w a s c o r re c t.
X
77
/M
377
77
77
77
77
377
77
973
C o n te n ts
o f S tu d e n t R e s o u rc e s
8 8 Skiiis Review H andbook
popes 9 7 5 - 7 0 0 9
O perations with Positive and

N egative Numbers
975
Fractions, Decimais, and Percents
976
C aten atin g with Percents
977
Factors and Muitiples
978
Ratios and Proportions
980
Converting Units of M easurem ents
987
Scientific Notation
982
Significant Digits
988
Writing Aigebraic Expressions
Perim eter and Area
997
Circum ference and Area of a Circie
992
Surface Area and Voium e
995
Angie Reiationships
994
Triangie Relationships
995
C ongruent and Simiiar Figures
996
M ore Probiem Solving S trategies
998
Logicai A rgum ent
7000
984
Conditionai S tatem en ts and

C ou n terexam p ies
7002
Binomial Products
985
Venn D iagram s
7004
LCDs of Rationa] Expressions
986
M ean, M edian, M ode, and R ange
7005
The Coordinate Piane
987
G raphing Statisticai Data
7006
Transform ations
988
O rganizing Statisticai D ata
7008
Line Sym m etry
990
8 8 Extra Practice for C hapters 1-1 4
popes 7 0 7 0 - 7 0 2 8
g j Tabies
popes 7 0 2 4 - 7 0 8 4
S y m b o is
7024
M e a su re s
7025
F o rm u ia s
7026
P ro p e rtie s
7088
8 8 Engiish-Spanish Giossary
popes 7 0 8 5 - 7 0 8 4
^ j index
popes 7 0 8 5 -7 7 0 4
8 8 Credits
8 ) W orked-O ut Soiutions
t Seiected Answers
974
Student Resources
popes 7 7 0 5 -7 7 0 6
p o p e i/i/57
p o p e 5A 7
EXAMPLE
a.
a positive number, move to the right.
y
g negative number, move to the ieft.
-*------- 1--------- 1--------- 1--------- 1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------1---------)- 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 -1
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Add or subtract.
+ (-5)
E n d -^.
HANDBOOK
To a d d p o s itiv e a n d n e g a tiv e
n u m b ers, y o u c a n u se a
n u m b e r iin e .
To s u b tr a c t a n y n u m b e r ,
a d d its o p p o s ite .
SKiLLS REVtEW
O p e ra tio n s w ith P o s itiv e a n d N e g a tiv e N u m b e rs
b. - 2 M o v e 5 units to th e left.
Start
(-5 )
Starts.
= -2 + 5
Th e opposite of - 5 is 5.
M o v e 5 units to th e right.
^-E n d
I ^ ------- 1------- I------- 1------- I------- I-------- t *------------^ ------- '------- '------- ^------- !------- '------- '------- ^
- 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2
- 3 - 2 - 1 0 1 2 3 4
^ 1 +
(-5 ) =
-4
^ -2
(-5 ) = 3
To m u ltip ly o r d iv id e p o s itiv e a n d n e g a tiv e n u m b e r s , u s e th e fo llo w in g ru le s .

* T h e p r o d u c t o r q u o tie n t o f tw o n u m b e r s w ith th e s a m e s ig n is p o sh in e .
* T h e p r o d u c t o r q u o tie n t o f tw o n u m b e r s w ith rh^jferenf s ig n s is n eg a fm e .
r
Muitipiy or divide.
a. 3 . 7 = 2 1
b.
- 3 ( - 7 ) = 21
c. 1 8 - 2 = 9
d.
-18 -
e. - 3 ( 7 ) = - 2 1
f.
g. - 1 8 + 2 = - 9
h.
(-2 ) = 9
3 (-7 ) =
18 -
-2 1
(-2) =
-9
P e rfo rm the indicated op e ra tio n .

1. 2 + ( - 8 )
2. 5 - 1 2
3. - 6 ( 1 0 )
4. - 3 0 -
6. 7 ( - 5 )
7. 1 8 -
8. - 7 + ( - 1 2 )
9. 1 1 ( 4 )
10
(-2)
5. - 4 + 6
10. 8 1 - ( - 9 )
13. - 1 + 1 3
14. 4 5 -
16. 1 4 - ( - 9 )
17. - 3 2 - 1 6
18. - 2 3 + ( - 5 )
19. - 8 - ( - 5 )
20. 1 7 - ( - 1 8 )
21. - 9 ( - l )
22. - 3 -
23. - 1 8 - ( - 3 )
24. 1 4 + ( - 7 )
25. 5 ( - 3 )
26. 2 1 + ( - 8 )
27. - 2 - 10
28. - 9 + 2 6
29.
31. - 7 ( - 6 )
32. 1 - 2 4
33. - 1 5 - 2
34. 0 + ( - 4 )
(-11)
(-9 )
-t-
12. - 9 ( - 8 )
O
(N
11. - 1 2 - 3
15. - 6 ( 1 2 )
30. 2 2 -
( - 2)
35. 1 6 - 8
Skills Review Handbook
975
SK!LLS REVtEW
HANDBOOK
F ra c tio n s , D e c im a is , a n d P e rc e n ts
is a r a tio w ith a d e n o m in a to r o f 100. T h e w o rd p e rc e n t m e a n s
" p e r h u n d re d ," o r " o u t o f o n e h u n d r e d ." T h e s y m b o l fo r p e r c e n t is % .
A percent
In th e m o d e l a t th e r ig h t, 71 o f t h e 100 s q u a r e s a r e s h a d e d . Y ou c a n w rite
th e s h a d e d p a r t o f t h e m o d e l a s a f ra c tio n , a d e c im a l, o r a p e r c e n t.
s e v e n ty -o n e d iv id e d b y o n e h u n d r e d , o r
^
100
D ec im a l: s e v e n ty -o n e h u n d r e d th s , o r 0.71
F ra c tio n :
Pe rc ent:
s e v e n ty -o n e p e r c e n t, o r 71%
Write as a decimai.
a.
15% = ^
= 0.15
b. 106% =
= 106
c. ^ = 5 - 8 = 0.625
Write as a percent.
0.8 = - ^ = - g L , 8 < ^
. i =
W rite as a fra c tio n .
0.65
2.
0.08
3. 1.5
6. 50%
7.
26%
8.
t.
3%
4. 0.13
9. 95%
5.
10.
0.7
110%
W rite as a decim al.
16.
16%
12.
9
10
13
17.
142%
18.
22.
0 .2 4
23. 1.3
27.
4
5
15.
3
8
30%
20.
6.5%
24. 0.07
25.
0.45
29
ZH.
2
30.
3
16
25
I* '
1%
19.
W rite as a percent.
21.
0.6
'S ' W
976
Student Resources
C a te n a tin g w ith P e rc e n ts
w h at
W o rd
of
X
Sym boi
is
=
a.
W h a t is 15% o f 20?
b.
n = 0 .1 5 X 2 0
W h a t p e r c e n t o f 8 is 6?
c.
nX 8 = 6
n= 3
8 0 % o f w h a t n u m b e r is 4?
0 .8 X n = 4
n = 6 - 8 = 0.75 = 75%
3 is 15% o f 20.
n = 4 = 0.8 = 5
7 5 % o f 8 is 6.
HANDBOOK
Answer the question.
SKtLLS REVtEW
Y ou c a n u s e e q u a tio n s to c a lc u la te w ith p e r c e n ts . R e p la c e
w o rd s w ith s y m b o ls a s s h o w n in t h e ta b le a t t h e rig h t. B elo w
a r e th r e e ty p e s o f q u e s tio n s y o u c a n a n s w e r w ith p e r c e n ts .
80% o f 5 is 4.
To fin d a p e r c e n t o f c h a n g e , c a lc u la te A m o u n t o f in c re a se o r d ec re a se
O rig inal a m o u n t
Find the percent of change.

a.
b. A p ric e d e c r e a s e s f ro m $12 to $9.
A c la s s in c r e a s e s f ro m 21 s tu d e n t s to 25 s tu d e n ts .
^ i - 21 =
= 0.19 = 19% in c r e a s e
21
21
= J L = 0 .2 5 = 2 5 % d e c r e a s e
12
12
A n sw e r th e q u e stio n .
1. W h a t is 98% o f 200?
2. W h a t is 25% o f 8?
3.
W h a t is 3 0 % o f 128?
4. W h a t is 5% o f 700?
5. W h a t is 100% o f 17?
6.
W h a t is 150% o f 14?
9.
7.
W h a t is 0 .2 % o f 500?
10. W h a t p e r c e n t o f 18 is 9?
13.
16.
50% o f w h a t n u m b e r is 6?
18. 10%
8.
W h a t is 6 .5% o f 3 0 0 0 ?
14. W h a t p e r c e n t o f 5 is 8 ?
o f w h a t n u m b e r is 6?f
17.
55% o f w h a t n u m b e r is 44?
19.
7 5 % o fw h a tn u m b e ris 4 5 ?
20. 1% o f w h a t n u m b e r is 2?
21.
9 0 % o f w h a t n u m b e r is 63?
22. 12% o f w h a t n u m b e r is 60?
23.
2 0 0 % o f w h a t n u m b e r is 16?
F in d the percent o f change. R o u n d to th e ne a re st percent i f necessary.

24.
A c la s s in c r e a s e s fro m 20 to 28 s tu d e n ts .
25.
T im e d e c r e a s e s f ro m 60 to 45 m in u te s .
26.
A p ric e is r e d u c e d f ro m $ 2 0 0 to $180.
27.
V o tes in c r e a s e f ro m 2 0 0 to 300 .
28.
A te s t is s h o r te n e d f ro m 4 0 to 32 ite m s .
29.
M e m b e rs h ip in c r e a s e s f ro m 82 0 to 1605.
30.
A w a g e ris e s fro m $ 8 .7 5 to $ 1 0.00.
31.
T h e te m p e r a tu r e d r o p s f ro m 24F to 5F.
Skiiis Review H andbook
977
SKtLLS REV!EW
HANDBOOK
F a c to rs a n d M u !tip !e s
Fa c to rs a r e n u m b e r s o r e x p r e s s io n s t h a t a r e m u ltip lie d to g e th e r.
A p rim e n u m b e r is a w h o le n u m b e r g re a te r th a n 1 th a t h a s e x a c tly
tw o w h o le n u m b e r fa c to rs , 1 a n d itse lf. T h e ta b le s h o w s a ll th e p r im e
n u m b e r s le ss t h a n 100. A com posite n u m b e r is a w h o le n u m b e r
g re a te r t h a n 1 t h a t h a s m o re t h a n tw o w h o le n u m b e r fa c to rs .
P rim e N u m b e rs
Le ss T h a n 100
2, 3, 5, 7 ,1 1 ,1 3 ,1 7 ,1 9 , 23,
29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47, 53, 59,
61, 67, 71, 73, 79, 83, 89, 9 7
W h e n y o u w rite a c o m p o s ite n u m b e r a s a p r o d u c t o f p r im e n u m b e r s ,
y o u a r e w ritin g its p rim e fa c to riza tio n .
Write the prime factorization of 60.
U se a f a c to r free. W rite 60 a t th e to p . T h e n d ra w tw o b r a n c h e s
a n d w rite 60 a s th e p r o d u c t o f tw o fa c to rs . C o n tin u e to d ra w
b r a n c h e s u n til a ll th e fa c to rs a r e p rim e n u m b e r s . T w o f a c to r
tr e e s fo r 60 a r e g iv e n a t th e rig h t. B o th s h o w 60 = 2 - 2 - 3 - 5.
^ T h e p r im e f a c to r iz a tio n o f 60 is 2^ - 3 - 5.
60
/ \
2 - 30
/ \
2 - 15
/ \
3 - 5
60
/ \
3 - 20
/ \
4 . 5
/ \
2 - 2
A w h o le n u m b e r th a t is a f a c to r o f tw o o r m o r e n o n z e r o w h o le n u m b e r s is a
com m on fa c to r o f th e n u m b e r s . T h e la rg e s t o f th e c o m m o n fa c to rs is th e
greatest com m on fa c to r (GCF).
Find the greatest com m on factor (GCF) of 18 and 45.

Method 1 L i s t fa c to rs.
Method 2 U se p rim e fa c to riza tio n .
F a c to rs o f 18: 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
P r im e f a c to r iz a tio n o f 18: 2 * 3 - 3
F a c to rs o f 45: 1, 3, 5, 9 , 15, 45
P r im e f a c to r iz a tio n o f 45: 3 - 3 - 5
T h e G C F is 9, th e g r e a te s t o f th e
c o m m o n fa c to rs .
T h e G C F is th e p r o d u c t o f t h e c o m m o n
p r im e fa c to rs : 3 - 3 = 9.
A m u itip ie o f a w h o le n u m b e r is th e p r o d u c t o f th e n u m b e r a n d a n y n o n z e r o
w h o le n u m b e r. A com m on m u itip ie o f tw o o r m o re n u m b e r s is a m u ltip le o f a ll o f
th e n u m b e r s . T h e ie ast com m on m u itip ie (LC M ) is th e s m a lle s t o f th e c o m m o n
m u ltip le s .
Find the ieast com m on muitipie (LCM) of 12 and 15.
978
Method 1 L i s t m u itip ie s.
Method 2 U se p rim e fa c to riza tio n .
M u ltip le s o f 12: 12, 24, 36, 48, 6 0 , . . .
P r im e f a c to r iz a tio n o f 12: 2^ - 3
M u ltip le s o f 15: 15, 30, 45, 6 0 , . . .
P r im e f a c to r iz a tio n o f 15: 3 * 5
T h e L C M is 60, th e le a s t o f th e
c o m m o n m u ltip le s .
F o rm th e L C M o f th e n u m b e r s b y w r itin g
e a c h p r im e f a c to r to th e h ig h e s t p o w e r it
o c c u rs in e ith e r n u m b e r : 2^ - 3 - 5 = 60.
Student Resources
M3M3M
STMMS
T h e ieast com m on d e n o m in a to r (LC D ) o f tw o f ra c tio n s is th e ie a s t c o m m o n

m u itip ie o f th e d e n o m in a to r s . U se th e L C D to a d d o r s u b tr a c t f r a c tio n s w ith
d if fe re n t d e n o m in a to rs .
A d d :^ + ^
EXAMPLE
R e w rite th e f r a c tio n s u s in g th e L C D o f 4 0 : ^
25
40
^ and ^
A d d th e n u m e r a to r s a n d k e e p th e s a m e d e n o m in a to r :
MOOaQNVH
T h e ie a s t c o m m o n m u itip ie o f th e d e n o m in a to r s , 10 a n d 8, is 40.
So, th e ie a s t c o m m o n d e n o m in a to r (LCD ) o f th e f r a c tio n s is 40.
12
25
37
W rite the p rim e fa c to riza tio n o f th e n u m b e r, i f th e n u m b e r is p rim e ,

w rite p rim e .
1. 42
2. 104
3 .7 5
4. 23
5. 70
6. 27
7 .7 2
& 180
9. 47
10. 100
11. 88
12. 49
14. M 2
15. 32
13. 83
F in d the greatest com m on fa c to r (GCF) o f th e n u m b e rs.
16. 4 ,6
17. 2 4 ,4 0
18. 1 0 ,2 5
19. 5 5 ,4 4
20. 2 8 ,3 5
21. 8 ,2 0
22. 5, 8
23. 15, 12
24. 1 6 ,3 2
25. 7 0 ,9 0
26. 2, 18
2 7 .9 ,2 1
2 8 . 3 6 , 4 2 ,5 4
29. 7, 12, 17
30. 4 5 ,6 3 ,8 1
F in d the ie a st com m on m u itip ie (LC M ) o f th e n u m b e rs.
3 1 .4 ,1 6
32. 2, 14
33. 5, 6
34. 1 6 ,2 4
35. 6 ,8
36. 1 2 ,2 0
37. 3 ,6
38. 1 8 ,8
39. 9, 12
40. 9 ,5
4 1 .1 0 ,1 5
42. 7 ,9
43. 4 0 ,4 ,5
4 4 .2 5 ,3 0 ,3
45. 27, 81, 33
P e rfo rm th e indicated o p e ra tio n (s). S im p iify th e re s u it.
49/
1
3
52 -110
53. 5
6
1
2
9
1
6 5 -1 0 * 3
^ 2 1
5 6 -3 * 6
57. D
2
5
ca 3
3
3
S"' 2 " W * 4
cn 9
6 ' *10
61.
3
16
46. I +
47.
4
16
48.
10
5' W + y
51 +
5*' 5 8
54 7 - I L
8 16
HR 4 , 1
S S -5 + L 2
5
6
K? 8 , 2 _ 7
^ - 9 + 3 12
"S '
cc 5
1 , 7
66- 2 4 * 6 + 1 2
67. 1 +
s+ n+ i
4.
3
5
1
5
1
2
W +i
63.
3
5
2
15
1
4
-^ - + i
65. 15
16 10 2
69.
3
4
7
12
Skiiis Review Handbook
979
u s e s d iv is io n to c o m p a re tw o q u a n titie s .
ra tio
Y ou c a n w rite a r a tio o f tw o q u a n tit ie s a a n d b,

w h e re b is n o t e q u a l to 0 , in th r e e w a y s.
Th re e W a ys to W r ite th e R a tio o f a to b
a to b
a :b
Y ou s h o u ld w rite r a tio s in s im p le s t fo rm .
SKiLLS REViEW
HAMOBOOK
R a t!o s a n d P ro p o rtio n s
Write the ratio of 12 boys to 16 giris in three ways.
F irs t w rite th e ra tio a s a f r a c tio n in s im p le s t fo rm :

= 12. = 12 4 _ 3^
^
G irls 16 16 ^ 4 4
^ T h re e w a y s to w rite t h e ra tio o f b o y s to g irls a r e 3 to 4, 3 :4 , a n d
A p ro p o rtio n is a n e q u a tio n s ta tin g th a t
tw o r a tio s a r e e q u a l.
U s in g C ross M u itip iic a tio n to So ive P ro p o rtio n s
Y ou c a n u s e c ro s s m u ltip lic a tio n to so lv e

a p ro p o r tio n .
if v = 4- where b ^ 0 and d ^ 0, then ad = be.

b
d
Soive the proportion.
n
54
a.
5 * 54 = 9 * n
270 = 9 n
30 = n
Cross muitipiy.
Simpiify.
Soive fo r n.
v
40
x - 8 = 40 . 3
8x
Cross muitipiy.
120
Simpiify.
x = 15
Soive fo r x.
W rite the ra tio in sim p ie st fo rm . E x p re ss th e a n sw e r in th re e ways.
1. 3 to 9
2. 16 to 24
3. 10 to
5. 25 to 30
6.
7. 4 to 4
9. 32 to 72
60 to 10
4. 6 to 2
8. 8
to 20
10. 42 to 15
11. 14 to 2
12. 12 to 15
,,, 8 _ d
* 4 - 2 4 * 36
15 3
* 5 '1 T * 4
ic 9 _ 5
* ^ '4 5 * b
]a H - H
* 1 7
io
3n
Soive the p ro p o rtio n .
i s x _ 12
* 3 -1 4 * 2 4
*
21
12
= "
* 11 110
1Z=51
* 33
a
980
Student Resources
22 = 150
*z
90
^
_ 2 fL = 2 4
* 125
n
75 ^
* 120
23 =
*8 6
77
_ l(L = tf
144 x
b _ 2
* 90 3
2 4 ^ = 24
* 105 m
*
96- i
6
3
C o n v e rtin g U n its o f M e a s u re m e n t
SKiLLS REViEW
T h e ta b ie o f m e a s u r e s o n p a g e 1025 g iv e s m a n y s ta te m e n ts o f e q u iv a ie n t
m e a s u re s . U s in g e a c h s ta te m e n t, y o u c a n w r ite tw o d if fe re n t c o n v e rs io n fa c to rs .
C onversion Fac tors
Sta te m e n t o f Eq u iv a ie n t M ea sures
and
I" "
100 cm
-1
HANDBOOK
l '" i 1m
100 cm = 1 m
To c o n v e rt fro m o n e u n i t o f m e a s u r e m e n t to a n o th e r, m u itip iy b y a c o n v e rs io n
fa c to r. U se t h e o n e t h a t w iii e iim in a te t h e s ta r tin g u n it a n d k e e p th e d e s ire d u n it.
Copy and compiete.

a.
3.5 m
3 .5 n f X
? cm
iO O cm
6 20 c m =
b.
=
(3 5 ^ (Q Q ) ^
1pf
F So, 3.5 m = 3 5 0 c m .
? m
1 m = MO m = 6 .2 m
620 p rh x 100
p rh 100
^ So, 6 20 c m = 6 .2 m .
= 35Q ^
S o m e tim e s y o u n e e d to u s e m o r e t h a n o n e c o n v e rs io n fa c to r.
EXAMPLE
Copy and com piete: 7 days =
sec
F in d th e a p p r o p r ia te s ta te m e n ts o f e q u iv a le n t m e a s u r e s .
24 h = 1 d ay , 60 m in = 1 h , a n d 60 s e c = 1 m in
W rite c o n v e rs io n fa c to rs : 24 h 60 m in , a n d 60 sec
1 d a y ' 1 h ' " 1 m in
M u itip iy b y c o n v e rs io n fa c to rs to e iim in a te d a y s a n d k e e p s e c o n d s .
7 ria y s -x
x S O m th
^
l.d a ^
Ilf
^ So, 7 d a y s = 6 0 4 ,8 0 0 sec .
6 0 sq c =
ln m f
(7
x 24
60
60) s e c = 6 0 4 ,8 0 0 se c
Copy and compiete.
1. 6 L = ^ _ m L
5.
77 m m = ? c m
2. 2 m i = _ ? _ f t
6.
5 gal = ? qt
3.
80 o z = ? ib
4.
4 days = ? h
7.
48 ft = ? y d
8. 1 5 0 0 m L = _ ? _ L
9. 40 m = ? c m
10.
125 ib = ? o z
11.
8 00 g = ? kg
12.
9 0 0 s e c = ? m in
13.
72 in . = _JL_ ft
14.
2.5 to n = ? ih
15.
90 m in = ? h
16.
6 5 ,0 0 0 m g = ? g
17.
100 yd = ? in .
18.
3 .5 k g = _ ? _ g
19
6 pt = ? qt
20. 1 w
23.
1 m i = ? in .
24.
5 gal = ? c
27.
4 kg = _ ? _ g
28.
7 h r = ? sec
21. 2 o z = ? lh
25.
2 8 8 in .^ = ? ft^
22. 1 k m = ? m m
26.
24 p t = ? g ai
e e k = ? m in
Skiils Review H andbook
981
HANDBOOK
Scient!f< c N o ta t!o n
5c:'enfff:'c n o frrn 'o n is a w a y to w rite n u m b e r s u s in g p o w e rs o f 10. A n u m b e r is
w r itt e n in sc ie n tific n o ta tio n if it h a s th e fo r m c x 10" w h e re 1 < c < 10 a n d n is
a n in te g e r. T h e ta b le sh o w s s o m e p o w e rs o f te n in o rd e r f ro m ie a s t to g re a te s t.
SKILLS REVtEW
Pow er o f Ten
Vaiue
10 *3
10*3
10*1
10
10 '
103
103
0.001
0.01
0.1
10
100
1000
W rite th e n u m b e r in sc ie n tific n o ta tio n .
1 2 ,8 0 0 ,00 0
a.
1 2 ,8 0 0 ,00 0
1.28 x 10'
Standard form
b.
0 .0 0 0 0 0 3 9
0 .0 0 0 0 0 3 9
Move the decimai point

7 piaces to the ieft.
3.9 X 10 6
Use 7 as an exponent of 10.
Standard form
6 piaces to the right.
Use - 6 as an exponent of 10.
W rite th e n u m b e r in sta nd a rd fo rm .
a.
6.1 X 10"
Scientific notation
6.1 X 10*
Th e exponent of 10 is 4.
61,000
61,000

4 piaces to the right.
Standard form
b.
5.74 x 10*5
5.74 x lO*^
0.0 00 057 4
0 .0 0 0 0 57 4
Scientific notation
Th e exponent of 10 is - 5 .
5 piaces to the ieft.
Standard form
W rite the n u m b e r in sc ie n tific n o ta tio n .
t . 0.6
2.
2 5 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
6. 7
3.
0.08
4.
7.
0 .0 0 0 3 85
8. 8,14 5,0 00
4 8 6 ,0 0 0
0 .0 0 5 4 2
5.
4 0 .8
9.
41,236
10.
0 .0 0 0 0 0 1 6
11.
13.
0.01002
14.
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
15. 70 50 .5
16.
0.3 7
17.
9 850
18.
0 .0 0 0 0 2 0 6
19.
805
20.
0 .0 0 0 5
12. 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 9
W rite the n u m b e r in sta n d a rd fo rm .
982
21.
5 X 103
22.
4 x 10*2
23.
8.2 X lO*^
24.
6.93 X 10^
25.
3 .2 X 10*3
26.
9.01 X 10*
27.
7.345 X 105
28.
2 .3 8 X lO*^
29.
1.814 X 10
30.
2.7 X 10
31.
1 X 10
32.
4.9 X 10*"
33.
8 X 10*
34.
5.6 X 10"
35.
1.87 X 10
36.
7 X 10*"
37.
6.08 X 10
38.
9.0 0 9 X 10*3
39.
3.401 X 10?
40.
5.32 X 10'
Student Resources
S ig n ific a n t D ig its
SKILLS REVIEW
in d ic a te h o w p re c is e iy a n u m b e r is k n o w n . U se th e fo llo w in g
g u id e lin e s to d e te r m in e th e n u m b e r o f s ig n if ic a n t d ig its.
S ig n ific a n t d ig its
* A ll n o n z e ro d ig its a r e s ig n if ic a n t.
* A ll z e ro s th a t a p p e a r b e tw e e n tw o n o n z e r o d ig its a r e s ig n if ic a n t.
HANDBOOK
* F o r a d e c im a l, a ll z e ro s t h a t a p p e a r a f te r th e la s t n o n z e r o d ig it a r e s ig n if ic a n t.
F o r a w h o le n u m b e r , y o u c a n n o t te ll w h e th e r a n y z e ro s a f te r th e la s t n o n z e r o
d ig it a r e s ig n if ic a n t, so y o u s h o u ld a s s u m e t h a t th e y a r e n o t s ig n if ic a n t.
S o m e tim e s c a lc u la tio n s in v o lv e m e a s u r e m e n ts t h a t h a v e v a r io u s n u m b e r s o f
s ig n if ic a n t d ig its. In th is c a s e , a g e n e ra l r u le is to c a r r y a ll d ig its th r o u g h th e
c a lc u la tio n a n d t h e n r o u n d th e r e s u lt to t h e s a m e n u m b e r o f s ig n if ic a n t d ig its
a s th e m e a s u r e m e n t w ith th e je tn e sf s ig n if ic a n t d ig its . W h e n y o u c a lc u la te w ith
u n its th a t c a n n o t b e d iv id e d in to f r a c tio n a l p a r ts , s u c h a s n u m b e r o f p e o p le ,
c o n s id e r o n ly th e s ig n if ic a n t d ig its o f th e o th e r n u m b e r (s ) .
P e rfo rm th e calculation. W rite y o u r a n sw e r w ith th e

a pp rop riate n u m b e r o f sig n ific a n t d ig its.
EXAMPLE
a.
X
12.6
3 significant digits
0.05
1 significant digit
0.63
0 .6
c.
Th e product has 2 significant

digits.
Round to 1 significant digit.
b.
840
+ 702
1542
1500
Th e sum has 4 significant

digits.
Round to 2 significant digits.
$ 6 1 .2 0 r e s ta u r a n t b ill - 6 p e o p le
T h e n u m b e r o f p e o p le is e x a c t, so c o n s id e r o n ly t h e 4 s ig n if ic a n t d ig its o f th e b ill,
$ 61 .2 0 . T h e a n s w e r s h o u ld h a v e 4 s ig n if ic a n t d ig its.
$ 6 1 .2 0 - 6 = $ 1 0 .2 0
^ E a c h p e r s o n p a y s $10.20.
P e rfo rm the c a lc ula tio n. W rite y o u r a n sw e r w it h th e a p p ro p ria te n u m b e r o f

sig n ific a n t d ig its.
1. 6 0 0 + 30
2.
5 - 2.6
5.
3 .6 0 5 3 - 1.720
6 .4 0 - 3 .5
9.
3 0 .5 - 6.40
10.
13.
4016 - 3 0 0 7
1 4 .1 .3 5 + 14.8
17.
3.
12 . 6.75
4 .0 .0 9 8 + 0.14 + 0.369
7.
8.0 - 3.1
8.
31.7 - 6 .8 - 0.435
11.
0 .0 8 8 - 2 .4 4
12.
8 6 5 0 + 3 8 0 - 49
15.
320 - 18
16.
38.1 - 3 .0 4 - 0.024
$1.45 p e r n o te b o o k - 12 n o te b o o k s
18.
10.0 lite rs o f w a te r - 4.5 lite rs o f w a te r
19.
260 p in ts o f m ilk - 106 s tu d e n ts
20.
0.5 y a r d o f f a b ric + 0 .87 y a rd o f f a b ric
21.
27,973 b o o k s - 11 lib r a r ie s
22.
12.76 g a llo n s o f g a s + 6 .0 8 g a llo n s o f g a s
23.
$ 6 .9 5 p e r tic k e t - 180 tic k e ts
24.
1540 p o u n d s 160 p o u n d s - 85 p o u n d s
3.18 + 2 .0 0 0 5
Skills Review H andbook
983
SKtLLS REVtEW
HANDBOOK
W r itin g A ig e b ra ic E x p re s s io n s
To so lv e a p ro b le m u s in g a lg e b ra , y o u o fte n n e e d to w rite a p h r a s e a s a n
a lg e b ra ic e x p re s s io n .
EXAMPLE
a.
W rite th e p hrase as an aigebraic e x p re ssio n .
6 le ss t h a n a n u m b e r
Less than indicates
subtraction.
b.
T he cube of a num ber

Cube indicates raising
to the third power.
- 6
c.
D o u b le a n u m b e r
Double indicates
muitipiication by 2.
^ 2n
W rite an aigebraic e x p re ssio n to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n .

a.
R e b e c c a w a lk s t h r e e tim e s a s f a r to s c h o o l a s M e g h a n d o e s . If M e g h a n
w a lk s m b lo c k s to sc h o o l, h o w m a n y b lo c k s to s c h o o l d o e s R e b e c c a w a lk ?
^ 3m
b.
K ate is 8 in c h e s ta lle r t h a n N o a h . I f N o a h is n in c h e s ta ll, h o w ta ll is K ate?

^n + 8
W rite the p hrase as an algebraic e xp re ssio n .
1. 8 m o re t h a n a n u m b e r
2. 10 tim e s a n u m b e r
3. T w ic e a n u m b e r
4. 6 le s s th a n a n u m b e r
5. O n e f if th o f a n u m b e r
6. 4 g re a te r t h a n a n u m b e r
7. 5 tim e s a n u m b e r
8. A n u m b e r s q u a r e d
9. 25% o f a n u m b e r
10. H a lf a n u m b e r
11. 2 le ss t h a n a n u m b e r
12. T h e s q u a r e r o o t o f a n u m b e r
W rite an algebraic e xp re ssio n to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n .
13. A lliso n is 4 y e a rs y o u n g e r t h a n h e r s is te r C a m ille . If C a m ille is c y e a rs o ld,

h o w o ld is A lliso n ?
14. R y a n b o u g h t a m o v ie tic k e t fo r x d o lla rs . H e p a id w ith a $ 2 0 b ill. H o w m u c h
c h a n g e s h o u ld R y a n g et?
15. B rid g e t s p e n t $ 5 m o r e t h a n T o m s p e n t a t th e m a ll. If T o m s p e n t x d o lla rs ,
h o w m u c h d id B rid g e t s p e n d ?
16. M a rc h a s tw ic e a s m a n y b a s e b a ll c a r d s a s h o c k e y c a rd s . If M a rc h a s h h o c k e y
c a rd s , h o w m a n y b a s e b a ll c a rd s d o e s h e h a v e ?
17. E liz a b e th 's b a lle t c la s s is 45 m in u te s lo n g . If E liz a b e th is m m in u te s la te fo r
b a lle t c la s s, h o w m a n y m in u te s w ill s h e s p e n d in c la ss?
18. S tev e d ro v e x m ile s p e r h o u r fo r 5 h o u rs . H o w m a n y m ile s d id S te v e d riv e ?
19. W e n d y b o u g h t 10 p e n s p ric e d a t x d o lla rs e a c h . H o w m u c h d id s h e s p e n d ?
984
Student Resources
B in o m ia ) P ro d u c ts
SKILLS REVIEW
A m onom ia ) is a n u m b e r , a v a ria b ie , o r th e p r o d u c t o f a n u m b e r a n d o n e o r m o re
v a ria b ie s . A b in o m ia ) is t h e s u m o f tw o m o n o m ia ls . In o th e r w o rd s , a b in o m ia i is
a p o ly n o m ia l w ith tw o te rm s . Y ou c a n u s e a g e o m e tric m o d e l to f in d th e p r o d u c t
o f tw o b in o m ia ls .
HANDBOOK
S im p iify (2 x + l) ( x + 3).
D ra w a r e c ta n g le w ith d im e n s io n s 2 x + 1 a n d x + 3. U se th e
d im e n s io n s to d iv id e th e r e c ta n g le in to p a r ts . T h e n f in d th e
a r e a o f e a c h p a r t. T h e b in o m ia l p r o d u c t (2x + 1) (x + 3) is
th e s u m o f th e a r e a s o f a ll th e p a r ts .
T h e re a r e 2 b lu e p a r t s w ith a r e a x^, 7 g r e e n p a r ts w ith a r e a x,
a n d 3 y e llo w p a r ts w ith a r e a 1.
-2x + 1
x+3
(2x + l)(x + 3) = 2x^ + 7x + 3
x'
x'
X
X
X
X
X
X
1
1
1
A n o th e r w a y to f in d t h e p r o d u c t o f tw o b in o m ia ls is to u s e th e d is tr ib u tiv e
p r o p e r ty s y s te m a tic a lly . M u ltip ly t h e / i r s f te r m s , th e o u te r te r m s , th e in n e r te rm s ,
a n d th e in s t te r m s o f th e b in o m ia ls . T h is is c a lle d F O IL fo r th e w o rd s F irs t, O u te r,
In n e r, a n d L ast.
S im p iify (x + 2)(4x - 5).

F ir s t
(x
2 )(4 x - 5)
x (4 x )
=
= 4x2 _
=
4x2
O u te r
5 ^. +
3x
In n e r
La st
x (-5 )
2(4x )
2 ( - 5 ) Use FOiL.
g^. _ iQ
Muitipiy.
10
Combine iike terms.
S im p lify .
1.
4.
7.
(o + 5 )(o + 3)
(z + l) (z + 6)
(y -2 )2
2.
(n t + 4 )(m + 11)
3.
(t + 8 )(f + 7)
5.
( y + 4 ) ( y + 2)
6.
(x + 9) (x + 9)
8.
(n + 6)2
9.
(4 - z)2
10. ( n + 1 0 ) ( n - 1 0 )
11.
(y + 3 ) ( y - 7 )
12.
13.
(5x - 4 )(5 x + 4)
14.
(3 + n)2
15.
16.
(n + 5 )(n + 5)
17.
(7 -z )(7
19.
(4u
3)2
20.
(3 -g )(2 g
22.
(3 n
l) ( n
23.
(-u
25.
(5x
2 )(2 x -5 )
26.
(2 d
4)
z)
(^ + l)^
(c + 5 ) ( 2 c - 7)
3)
21.
(3 x -8 )(x -6 )
( 4 - x ) ( 8 + x)
9 )(u -9 )
24.
(8 x
5) (3 d
27.
(-4 z
- 1)
18.
l) (x
+
+ 1)
3 )(6 z -
1)
985
SKiLLS REVtEW
HANDBOOK
LC D s o f R a tio n a ! E x p re s s io n s
A ra tio n a ) e xp re ssio n is a f ra c tio n w h o s e n u m e r a to r a n d d e n o m in a to r a r e
n o n z e ro p o iy n o m ia is . T h e ie a st com m on d e n o m in a to r (LC D ) o f tw o r a tio n a i
e x p re s s io n s is th e ie a s t c o m m o n m u itip ie o f th e d e n o m in a to r s . To f in d th e LCD ,
fo iio w th e s e th r e e s te p s :
.PTifP 7
W rite
e a c h d e n o m in a to r a s th e p r o d u c t o f its fa c to rs .
th e p r o d u c t c o n s is tin g o f th e h ig h e s t p o w e r o f e a c h f a c to r th a t
a p p e a r s in e ith e r d e n o m in a to r.
W rite
^7!fP J
Sim p iify
th e p r o d u c t f ro m S te p 2 to w rite th e LC D .
_r
EXAMPLE
a.
Fin d th e ieast com m on d e n o m in a to r o f th e ra tio n a i e x p re ssio n s.
^5xy
- a n d - y^3
8x^
^TiFP 7 F a cto rs:

5xy = 5 - x - y
/ =/
F T E P f P ro d u c t: 5
* x * y3
-PTfPF L C D :5 x /
and 1
12x
c.
Factors:
-1
3x +
6 and
x2 3x - 10
Factors:
8x2 = 23 . x2
3x +
= 3 * (x + 2)
12x = 2^ * 3 * x
x2 - 3x - 10 = (x + 2) - (x - 5)
Product: 2 3 . 3 -
Prod uct: 3 - (x + 2) - (x - 5)
LC D :24x2
LC D :3 (x + 2 ) ( x - 5)
F in d the ieast com m on d e n o m in a to r o f th e ra tio n a i e x p re ssio n s.
a n d -^
^2
2. - ^ a n d - ^ y
64;2
7^
3. - ^ a n d ^
z3
^2
4. ^ - a n d - ^
5. x y a n d - ^
6. i ^ - a n d - ^
7.
8.
2 ah
5x
lOx
3y2
and
14
3y
10. - ^ L - a n d
x -1
16.
4x
+12
3m
19. ------------ a n d - r
3)4
(L + 3)2
(L +1 3)'
r
and ^ ^ ^
5z 40
9z 56
^ "3
986
^ 5A:
Student Resources
+ 6
14. - ^ a n d
n
17.
2^
20xy
and
21 ^
5n + 5
and -
6 x + 18
25. - ^ ^ a n d
9 ^,^
11.
x + 3
13. - ' a n d
2m
6
18m
9.
and^
a n d ------1 0 ^ + 8n
y - and
" + 2
15.
6n
16xy
n -
12. ^ a n d
8
2y+8
n+1
1.
18.
3:
a n d ------L
----------------a:
15h 30 '
20.
and
\
7* 5
3y - 15
21.
23.
24.
an<
2z 6
26.
a + 4% + 4
jc - 9
and
^+ 2
an d
x + 3 x 18
"
;
10n + 20
27. ------
m -1 1 m
T h e C o o rd in a te P ia n e
Quadrant t!
T h e o rd e re d p a ir (3 ,1 ) is g r a p h e d a t t h e rig h t. T h e x - c o o r d in a te
is 3, a n d th e y - c o o r d in a te is 1. So, t h e p o in t is r ig h t 3 u n its a n d
u p 1 u n it fro m th e o rig in .
x-axts
HANDBOOK
E a c h p o in t in a c o o r d in a te p la n e is r e p r e s e n te d b y a n ordered
pair. T h e firs t n u m b e r is th e x-co ord ina te, a n d th e s e c o n d
n u m b e r is th e y-coordinate.
SKiLLS REVtEW
y-axts
y Quadrant I
( + ,+ )
4
ortgtn
(3 , 1 )
(o .o H
-6 -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 ] 1 2 3 4 3 6 %
y2
-3
(+< )
Quadrant IV
Q uadrant!
A coordinate piane is f o rm e d b y th e in te r s e c tio n o f a h o r iz o n ta l

n u m b e r lin e c a lle d th e x -a x is a n d a v e r tic a l n u m b e r lin e c a lle d
th e y-a xis. T h e a x e s m e e t a t a p o in t c a lle d th e o rig in a n d d iv id e
th e c o o r d in a te p la n e in to fo u r q u a d ra n ts, n u m b e r e d 1, II, III,
a n d IV.
Graph th e p o in ts 4 (2 , -1 ) and B ( - 4 , 0) in a coordinate piane.
' -r
A (2 , - 1 ) S ta r t a t th e o rig in .
T h e x - c o o r d in a te is 2, so m o v e r ig h t 2 u n its .
T h e y - c o o r d in a te is - 1 , so m o v e d o w n 1 u n it.
D ra w a p o in t a t (2, - 1 ) a n d la b e l it A.
B ( - 4 , 0)
8 1-4, U)
-6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - : - ^ 1
S ta r t a t th e o rig in .
T h e x - c o o r d in a te is - 4 , so m o v e le ft 4 u n its .
T h e y - c o o r d in a te is 0, so m o v e u p 0 u n its .
D ra w a p o in t a t ( - 4 , 0) a n d la b e l it B.
.3 4 . 6%
4(2, -1
Graph the p o in ts in a coord ina te piane.

1.
A(7, 2)
6. F ( l, 3)
11.
X (5, 8)
16. Q ( - 2 , - 6 )
2. B (6, - 7 )
3.
7. G (3, 0)
8. H (l, - 5 )
12.
B(8, - 2 )
17. B (0, 6)
C (2, - 3 )
4. D ( - 8 , 0)
5.
9. 7(0, - 2 )
10.
JV (-7, 8)
13.
M (-3 , -4 )
14.
18.
S (-4 , -1 )
19. T(4, 4)
15.
20.
Give the coord ina tes and th e q u a d ra n t o r a xis o f th e p o in t.

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
30.
31.
32.
7
M
33.
34.
35.
37.
38.
40.
41.
43.
44.
39.
Q
T
42.
IV
36.
29.
r'
M
'f
'c
't/
/
-r
6%
0
*8
8
'v
T
*P
,c
987
SKILLS REV!EW
HANDBOOK
T ra n s fo rm a tio n s
A tra n s fo rm a tio n is a c h a n g e m a d e to th e p o s itio n o r to th e siz e
o f a fig u re . E a c h p o in t (x, y) o f th e fig u re is m a p p e d to a n e w p o in t,
a n d th e n e w fig u re is c a iie d a n image.
T ra n s ia tio n a U n its H o riz o n ta iiy

and & U n it s V e rtic a iiy
A tra n s ia tio n is a tr a n s f o r m a tio n in w h ic h e a c h p o in t o f a fig u re

m o v e s th e s a m e d is ta n c e in th e s a m e d ir e c tio n . A fig u re a n d its
tr a n s ia te d im a g e a r e c o n g r u e n t.
EXAM PLE
(x, y) -> (x + a, y + b)
T ra n s ia te FG rig h t 3 u n its and d o w n 1 u n it.
To m o v e r ig h t 3 u n its , u s e a = 3. T o m o v e d o w n 1 u n it, u s e
& = - 1 . So, u s e (x, y) -> (x + 3, y + (-1 )) w ith e a c h e n d p o in t.
F (2 , 4) -> F '(2 + 3, 4 + (-1 )) = F '(5 , 3)
G (l, 1) G '(l + 3, 1 + (-1 )) = G '(4 , 0)
G ra p h th e e n d p o in ts (5, 3) a n d (4, 0). T h e n d ra w t h e im a g e .
A re fle c tio n is a tr a n s f o r m a tio n in w h ic h a fig u re is
re fie c te d , o r f lip p e d , in a iin e , c a iie d th e iin e o f re fle c tio n .
A fig u re a n d its re fle c te d im a g e a r e c o n g r u e n t.
EXAM PLE
R e fle c tio n in x -a x is
R e fle c tio n in y -a xis
(x, y) -> (x, -y)
(x, y) -y (-x, y)
Re fie c t A ABC in th e y -a x is.
"Y
A'
U se (x, y) -> ( - x , y) w ith e a c h v e rte x .

A (4, 3) - ^ A '( - 4 , 3)
B ( l,2 ) - y B '( - l , 2 )
C (3, 1) -> C '( - 3 , 1)
'
Change each
x-coordinate
to its opposite.
" 1
G ra p h th e n e w v e rtic e s . T h e n d ra w th e im a g e .
R o ta te R S 7 V 1 80 about th e o rig in .
U se (x, y)
7?(2, 2)
S(4, 2)
T(4, 1)
v u , 0) ^
( - x , - y ) w ith e a c h v e rte x .
7 ? '(-2 , - 2 )
Change every
S '( - 4 , - 2 )
coordinate
7 " (- 4 , - 1 )
to its opposite,
V ( - i , 0)
G rap h th e n e w v e rtic e s . T h e n d ra w th e im a g e.
988
Student Resources
180 e ith e r direction
T
i
><
i
R o ta tio n A b o u t th e O rig in
><
A ro ta tio n is a tr a n s f o r m a tio n in w h ic h a fig u re is tu r n e d

a b o u t a fix e d p o in t, c a iie d th e center o f ro ta tio n . T h e
d ir e c tio n c a n b e c lo c k w is e o r c o u n te rc lo c k w is e . A f ig u re
a n d its r o ta te d im a g e a r e c o n g r u e n t.
90 clockwise
(x, y)
90 counterclockwise
(x, y) -> ( - y x)
"y
------'
<
f?
/
y 2
-7
/
--------
S
"r ,
(y -x)
D ila tio n w ith Scaie Fac tor k

w ith Respect to th e O rig in
(x, y) -> (kx, ky)
D iia te 7 K LM u sin g a scaie fa c to r o f 0.5 .
SKILLS REVIEW
A d ila tio n is a tr a n s f o r m a tio n in w h ic h a fig u re s tr e tc h e s

o r s h r in k s d e p e n d in g o n th e d ila tio n 's scaie factor. A fig u re
stre tc h e s if k > 1 a n d s h rin k s if 0 < k < 1. A f ig u re a n d its
d iia te d im a g e a r e s im ila r.
HANDBOOK
T h e s c a ie f a c to r is k = 0.5, so m u itip iy e v e ry c o o r d in a te b y 0.5.

U se (x, y) (0.5x, 0.5y) w ith e a c h v e rte x .
7(4, 4) 7 '(0 .5 * 4, 0.5 - 4) = 7 '(2 , 2)
7f(6, 4) k f (0.5 - 6, 0.5 - 4) = 7T(3, 2)
7,(6, - 1 ) -> T ,'(0 .5 - 6, 0.5 - (-1 )) = 7/(3, - 0 .5 )
M (4, - 1 ) -> M '(0 .5 - 4, 0.5 - (-1 )) = M '(2 , - 0 .5 )
G ra p h th e n e w v e rtic e s . T h e n d ra w th e im a g e .
F in d the co ord ina tes o f ( V ( - 3 ,8) a fte r th e given tra n s fo rm a tio n . F o r ro ta tio n s,
ro tate about th e o rig in .
1.
R o ta te 180.
4. R e fie c t in y -a x is .
2. R e fle c t in x -a x is .
3. T r a n s i a t e u p 3 u n i t s .
5. R o ta te 90 c lo c k w is e .
6. T r a n s la te le ft 5 u n its .
7. R o ta te 90 c o u n te rc lo c k w is e .
8. T ra n s la te r ig h t 2 u n its a n d d o w n 9 u n its .
T ra n s fo rm A P S T . G raph th e re s u lt. F o r ro ta tio n s, ro ta te about

the o rig in .
9.
R e fle c t in x -a x is .
10.
R o ta te 90 c o u n te rc lo c k w is e .
11.
R o ta te 90 c lo c k w is e .
13.
R e fle c t in y -a x is .
14.
T ra n s la te le ft 4 u n its .
15.
R o ta te 180.
16.
T ra n s la te r ig h t 2 u n its .
12.
T ra n s la te d o w n 7 u n its .
17.
T ra n s la te r ig h t 1 u n it a n d u p 4 u n its .
18.
T ra n s la te le ft 6 u n its a n d u p 2 u n its .
T h e co ord ina tes o f th e v e rtic e s o f a polygon are given. D ra w th e polygon. T h e n

fin d the co ord ina tes o f th e ve rtic e s o f th e image a fte r th e sp ecified d ila tio n , and
d ra w th e image.
19.
(1, 3),
(3,2), (2, 5); d ila te u s in g a s c a le f a c to r o f 3
20.
(2, 8),
(2, 4), (6, 8), (6, 4); d ila te u s in g a s c a le f a c to r o f ^
21.
(3, 3),
(6, 3), (3, - 3 ) , (6, - 3 ) ; d ila te u s in g a s c a le f a c to r o f ^
22.
(2, 2),
(2, 7), (5, 7); d ila te u s in g a s c a le f a c to r o f 2
23. (2, - 2 ) , (6, - 2 ) , (4, - 6 ) , (0, - 6 ) ; d ila te u sin g a s c a le fa c to r o f ^
989
SKtLLS REVtEW
HANDBOOK
L !n e S y m m e try
A fig u re h a s tin e sy m m e try if a iin e , c a iie d a tin e o f sy m m e try , d iv id e s th e fig u re
in to tw o p a r ts t h a t a r e m ir r o r im a g e s o f e a c h o th e r. B e io w a r e f o u r f ig u re s w ith
th e i r lin e s o f s y m m e tr y s h o w n in re d .
Trapezoid
No tines of symmetry
tsoscetes Tria n g te
1 line of symmetry
Rectangie
2 tines of symmetry
Regutar Hexagon
6 lines of symmetry
A tine o f sy m m e try fo r th e fig u re is sh o w n in red.

Fin d th e coordinates o f p o in t A.
P o in t A is th e m ir r o r im a g e o f th e p o in t (3, 6) w ith r e s p e c t
to th e iin e o f s y m m e tr y y = - 2 . T h e x - c o o r d in a te o f A is 3,
t h e s a m e a s th e x - c o o r d in a te o f (3, - 6 ) . B e c a u s e - 6 is th e
y - c o o r d in a te o f (3, - 6 ) , a n d - 2 - ( - 6 ) = 4, th e p o in t (3, - 6 )
is d o ru n 4 u n its fro m th e iin e o f s y m m e try . T h e re fo re , p o in t A
m u s t b e u p 4 u n its fro m th e iin e o f s y m m e try . So, th e
y - c o o r d in a te o f A is - 2 + 4 = 2. T h e c o o r d in a te s o f p o in t A
a r e (3 ,2 ).
T e ii ho w m a ny iin e s o f sy m m e try th e fig u re has.

4.
5. A p a r a iie io g r a m
6. A s q u a r e
A iin e o f sy m m e try fo r the fig u re is sh o w n in red. F in d th e c o o rd in a te s o f

p o in t A.
990
Student Resources
8. A n e q u iia te r a i tr ia n g ie
P e rim e te r a n d A re a
SKILLS REVtEW
T h e p e rim e te r P o f a fig u re is t h e d is ta n c e a r o u n d it. To fin d th e p e r im e te r o f a

fig u re , a d d th e sid e le n g th s .
F in d th e p e rim e te r o f th e fig u re .
18 m
b.
4m
5 in.
18 m
12 in.
P = 2(4) + 2(18) = 8 + 3 6 = 4 4 m
P = 5 + 1 2 + 13 = 30 in .
The
area
HANDBOOK
a.
4 o f a fig u re is th e n u m b e r o f s q u a r e u n its e n c lo s e d b y th e fig u re .
Area o f a Tria n g ie
Area o f a Rectangie
Area o f a Paraiieiogram
Area o f a Trapezoid
&
A = bb
A = fw
A = ^bb
EXAMPLE
A =
+ b^)b
Fin d th e area o f th e fig u re ,

b.
7 in.
--5 ft
15 in.
A = ^ (6 )(3 ) = 9 m '
A = (5) (5) = 2 5 R 2
A = (15) (7) = 105 in .^
F in d the p e rim e te r and area o f th e fig u re .
2.
1.
3 cm
8 ft
^ \^ 1 7 ft
15ft
2 cm
10 yd
- - 8 in.
21 yd
3.
4 in.
\ b m.
3 in.
Ik.
12 in.
2.7 m
4m
3m
9 mm
12 mm
991
SKtLLS REVtEW
HANDBOOK
C irc u m fe re n c e a n d A re a o f a C irc ie
A circle c o n s is ts o f a ii p o in ts in a p ia n e th a t a r e th e s a m e d is ta n c e f ro m a fix e d
p o in t c a iie d th e center.
T h e d is ta n c e b e tw e e n th e c e n te r a n d a n y p o in t o n th e c irc le is th e ra d iu s. T h e
d is ta n c e a c ro s s th e c irc le th r o u g h t h e c e n te r is th e dia m eter. T h e d ia m e te r is
tw ic e th e ra d iu s .
T h e circum ference o f a c irc le is t h e d is ta n c e a r o u n d th e c irc le . F o r a n y c irc le ,
th e r a tio o f th e c irc u m f e r e n c e to th e d ia m e te r is 7r (pi), a n ir r a tio n a l n u m b e r
th a t is a p p r o x im a te ly 3.14 o r
To f in d th e c irc u m f e r e n c e C o f a c irc le w ith r a d iu s r, u s e th e f o r m u la C = 2rrr.
To fin d th e a r e a A o f a c irc le w ith r a d iu s r, u s e th e f o r m u la A = 7rr^.
Fin d th e circum ference and area o f a circie w ith ra d iu s 6 cm.

Give an exact a n sw e r and an a p p ro xim a te a n sw e r f o r each.
Circumference
Area
C = 27rr
A = -n*r^
= 2 ir(6 )
= 12rr
= ? r(6 f
= 36-n-
= 12(3.14)
= 36(3.14)
= 37.7
= 113
^ T h e c irc u m f e r e n c e is 12rr c e n tim e te r s ,

o r a b o u t 37.7 c e n tim e te r s .
^ T h e a r e a is 3 6 rr s q u a r e c e n tim e te r s ,
o r a b o u t 113 s q u a r e c e n tim e te r s .
F in d the circum ference and area o f th e circie. Give an exact a n sw e r and an

approxim ate a n sw e r fo r each.
11.
992
Student Resources
S u rfa c e A re a a n d V o tu m e
so lid
The
SK!LLS REViEW
is a th r e e - d im e n s i o n a l f ig u re t h a t e n c lo s e s p a r t o f s p a c e .
surfa ce area
S o f a s o lid is th e a r e a o f t h e s o lid 's o u te r s u rfa c e (s ).
T h e v o lum e V o f a s o lid is t h e a m o u n t o f s p a c e th a t th e s o lid o c c u p ie s .
5 = 2fw + Zfh + 2wh
5 = 277*r^ + 2n*rh
j ----------------
1/ = fw h
HANDBOOK
Cylinder
Rectangular P ris m
V = n-r^h
F in d th e surfa ce area and v o iu m e o f th e re c ta n g u la r p ris m .

Voiume
Surface area
S = 2 fw + 2 ih + 2 teh
7 It
= 2 ( 5 ) ( 3 ) + 2 ( 5 ) ( 7 ) + 2(31(7)
= (5)(3)(7)
= 30 + 70 + 42
= 1 0 5 ft3
T --3 tt
5 It
= 1 4 2 ft2
I
F in d th e surfa ce area and v o lu m e o f th e cylinder.
Surface area
Volume
S = 2rrr^ + 2 rrrh
= 2 -n -(3 f+ 2-n-(3)(12)
V = 7rr2h
3m
12 m
= 77(3)2(12)
= 9077 m2
Exact answer
= 10877 m 2
Exact answer
= 283 m 2
Approximate answer
= 3 39 m ^
Approximate answer
* H U S H IV
F in d the surfa ce area and vo lu m e o f th e so lid .
1.
3in.
8in.
6.5 mm
3 cm
12 mm
5 in.
3 cm
2m
m
10 m
^
^ -----
^ -----' "*
14_yd
*
____ ^
___ 4 yd
10ft
15ft
993
A n angte b ise c to r is a ra y th a t d iv id e s a n a n g ie in to tw o c o n g r u e n t a n g ie s .
T w o a n g ie s a re com ptem entary angtes if th e s u m o f th e ir m e a s u r e s is 90.
T w o a n g ie s a r e sup p te m e n ta ry angtes if th e s u m o f th e ir m e a s u r e s is 180.
SKtLLS REVtEW
Fin d th e vatue o fx .
^ -^ -3 2
X G R / a n d X D P /a r e
c o m p ie m e n ta ry .
c.
B e c a u s e X GF7 a n d X NB7
a r e c o m p ie m e n ta r y
a n g ie s , th e ir s u m is 90.
(2jr - 6) + 4jr = 90
X C B D a n d X A B D a re
s u p p ie m e n ta r y .
B e c a u s e X C RD a n d X A B D
a r e s u p p ie m e n ta r y a n g ie s ,
th e ir s u m is 180.
(3jr - 1) + (jr - 3) = 180
4^
6;r 6 = 90
(D
t!
; r = 16
B D is the angte b ise c to r o f X A B C . F in d th e vatue o f jr.
'( 1 1 x - 19)
. (8x + 5)
X A B D and
4.
X D B C are comptementary. Fin d
the value o f jr.
6.
' ^ 7 < 3 x -4 )
/(4 jr + 10)
B
X A B D and X D B C are supptementary. Fin d the value o f jr.

7.
8. ^
(4 * + 17)/(3x + 2)
4
994
Student Resources
0
( j r - 2 8 ) ^ ^ . 3x
B
B e c a u s e BD b is e c ts
X A B C , th e v a iu e o f
jr is h a lf m X A B C .
b.
B D b is e c ts X A B C
a n d m X A B C = 64.
CO
a.
HANDBOOK
A n g te R e ta tio n s h ip s
T ria n g le R e ia tio n s h ip s
T h e s u m o f th e a n g le m e a s u r e s o f a n y tr ia n g le is 180.
t h e v a lu e o f x .
60 +
35 + x = 180
95 + x = 180
x = 85
Th e sum o fth e angle measures is 180

Simplify,
Soive fo r x.
In a rig h t tria n g le , th e hypo tenuse is th e s id e o p p o s ite th e

r ig h t a n g le . T h e legs a r e th e sid e s t h a t fo rm th e r ig h t a n g le .
T h e Pytha g o re a n th e o re m s ta te s t h a t th e s u m o f th e s q u a r e s
o f th e le n g th s o f th e le g s e q u a ls t h e s q u a r e o f th e le n g th o f
th e h y p o te n u s e .
Pyth a g o re a n Th e o re m
O' + I t ' =
*
6
EXAMPLE
F in d t h e v a lu e o f x .
12 cm
Pythagorean theorem
6^ + 82 = %2
Pythagorean theorem
36 + 64 = F
Simplify.
x^ + 144 = 169
100 = F
Simpiify.
LO
(N
)!
Soive fo r x^.
x = 5 cm
Soive fo r x.
x = 10 ft
Soive fo r x.
Simpiify.
nB3E3*
F in d the value o f x.
1.
6.
5.
40 cm
30 cm
9. A tria n g le w ith a n g le s th a t m e a s u re x, x, a n d 70
Skills Rpview Handbook
SKtLLS REVtEW
HANDBOOK
^ C o n g ru e n t a n d S im i!a r F !g u re s
T w o f ig u re s a r e c o n g r u e n t if th e y h a v e t h e s a m e s h a p e a n d th e s a m e siz e .
If tw o f ig u re s a r e c o n g r u e n t, th e n c o r r e s p o n d in g a n g ie s a r e c o n g r u e n t
a n d c o r re s p o n d in g s id e s a r e c o n g r u e n t. T h e tr ia n g ie s a t th e r ig h t a r e
c o n g r u e n t. M a tc h in g a rc s s h o w c o n g r u e n t a n g ie s , a n d m a tc h in g tic k
m a rk s s h o w c o n g r u e n t sid e s.
T w o f ig u re s a r e s im i ta r if th e y h a v e t h e s a m e s h a p e b u t n o t n e c e s s a r ily th e s a m e
siz e. If tw o f ig u re s a r e s im iia r, t h e n c o r r e s p o n d in g a n g le s a r e c o n g r u e n t a n d th e
r a tio s o f t h e le n g th s o f c o r r e s p o n d in g s id e s a r e e q u a i.
Te!) w hether the figures are congruent, simi/ar, or neither.
A s s h o w n , c o r r e s p o n d in g
a n g ie s a r e c o n g r u e n t a n d
c o r r e s p o n d in g s id e s a r e
c o n g r u e n t. So, th e f ig u re s
a r e c o n g r u e n t.
b.
A 3 B
10/
11
6
C
A s s h o w n , c o r r e s p o n d in g
a n g ie s a r e c o n g r u e n t, b u t
c o r r e s p o n d in g s id e s h a v e
d if fe re n t ie n g th s . So, th e
f ig u re s a r e n o t c o n g r u e n t,
b u t th e y m a y b e s im iia r.
T h e f ig u re s a re s im iia r if th e r a tio s o f th e ie n g th s o f c o r r e s p o n d in g sid e s a r e e q u a i.

AB
3 _ ,i
BRCC= _J )6_ _= n 0o8
CD _ 11
AD _ 10 = 0.8
BG 7.5
'
G H 13.75
B D 12.5
BB
^ B e c a u s e c o r r e s p o n d in g a n g ie s a r e c o n g r u e n t a n d th e r a tio s o f th e ie n g th s
o f c o r r e s p o n d in g s id e s a r e e q u a l, A B C D is s im ila r to BBGBf.
The two potygons are simitar. Find the vaiue of x.
T h e a n g le w ith m e a s u r e x
c o r r e s p o n d s to th e a n g le w ith
m e a s u r e 60, so x = 60.
T h e sid e w ith ie n g th 12 c o r r e s p o n d s to
t h e s id e w ith ie n g th 8, a n d th e sid e
w ith ie n g th 9 c o r r e s p o n d s to th e sid e
w ith ie n g th x.
=
1 2 x = 72
x = 6
996
Student Resources
W rite a proportion.
Cross muitipiy.
Soive fo r x.
SKiLLS REVtEW
Te H w h e th e r th e fig u re s are congrMenf, s im ila r, o r ne ith e r. E .rp ia in .
2- I
" O il
10
4-
5-
6.
8
12
12
, ^
4.5
i.5 ^ n y i.5
3
12
8
8.
6
3
12
HANDBOOK
11
^ .4
0*11
1.6
3.2
4.8
J
3.2
4.8
L
7
1.6
2.4
T h e tw o polygons are s im iia r. F in d th e vaiue o f jr.
10.
13.
11.
^43
'113
\ x - 1
20
14
1___ 1
8
4x+3
E
'(5 x - 3)
16.
1 8 \^ ^ x - 7
17.
\5 3
53/
30
36
15
IX
12
/ ^/
/
x+5
18.
61^
1^119
k^61
(7x + 4)
119/1
/
( H * - 5 })
119/
--------------------
53
997
HANDBOOK
t M o re P ro b le m S o lv in g S tra te g ie s
P ro b ie m s o lv in g s tr a te g ie s c a n h e ip y o u so lv e m a th e m a tic a l a n d re a l-life
p ro b le m s . L e s s o n 1.5 s h o w s h o w to a p p ly th e s tr a te g ie s Mse a^ o rrn M /a, /o o k ^ b r a
p a tte r n , d ra w a d ia g r a m , a n d a.se a n e rb a i m o d e /. B e lo w a r e f o u r m o r e s tr a te g ie s .
SK!LLS REV!EW
Strategy
W hen to Use
How to Use
Make a list or table
Make a list or table when a problem

requires you to record, generate, or
organize information.
Make a table with columns, rows, and any

given information. Generate a systematic list
that can help you solve the problem.
W ork backward
Work backward when a problem

gives you an end result and you
need to find beginning conditions.
Work backward from the given information

until you solve the problem. Work forward
through the problem to check your answer.
Guess, check, and revise
Guess, check, and revise when you

need a place to start or you want to
see how the problem works.
Make a reasonable guess. Check to see if

your guess solves the problem, if it does not,
revise your guess and check again.
Soive a simpier probiem
Solve a simpler problem when a

problem can be made easier by
using simpler numbers.
Think of a way to make the problem simpler.

Solve the simpler problem, then use what
you learned to solve the original problem.
Lee w o rk s as a cashier, in h o w m any d iffe re n t w a ys can Lee

make $ .5 0 in change u sin g q u a rte rs, dim es, and nickels?
U se th e s tr a te g y m a b e a b'sf o r fab /e. T h e n c o u n t th e n u m b e r o f d if fe re n t w a y s.

Q uarters
Dimes
Nickeis
2
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
2
1
0
5
4
3
2
1
0
0
1
3
5
0
2
4
6
8
10
Start w ith the greatest number of quarters.

The n iist aii the possibiiities w ith 1 quarter,
starting w ith the greatest number of dimes.
The n list all the possibiiities w ith 0 quarters,

starting w ith the greatest number of dimes.
^ L ee c a n m a k e $ .5 0 in q u a r te r s , d im e s , a n d n ic k e ls in 10 d if fe re n t w a y s.
EXAMPLE
in a cafeteria, 3 cookies cost $ .5 0 less th a n a sand w ich, i f a

sandw ich costs $ 4 .2 5 , h o w much does one cookie cost?
U se th e s tr a te g y w o rk b a c k w a rd .
4.2 5 - 0 .5 0 = 3.75
Cost o f 3 cookies
1.25
3 .7 5 -^ 3 = 1.25
Cost of 1 cookie
3.75 + 0 .5 0 = 4 .2 5
> O n e c o o k ie c o s ts $1.25.
998
Student Resources
3 = 3.75
Cost of 3 cookies
Cost of sandwich
Nolan s ctass has 6 m ore boys than girts. There are

28 students attogether. How many girts are in Notan s ctass?
U se th e s tr a te g y g a e ss, ch eck , a n J reoise. G u e ss a n u m b e r o f g irls t h a t is le s s t h a n

h a lf o f 28.
F i r s t guess:
12 g irls, 12 + 6 = 18 b o y s, 12 + 18 = 30 s tu d e n ts To o high X
T h i r d guess:
10 g irls, 10 + 6 = 16 b o y s, 10 + 16 = 26 s tu d e n ts
11 g irls, 11 + 6
17 b o y s, 11
17
To o tow X
28 s tu d e n ts
HANDBOOK
Second guess:
SKtLLS REV!EW
EXAMPLE
Correct X
^ T h e re a r e 11 g irls in N o la n 's c la ss .
How m any diagonats does a regutar decagon have?
U se th e s tr a te g y so lo e a s im p le r p ro b le m . A d e c a g o n h a s 10 sid e s, so f in d th e
n u m b e r o f d ia g o n a ls o f p o ly g o n s w ith fe w e r s id e s a n d lo o k fo r a p a tte r n .
3 sides
Odiagonais
4 sides
2diagonais
5 sides
5 diagonats
6 sides
9 diagonats
7 sides
14diagonais
N o tic e t h a t th e d if fe re n c e o f th e n u m b e r s o f d ia g o n a ls fo r c o n s e c u tiv e f ig u re s
k e e p s in c r e a s in g b y 1:
2 -0 = 2
5 -2 = 3
9 -5 = 4
14 - 9 = 5
So, a n 8 -s id e d p o ly g o n h a s 14 + 6 = 20 d ia g o n a ls , a 9 -s id e d p o ly g o n h a s
20 + 7 = 27 d ia g o n a ls , a n d a 1 0 -sid e d p o ly g o n h a s 27 + 8 = 35 d ia g o n a ls .
^ A r e g u la r d e c a g o n (a 1 0 -sid e d p o ly g o n ) h a s 35 d ia g o n a ls .
1. B e n h a s a c o n c e r t a t 7:30 P.M. F irs t h e m u s t d o 2 h o u r s o f h o m e w o rk . T h e n ,

d in n e r a n d a s h o w e r w ill ta k e a b o u t 45 m in u te s . B e n w a n ts to a llo w a h a lf
h o u r to g e t to th e c o n c e r t. W h a t tim e s h o u ld B e n s ta r t h is h o m e w o rk ?
2.
Q u in n a n d Kyle c o lle c te d 87 a l u m in u m c a n s to re c y c le . Q u in n c o lle c te d

tw ic e a s m a n y c a n s a s K yle. H o w m a n y c a n s d id e a c h p e r s o n c o lle c t?
3. In h o w m a n y d if fe re n t w a y s c a n t h r e e s is te rs f o r m a lin e a t a tic k e t b o o th ?
4. T h e 8 x 8 g rid a t th e r ig h t h a s s o m e 1 X 1 s q u a r e s , s o m e 2 X 2 s q u a r e s , s o m e
3 X 3 s q u a r e s , a n d so o n . H o w m a n y to ta l s q u a r e s d o e s th e g rid h a v e ?
5.
If K ale ig h d ra w s 20 d if fe re n t d ia m e te r s in a c irc le , in to h o w m a n y p a r ts w ill

th e c irc le b e d iv id e d ?
6. Six f rie n d s fo rm a te n n i s le a g u e . E a c h frie n d w ill p la y a m a tc h w ith e v e ry

o th e r f rie n d . H o w m a n y m a tc h e s w ill b e p la y e d ?
7. S u s a n h a s 13 c o in s in h e r p o c k e t w ith a to ta l v a lu e o f $1.05. S h e h a s o n ly
d im e s a n d n ic k e ls . H o w m a n y o f e a c h ty p e o f c o in d o e s S u s a n h a v e ?
999
SK!LLS REV)EW
HANDBOOK
L o g ic a ! A rg u m e n t
A lo g ic a l a r g u m e n t h a s tw o g iv e n s ta te m e n ts , c a iie d p re m ise s, a n d a s ta te m e n t,
c a iie d a conclusion, t h a t fo iio w s fro m th e p re m is e s . B eio w is a n e x a m p le .
Prem ise 1
Prem ise 2
Conciusion
If a tr ia n g ie h a s a r ig h t a n g ie , t h e n it is a r ig h t tr ia n g le .
In A A B C , Z B is a r ig h t a n g le .
A A B C is a r ig h t tr ia n g le .
L e tte rs a r e o fte n u s e d to r e p r e s e n t th e s ta te m e n ts o f a lo g ic a l a r g u m e n t a n d
to w rite a p a tt e r n fo r th e a r g u m e n t. T h e ta b ie b e io w g iv e s fiv e ty p e s o f lo g ic a l
a r g u m e n ts . In th e e x a m p ie s , p , <7, a n d r r e p r e s e n t th e fo lio w in g s ta te m e n ts .
p : a fig u re is a s q u a r e
T y p e o f A rg u m e n t
q : a fig u re is a r e c ta n g le
r: a fig u re is a p a r a lle lo g r a m
P a tte r n
E x a m p le
Direct Argument
if p is true, then q is true,

p is true.
Therefore, q is true.
If ABCD is a square, then it is a rectangle.

ABCD isasquare.
Therefore, ABCD is a rectangle.
indirect Argument
If p is true, then q is true,

q is not true.
Therefore, p is not true.
If ABCD is a square, then it is a rectangie.

ABCD is not a rectangie.
Therefore, ABCD is not a square.
Chain Ruie
if p is true, then q is true.

If q is true, then r is true.
Therefore, if p, then r.
if A8CD is a square, then it is a rectangle, if A8CD is

a rectangle, then it is a parallelogram. Therefore, if
A8CD is a square, then it is a parallelogram.
Or Ruie
p is true or q is true,
p is not true.
Therefore, q is true.
A8CD is a square or a rectangle.

A8CD is not a square.
Therefore, A8CD is a rectangle.
And Rule
p and q are not both true,

q is true.
Therefore, p is not true.
ABCD is not both a square and a rectangle.

ABCD is a rectangle.
Therefore, ABCD is not a square.
A n a r g u m e n t th a t fo iio w s o n e o f th e s e p a tt e r n s c o r re c tly h a s a v a iid
co nclusion.
State w hether the conciusion is vo/id or fnvo/fd. if the

conciusion is vaiid, nam e the type of logical argum ent used.
a.
If it is r a in in g a t n o o n , P e te r's fa m ily w iii n o t h a v e a p ic n ic lu n c h . P e te r's

fa m ily h a d a p ic n ic lu n c h . T h e re fo re , it w a s n o t r a in in g a t n o o n .
^ T h e c o n c lu s io n is v a lid . T h is is a n e x a m p le o f in d ir e c t a r g u m e n t.
b.
If a tr ia n g le is e q u ila te r a l, th e n it is a n a c u te tr ia n g le . T ria n g le
tr ia n g le . T h e re fo re , tr ia n g le X Y Z is e q u ila te r a l.
XKZ
is a n a c u te
^ T h e c o n c lu s io n is in v a lid .
c.
If x = 4, th e n 2 x - 7 = 1. If 2 x - 7 = 1, th e n 2 x = 8 . x = 4. T h e re fo re , if x = 4, t h e n
= 8.
2x
^ T h e c o n c lu s io n is v a lid . T h is is a n e x a m p le o f th e c h a in ru le .
d.
If it is a t le a s t 80F o u ts id e to d a y , y o u w ill go s w im m in g . It is 85F o u ts id e to d a y .

T h e re fo re , y o u w ill go s w im m in g .
^ T h e c o n c lu s io n is v a lid . T h is is a n e x a m p le o f d ir e c t a rg u m e n t.
1000
Student Resources
A com pound sta te m e n t h a s tw o o r m o r e p a r t s jo in e d b y o r o r nn rf.

SKILLS REVIEW
* F o r a n an t? c o m p o u n d s ta te m e n t to b e tr u e , e a c h p a r t m u s t b e tr u e .
* F o r a n o r c o m p o u n d s ta te m e n t to b e tr u e , a t le a s t o n e p a r t m u s t b e tr u e .
State w hether the compound statem ent is true or/o/se.

12 < 20
and
b.
-1 2 > - 2 0
Tru e
Tru e
10 > 0
Tru e
or
d.
-1 0 > 0
- 8 > -7 or -7 > - 6 or - 6 > - 5

False
Fatse
^ T ru e , b e c a u s e a t le a s t o n e p a r t is tr u e .
Faise
^ F a lse , b e c a u s e o n e p a r t is fa lse .
^ T ru e , b e c a u s e e a c h p a r t is tr u e .
c.
2 < 4 and 4 < 3

Tru e
False
HANDBOOK
a.
False
^ F a lse , b e c a u s e e v e ry p a r t is fa lse .
State w h e th e r th e conclusio n is yahd o r iu e o h d . I f th e co n c lu sio n is v a iid , nam e

the type o f logical a rg u m e n t used.
1. If S c o tt g o e s to th e s to re , t h e n h e w ill b u y s u g a r. If h e b u y s s u g a r, t h e n h e w ill
b a k e c o o k ie s . S c o tt g o e s to t h e s to re . T h e re fo re , h e w ill b a k e c o o k ie s.
2. If a tr ia n g le h a s a t le a s t tw o c o n g r u e n t sid e s, t h e n it is is o s c e le s . T ria n g le M N P
h a s s id e s 5 in ., 6 in ., a n d 5 in . lo n g . T h e re fo re , tr ia n g le M N P is is o s c e le s .
3. If a h o rs e is a n A ra b ia n , t h e n it is le s s t h a n 16 h a n d s ta ll. A n d r e a 's h o rs e is
13 h a n d s ta ll. T h e re fo re , A n d r e a 's h o r s e is a n A ra b ia n .
4. If a fig u re is a r h o m b u s , th e n it h a s f o u r sid e s. F ig u re W A T Z h a s f o u r sid e s.
T h e re fo re , JVXTZ is a r h o m b u s .
5. Jeff c a n n o t b u y b o th a n e w c o a t a n d n e w b o o ts . Je ff d e c id e s to b u y n e w
b o o ts . T h e re fo re , Je ff c a n n o t b u y a n e w c o a t.
6. If x = 0, t h e n y = 4. If y = 4, th e n z = 7. T h e re fo re , if z = 7, th e n x = 0.
7. K a te w ill o rd e r e ith e r ta c o s o r b u r r ito s fo r lu n c h . K a te d o e s n o t o rd e r ta c o s fo r
lu n c h . T h e re fo re , K ate o rd e rs b u r r ito s fo r lu n c h .
8. If a tr ia n g le is e q u ila te r a l, t h e n it is e q u ia n g u la r . T ria n g le A B C is n o t
e q u ia n g u la r . T h e re fo re , tr ia n g le A B C is n o t e q u ila te r a l.
9. A n a n im a l c a n n o t b e b o th a fis h a n d a b ird . C o u r tn e y 's p e t is n o t a fish .
T h e re fo re , C o u r tn e y 's p e t m u s t b e a b ird .
State w h e th e r th e com pound sta te m e n t is tru e or^ h lse .
10. - 7 < - 5 a n d - 5 < - 6
11. 6 > 2 o r 8 < 4
12. 0 < - 1 o r 5 > 5
13. 4 < 3 o r 12 > 13
14. 3 < 5 a n d - 3 < 5
15. 1 = - 1 o r 1 = 1 o r 1 = 0
16. 7 < 8 a n d 8 < 12
17. - 2 < 2 a n d 3 > 2
18. 3 ( - 4 ) = 12 o r - 3 ( 4 ) = 12
19. - 8 > 8 o r - 8 = 8 o r - 8 > 0
20. 140 ^ 145 o r 140 > - 1 4 5 o r - 1 4 0 < -1 4 5
21. - 8 ( 9 ) = - 7 2 a n d 8 ( - 9 ) = - 7 2
22. 22 < 23 a n d - 2 2 < - 2 3 a n d 23 > 22
1001
SKILLS REVIEW
HANDBOOK
C o n d itio n s ) S ta te m e n ts a n d
C o u n te re x a m p ie s
A c o n d itio n a l sta te m e n t h a s tw o p a r ts , a h y p o th e s is a n d a c o n c lu s io n . W h e n
a c o n d itio n a l s ta te m e n t is w r itt e n in if-th e n fo rm , th e "if" p a r t c o n ta in s th e
h y p o th e sis a n d th e " th e n " p a r t c o n ta in s th e co nciusion. A n e x a m p ie o f a
c o n d itio n a l s ta te m e n t is s h o w n b eio w .
If a tria n g le
'
is eq uia ng ula r,
V
th e n
each angle o f th e tria n g le m e a su re s 60.

^
'
Hypothesis
Conciusion
T h e converse o f a c o n d itio n a l s ta te m e n t is f o r m e d b y s w itc h in g th e h y p o th e s is

a n d th e c o n c lu s io n . T h e c o n v e rs e o f th e s ta te m e n t a b o v e is a s fo llo w s:
If each angle o f a tria n g le
m e asures
60, t h e n
th e tria n g le is e q u ia n g u la r.
Rewrite the conditional statem ent in if-then form . Then write

its converse and tell w hether the converse is true or/d/se.
a.
B o b w ill e a r n $ 2 0 b y m o w in g th e la w n .
If-th e n fo rm :
If B o b e a r n s $ 2 0 , t h e n h e m o w e d th e la w n . F a lse
C onverse:
b.
If B o b m o w s th e la w n , t h e n h e w ill e a r n $20.
x = 8 w h e n 5 x + 1 = 41.
If-th e n fo rm :
C onverse:
If 5% + 1 = 41, th e n x = 8.
I f x = 8, t h e n 5x + 1 = 41. T ru e
A b ic o n d itio n a l sta tem ent is a s ta te m e n t t h a t h a s th e w o rd s " if a n d o n ly if." Y ou

c a n w rite a c o n d itio n a l s ta te m e n t a n d its c o n v e rs e to g e th e r a s a b ic o n d itio n a l
s ta te m e n t.
A tria n g le
is e q u ia n g u la r
if a n d o n ly if each angle o f th e tria n g le
m e a su re s
60.
A b ic o n d itio n a l s ta te m e n t is tr u e o n ly w h e n th e c o n d itio n a l s ta te m e n t a n d its

c o n v e rs e a re b o th tr u e .
Tell w hether the biconditional statem ent is true or/u/se.

Expiain.
a.
A n a n g ie m e a s u r e s 90 if a n d o n ly if it is a r ig h t a n g le .
C o n d itio n a l: If
C onverse: If a n
a n a n g le is a r ig h t a n g le , th e n it m e a s u r e s 90. T ru e
a n g le m e a s u r e s 90, t h e n it is a r ig h t a n g le . T ru e
^ T h e b ic o n d itio n a l s ta te m e n t is tr u e b e c a u s e th e c o n d itio n a l a n d its c o n v e rs e

a re b o th tr u e .
b.
B o n n ie h a s $ .5 0 if a n d o n ly if s h e h a s tw o q u a r te r s .
C o n d itio n a l: If B o n n ie h a s tw o q u a r te r s , th e n s h e h a s $.5 0 . T ru e
C onverse: If B o n n ie h a s $ .5 0 , th e n s h e h a s tw o q u a r te r s . F a lse
^ T h e b ic o n d itio n a l s ta te m e n t is fa ls e b e c a u s e th e c o n v e rs e is n o t tru e .
1002
Student Resources
A c o u n te r e x a m p le is a n e x a m p le t h a t s h o w s t h a t a s ta te m e n t is fa lse .
SKILLS REVIEW
EXAMPLE
Tell w hether the statem ent is true or/o /se. if faise,

give a counterexam pie.
a. If a p o ly g o n h a s f o u r s id e s a n d o p p o s ite s id e s a r e p a r a lle l, th e n
itis a r e c ta n g le .
HANDBOOK
^ F a lse . A c o u n te r e x a m p le is t h e p a r a lle lo g r a m s h o w n .
b . If x^ = 49, th e n x = 7.
^ F a lse . A c o u n te r e x a m p le is x = - 7 , b e c a u s e (-7 ) ^ = 49.
R e w rite th e c o n d itio n a l sta te m e n t in if-th e n fo rm . T h e n w rite it s converse and

te ll w h e th e r the converse is tru e orâtse.
1. T h e g ra p h o f th e e q u a tio n y = m x + & is a lin e .

2. Y ou w ill e a r n $ 3 5 fo r w o rk in g 5 h o u rs .
3. A b b y c a n go s w im m in g if s h e f in is h e s h e r h o m e w o rk .
4. In a r ig h t tr ia n g le , th e s u m o f th e s q u a r e s o f th e le n g th s o f th e
le g s e q u a ls th e s q u a r e o f t h e le n g th o f th e h y p o te n u s e .
5. x = 5 w h e n 4 x + 8 = 28.
6. T h e s u m o f tw o e v e n n u m b e r s is a n e v e n n u m b e r .
T e ll w h e th e r th e b ic o n d itio n a l sta te m e n t is tru e or^ h lse . E x p la in .
7. T w o lin e s a r e p e r p e n d ic u l a r if a n d o n ly if th e y in te r s e c t to fo r m a r ig h t a n g le .
8. x^ = 27 if a n d o n ly if x = 3.
9. A v e g e ta b le is a c a r r o t if a n d o n ly if it is o ra n g e .
10. A r h o m b u s is a s q u a r e if a n d o n ly if it h a s f o u r r ig h t a n g le s .
11. T h e g r a p h o f a f u n c tio n is a p a r a b o la if a n d o n ly if th e f u n c tio n is y = x^.
12. A n in te g e r is o d d if a n d o n ly if it is n o t e v e n .
T e ll w h e th e r the sta te m e n t is fra e o r ybfse.
I f false, give a counterexam ple.
13. If a n in te g e r is n o t n e g a tiv e , t h e n it is p o s itiv e .

14. If y o u w e re b o r n in th e s u m m e r, th e n y o u w e re b o r n in July.
15. If a p o ly g o n h a s e x a c tly 5 c o n g r u e n t s id e s, th e n th e p o ly g o n is a p e n ta g o n .
16. If x = - 6 , t h e n x^ = 36.
17. If B is 6 in c h e s fro m A a n d 8 in c h e s fro m C, t h e n A is 14 in c h e s f ro m C.
18. If a tr ia n g le is is o s c e le s , t h e n it is o b tu s e .
19. If C h a rlie h a s $ 1.00 in c o in s , th e n h e h a s f o u r q u a r te r s .
20. If y o u a r e in M o n ta n a , t h e n y o u a r e in th e U n ite d S ta te s.
1003
A V enn d iagram u s e s s h a p e s to s h o w h o w s e ts a r e r e la te d .
SKtLLS REVtEW
HANDBOOK
V e n n D !a g ra m s
EXAMPLE
Draw a Venn diagram of the positive integers iess than

13 w here set 4 consists of factors of 12 and set B consists
of even numbers.
P o sitiv e in te g e rs le s s th a n 13:
1 ,2 . 3, 4, 5, 6 ,7 ,8 , 9, 10, 11, 12
S e t A (fa c to rs o f 12): 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
S e t B (e v e n n u m b e r s ): 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12
B o th s e t A a n d s e t B: 2 ,4 , 6 ,1 2
N e ith e r s e t A n o r s e t B: 5 , 7, 9 ,1 1
Use the Venn diagram above to decide if the statem ent is true
or/d/se. Expiain your reasoning.
a.
If a p o s itiv e in te g e r le s s t h a n 13 is n o t e v e n , th e n it is n o t a f a c to r o f 12.
^ F a lse . 1 a n d 3 a r e n o t e v e n , b u t th e y a r e f a c to r s o f 12.
b.
A ll p o s itiv e in te g e rs le ss t h a n 13 t h a t a r e e v e n a r e f a c to r s o f 12.
^ F a lse . 8 a n d 10 a r e e v e n , b u t th e y a r e n o t f a c to r s o f 12.
D ra w a Venn d ia gra m o f th e se ts described.
1. O f th e p o s itiv e in te g e rs le s s t h a n 11, s e t A c o n s i s t s o f f a c t o r s o f l O a n d s e t B
c o n s is ts o f o d d n u m b e r s .
2. O f th e p o s itiv e in te g e rs le ss t h a n 10, s e t A c o n s is ts o f p r im e n u m b e r s a n d
s e t B c o n s is ts o f e v e n n u m b e r s .
3. O f th e p o s itiv e in te g e rs le ss t h a n 25, s e t A c o n s is ts o f m u ltip le s o f 3 a n d
s e t B c o n s is ts o f m u ltip le s o f 4.
Use the Venn d ia g ra m s you d re w in Ex e rc ise s 1-3 to decide i f th e sta te m e n t is
tru e o r /dise. E x p la in y o u r re a so n in g .
4. T h e o n ly fa c to rs o f 10 le ss t h a n 11 th a t a r e n o t o d d a r e 2 a n d 10.
5.
If a n u m b e r is n e ith e r a m u ltip le o f 3 n o r a m u ltip le o f 4, th e n it is o d d .
6. A ll p r im e n u m b e r s le ss t h a n 10 a r e n o t e v e n .
7. If a p o s itiv e o d d in te g e r le s s t h a n 11 is a f a c to r o f 10, t h e n it is 5.
8. T h e re a r e 2 p o s itiv e in te g e rs le ss t h a n 25 th a t a r e b o th a m u ltip le o f 3 a n d a
m u ltip le o f 4.
9. If a p o s itiv e e v e n in te g e r le ss t h a n 10 is p rim e , t h e n it is 2.
1004
Student Resources
M e a n , M e d ia n , M o d e , a n d R a n g e
HANDBOOK
T h e range o f a
d a ta se t is th e
d iffe ren c e b e tw e e n
th e g re a te s t v a iu e
a n d th e ie a st vaiue.
T h e mode o f a d a ta
s e t is th e v a lu e th a t
o cc u rs m o st o ften . A
d a ta se t ca n h a v e n o
m o d e, o n e m o d e , o r
m o re th a n o n e m o d e.
T h e m e dian o f a d a ta s e t is th e
m id d ie v a iu e w h e n th e v alu e s
a re w ritte n in n u m erica i order, if
a d a ta se t h a s an ev e n n u m b e r
o f v alu e s, th e m e d ia n is th e
m e a n o f th e tw o m id d ie vaiues.
T h e mean o f a d a ta
se t is th e su m o f th e
v alu e s d iv id ed by th e
n u m b e r o f v aiu es.
T h e m e a n is aiso
cailed th e average.
SKH.LS REVtEW
M e a n , m e d ia n , a n d m o d e a r e m e a s u r e s o f c e n tr a l te n d e n c y ; th e y m e a s u r e th e
c e n te r o f d a ta . R a n g e is a m e a s u r e o f d is p e r s io n ; it m e a s u r e s th e s p r e a d o f d a ta .
Find the m ean, median, mode(s), and range of the data.

D aiiy High Tem peratures, Week o f June 21-27
Day
Tem perature (F)
Mean
Sunday
M onday
T uesday
W ed nesd ay
T hursday
Friday
Saturday
76
74
70
69
70
75
78
A d d th e v a lu e s . T h e n d iv id e b y th e n u m b e r o f v a lu e s .
76 + 74 + 70 + 69 + 70 + 75 + 78 = 512
m e a n = 512 7 = 73
T h e m ean o f th e d a ta is a b o u t 73F.
M ed ia n
W rite t h e v a lu e s in o rd e r f ro m le a s t to g re a te s t. F in d th e m id d le v a lu e (s).
69, 70, 70, 74, 75, 76, 78
m e d ia n = 74
Mode
Range
The
m e dian
o f th e d a ta is 74F.
F in d th e v a lu e t h a t o c c u r s m o s t o fte n .
m o d e = 70
T h e mode o f th e d a ta is 70F.
S u b tr a c t th e le a s t v a lu e fro m th e g r e a te s t v a lu e .
r a n g e = 78 - 69 = 9
T h e range o f th e d a ta is 9F.
F in d the mean, m edian, m ode(s), and range o f th e data.
1. A p a r tm e n t r e n ts : $ 6 5 0 , $ 8 0 0 , $700, $ 5 2 5 , $ 6 7 5 , $ 750, $ 5 0 0 , $ 6 5 0 , $ 72 5
2. A g es o f n e w d riv e rs : 1 5 ,1 5 , 15, 15, 16, 16, 16, 16, 16, 17, 17, 17,18, 18
3. M o n th ly c e ll- p h o n e m in u te s : 581, 713, 4 2 3, 85 2, 9 4 8 , 337, 810, 6 0 4 , 897
4. P ric e s o f a C D : $ 1 2 .9 8 , $14.99, $13.49, $ 1 2 .9 8 , $13.89, $16.98, $11.98
5. C o o k ie s in a b a tc h : 36, 60, 52, 44, 48, 45, 48 , 41, 60, 45, 38, 55, 60, 4 8 , 40
6. A g es o f fa m ily m e m b e rs : 41, 45, 8, 10, 40, 44, 3, 5, 42, 42, 13, 14, 67, 70
7. H o u rly r a te s o f p a y : $ 8 .8 0 , $ 6 .5 0 , $10.85, $7.90, $ 9 .5 0 , $9, $8 .70 , $ 1 2.3 5
8. W e e k ly q u iz s c o re s : 8, 9, 8, 10, 10, 7, 9, 8, 9, 9, 10, 7, 8, 6, 10, 9, 9, 8, 8, 10
9. P e o p le o n a b u s : 9 ,1 4 , 5, 22, 18, 30, 6, 25, 18, 12, 1 5 ,1 0 , 8, 2 2 ,1 0 , 11, 20
1005
G ra p h in g S ta tis tic a i D a ta
T h e re a re m a n y w a y s to d is p ia y d a ta . A n a p p r o p r ia te
g ra p h c a n h e ip y o u a n a iy z e d a ta . T h e ta b ie a t th e
r ig h t s u m m a r iz e s h o w d a ta a r e s h o w n in s o m e
s ta tis tic a i g ra p h s .
B a r Graph
Compares data in categories.
Circie Graph
Compares data as parts of a whoie.
Line Graph
Shows data change over time.
Use th e bar grap h to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n s.
a. O n w h ic h d a y o f th e w e e k w e re t h e g r e a te s t
n u m b e r o f c a rs p a r k e d in th e s tu d e n t iot?
k The
ta lle s t b a r o n th e g r a p h is fo r F rid ay .
So, th e a n s w e r is F rid ay .
b.
H o w m a n y c a rs w e re p a r k e d in th e s tu d e n t
lo t o n M o n d ay ?
k The
b a r fo r M o n d a y s h o w s t h a t a b o u t
70 c a rs w e re p a r k e d in th e s tu d e n t lo t.
Use th e circie grap h to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n s.
a. W h ic h ty p e o f tr a n s p o r t a ti o n is u s e d a lm o s t h a lf th e
tim e ?
k A lm
C ar 45%
B us 20%
W h ic h ty p e o f t r a n s p o r t a tio n is u s e d t h e le a s t o fte n ?
W atk o r b ik e
35%
o s t h a lf o f th e to ta l a r e a o f th e c irc le is la b e le d
"C a r 45% ." So, a c a r is u s e d a lm o s t h a lf th e tim e .
b.
k The
s m a lle s t p a r t o f t h e c irc le is la b e le d "B u s 20 % ."

So, a b u s is u s e d th e le a s t o fte n .
Use th e iin e grap h to a n sw e r th e q u e stio n s.
a. In w h ic h m o n th ( s ) w a s J a m ie 's b a la n c e
$ 250?
k The
p o in ts o n th e g r a p h to th e r ig h t o f
$ 2 5 0 s h o w th a t J a m ie 's b a la n c e w a s $25 0
in M a y a n d D e c e m b e r.
b.
B e tw e e n w h ic h tw o c o n s e c u tiv e m o n th s
d id J a m ie 's b a la n c e in c r e a s e th e m o st?
k
1006
Tra n sp o rta tio n to Schoo!
O f t h e g ra p h 's lin e s e g m e n ts t h a t h a v e
p o s itiv e slo p e , th e g r a p h is s te e p e s t fro m
J u n e to July. So, J a m ie 's b a la n c e in c r e a s e d
th e m o s t b e tw e e n J u n e a n d July.
Student Resources
SKILLS REVIEW
U se the tin e graph to a n sw e r Ex e rc ise s 1-5.
Frid a y a t F e rra ro s R e sta u ra n t
1. A t w h ic h h o u r d id F e rr a r o 's h a v e 22 d in e rs ?
2. A t w h ic h h o u r d id F e rr a r o 's h a v e th e m o s t d in e rs ?
4. B e tw e e n w h ic h tw o c o n s e c u tiv e h o u r s d id th e
n u m b e r o f d in e r s a t F e rr a r o 's c h a n g e t h e m o st?
5.
10
11
12
Time (hours since noon)
H o w m a n y fe w e r d in e r s w e re a t F e rr a r o 's a t
10 P.M. t h a n a t 6 P.M.?
HANDBOOK
3. H o w m a n y d in e r s w e re a t F e rr a r o 's a t 11 P.M.?
W e re th e y g o n e b y m id n ig h t?
U se the b a r graph to a n sw e r Ex e rc ise s 6 - 8 .
6. In w h ic h s e a s o n w e re t h e fe w e s t s tu d e n ts b o rn ?
7. In w h ic h s e a s o n (s ) w e re 7 s tu d e n t s b o rn ?
8. H o w m a n y m o re s tu d e n t s w e re b o r n in s p r in g
th a n in s u m m e r?
U se the circie grap h to a n sw e r Ex e rc ise s 9 -11.
Heat Sources fo r U.S. Hom es
9. W h a t is th e h e a t s o u rc e o f m o r e t h a n h a l f th e
h o m e s in t h e U n ite d S ta te s?
*------- Natural gas 52%

*---- Electricity 22%
10. W h a t p e r c e n t o f h o m e s in th e U n ite d S ta te s a re
h e a te d w ith e le c tric ity ?
Fuel oil 10%
*---- Other 16%
11. If y o u r a n d o m ly s e le c te d 5 0 0 U .S. h o m e s , a b o u t
h o w m a n y w o u ld b e h e a te d w ith fu e l oil?
12. T h e ta b le b e lo w s h o w s th e h ig h te m p e r a tu r e s in d e g r e e s F a h r e n h e it fo r o n e
w e e k . D is p la y th e d a ta in a lin e g ra p h .
"
Mon.
Tu e s.
Wed.
T h u rs .
F ri.
*
Sat.
Sun.
83
89
79
73
69
67
71
13. A h ig h s c h o o l c o n d u c te d a s u r v e y to d e te r m in e th e n u m b e r s o f s tu d e n ts
in v o lv e d in v a r io u s s c h o o l a c tiv itie s . D is p la y th e s u r v e y r e s u lts
in a b a r g ra p h .
Computer
dub
.....................
34
........... ........
Music
dub
Yearbook
dub
Drama
dub
Stud ent
council
Chess
dub
75
16
57
28
12
14. T h e ta b le b e lo w sh o w s th e ite m s so ld a t a c a fe in o n e day. D is p la y th e d a ta in

a c irc le g ra p h .
Juice
Soda
W a te r
M u ffin
Cookie
95
180
100
55
40
1007
B e c a u s e it is d if fic u lt to a n a iy z e u n o r g a n iz e d d a ta , it is h e lp f u i to o rg a n iz e d a ta
u s in g a lin e p io t, s te m - a n d - ie a f p lo t, h is to g r a m , o r b o x -a n d -w h is k e r p lo t.
SKILLS REVIEW
HANDBOOK
O rg a n iz in g S ta tis tic a i D a ta
S y d n e y s m a th t e s t s c o r e s a r e 9 0 , 8 5 , 8 8 , 9 5 , 1 0 0 , 7 7 , 8 5 , 1 0 0 ,
8 0 ,7 7 , and 9 0 .
a. D ra w a iin e p lo t to d is p la y t h e d a ta .
M a k e a n u m b e r lin e fro m 75 to 100. E a c h tim e a v a lu e is lis te d in th e d a ta se t,
d ra w a n X a b o v e th e v a lu e o n th e n u m b e r lin e .
X
X
H
75
b.
X
X
)77
-+ 85
80
X
X
-) h88 90
X
X
95
100
D ra w a s te m - a n d - le a f p lo t to d is p la y th e d a ta .
F irs t w rite th e le a v e s n e x t to th e i r s te m s .
T h e n o rd e r th e le a v e s f ro m le a s t to g re a te s t.
7
10
10
Key: 71 7 = 77
c. D ra w a h is to g r a m to d is p la y th e d a ta .
F irs t m a k e a f re q u e n c y ta b le . U s e e q u a l
in te rv a ls .
T ally
F re q u e n c y
7 1 -8 0
III
8 1 -9 0
utr
9 1 -1 0 0
in
T h e n m a k e a h is to g r a m .
Sydney s M ath T e s t Scores
71-80
d.
81-90
Score
91-100
D ra w a b o x -a n d -w h is k e r p lo t to d is p la y th e d a ta .
W rite th e d a ta in o rd e r f ro m le a s t to g re a te s t. O rd e r e d d a ta a r e d iv id e d in to a
lo w e r h a lf a n d a n u p p e r h a lf b y t h e m e d ia n . T h e m e d ia n o f th e lo w e r h a lf is
th e lo w e r q u a rtile , a n d th e m e d i a n o f th e u p p e r h a lf is th e u p p e r q u a rtile .
77
85
85
88
90
77
80
90
95
100
100
Low
value
Lower
quartile
Median
P lo t th e m e d ia n , q u a r tile s , a n d lo w
a n d h ig h v a lu e s b e lo w a n u m b e r
lin e . D ra w a b o x b e tw e e n q u a r tile s
w ith a v e rtic a l lin e th r o u g h th e
m e d ia n a s s h o w n . D ra w w h is k e rs
to th e lo w a n d h ig h v a lu e s.
1008
Key: 7 I 7 = 77
Frequency
S co re
Student Resources
Upper
quartile
High
value
Syd ney s M a th T e s t Scores
-1
75
I
80
77
80
I
85
1
90
88
h95
100
95
100
SKILLS REVIEW
U se the fo llo w in g li s t o f tic k e t p ric e s to a n sw e r Ex e rc ise s 1 -4 : $ 5 0 , $ 4 2 , $ 6 5 ,

$ 5 4 , $70, $ 6 5 , $ 59 , $30 , $67, $49, $ 5 4 , $ 3 0 , $73 , $47, and $ 5 4 .
1. D ra w a tin e p lo t to d is p la y th e d a ta .
2. H o w m a n y tic k e t p ric e s a r e $ 5 0 o r le ss?
3. D ra w a s te m - a n d - te a f p io t to d is p la y th e d a ta .
4. W h a t is th e r a n g e o f tic k e t p ric e s c o s ts ?
HANDBOOK
U se the fo llo w in g li s t o f h o u rly wages o f employees to a n sw e r Ex e rc ise s 5 - 8 :

$8 .5 0 , $ 6, $10, $14.25, $ 5.7 5, $7, $ 6 .5 0 , $14, $10, $ 9, $ 6 .5 0 , $ 8 .2 5 , $ 8 .5 0 ,
$11.25, $7, $16, $12, $ 6, $ 6.7 5.
5. D ra w a h is to g r a m to d is p la y t h e d a ta . B e g in w ith th e in te r v a l $ 5 .0 0 to $6 .9 9 .
6. C o p y a n d c o m p le te : T h e g r e a te s t n u m b e r o f e m p lo y e e s e a r n f ro m
p e r h o u r.
? to ?
7. D ra w a b o x -a n d -w h is k e r p lo t to d is p la y t h e d a ta .
8. C o p y a n d c o m p le te : A b o u t h a l f o f t h e e m p lo y e e s h a v e a n h o u rly w a g e o f ? _
o r less.
U se the lin e p lo t, w h ic h sh o w s th e re s u lts o f a su rv e y
a sking people th e average n u m b e r o f e -m a ils th e y
receive daily, to a n sw e r Ex e rc ise s 9 and 10.
9. C o p y a n d c o m p le te : M o s t p e o p le s u r v e y e d re c e iv e
a n a v e ra g e o f ? e - m a ils p e r day.
10.
X
X
X
X
X
H F4 5
X
X
X
X
10
12
15
-t17
H o w m a n y p e o p le re c e iv e a n a v e ra g e o f m o r e t h a n 10 e - m a ils p e r d ay ?
2
1
0
0
4
U se the ste m -a nd -le af p lo t, w h ic h sh o w s th e w e ig h ts

(in pounds) o f dogs at an a n im a l sh e lte r, to a n sw e r
Ex e rc ise s 11-13.
11. H o w m a n y d o g s w e re a t t h e s h e lte r?
12. F in d th e m e d i a n o f th e d a ta .
13. F in d th e r a n g e o f th e d a ta .
5
3
0
3
5
5
5
1
5
9
8
2 2 5 6 7
8 9
Key: 2 I 2
U se th e h is to g ra m to a n sw e r Ex e rc ise s 14-16.
Baseball Came Attendance
14. W h ic h a g e g ro u p h a d th e g r e a te s t a t te n d a n c e a t th e
b a s e b a ll g a m e ? W h ic h h a d th e le a st?
15.
16.
H o w m a n y c h ild r e n u p to t h e a g e o f 9 y e a rs a tte n d e d
th e b a s e b a ll g a m e ?
40
S 20
D-
W h ic h a g e g ro u p h a d th e s a m e a t te n d a n c e a s th e
o ld e s t g ro u p ?
Age (years)
U se th e box-a nd -w hisker p lo t to a n sw e r Ex e rc ise s 17-19.
N u m b e r o f Songs on Sam s CDs
17. W h a t is th e m e d i a n n u m b e r o f s o n g s o n S a m 's C D s?
I---------- 1-----------1---------- 1----------- 1----12

14
16
18
10
18. W h a t is th e u p p e r q u a r tile o f s o n g s o n S a m 's C D s?

19. W h a t is th e le a s t n u m b e r o f s o n g s o n o n e o f S a m 's
C D s? W h a t is th e g r e a te s t n u m b e r ?
10 11 12
14
18
1009
Fxfra Procf/ce
C h a p te r 1
1.1
G raph the n u m b e rs on a n u m b e r tin e .
1. - 2 , ^ , 0 . 2 , - V 2 ,
1.1
2.
3.7,
3.
4, V l5
-V7, - y ,
P e rfo rm the indicated conve rsion.
4. 18 fe e t to in c h e s
EXTRA PRACTKE
1 , - 1 .2 ,V 3 , 1.9
5. 20 o u n c e s to p o u n d s
6. 3 y e a rs to h o u rs
1 .2 Eva iua te the e xp re ssio n fo r th e given vaiue o f th e variab ie .
7. - 2 p + 5 w h e n p = - 5
8 . 3x^ - x + 7 w h e n x = - 1
8z^ - 6z w h e n z = 2
9.
1 .2 S im p lify the e xp ressio n.
10.
2y2 - 3y + 5y2
13.
2(&
5)
n. 4^
- 5r
14. -7 (f2 +
3(2& - 10)
+
2)
2 ^ + 12
12.
+ 9(1 -
15.
4 (m - 3) 5(m ^ m )
8 - 0 .5 c = 1
2)
- 7 u ^ - 8 tf3
1 .3 Soive the eq ua tion. Check y o u r so lu tio n .
16. 3 a + 2 = 11
17. - 9 = & - 14
18.
19. - 3 n - 7 = - H + 17
20. 12 m = 15m - 7.5
21. 6p + 1 =
22. 6 ( x + l ) = 2 x - 10
2 3 . 4 ( y - 3 ) = 2 (y + 8)
24.
21 -
4p
l l ( z - 5 ) = 2 ( z + 6) - 13
1 .4 Soive the eq ua tion fo r y. T h e n fin d th e vaiue o f y fo r th e given vaiue o f x.
25. 6y - x = 18; x = 2
2 6 . 2 x + 3y = 12; x = - 6
27. 4y - 9 x = - 3 0 ; x = 6
28. 3 x x y = 2 0 ; x = 8
29. 4y + 6 x y = 10; x = 2
3 0 . 5 x + 8y + 4 x y = 0; x = - 1
1 .5 Lo o k fo r a p a tte rn in th e tabie. T h e n w rite an e q ua tion th a t re p re se n ts th e

tabie.
31.
1 .6
1 .7
25
22
19
16
1.5
6.5
33.
x + 2>9
34.
-1 3 - 3 x < l l
35.
4x - 9 < 2x + 1
36.
- 3 x - 8 > - 9 x + 10
37.
-7 < x + 3 < 1
38.
- 4 < 3x - 7 < 4
39.
9 < 5 - 2 x < 7
40.
x + 3 < 2 o r x 7 > 0
41.
2x + 9 > 3 or - 5 x + 1 < 0
Soive the eq ua tion. Check fo r extra n e o u s so iu tio n s.

]g + 5l = 4
44.
ll0 -3 fl= f+ 4
45.
l3 z + l[= -6 z
49.
l4 j - 7 l < 9
53.
l 5 f - 9 l + 9 < 10
Soive the in e q u a iity . T h e n grap h th e so iu tio n .

46.
50.
1010
Soive the in e q u a iity . T h e n grap h th e so lu tio n .
42.
1 .7
32.
Ial<2
l0.25m+ 3l>l
Student Resources
47.
l2cl> 14
48.
51.
Il0-2pl>9
52.
Ig+lll>2
]o.6r+8l<17
C h a p te r
2.1
Te H w h e th e r th e re la tio n is a fu n c tio n . E x p la in .
1-
input
Output
2.
1
-2
-3
input
4.
Output
f
input
Output
-7
14
8
^12
7. (3 ,5 ), ( 3 ,- 1 2 )
EXTRA P R A C T K E
6 . ( 2 ,- 1 ) , ( 8 ,- 1 )
8 . (1 ,8 ), ( - 1 , - 4 )
T e ii w h e th e r th e lin e s are p a ra lle l, p e rp end ic ula r, o r n e ither.
9. L in e 1: th r o u g h (5, - 4 ) a n d ( - 4 , 2)
L in e 2: th r o u g h ( - 5 , - 4 ) a n d ( - 2 , - 2 )
2 .3
3-
F in d the siope o f th e iin e p a ssing th ro u g h th e given p o in ts . T h e n te ii w h e th e r

the iin e rise s, ^ n lfs, is h o riz o n ta l, o r is a erficai.
5. ( - 3 , 0 ) , ( 5 , - 4 )
2 .2
Output
-1 .
012^
- 5
2 .2
]put
10.
L in e 1: th r o u g h (0, - 4 ) a n d ( - 2 , 2)
L in e 2: th r o u g h (4, - 3 ) a n d (5, - 6 )
G raph the e q ua tion u sin g any m ethod.
11. y = 2 x - 2
15.
12. y = - x + 2
- 4 x -t- 5y = 10
16.
y- 2 = 0
13.
/(x ) = ^ x -
14.
x + 2y = - 6
17.
- 2 x = 6y + 5
18.
2 y + 1 0 = - 2 .5 x
2 .4 W rite an e q ua tion o f th e iin e th a t sa tis fie s th e given c o n d itio n s.
2 .5
19.
m = 7, & = - 3
20.
m =
21.
m = 0, p a s s e s th r o u g h (7, - 2 )
22.
m =
23.
p a s s e s th r o u g h ( - 1 , - 3 ) a n d (2, 7)
24.
p a s s e s th r o u g h (4, - 2 ) a n d (0, 4)
26. x = - l , y = 3
11
13
16
18
27.
x = -2 8 , y = - 7
28.
x = 6, y = - 4
30.
50
41
37
22
20
G raph the fu n c tio n . Compare th e graph w it h th e grap h o f y = ]x I .

31. y = l x + 3l
2 .8
p a s s e s th r o u g h (3, 6)
in Ex e rc ise s 29 and 30, (a) d ra w a sc a tte r p io t o f th e data, (b) a pp roxim ate th e

b e s t- fittin g iin e , and (c) e stim a te y w hen x = 12.
29.
2 .7
= 4
T h e va ria b ie s x and y v a ry d ire c tiy . W rite an eq u a tio n th a t re la te s x and y. T h e n

fin d y w he n x = - 2 .
25. x = 2 , y = 4
2 .6
, h
32. y = - 2 l x - 5 l
33. y = 3 l x + l l - 2
34.
y = ^ l x + 2l + 3
G raph th e in e q u a iity in a co ord ina te piane.

35.
x<4
36.
y > -2
37.
y < -x -l
38. x + 2 y > 8
39.
- x - 4y < 6
40.
3 x + 4y > 12
41.
y < jx + 1 1
42. y > 3 ) x - 2j - 1
Extra Practice
1011
C h a p te r 3
3.1 Graph the lin ear system and estim ate the soiution. Then check the soiution
aigebraicaiiy.
t. y = 2 x - 1
y = x -4
3. x + 2y = 6
2. y = - x + 3
y = -4x
4. - 2 x + 7y = - 7
- 5 x + 6y = - 2
4 x - 14y = 14
3 .2 Soive the system using any aigebraic m ethod.

6 . 4 x 2 y = 6
5. - 5 x - y = - 3
x - 4y = 9
7. 4 x + 3y = - 5
-3 x + y = -3
8 . 3 x + 2y = 4
1 2 x + 4y = 10
- 7 x - 5y = - 7
PRACTKE
3 .3 Graph the system o f inequaiities.

9. x > 4
10 . x + y < - 2
x - 3y > 6
EXTRA
y > -l
11. x < 5
12. x > - 3
y> 3
y>x
x <2
2 x + 3y < 10
y > -4 x
3 .4 Soive the system using any aigebraic m ethod.

13. 3 x + y - z = - 6
14. x + y - z = 7
- x + 2y + 3 z = - 1
5 x - 2y + 6 z = 5 4
15. - x + y - 2 z = 1.5
2 x - 3y + z = 2
4 x + 2y - 2 z = 20
16. - 6 x + y + 9 z =
4 x - y + 5z = - 6
2x + y - 2z = 6
2 x - 3y - z = 8 x + 5y - 4 z =
3 .5 Perform the indicated operation.

-6
17.
7'
-6
-8
-9
18.
10
19.
-1
-6
17
-9
11
-6
-4
3 .6 Find the product. If the product is not defined, state the reason.
20.
-7
-3
-3
21.
-16
15
22.
12
5 - 1 0
4 - 2
-7
3
3 .7 Evaluate the d eterm inant o f the m atrix.

-
23.
-2
10
13
24.
-11
7
-4
1 -3
- 2 *
-7
25.
26.
-4
5*
0 .5
3 .7 Use Cram er's ruie to solve the iin ear system.

27. 2 x + y = - 8
28. 8 x + 3y = 1
- 5 x - 2y = 13
29. 2 x - 2 y - 3 z = 9
7x + 3y = - 1
30. 2 x + y + 3 z = 4
3 x + z = 10
x + y =0
- 8 x + 4y + z =
x + 2y + 3 z = -
3 .8 Find the inverse o f the m atrix.

7*
32.
3
3
LC
t
CN
31.
33.
34.
18
3 .8 Use an inverse m atrix to soive the iin ear system.

35. x + 3y = - 4
-2 x + y = -3 4
1 0 1 2 Student Resources
36. 2x + 3y = 6
- x - 6y = -9
37. 3x - 8y = 0
2x + y = -19
38. x + y = 7
-5 x + 3y = -3
C h a p te r 4
4.1 Graph the function. Labei the vertex and axis o f sym m etry.
1.
y = 3x2 + 5
2. y =
- 4x - 4
3. y = -2 x 2 + 4x + 1
4 . y = 2x2 + 5 x + 6
4 .2 Graph the function. Label the vertex and axis of sym m etry.
5.
y = 4 (x -2 f + l
6.
y = -(x + 3 f - 2
7. y = 3 ( x - l ) ( x - 5 )
8.
y = y (x + 3)(x + 2)
4 .2 W rite the quadratic function in standard form .

9.
y = 7 ( x + 2)(x + 4)
10. y = 2(x + 5 ) ( x - 3 )
11. y = ( x - 7 ) 2 + 7
y = - ( x + 1 )^ -4
15. x^ + 2 1 x + 108
16.
&2
19. c^ + 6 c = 55
20. ^2 = 5n
EXTRA
12 .
4 .3 Factor the expression, if the expression can n o t be factored, say so.

13. x^ - 4 x + 4
14.
- I l f - 26
400
PRA C TiC E
4 .3 Soive the equation.

17. x2 + 5 x - 1 4 = 0
18. x ^ - l l x + 2 4 = 0
4 .4 Factor the expression, i f the expression can n o t be factored, say so.

21. 2x2 + x - 15
2 2 . 1 0 ^ - 19a + 7
24. 4 f2 + 8 1 + 3
23. 3 ^ + 9r - 4
4 .4 Find the zeros of the function by rew riting the fun ction in intercept form .
25.
y = 81x2 _ ig
26.
y = 2x2 - 9 x -
30.
3V2 * V50
27.
y = 4x2 + 18x + 18
28.
y = -3 x 2 _
_ 27
4 .5 Sim piify the expression.

29.
V56
32.
31.
1 + V2
4 .5 Soive the equation

33. &2 =
34. p2 + g =
12 7
35. (x - 5)
36. 3 (x + 2)2 - 4 = 11
10
4 .6 W rite the expression as a com plex num ber in standard form

37. (5 + 2i) + (6 - 5 i)
38. - 3 : ( 7 + ;')
39.
2;
40.
3 - 8:
(3 2f) + 2f
( - 1 + 7f) - (2 + 3f)
4 .7 Soive the equation by com pleting the square.

41. x2 + 6 x = 10
42.
x2 - 9 x - 2 = 0
43. 2c2 - 1 2 c + 6 = 0
44. 3z2 - 3 z + 9 = 0
47.
48. - 2 f 2 = r + 17
4 .8 Use the quadratic form uia to soive the equation.

45.
x2 + lOx - 10 = 0
46. x2 - x - 1 = 0
4 ^ + 3 s = 12
4 .9 Soive the inequ aiity using any m ethod.

49.
4 .1 0
x2 lOx > 0
50. x2 8 x + 12 < 0
51. - x 2 + 7 x + 6 > 1
52. 3x2 + ig x + 2 < 3 x
Write a quadratic function in standard form for the paraboia th at passes

through the given points.
53. (-1 ,-6 ), (0 ,-7 ), (2, 9)
54. (-2 ,-1 ), (1,2), (3 ,-6 )
55. (-3,36), (0,36), (2, 16)

Extra Practice 1 0 1 3
C h a p te r 5
5.1 Write the answ er in scien tific notation.
1.
(3.4
1Q3)(2.8
x 1()S)
2 . (5 .8
10*
3.
4.6 X 10
-7
9.2 X 10
-9
5.1 Sim plify the expression. Tell which properties o f exponents you used.
4.
5. (4a5&-2)-3
35xy
6.
-*y
(2 P s3 )(r-^ )
^ y
. 7xi
y
-4
5 .2 Graph the poiynom iai function.

8.
/(x ) =
9. / ( x ) = x^ + x + 4
10. / ( x ) = - x ^ + 3 x
1 1 . / ( x ) = x^ +
2 x-
5 .3 Perform the indicated operation.

12.
5 .4
13. (x^ + 3 x - 1) - (4x^ + 7)
(4z^ + 9) + (3z^ - 4 z - 2)
14. (3 x - 4)3
Factor the poiynom iai com pieteiy using any m ethod.

15. 3x^ + 18x3 + 27x^
16. 343x3 +
17. 2x3 + x^ - 8 x - 4
1000
5 .4 Find the reai-nu m ber soiutions of the equation.

18. 3x3 +
^ 2
= ^
20.
x^ + 32 = 14x3
2x3 + ^ g = 3^2 + 3 2 x
5 .5 Divide using poiynom iai iong division or synthetic division.

21. (2x3 +
4^.2 _ 5 x
+ ig)
(x - 3)
22. (x^ + 2x3 _ y^2 - 14) - (x + 2)
5 .6 Find aii reai zeros o f the function.

23. /( x ) = 2x3
3^2 _ g^.
24. /( x ) = 2x4 + ^3 _ gg ^.2 _ ^
20
5 .7 D eterm ine the possible num bers of positive reai zeros, negative reai zeros, and
im aginary zeros o f the function.
25. / ( x ) = - x 3 + 2x3 - l l x - 1
26. /( x ) = 4x^ + 3 F - 8 x - 10
27. / ( x ) = x4 - 3x3 _
_ 13
5 .8 Estim ate the coordinates of each turn ing point and state w hether each
corresponds to a iocai m axim um or a iocai m inim um . Then estim ate aii reai
zeros and determ ine the ieast degree the fun ction can have.
<y
28.
\
29.
\/
5 .9
1014
Use fin ite differences and a system of equations to find a poiynom iai fun ction
that fits the data in the tabie.
2 .5
11
27.5
55
96.5
155
-7
-6
39
188
525
1158
Student Resources
C h a p te r 6
6.1
Find the indicated reai nth root(s) o f n.

1.
6.1
n = 4,
a=
2 . n = 3,
81
3 . n = 5,
a=
-2 4 3
5. 6 4 ^
6. (^ 2 1 6 ) ^
7. ( ^ 3 2 )
Soive the equation. Round the result to two decim al piaces when appropriate.
8.
9. x " + 9 = 9 0
F = -8
10. (x - 3)5 = 6 0
11. - 4 x ^ = - 4 0 0
Sim piify the expression

45'^ - 4
16.
5^7 - 7^7
1?4"
'
17. ^ 2 + 2 ^ 1 2 8
18.
^5
^1/4
PRA C TiC E
12.
EXTRA
6.2
512
Evaluate the expression w ithout using a caicuiator.

4. 36 - 1/2
6.1
a=
19. 4 ^ 1 0 8 - 2 ^ 4
4 - 1/4
6 .2 Write the expression in sim piest form . Assume aii variabies are positive.
20.
V 20 x * y
21 . ^ 1 8 x 5 / ^
6 .3 L et/(x ) = - x + 4 , g(x) = x^, and h(x) =
22.
2 3 . V l 6x ^
-^ 6 x y 5
Perform the indicated operation and
state the dom ain.
f(jc)
2 4 . / ( x ) + g(x)
2 5 . g (x) - / ( x )
2 6 . g (x) - l:(x )
27.
28.
2 9 . g (h (x ))
3 0 . h (/(x ))
31. / ( / ( x ) )
/( g (x ) )
6 .4 Verify th a t/ and g are inverse functions.

32.
/( x ) = 2 x - 4, g (x) = I x + 2
3 3 . / ( x ) = 3x^ + 1, x > 0 ; g(x)
6 .4 Find the inverse o f the fun ction.

34.
/(x ) = 5x - 3
3 5 . /( x ) = ^ * + 2
37.
/(x ) = -x ^ + 2, x < 0
3 8 . /( x ) =
36. /(x ) = Ix ^ , x > 0
x > 0
3 9 . / ( x ) = 32x5
6 .5 Graph the fun ction. Then state the dom ain and range.
40. y = - I V x
3
44. y = - 2^ x - 1 + 2
41.
y =
45. /(x ) = 3 ^ x
43. y = Vx + 2
42. y = $ V x
o
4 6 . g (x) = - y V x - 2
- 3
47. /r(x) = - V x + 3 +
6 .6 Soive the equation. Check your soiution.

48.
V*2 x + 3 = 7
4 9 . - 5 V x + 1 + 12 = 2
5 0 . ^ 5 x - 1 + 6 = 10
51.
2^8x + 9 = 5
5 2 . 7x ^ ^ = 175
53.
54.
x - 8 = V l 8x
5 5 . x = V 4x - 3
5 6 . V2x + 1 + 5 = V x + 1 2 - 8
- 2 )^ ^ = 1
C h ap ter 7
7.1 Graph the function. State the dom ain and range.
1.
y = (^ )*
2. y = - 2 * 2 *
3. y = 3 * * 3 - 2
4. y = 1 . 3 * + * + 2
7. y = (0.8)* * 3 - 2
8. y = 2 ^ ) * + 1
7.2 Graph the function. State the dom ain and range.
5. y = ( I ) *
7.3
6.
Sim piify the expression.
PRACTKE
9. e 3 . g s
EXTRA
y = - 2 {j) *
(2
,3x
^ -5
2 1 e*
7 .3 Graph the function. State the dom ain and range.

13. y = 0.5<?3*
14. y = 2 e ' * - 2
15. y = 1 . 5 e * + * + 3
16 . y = e ^ * " 2 )
+i
7 .4 Evaluate the logarithm without using a caicuiator.

17- lo g , ^
18. Iogg 6
19. Iogg 125
20. l o g ^ , ^
23. lo g , 16*
24. e'"**
7 .4 Sim plify the expression.

21.
5 'S 5*
22. 10*s 9

25-
y=log?x
26. y = lo g ^ 2 ( * - 4 )
27. y = i o g g X + 3
28. y = i o g g ( x - 2 )
30. l o g ^ y d
31. ]n20% 3y2
32. i o g ^ V s F
7.5 Expand the expression.

29. l o g g ^
7 .5 Condense the expression.

33.
34. i o g 7 + 2 i o g x - 5 l o g y
i o g ,2 0 + 4 i o g , x
35. 0 . 5 l n l 0 0 - 2 i n x + 8 i n y
7 .5 Use the change-of-base form uia to evaiuate the iogarithm .

36. iog 2 5
37. io g , 8 0
38. Iogg 100
39. logy 27
7.6 Soive the equation. Check for extraneous soiutions.

40. 2"* +2 = g* + 2
41. ( I f
43.
44. iogg (3 x + 2) = 3
in (3x + 7) = in (x - 1)
3 = 3 3 *+ i
42. 7"* = 1 8
45. iogg (x + 9) + iogg x = 2
7.7 Write an exponential function y = ah * whose graph passes through the given
points.
46.
(1, 8 ), (2, 3 2)
47. (1, 3 ), (3, 12)
48. (2, - 9 ) , (5, - 2 4 3 )
49. (1, 4 ), (2. 4)
7 .7 Write a power function y == nx*' whose graph passes through the given points.
50.
(2, 2), (5, 16)
51. (3, 2 7 ), ( 6 , 4 3 2 )
52. (1, 4 ), ( 8 , 17)
53. (5, 3 6 ), (10, 22 0 )
C h a p te r 8
8.1 The variables %and y vary inversely. Use the given values to w rite an equation
relating x and y. Then find y when x = - 5 .
1. x = 2 , y ^
-1 0
4. x = 25, y =
3. x = - 3 , y = - 5
2 . x = ^ , y = 24
8.1 D eterm ine w hether x and y show d irect cariafiow , inverse cariafio n , or neither.
5.
7.
30
12
14
61
12.5
16
85
1.5
20
24
92
12
22.5
27
105
15
0.8
2.5
32
2.5
11
20
3.5
8.75
16
6.4
12.5
10
PRA CTICE
EXTRA

10. y =
9. y = -
11.
+ 3
y =
4x + 19
x + 3
^ - - - 2
12 . y
x^ + 2 x 3
x + 2
16. / ( x ) =
x - 1
8 .3 Graph the function.

13. y =
14. y =
x^ - 4
x^ +
15. y =
x^ + 4x + 3
2x3
2x
8 .4 Sim plify the ration al expression, if possible.

17.
x^ + x
x^ + 9x + 18
18.
x^ - lOOx
19.
x** + 20x3 + lOOx^
x^ - 5x 84
2X3 _ gg
20.
x3 + 7x + 10
x3 - 7x + 10
8 .4 Multiply or divide the expressions. Sim plify the result.

21.
24.
6x3y
2y
xy3
9x3
12x^y
5y^
22.
3y3
x^
25.
21-2
x - x.. - rj
6 ^ x..2 + x
2x3
23.
x3 - 4
6x3 + x _ i ^
4x3' +g . 4x^
^2
4x
6x3 _ 2^
x - 4x - 5
26.
3x3 + igx
(x - x - 30)
;3 - l2 x + 36
x3 - 4x - 32
2x3
13x - 24
4x3 _
8 .5 Add or su btract the expressions. Sim plify the result.

27.
1
x + 1
x + 5 ]
1
x + 6
x - 2
x + 1
29.
+2
35
f3 3x 10
8 .5 Sim plify the com plex fraction .

30.
2x + 1
5 + ^
x
# + 2
x3 - 4
32.
31.
+ 3
X + 1
X+2
8 .6 Solve the equation. Check for extraneou s solutions.

33.
7
_
14
3x - 7
x + 1
35. 2
2^
x + 2
36.
6x
x - 2
x3 - 4
3x
+2
C h ap ter 9
9.1 Find the d istance betw een the two points. Then find the m idpoint o f the iine
segm ent join in g the two points.
i. ( - 5 , 0), (5, 4)
2. (2, 1), (3, 7)
3. (-1 2 , 12), (14, - 4 )
4. (12, -1 ), (18, - 9 )
9 .2 Graph the equation, identify the focus, d irectrix, and axis o f sym m etry of the
paraboia.
5.
= 2x
6.
*2 = - 4y
y. 14^2 = -
2 iy
s. 12y^ + 3x = 0
9 .3 Graph the equation. Identify the radius o f the circie.
EXTRA
PRACTKE
9. *2 + j/2 = 4
10. *2 + y 2 = ^
3^.2
+ 3y2 =
^ 16F
75
+ I 6y^ =
9 .3 Write the standard form of the equation o f the circie th at passes through the
given point and whose cen ter is at the origin.
13. (8 , 0)
14. (0, - 9 )
15. (7, -1 )
16. ( - 5 , -11)
9 .4 Graph the equation. Identify the vertices, co-vertices, and foci o f the eiiipse.
7
y2
2
17. ^ + j g = 1
18. F +
= 1
19 . 9^2 + 4y2 = 5 75
20 . 49x2 + 64y2 = 12,544
9 .4 Write an equation of the eiiipse with the given ch aracteristics and cen ter
at (0 , 0 ).
2 1.
Vertex: (4, 0)
Co-vertex: (0, 2)
22.
Vertex: (0, - 5 )
Co-vertex: (4, 0)
23. Vertex: (9, 0)

Focus:
(- 3 , 0)
24. Co-vertex: (0, 10)

Focus: (8 , 0)
9 .5 Graph the equation. Identify the vertices, foci, and asym ptotes o f the
hyperbola.
23.
jo
lb
26.
%2
- y2 = 4
27. 49y2 - 81*2 = 3969
9 .5 Write an equation of the hyperboia with the given foci and vertices.
28.
Foci: (0, -
8 ),
Vertices: (0, -
(0, 8 )
6 ),
29. Foci: ( - 2 , 0), (2, 0)
(0, 6 )
30. Foci: (0, - 5 ) , (0, 5)
Vertices: (-1 , 0), (1, 0)
Vertices: (0 , - 3 V2 ), (0 , 3 V2 )
9 .6 Graph the equation. Identify the im portant ch aracteristics o f the graph.

31.
+ y = 1
32. (x + 2)2 + (y - 1)2 =
33.
(y - 4)2 -
9 .6 Classify the conic section and w rite its equation in standard form . Then graph
the equation.
34.
x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y - 7 = 0
36. 9x2 - 4y2 + ^
52
35. 9x2 + 4y2 72x + 16y + 16 = 0

37. x2 - 6x - 4y + 17 = 0
9 .7 Solve the system.

38.
x2+y2 = 4
9x2 - 4y2 = 36
39. y = x 2
x2 + y2 - 6x - 4y - 12 = 0
40. y2 = x 5
9x2 - 25 ^ = 225
C h a p te r 1 0
10.1 For the given password configu ration, d eterm ine how m any passwords are
possible if (a) digits and letters can be repeated, and (b) digits and ietters
cannot be repeated.
10.1
1. 8 d i g i t s
2.
8 1 e t te r s
3 . 5 l e t t e r s f o l lo w e d b y 1 d i g i t
4.
2 d i g i t s f o l lo w e d b y 2 l e t t e r s
Find the num ber o f perm utations.
5*5^2
6 * 6^1
7'* 9 ^P9
10.1 Find the num ber o f distinguishable perm utations of the letters in the word.
10. C H O C O L A T E
11. S T R A W B E R R Y
12. C O F F E E
15. ^Cg
16. ^Cg
EXTRA
9. V A N IL L A
13. yCg
14. ,C ,
PRACTICE
1 0 .2 Find the num ber of com binations.
1 0 .2 Use the binom iai theorem to w rite the binom iai expansion.
17. ( x - 3 L
18. (2 x + 3y)^
19.
20.
+ 4)'
( F + y 2)6
1 0 .3 You have an equaliy likeiy ch an ce o f choosing any integer from 1 through 25.
Find the probability of the given event.
2 1 . A n o d d n u m b e r is c h o s e n .
2 2 . A m u l t i p l e o f 3 is c h o s e n .
1 0 .3 Find the probability that a dart throw n at the given target will hit the shaded
region. Assume the dart is equaiiy iikely to hit any point inside the target.
25.
23.
10
20
10.4
Events A and B are d isjoint. Find P(A or B ).

26.
10.4
P (A ) = 0 .4 , P (B ) = 0 .1 5
P (B ) = 0 .5 5
P (A o r B ) =
P (A a n d B ) = 0 .2
30. P (A ) = 0 .5 2
P (B ) = 0 .1 5
P (A o r B ) = 0 .6 7
P (A a n d B ) = ?
31. P (A ) = 0 .5 4
P (B ) = 0 .2 8
P (A o r B ) = 0 .6 5
P (A a n d B ) = ?
32. P (A ) = 0 .5
P (B ) = 0 .4
P (A o r B1 = ?
P (A a n d B ) = 0 .3
Find the probability o f drawing the given cards from a standard deck of
52 cards (a) with repiacem ent and (b) w ithout repiacem ent.
33.
1 0 .6
28. P (A ) = 0.7, P (B ) = 0 .2 1
Find the indicated probability. State w hether A and B are disjoin t events.
29. P (A ) = 0 .2 5
1 0 .5
27. P (A ) = 0 .3 , P (B ) = 0 .5
A ja c k , t h e n a 3
34.
A c lu b , t h e n a n o t h e r c lu b
35. A b l a c k a c e , t h e n a r e d c a r d
Caicuiate the probability of tossing a coin 15 tim es and getting the given
num ber of heads.
36. 1
37.
38.
39.
15
C h a p t e r 11
11.1
Find the m ean, m edian, mode, range, and standard deviation o f the data set.
1. 5, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12 , 14, 16, 1 6 ,1 6
2. 16, 18, 2 9 , 3 0 , 3 4 , 3 5 , 3 5 , 3 8 , 4 6
3. - 4 , - 3 , - 3 , 4 , 1, 0, 0, - 3 , - 2 , 10, 11
4. 1.7, 2 .2 , 1 .8 , 3 .0 , 0 .4 , 1 .2 , 2 .8 , 2 .9
5. 4 .5 , 5.7, 4 .3 , 6 .9 , - 2 . 1 , 5.7, - 1 . 2 , 3 .8
6.
- 7 . 2 , 3 .9 , 2 .6 , - 9 . 1 , 2 .5 , - 7 . 2 , 3 .9 , - 7 . 2
1 1 .2 Find the m ean, m edian, mode, range, and standard deviation of the given
data set and o f the data set obtained by adding the given con stan t to each data
vaiue.
PRACTKE
7. 3 3 , 3 6 , 3 6 , 3 9 , 4 9 , 5 6 ; c o n s t a n t : 2
8 . 10, 12 , 14, 1 6 ,1 6 , 18, 19; c o n s t a n t : - 1
1 1 .2 Find the m ean, m edian, mode, range, and standard deviation o f the given data
set and of the data set obtained by m uitipiying each data vaiue by the given
constant.
EXTRA
9. - 2 , - 2 , 5 , 4 , 2 , - 2 , 8, 3 ; c o n s t a n t : 1.5
10. 5 2 , 5 2 , 7 6 , 5 6 , 67 , 8 9 , 7 0 ; c o n s t a n t : 3
11.3 A norm ai distribution has a m ean o f 2.7 and a standard deviation o f 0.3. Find
the probabiiity th at a random ly seiected x-vaiue from the d istribution is in the
given intervai.
11.
B e tw e e n 2 .4 a n d 2 .7
12.
A t l e a s t 3 .0
13. A t m o s t 2.1
1 1 .4 identify the type of sam pie described. Then teii if the sam pie is biased. Expiain
your reasoning.
14. T h e o w n e r o f a m o v i e r e n t a l s t o r e w a n t s t o k n o w h o w o f t e n h e r c u s t o m e r s
r e n t m o v ie s . S h e a s k s e v e r y t e n t h c u s t o m e r h o w m a n y m o v i e s t h e c u s t o m e r
re n ts e a c h m o n th .
15. A s c h o o l w a n t s t o c o n s u l t p a r e n t s a b o u t u p d a t i n g i t s a t t e n d a n c e p o lic y . E a c h
s t u d e n t is s e n t h o m e w i t h a s u r v e y f o r a p a r e n t t o c o m p i e t e . T h e s c h o o i u s e s
o n ly s u r v e y s t h a t a r e r e t u r n e d w i t h i n o n e w e e k .
1 1 .4 Find the m argin o f error for a survey that has the given sam pie size. Round
your answer to the n earest ten th o f a percent.
16. 100
17. 6 0 0
18. 2 9 0 0
19. 5 0 0 0
1 1.4 Find the sam pie size required to achieve the given m argin o f error. Round your
answer to the nearest whoie num ber.
20. 1 %
21. + 2 %
22. 5 .5 %
23. 6 .2 %
1 1 .5 Use a graphing caicu iator to find a m odei for the data. Then graph the model
and the data in the sam e coordinate piane.
0
-10
2
-3
4
4
6
10
8
14
10
20
12
21
14
36
x
y
1
0.5
2
0.8
3
1.1
4
3
5
9
6
30
7
90
8
280
1020
Student Resources
C h a p te r 12
12.1 For the sequence, d escribe the pattern, w rite the next term , and w rite a rule for
the nth term .
1. 9 ,1 6 , 2 5 , 3 6 , . . .
2. ^ . 1. < - - -
3 . 1 2 .5 , 7, 1.5 , - 4 , . . .
12.1 Write the series using sum m ation notation.

4.
12.1
16 + 3 2 + 4 8 + 6 4 + - - - + 14 4
Find the sum of the series.

6.
X (3:' + 2)
i= l
'
7. X 4 f
<'= o
8.
9-
EXTRA
^ + 7^ + 9 + 2
10.
11.
1 5 , r? = 6
-78, d =
12.
-10
Mg =
PRACTKE
1 2 .2 Write a ruie for the nth term of the arith m etic sequence. Then graph the first
six term s o f the sequence.
^
1 2 .2 W rite a ruie for the nth term of the arith m etic sequence. Then find
13.
14.
11 , 2 0 , 2 9 , 3 8 , . . .
15.
-8 , -15, -22, - 2 9 , .. .
3,
1 ,...
1 2 .2 Write a ruie for the nth term o f the arith m etic sequence th at has the two given
term s.
16.
17.
= 9 , Cy = 3 7
%g =
10.5, a ^ =
18.
18.5
a^ =
a ^ =
1 2 .3 Write a ruie for the nth term o f the geom etric sequence. Then find n ^ .
tq
J _ J.
27' 9' 3'
2 0 5 4 3 2 2 56
" "
'
'
'
2) 4
'' "
3 '
9 '
27 "
"
1 2 .3 Find the sum o f the geom etric series.

4
22.
;' =
7
1
3 (4 )'
23. X o . 5 ( - 3 ) ''" *
!=
.^
24. X i o f ^ j
i=
25. X
\ '
:= 1
2 ( 1 .2 ) '* ^
1 2 .4 Find the sum of the in fin ite geom etric series, if it exists.
26.
8 +
4 + 2 +
1 +
27.
- - -
2 -
4 + 8 -
16 +
- - -
28.
- 6 . 7 5 + 4.5 -
3 + 2
1 2 .4 Write the repeating decim ai as a fraction in iowest term s.

29.
0.333...
30.
0.898989...
31.
32.
0.212121...
1.50150150...
1 2 .5 Write a recursive ruie for the sequence. The sequence m ay be arith m etic,
geom etric, or neither.
33. 2 . 5 ,
5 , 10, 2 0 , . . .
34.
2, - 2 , - 6 , - 1 0 , . . .
35.
1, 2 , 2 , 4 , 8 , 3 2 , . . .
1 2 .5 Find the first th ree iterates o f the fu n ction for th e given in itial vaiue.
36. /M = 2x - 5, Xg = 3
37. /(x) = ^ x - 2, Xg = -10
38. /(x) = 3x^ + x, Xg = -1

C h a p te r 13
13.1 Let 9 be an acute angle o f a right triangie. Find the vaiues o f the oth er five
trigonom etric functions o f 9.
1. s in 9 =
2. ta n 9 =
& sec9 = 2
15
4. cos 9 =
V7
4
13.1 Soive AABC using the diagram and the given m easurem ents.
5.
A = 2 1 ,c = 8
7. B =
EXTRA
PRACTKE
9.
60, c = 2 0
A = 1 8 , c = 1 8
6. B
6 6 ,a = 1 4
8. A
29,
10 . B
56,c
&=
= 7
1 3 .2 Convert the degree m easure to rad ians or the radian m easu re to degrees.
11.
100
12 .
-6
13.
377
1 3 .2 Find the arc iength and area o f a sector w ith the given radius r and cen tral
angie 9.
15. r = 5 ft, 9 = 9 0
16. r = 2 in ., 9 = 3 0 0
17. r = 12 c m , 9 =
77
1 3 .3 Sketch the angie. Then find its reference angie.

18. 2 5 0
19. - 3 0
20.
877
21.
1177
1 3 .3 Evaiuate the function w ithout using a caicuiator.
2 2 . s in ( - 6 0 )
23. e s c 2 4 0
25. c o s - 577
24. t a n 44?4
1 3 .4 Evaiuate the expression without using a caicu iator. Give your answ er in both
radians and degrees.
26. s in * 0
27. c o s
28. c o s 'i 3
29. t a n * l
1 3 .4 Soive the equation for 9.

30. s i n 9 = 0 .2 5 ; 9 0 < 9 < 18 0
31. c o s 9 = 0 .9 ; 2 7 0 < 9 < 3 6 0
32. t a n 9 = 2 ; 1 8 0 < 9 < 2 7 0
1 3 .5 Soive AABC. (Hint; Som e o f the "tria n g ies" m ay have no solution and some
may have two solutions.)
33. A = 34, a = 6, & = 7
34. A = 50 , C = 65, & = 6 0
35. B = 8 6 , & = 13, c = 11
1 3 .5 Find the area o f AABC w ith the given side iengths and included angie.
36. A = 35, & = 5 0 , c = 1 2 0
37. B = 35, a = 7, c = 12
38. C = 2 0 , a = 10, & = 16
40. C = 50 , a = 12 , & = 14
41. A = 8 0 , & = 7, c = 5
1 3 .6 Soive AABC.
39. a = 16, & = 2 3 , c = 17
1 3 .6 Find the area of AABC with the given side iengths.
42. a = 6, & = 3, c = 4
1022
Student Resources
43. a = 14, & = 30, c = 27
44. a = 16, & = 16, c = 20
C h a p te r 1 4
14.1 Graph the function.
1.
V =
4. y = 2 ta n 2x
3 . y = s i n 2-nx
2. y = 3 s in x
COS X
1 4 .2 Graph the sine or cosine function.

7. y = 2 c o s x + 3
6. y = - s in x +
5 . y = s i n 2 ( x * -y ) + 1
1 4 .2 Graph the tangent function.
9. v =
y = 2 ta n x + 2
10.
ta n 2x
y = t a n (x *
* 1
1 4 .3 Sim plify the expression.
cos' (y "
+ c o s ' (-x )
12.
(se c x - l ) ( s e c x + 1)
ta n x
15.
c o s 'x + s in 'x =
ta n ' x + 1
13. t a n
- x*) c o t x - e s c ' x
1 4 .3 Verify the identity.

14.
1 + sm
14.4
= sec
(-x )
x +tanx
14.5
16. 2 - s e c x = 1 - t a n x
2^
Find the generai soiution of the equation.

17. 12 t a n ' x - 4 = 0
14.4
PRACTKE
11.
EXTRA
8.
19. t a n ' x - 2 t a n x = - 1
18. 3 s i n x = - 2 s i n x + 3
Soive the equation in the given in terval. Check your soiutions

20. c o s ' x s i n x = 5 s i n x ; 0 < x < 2 ir
21. 2 2 c o s ' x = 3 + 5 s i n x ; 0 < x < 2 ir
22. 8 c o s x = 4 s e c x ; 0 < x < 7r
23. c o s ' x - 4 c o s x + l = 0 ; 0 < x < 7 r
Write a fun ction for the sinusoid.
1 4 .6 Find the exact vaiue of the expression.

26. s in ( - 1 5 )
27. c o s 165
28. t a n
IIV
12
29. cos
12
1 4 .7 Find the exact values of sin 2 a , cos 2 a , and tan 2a.

30. t a n a = ^ , 7 r < % < 4 ^
31. c o s a =
0<a <y
32. s in a =
< a < 2ir
1 4 .7 Find the generai soiution o f the equation.
33. cos 2x - cos x = 0
34. cos Y = sin x
35. sin 2x = 1
Extra Practice
1023
Symbo!
Page
Symbo!
a n d so o n
is a p p r o x i m a t e l y e q u a i to
m u itip iic a tio n , tim e s
o p p o s ite o f %
4
4
- a
re c ip ro c a l o f n, a
Page
i r r a t i o n a l n u m b e r 2 .7 1 8
492
lo g b a s e & o f y
499
lo g x
io g b a s e 10 o f x
500
In x
lo g b a s e e o f x
500
n!
n fa c to ria l; n u m b e r o f
p e r m u ta tio n s o f n o b je c ts
684
n u m b e r o f p e rm u ta tio n s
o f r o b je c ts fro m n d is tin c t
o b je c t s
685
,A r
n u m b e r o f c o m b in a tio n s
o f r o b je c ts fro m n d is tin c t
o b je c ts
690
26
p i; i r r a t i o n a l n u m b e r = 3 .1 4
26
is l e s s t h a n
41
is g r e a t e r t h a n
41
is l e s s t h a n o r e q u a l to
41
is g r e a t e r t h a n o r e q u a l to
41
PM
p ro b a b ility o f e v e n t A
698
a b s o l u t e v a lu e o f x
51
PM
709
is n o t e q u a l to
52
p ro b a b ility o f th e
c o m p l e m e n t o f e v e n t 71
o rd e re d p a ir
72
u n i o n o f tw o s e t s
715
/ o f x , o r t h e v a lu e o f / a t x
75
in te r s e c tio n o f tw o s e ts
715
s lo p e
82
n
0
e m p ty se t
715
is p a r a l l e l to
84
is a s u b s e t o f
716
is p e r p e n d i c u l a r to
84
P IB ^ )
p r o b a b i l i t y o f e v e n t B g iv e n
t h a t e v e n t yl h a s o c c u r r e d
718
(x, y, z )
o rd e re d trip le
178
x -b a r; th e m e a n o f a d a ta se t
744
*1
0
m a trix
187
s ig m a ; t h e s t a n d a r d
d e v ia tio n o f a d a ta s e t
745
d e t e r m i n a n t o f m a t r i x yl
203
s u m m a tio n
796
7l"*
i n v e r s e o f m a t r i x 71
210
th e ta
852
Va
th e n o n n e g a tiv e s q u a re ro o t
of a
266
s in
s in e
852
cos
c o s in e
852
i m a g i n a r y u n i t e q u a l to V - l
275
ta n
ta n g e n t
852
a b s o l u t e v a lu e o f c o m p le x
num ber z
279
CSC
cosecan t
852
x a p p r o a c h e s p o s it iv e
in fin ity
sec
secant
852
339
cot
c o ta n g e n t
852
n th ro o t o f a
414
s in " *
i n v e r s e s in e
875
in v e rs e o f f u n c t i o n /
438
cos"*
in v e rs e c o s in e
875
ta n " *
in v e rs e ta n g e n t
875
<
>
<
>
kl
TABLES
Meaning
&s u b 1
77
(^-y)
A*)
nr
I
1
o"
1
N
X ^ + o e
r'
1024
M e a n in g
Student Resources
Measures
T im e
6 0 s e c o n d s (s e c )
60 m in u te s
24 h o u rs
7 days
4 w e e k s ( a p p r o x .)
=
=
=
=
=
1 m i n u t e ( m in )
1 h o u r (h )
1 day
1 w eek
1 m o n th
365 days
5 2 w e e k s ( a p p r o x .) = l y e a r
12 m o n th s
10 y e a rs = 1 d e c a d e
100 y e a rs = 1 c e n tu ry
U n ite d S ta te s C u s to m a ry
M e tric
L e n g th
L e n g th
1 2 i n c h e s (in .) = 1 f o o t (ft)
10 m i l l i m e t e r s ( m m ) = 1 c e n t i m e t e r (c m )
100 c r n l
m m j = t m e te r M
3 6 in . = 1 y a r d (y d )
3h
1000
1 0 0 0 m = 1 k i l o m e t e r (k m )
5 2 8 0 f f = 1 m i l e (m i)
1760 yd
A re a
100 s q u a re m illim e te rs = 1 s q u a re c e n tim e te r

(m m /
(c m /
1 0 ,0 0 0 c m ^ = 1 s q u a r e m e t e r ( m /
1 0 ,0 0 0 n / = 1 h e c t a r e ( h a )
144 s q u a re in c h e s ( in /) = 1 s q u a re fo o t ( f t /
9R 2 = 1 sq u a re y a rd (y d /
V o iu m e
V o iu m e
10 00 c u b ic m illim e te rs = 1 c u b ic c e n tim e te r
(m m /
(c m /
1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 c n / = 1 c u b i c m e t e r ( m /
1728 c u b ic in c h e s ( in /) = 1 c u b ic fo o t ( f t /
27 f / = 1 c u b ic y a rd ( y d /
T A B LE S
A re a
4 3 ,5 6 0 ft^ = 1 a c r e (A)
4840 y d /
L iq u id C a p a c ity
L iq u id C a p a c ity
1 0 0 0 m i l l i l i t e r s (m L )1
,
= llite r(L )
1000 c u b ic c e n tim e te rs (c m j
1 0 0 0 L = 1 k i l o l i t e r (kL )
M ass
8 f l u i d o u n c e s (fl o z )
2 c
2 pt
4 qt
=
=
=
=
1
1
1
1
c u p (c)
p i n t ( p t)
q u a r t (q t)
g a l l o n (g a l)
W e ig h t
1 0 0 0 m i l l i g r a m s ( m g ) = 1 g r a m (g)
1 0 0 0 g = 1 k i l o g r a m (k g )
1 0 0 0 k g = 1 m e t r i c t o n (t)
T e m p e ra tu re
D e g r e e s C e i s i u s ( C )
0C = fre e z in g p o in t o f w a te r
37 C = n o r m a l b o d y te m p e r a tu r e
100C = b o ilin g p o in t o f w a te r
1 6 o u n c e s (o z ) = 1 p o u n d (lb )
2 0 0 0 lb = 1 t o n
T e m p e ra tu re
D e g r e e s F a h r e n h e i t (F )
3 2 F = fre e z in g p o in t o f w a te r
9 8 .6 F = n o r m a l b o d y t e m p e r a t u r e
2 1 2 F = b o ilin g p o in t o f w a te r
Tables
1025
Formuias
Form uias fro m C o o rd in a te G e o m e try
y . - y.
at
Siope of a line (p. 82)
w h e r e a t is t h e s lo p e o f t h e n o n v e r ti c a l lin e t h r o u g h
" x - x
p o in t s (x ^ y ^ a n d (Xg, y^)
I f lin e ^ h a s s lo p e a ^ a n d l in e /g h a s s lo p e atg , th e n :
^ 1 if a n d o n ly i f a ^ = atg
Parallel and perpendicular

lines (p. 84)
^ 1 Ig if a n d o n ly i f a ^ = - y ^ - , o r a ^ a tg = - 1
d = ^ X g - x ^ ^ + (yg - y j)^ w h e r e d is t h e d i s t a n c e b e tw e e n
p o in t s (Xj, y ^ a n d (Xg, y 2 )
Distance formula (p. 615)
/x, + x , y, + y^j
'
- , - 1is t h e m i d p o i n t o f t h e l in e s e g m e n t jo in in g
Midpoint formula (p. 615)
p o in t s (x ^ y ^ a n d (Xg, y^).
Determinant of a
3 x 3 matrix
(p. 203)
Area of a triangie
(p. 204)
Determinant of a
2 x 2 matrix
(p. 203)
det
TA BLES
Form uias fro m M atrix A ig e b ra
det
d
g
e
b
a b
c d
c
/
t
= a d - cb
&
c
/
&
e
It
= (ag i + b /g + cd h ) - (gee + b /a + idb)
T h e a r e a o f a t r ia n g l e w i th v e r tic e s (x ^ y j , (x^, y^), a n d (x^, y^) is g iv e n b y

A re a =
*i
X2
. *3
Tt 1
y2 1
yg
w h e r e t h e a p p r o p r i a t e s ig n ( ) s h o u ld b e c h o s e n to y ie ld a p o s itiv e v a lu e .
Cramer's rule
(p. 205)
a &
b e t h e c o e f f ic ie n t m a t r i x o f t h i s l i n e a r s y s te m :
c d
a x + by = e
cx + d y = /
If d e t A ^ 0, t h e n t h e s y s te m h a s e x a c tly o n e s o lu tio n .
L et A =
T h e s o iu tio n i s x =
inverse of a
x 2 matrix
(p. 210 )
1026
Student Resources
e b
/ d
det A
andy =
T h e in v e rs e o f t h e m a tr ix A =
l d b
lA] c a
a e
c /
det A
a &
is
c d
d &
l
ad - cb - c a
p r o v id e d a d - c&
0.
Formu!as and Theorems from Aigebra

Quadratic formuia (p. 292)
T h e s o lu tio n s o f a x ^
+ bx + c = 0 a re
- b Vb^ - 4 a c
2a
w h e r e a , b, a n d c a r e r e a l n u m b e r s s u c h t h a t a
Discriminant of a quadratic
equation (p. 294)
Special product patterns

(p. 347)
T h e e x p r e s s io n b^ - 4 a c is c a l le d t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t o f t h e a s s o c i a t e d e q u a ti o n
a x ^ + b x + c = 0. T h e v a lu e o f t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t c a n b e p o s itiv e , z e ro , o r
n e g a tiv e , w h ic h c o r r e s p o n d s to a n e q u a t i o n h a v i n g tw o r e a l s o lu tio n s , o n e r e a l
s o lu tio n , o r tw o i m a g i n a r y s o lu tio n s , r e s p e c tiv e ly .
(a + b) (a - b) = a ^ - b^
(a + b)^ = a^ + 2 a b + b^
(a - b)^ = a^ 2 a b + b^
(a + b)^ = a ^ + 3 a ^ b + 3 a b ^ + b^
(a - b)^ = a^ - 3 a ^ b + 3 a b ^ - b^
Sum and difference:

Square of a binomial:
Cube of a binomial:
Special factoring patterns

(p. 354)
0.
a^
a^
Sum of two cubes:

Difference of two cubes:
+ b^ = (a + b )(a ^ a b + b^)
- b^ = (a - b )(a ^ + a b + b^)
Remainder theorem (p. 363)
If a p o ly n o m ia l/( x ) is d iv id e d b y x A:, t h e n t h e r e m a i n d e r is r
Factor theorem (p. 364)
A p o ly n o m ia l /(x ) h a s a f a c t o r x - b i f a n d o n ly if/(A ;)
Rational zero theorem (p. 370)
If/(x ) = a ^ x " + - - - + a ,x
o f / h a s t h is fo r m :
Corollary to the fundamental

theorem of algebra (p. 379)
e v e r y r a ti o n a l z e ro
facto r o f c o n s ta n t te rm
facto r o f lea d in g coefficient
I f / M is a p o ly n o m ia l o f d e g r e e a w h e r e a > 0, t h e n t h e e q u a ti o n / M
le a s t o n e s o lu t io n i n t h e s e t o f c o m p le x n u m b e r s .
= 0 has at
I f / M is a p o ly n o m ia l o f d e g r e e a w h e r e a > 0, t h e n t h e e q u a t i o n / M = 0
h a s e x a c tly a s o lu tio n s p r o v i d e d e a c h s o lu t io n r e p e a t e d tw ic e is c o u n t e d a s
2 s o lu tio n s , e a c h s o lu tio n r e p e a t e d t h r e e t im e s is c o u n t e d a s 3 s o lu tio n s ,
a n d so on.
+ b i is a n
Complex conjugates theorem

(p. 380)
I f / i s a p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t i o n w i th r e a l c o e f f ic ie n ts , a n d a
z e r o o f / t h e n a b i is a ls o a z e r o o f /
irrational conjugates
theorem (p. 380)
S u p p o s e / i s a p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t i o n w i th r a t i o n a l c o e f f ic ie n ts , a n d a a n d b a r e
r a t i o n a l n u m b e r s s u c h t h a t Vb is i r r a t io n a l . I f a + Vb is a z e r o o f / t h e n a - Vb
is a ls o a z e r o o f /
Descartes' rule of signs

(p. 381)
TA BLES
Fundamental theorem of
algebra (p. 379)
= 0.
+ a ^ h a s in te g e r c o e f f ic ie n ts , t h e n
p
d
= /(A;).
im a g in a ry
L e t/( x ) = a ^ x " + a ^ _
^ * + - - - + a^ x ^ + a ^ + a b e a p o ly n o m ia l f u n c t io n
w i th r e a l c o e f f ic ie n ts .
* T h e n u m b e r o f p o s itw e r e a l z e ro s o f / i s e q u a l to t h e n u m b e r o f c h a n g e s in
s ig n o f t h e c o e f f ic ie n ts o f /( x ) o r is le s s t h a n t h i s b y a n e v e n n u m b e r .
* T h e n u m b e r o f n e g a tw e r e a i z e ro s o f / i s e q u a l to t h e n u m b e r o f c h a n g e s in
s ig n o f t h e c o e f f ic ie n ts o f / ( x) o r is le s s t h a n t h i s b y a n e v e n n u m b e r .
Tabtes
1027
Formu!as and Theorems from A!gebra fconfmMedy

Discriminant of a general
second-degree equation
(p. 653)
A n y c o n ic c a n b e d e s c r i b e d b y a g e n e r a i s e c o n d - d e g r e e e q u a ti o n in x
a n d y : A x^ + B x y + Cy^ + D x + E y + F = 0. T h e e x p r e s s io n B^ - 4 A C is
t h e d i s c r i m i n a n t o f t h e c o n ic e q u a ti o n a n d c a n b e u s e d to id e n ti f y it.
Discriminant
#2
B^
B^
B^
If B =
Type of Conic
- 4yiC < 0, B = 0, a n d A = C
C irc ie
- 4 A C < 0, a n d e it h e r B A 0 o r A F C
E iiip s e
- 4A C = 0
P a r a b o ia
- 4A C > 0
H y p e r b o la
0, e a c h a x is o f t h e c o n ic is h o r iz o n t a l o r v e r tic a l.
Formuias from Combinatorics

Fundamental counting principle
(p. 682)
I f o n e e v e n t c a n o c c u r in m w a y s a n d a n o t h e r e v e n t c a n o c c u r i n n
w a y s , t h e n t h e n u m b e r o f w a y s t h a t b o t h e v e n ts c a n o c c u r is m - n .
Permutations of wobjects taken r at

a time (p. 685)
T h e n u m b e r o f p e r m u t a t i o n s o f r o b je c ts t a k e n f r o m a g r o u p o f n
d i s t i n c t o b je c ts is d e n o t e d b y ^ P , a n d is g iv e n b y :
n n!
" r
- r)!
Permutations with repetition

(p. 685)
T h e n u m b e r o f d i s ti n g u is h a b l e p e r m u t a t i o n s o f n o b je c ts w h e r e o n e
o b je c t is r e p e a t e d ^ tim e s , a n o t h e r is r e p e a t e d Sg tim e s , a n d s o o n is:
w!
^ ! - Sg! - . . . -
Combinations of n objects taken r at

a time (p. 690)
T h e n u m b e r o f c o m b in a t io n s o f r o b je c ts t a k e n f r o m a g r o u p o f n
d i s t i n c t o b je c ts is d e n o t e d b y
a n d is g iv e n b y :
^
w!
" ^ (n r)! - r!
Pascal's triangle (p. 692)
If y o u a r r a n g e t h e v a lu e s o f
i n a t r i a n g u l a r p a t t e r n i n w h ic h e a c h
r o w c o r r e s p o n d s to a v a lu e o f n , y o u g e t w h a t is c a lle d P a s c a l's tr ia n g le .
oô
1^0
2^0
3^0
l^ t
2^1
3^1
1
1
2 ^2
3^2
3^3
1 2
1 3
1
3
4 ^ 0 4^1 4 ^ 2 4 ^ 3 4 ^ 4
1 4 6 4 1
T h e f ir s t a n d la s t n u m b e r s i n e a c h r o w a r e 1. E v e ry n u m b e r o t h e r t h a n
1 is t h e s u m o f t h e c lo s e s t tw o n u m b e r s i n t h e r o w d i r e c t ly a b o v e it.
Binomial theorem (p. 693)
1028
Student Resources
T h e b i n o m i a l e x p a n s io n o f (a + &)" fo r a n y p o s itiv e in te g e r n is:

(a + h)" =
" W + Cg<;" - ^ + . . . +
Formuias from Probabiiity

W h e n a ll o u tc o m e s a r e e q u a ll y lik e ly , t h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r o b a b il it y t h a t a n
e v e n t A w ill o c c u r is:
p , .. _ N u m b e r o f o u tc o m e s in A
T otal n u m b e r o f o u tc o m e s
Odds in favor of an event

(p. 699)
W h e n a ll o u tc o m e s a r e e q u a ll y lik e ly , t h e o d d s in f a v o r o f a n e v e n t A a re :
N u m b e r o f o u tc o m e s in A
N u m b er o f o u tc o m e s n o t in A
Odds against an event

(p. 699)
W h e n a ll o u tc o m e s a r e e q u a ll y lik e ly , t h e o d d s a g a i n s t a n e v e n t A a re :
N u m b er o f o u tc o m es n o t in A
Experimentai probability
of an event (p. 700)
W h e n a n e x p e r im e n t is p e r f o r m e d t h a t c o n s i s ts o f a c e r t a i n n u m b e r o f t r ia ls ,
t h e e x p e r im e n ta l p r o b a b il it y o f a n e v e n t A is g iv e n b y :
p ( ^ ) - N u m b er o f trials w h ere A o ccu rs
T otal n u m b e r o f trials
Probability of compound
events (p. 707)
I f A a n d B a r e a n y tw o e v e n ts , t h e n t h e p r o b a b il it y o f A o r B is:
P (A o r B) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P (A a n d B)
I f A a n d B a r e d i s jo in t e v e n ts , t h e n t h e p r o b a b il it y o f A o r B is:
P (A o r B ) = P (A ) + P (B )
Probability of the complement

of an event (p. 709)
T h e p r o b a b il it y o f t h e c o m p le m e n t o f e v e n t A , d e n o t e d A , is:
P (A ) = 1 - P (A )
Probability of independent
events (p. 717)
I f A a n d B a r e i n d e p e n d e n t, t h e p r o b a b il it y t h a t b o t h A a n d B o c c u r is:
P (A a n d B ) = P ( A ) . P (B )
Probability of dependent
events (p. 718)
I f A a n d B a r e d e p e n d e n t , t h e p r o b a b il it y t h a t b o t h A a n d B o c c u r is:
P (A a n d B ) = P ( A ) - P ( B lA )
Binomial probabilities
(p. 725)
F o r a b i n o m i a l e x p e r im e n t c o n s i s ti n g o f n t r i a l s w h e r e t h e p r o b a b il it y o f
s u c c e s s o n e a c h t r i a l is p , t h e p r o b a b il it y o f e x a c tly k s u c c e s s e s is:
P(%; s u c c e s s e s ) =
* p )" ^
TABLES
Theoretical probability of
an event (p. 698)
Formulas from Statistics

Mean of a data set
(p. 744)
Standard deviation of a
data set (p. 745)
X, + X, + - - - + X
x = -------------------------- w h e r e x ( r e a d " x -b a r" ) is t h e m e a n o f t h e d a t a x ^ x ^ , . . . , x^
1(x, - x )^ + (x- - X f + . . . + (x - X
cr = ^ l------------------ -------- - -------------------------------w h e r e cr ( r e a d " s ig m a " ) is t h e s t a n d a r d
d e v i a t io n o f th e d a t a x ^ x ^ , . . . , x^
Areas under a normai

curve (p. 757)
A
*
*
*
*
n o r m a l d i s t r i b u t i o n w i th m e a n x a n d s t a n d a r d d e v i a t io n a h a s t h e s e p r o p e r tie s :
T h e t o t a l a r e a u n d e r t h e r e la te d n o r m a l c u r v e is 1.
A b o u t 6 8 % o f t h e a r e a lie s w i t h i n 1 s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n o f t h e m e a n .
A b o u t 9 5 % o f t h e a r e a lie s w i t h i n 2 s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n s o f t h e m e a n .
A b o u t 9 9 .7 % o f t h e a r e a lie s w i t h i n 3 s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n s o f t h e m e a n .
z-score (p. 758)
z = * J * w h e r e x is a d a t a v a lu e , x is t h e m e a n , a n d cr is t h e s t a n d a r d d e v ia tio n
Tabtes
1029
Formuias for Sequences and Series

Formulas for sums of special series
(p. 797)
X i- ,;
+ M
!= 1
1=1
y . 2 _ ^ + i)(2 n + i )
;=^
6
Explicit rule for an arithm etic

sequence (p. 802)
T h e n t h t e r m o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e q u e n c e w i th f ir s t t e r m ^ a n d c o m m o n
d if f e r e n c e rf is:
= rti + (n - l)rf
Sum of a finite arithm etic series

(p. 804)
T h e s u m o f t h e f ir s t n t e r m s o f a n a r i t h m e t i c s e r ie s is:
/ a , + <2\
Explicit rule for a geometric

sequence (p. 810)
T h e n t h t e r m o f a g e o m e tr ic s e q u e n c e w i th f ir s t t e r m ^ a n d
c o m m o n r a ti o r is:
Sum of a finite geometric series

(p. 812)
T h e s u m o f t h e f ir s t n t e r m s o f a g e o m e tr ic s e r ie s w i th c o m m o n r a tio
r ^ 1 is:
Sum of an infinite geometric series

(p. 821)
T h e s u m o f a n i n f in it e g e o m e tr ic s e r ie s w i th f i r s t t e r m
r a tio r is
a,
1- r
p r o v id e d 1 r [ < 1 . If r 1 > 1 , t h e s e r ie s h a s n o s u m .
Recursive equation for an

arithm etic sequence (p. 827)
% =
Recursive equation for a geometric

sequence (p. 827)
0]
and com m on
_ ] + t? w h e r e rl is t h e c o m m o n d if f e r e n c e
= r-
^ w h e r e r is t h e c o m m o n r a tio
' Formuias and identities from Trigonometry

Conversion between degrees
and radians (p. 860)
T o r e w r ite a d e g r e e m e a s u r e in r a d ia n s , m u ltip ly b y ^ * ^ g Q < -'

To r e w r ite a r a d i a n m e a s u r e in d e g r e e s , m u l ti p ly b y ^ .
77 ra d ia n s
Definition of trigonometric
functions (p. 866 )
1030
L e t 8 b e a n a n g le in s t a n d a r d p o s it io n a n d (x, y) b e a n y p o in t
(e x c e p t t h e o rig in ) o n t h e t e r m i n a l s id e o f 8. L e t r = \^x^ + y^.
s in 8 = y
cos 8 = y
t a n 8 = y, x F 0
csc8 = p ,y ^ 0
s e c 8 = y ,x = ^ 0
c o t8 = y , y ^ 0
Law of sines (p. 882)
If A A B C h a s s id e s o f l e n g th <2 , 8, a n d c, th e n :
sin A _ sin B _ sin C
<2
8
c
Area of a triangle (given two

sides and the inciuded angle)
(p. 885)
I f A A B C h a s s id e s o f l e n g th <2 , 8, a n d c, t h e n its a r e a is:
Student Resources
A r e a = ^ 8 c s in A
A re a = ^ a c s in B
A r e a = ^ a 8 s in C
Formulas and identities from Trigonometry fcontFnue^

Law of cosines (p. 889)
i f A A B C h a s s id e s o f l e n g th a , b, a n d c, th e n :
a ^ = b^ +
- 2bc cos A
b^ = a ^ + - 2 a c c o s B
= a^ + b^ - 2 a b c o s C
Heron's area formula (p. 891 )
T h e a r e a o f t h e t r ia n g l e w i th s id e s o f l e n g th a , b, a n d c is
A re a = V s(s - a )(s - b )(s - c)
w h e re s = ^ ( a + b + c).
c s c # = -s4m- i;9
secd =
cos 8
Tangent and cotangent identities

(p. 924)
ta n d -s i" 3
cos 0
c o tt)-^
sm 0
Pythagorean identities (p. 924)
s in ^ t) + c o s ^ t ) = l
l + ta n ^ d = sec^d
l + c o t ^ d = c s c ^ t)
Cofunction identities (p. 924)
s in ( y - t ) j = c o s t )
c o s ^ y - t ) j = s in t)
t a n ( y - t ) j = c o t( )
Negative angie identities (p. 924)
s in ( - 6 ) = - s i n d
c o s ( - d ) = c o s t)
ta n (-d ) = -ta n d
Sum formuias (p. 949)
cot # =
t an 0
TABLES
Reciprocai identities (p. 924)
s in (a + b ) = s in a c o s b + c o s a s in b
c o s ( a + b) - c o s a c o s b - s in a s in b
t a n ----------
a + ta n b t a n (a + b) = -
1 ta n a ta n b
Difference formuias (p. 949)
s in (a b) = s in a c o s b c o s a s in b
c o s (a b) = c o s a c o s b + s in a s in b
t a n ( a - b ) - ta n a - t a n b
1 + ta n a ta n b
Doubie-angie formuias (p. 955)
c o s 2 a = c o s ^ a - s in ^ a
s in 2 a = 2 s in a c o s a
cos2a = 2 c o s^ a 1
ta n 2 a =
c o s 2 a = 1 - 2 s in ^ a
Half-angle formuias (p. 955)
2 ta n a
1 -ta n a
s in " -+ ^ " ^ s a
2
V 2
ta n " -lic s a
2
sm a
co s"- ^ + ^ sa
2
V
2
t a n " - s in "
2 1 + cosa
T h e s ig n s o f s in ^ a n d c o s ^ d e p e n d o n t h e q u a d r a n t in w h ic h ^ lie s.
Tables
1031
Formuias from Geometry

Basic geometric figures
Area of an equiiaterai
triangie
Arc iength and area of

a sector
S e e p a g e s 9 9 1 -9 9 3 fo r a r e a f o r m u la s fo r b a s ic t w o - d i m e n s i o n a i g e o m e tr ic fig u re s .
A re a =
w h e r e s is t h e i e n g th o f a s id e
A rc i e n g th = r0 w h e r e r is t h e r a d iu s a n d 0 is
t h e r a d i a n m e a s u r e o f t h e c e n t r a i a n g ie
t h a t i n te r c e p t s t h e a r c
A re a = 1 ^ 0
se c to r
centra!
TABLES
angie 0
Area of an eiiipse
A re a = rra h w h e r e a a n d h a r e h a l f t h e ie n g th s
o f t h e m a jo r a n d m in o r a x e s o f t h e e iiip s e
Voiume and surface area

of a right rectanguiar
prism
V o iu m e = f w h w h e r e .f is t h e i e n g th , tc is t h e
w id th , a n d h is t h e h e ig h t
S u r f a c e a r e a = 2 (f tc + w h + Hh)
Voiume and surface

area of a right cyiinder
V o iu m e =
w h e r e r is t h e b a s e r a d iu s a n d h is t h e h e ig h t
L a te r a i s u r f a c e a r e a = 2 rrrh
S u r f a c e a r e a = 2 ^ + 2-n-rh
Voiume and surface

area of a right reguiar
pyramid
V o iu m e = ^ B h w h e r e B is t h e a r e a o f t h e b a s e a n d h is t h e h e ig h t
L a te r a i s u r f a c e a r e a =
w h e r e n is t h e n u m b e r
o f s id e s o f t h e b a s e , s is t h e i e n g th o f a s id e o f t h e
b a s e , a n d f is t h e s la n t h e ig h t
S u rfac e a re a = B +
1032

of a right circuiar cone
V o iu m e =

of a sphere
V o iu m e = ^n-?*3 w h e r e r is t h e r a d iu s
Student Resources
w h e r e r is t h e b a s e r a d iu s a n d h is t h e h e ig h t
L a te r a i s u r f a c e a r e a = irrf w h e r e ^ is t h e s ia n t h e ig h t
S u r f a c e a r e a = irr^ + w f!
S u r f a c e a r e a = 4-n-r^
Properties
Properties of Rea! Numbers
L e t a , h, a n d c b e r e a i n u m b e r s .
Addition
Multiplication
Identity Property (p. 3)
a + h is a r e a l n u m b e r .
<2 + & = & + <2
(a + h) + c = a + (h + c)
a + 0 = a, 0 + a = a
a h is a r e a l n u m b e r .
ah = ha
( a h ) c = a (he)
a * l= a , l* a = a
Inverse Property (p. 3)
a + (-a ) = 0
a - ^ = 1, % ^ 0
Distributive Property (p. 3)
T h e d i s tr i b u ti v e p r o p e r t y in v o lv e s b o t h a d d i ti o n a n d m u ltip lic a tio n :

a ( h + c) = a h + a c
L e t A a n d B b e r e a l n u m b e r s o r a lg e b r a ic e x p r e s s io n s .
If A B = 0, t h e n A = 0 o r B = 0.
Closure Property (p. 3)

Commutative Property (p. 3)
Associative Property (p. 3)
Zero Product Property (p. 253)
Properties of Matrices
T A B L ES
L e t A , B, a n d C b e m a t r ic e s , a n d le t h b e a s c a la r .
(A + B ) + C = A + (B + C)
Associative Property of Addition (p. 188)
A
+B =B+A
Commutative Property of Addition (p. 188)
h(A + B) = M + A;B
Distributive Property of Addition (p. 188)
A;(A - B ) = hA - R:B
Distributive Property of Subtraction (p. 188)
(A B )C = A (B C )
Associative Property of Matrix Multiplication (p. 197)
A (B + C ) = A B + A C
Left Distributive Property of Matrix Multiplication (p. 197)
Right Distributive Property of Matrix Multiplication (p. 197)
(A + B )C = A C + B C
A;(AB) = ( M ) B = A(A;B)
Associative Property of Scalar Multipiication (p. 197)
A n a x a m a t r ix w i th l's o n t h e m a i n d ia g o n a l
Multiplicative Identity (p. 210)
a n d 0 's e ls e w h e r e is a n id e n ti ty m a tr ix , d e n o t e d 7.
F o r a n y a x a m a t r i x A, A 7 = 7A = A.
If t h e d e t e r m i n a n t o f a n a X a m a t r ix A is
Inverse Matrices (p. 210)
n o n z e r o , t h e n A h a s a n in v e r s e , d e n o t e d A "*, s u c h
t h a t A A "* = A "*A = 7.
Properties of Exponents
Product of Powers Property (p. 330)
Power of a Power Property (p. 330)
Power of a Product Property (p. 330)
L e t a a n d h b e r e a l n u m b e r s , a n d le t m a n d a b e in te g e r s .
a '" - a " = a '" + "
(a*")" = a"""
(ah)"* = a ""h "'
Zero Exponent Property (p. 330)
a " '" = ^ r , a ^
a
a = 1, a ^ 0
Quotient of Powers Property (p. 330)
Negative Exponent Property (p. 330)
= a" "
a #
Power of a Quotient Property (p. 330)
Tables
1033
Properties of Radicais and Rationa! Exponents

L e t 77 b e a n i n te g e r g r e a te r t h a n 1, a n d le t n b e a r e a l n u m b e r .
* I f 77 is o d d , t h e n a h a s o n e r e a l n t h r o o t: V n = 77^ "
* I f H is e v e n a n d a > 0, t h e n a h a s tw o r e a l n t h r o o ts : V rf = 77^ "
* I f n is e v e n a n d a = 0, t h e n u h a s o n e n t h r o o t: V o = 0 ^ " = 0
* I f n is e v e n a n d n < 0, t h e n n h a s n o r e a l n t h r o o ts .
L et
b e a n n t h r o o t o f n , a n d le t n t b e a p o s itiv e in te g e r .
Number of Real nth Roots

(p. 414)
Radicals and Rational

Exponents (p. 415)
-m/M _
77
77 ""'
Properties of Rational
Exponents (p. 420)
Product and Quotient
Properties of Radicals (p. 421)
-,77=7^0
(V ^ )"'
A ll o f t h e p r o p e r ti e s o f e x p o n e n ts l is te d o n t h e p r e v io u s p a g e a p p l y to r a ti o n a l
e x p o n e n ts a s w e ll a s i n te g e r e x p o n e n ts .
L e t n b e a n in te g e r g r e a te r t h a n 1, a n d l e t n a n d & b e p o s itiv e r e a l
n u m b e rs. T h en
= W * V b and
_______________
V& \/&
Properties of Logarithms
Let a, &, c, 777, n, x , and y be positive real numbers such that
la n d e d 1.
TABLES
Logarithms and Exponents (p. 499)
y = x if and only if &* = y
Special Logarithm Values (p. 499)
log^ 1 = 0 because & = 1 and log^ & = 1 because i / = &
Common and Natural Logarithms (p. 500)
log^ x = log x and log^ x = In x
Product Property of Logarithms (p. 507)
log^ 77777 = log^ 777 + log^ 7!
Quotient Property of Logarithms (p. 507)
l o g ^ = log^ 777 -log^77
Power Property of Logarithms (p. 507)
log^ 777" = 7! log^ 777
Change of Base (p. 508)
' 8i,a
log,. 77 = ,
'
log^TT
Properties of Functions
Operations on Functions
(pp. 428,430)
L e t / a n d g b e a n y tw o f u n c t io n s . A n e w f u n c t i o n h c a n b e d e f in e d u s in g
a n y o f t h e f o llo w in g o p e r a tio n s .
Addition:
Subtraction:
Multiplication:
h (x ) = / M + gM
h (x ) = / M * gM
h (x ) = / M * gM
Division:
Composition:
h (x )= g ( /M )
F o r a d d itio n , s u b tr a c t io n , m u l ti p li c a t io n , a n d d iv is io n , t h e d o m a in
o f h c o n s is ts o f t h e x - v a lu e s t h a t a r e i n t h e d o m a in s o f b o t h / a n d g.
A d d itio n a lly , t h e d o m a in o f t h e q u o ti e n t d o e s n o t in c lu d e x - v a lu e s fo r
w h ic h g (x ) = 0.
F o r c o m p o s itio n , t h e d o m a in o f h is t h e s e t o f a ll x - v a lu e s s u c h t h a t x is in
t h e d o m a in o f / a n d / M is in t h e d o m a in o f g.
inverse Functions (p. 438)
1034
Student Resources
F u n c t i o n s / a n d g a r e in v e r s e s o f e a c h o t h e r p r o v id e d :
/(g M ) = x a n d g (/M ) = x
Eng/fsb-Spon/sh G/oss
&
absotute vatue <p- 51) T h e a b s o i u t e v a iu e o f a n u m b e r x ,
r e p r e s e n t e d b y t h e s y m b o l I x l, is t h e d i s t a n c e t h e n u m b e r is
f r o m 0 o n a n u m b e r iin e .
E l v a lo r a b s o i u t o d e u n n u m e r o x ,
r e p r e s e n t a d o p o r e l s f m b o lo ]x ], e s l a d i s t a n c i a a i a q u e e s t a
ei n u m e ro d e 0 e n u n a re c ta n u m e ric a .
va to ra b so tuto (pdg. 51)
= ^ , 1-4.31 = 4 . 3 , and lol = 0 .
Il = , 1-4.31 = 4 .3 y lol = 0 .
absotute vatue fu n c tio n (p. 12 3)
A fu n c tio n th a t c o n ta in s
y = lx l,y = l x - 3 l ,a n d y = 4 l x + 8 ) - 9 a r e
absoiute vaiue functions.
funcio n de va to ra b so tuto (pdg.
12 3) F u n c i o n q u e c o n t i e n e
y = lx l,y = l x - 3 l e y = 4 l x + 8 l - 9 s o n
funciones de vaior absoiuto.
a n a b s o l u t e v a lu e e x p r e s s io n .
u n a e x p r e s i o n d e v a l o r a b s o l u to .
absotute vatue o f a comptex n u m b e r (p. 2 7 9 ) I f z = a + &:,

t h e n t h e a b s o i u t e v a lu e o f z, d e n o t e d ]z I, is a n o n n e g a t i v e
r e a i n u m b e r d e f i n e d a s Izl =
1-4 + 3 d = V (-4 ) ^ + 3^ = \25 = 5
vator absotuto de un num e ro comptejo (pdg. 2 7 9 )
Si
z = a + N , e n t o n c e s e i v a l o r a b s o i u t o d e z , d e n o t a d o p o r ]z I,
e s u n n u m e r o r e a l n o n e g a t i v o d e b n i d o c o m o jz j =
+ (A
E x p r e s io n f o r m a d a p o r
n u m e r o s , v a r i a b l e s , o p e r a c i o n e s y s ig n o s d e a g r u p a c i o n .
e xpresion atgebraica (pdg.11)
am ptitude (p. 9 0 8 )
^p,
^ " 5 , and
+ 2 ware aigebraic
expressions.
^p, y ^ p ir - 5 y
+ 2n son expresiones
aigebraicas.
T h e a m p litu d e o f th e g r a p h o f a s in e o r
c o s i n e f u n c t i o n is ^ ( M - m ), w h e r e M i s t h e m a x i m u m v a lu e
o f t h e f u n c t i o n a n d m is t h e m i n i m u m v a l u e o f t h e f u n c t i o n ,
GLOSSARY
am ptitud (pdg. 9 0 8 )
E N G H S H - S P A N tS H
A n e x p re s s io n th a t c o n s is ts o f
n u m b e r s , v a r i a b l e s , o p e r a t i o n s , a n d g r o u p i n g s y m b o ls . A ls o
c a l l e d v a r i a b l e e x p r e s s io n .
atgebraic e xp re ssio n (p. 11)
L a a m p l i t u d d e la g r a f r c a d e u n a
f u n c i o n s e n o o c o s e n o e s ^ ( M - m ), d o n d e M e s e l v a lo r
m a x i m o d e la f u n c i o n y m e s e l v a lo r m r n i m o d e la f u n c i o n .
The graph of y = 4 sin x h a s an amplitud e of
l ( 4 - ( - 4 ) ) = 4.
La g rafica de y = 4 se n x t i e n e una amplitud
d e l ( 4 - ( - 4 ) ) = 4.
angte o f depression (p. 8 5 5 )
T h e a n g le b y w h ic h a n
o b s e r v e r 's l i n e o f s ig h t m u s t b e d e p r e s s e d f r o m t h e
h o r i z o n t a l to t h e p o i n t o b s e r v e d .
anguto de depresion (pdg. 8 5 5 )
El a n g u lo c o n el q u e se d e b e
b a j a r la l r n e a d e v i s i o n d e u n o b s e r v a d o r d e s d e l a h o r i z o n t a l
h a s ta el p u n to o b se rv a d o .
See angie of eievation.
Ter anguio de eievacion.
1035
(p. 8 5 5 ) T h e a n g l e b y w h i c h a n o b s e r v e r 's
l i n e o f s ig h t m u s t b e e l e v a t e d f r o m t h e h o r i z o n t a l t o t h e
p o in t o b se rv e d .
angie o f eievation
El a n g u lo c o n el q u e se d e b e
e le v a r la l i n e a d e v i s io n d e u n o b s e r v a d o r d e s d e la h o r i z o n t a l
h a s ta el p u n to o b se rv a d o .
anguio de eievacion (pdg. 855)
angulo de
e ie va cion
a rith m e tic sequence
(p. 8 0 2 ) A s e q u e n c e i n w h i c h t h e
d i f f e r e n c e o f c o n s e c u t i v e t e r m s is c o n s t a n t .
- 4 ,1 , 6 , 1 1 , 1 6 , . . . is an arithm etic sequence

with common difference 5.
p rog resion aritm etica (pdg. 8 0 2 )
- 4 ,1 ,6 ,1 1 ,1 6 ,... es una progresion

aritm etica con una diferencia comun de 5 .
P r o g r e s i o n e n la q u e la
d i f e r e n c i a e n t r e lo s t e r m i n o s c o n s e c u t i v o s e s c o n s t a n t e .
a rith m e tic se rie s (p. 8 0 4 )
T h e e x p re s s io n fo r m e d b y a d d in g
th e te rm s o f a n a rith m e tic se q u e n c e .
X 2i = 2 + 4 + 6 + 8+10
L a e x p re s io n fo r m a d a a l s u m a r
lo s t e r m i n o s d e u n a p r o g r e s i o n a r i t m e t i c a .
se rie a ritm etica (p3g. 804)
asym ptote (p. 4 7 8 )
A lin e t h a t a g r a p h a p p ro a c h e s m o re a n d
asm tota (pag. 478)
R e c ta a la q u e se a p ro x im a u n a g ra h c a
m o r e c lo s e ly .
c a d a vez m as.
T he a sy m ptote for th e graph sh ow n is th e line
E N G L iS H -S P A N iS H
GLOSSARY
y=3.
La a sin to ta para la g rafica que s e m uestra e s la
r e c t a y = 3.
a xis o f sy m m e try o f a paraboia (pp. 2 3 6
6 2 0 ) T h e l in e
p e r p e n d i c u l a r t o t h e p a r a b o l a 's d i r e c t r i x a n d p a s s i n g
t h r o u g h its f o c u s a n d v e r te x .
See parabola.
eje de sim e tria de una paraboia (pdgs. 2 3 6 ,6 2 0 )
Ter parabola.
L a re c ta
p e r p e n d i c u l a r a la d i r e c t r i z d e la p a r a b o l a y q u e p a s a p o r s u
f o c o y s u v e r ti c e .
t*
base o f a pow er (p. 10)
T h e n u m b e r o r e x p r e s s i o n t h a t is
u s e d a s a fa c to r in a r e p e a te d m u ltip lic a tio n .
In the power 2 ^, the base is 2 .
base de una potencia (pdg. 10)
En la potencia 2^, la base es 2.
E l n u m e r o o la e x p r e s i o n
q u e s e u s a c o m o f a c t o r e n la m u l t i p l i c a c i o n r e p e t i d a .
1036
Student Resources
T h e i i n e t h a t lie s a s c lo s e a s
p o s s ib l e t o a ll t h e d a t a p o i n t s i n a s c a t t e r p lo t .
b e s t-fittin g !ine (p. 114)
m ejor recta d e re g re sio n (pdg. 114) L a r e c t a q u e s e a j u s t a l o

m a s p o s ib l e a t o d o s lo s p u n t o s d e d a t o s d e u n d i a g r a m a d e
d i s p e r s io n .
b e s t-fittin g quadratic mode! (p. 311) T h e m o d e l g iv e n b y

u s in g q u a d r a tic re g re s s io n o n a s e t o f p a ir e d d a ta .
E l m o d e lo
d a d o a l re a liz a r u n a re g re s io n c u a d r a tic a s o b re u n c o n ju n to
d e p a r e s d e d a to s .
mode!o cuadratico con m e jo r ajuste (pdg 311)
biased q ue stio n (p. 7 7 2 ) A q u e s t i o n t h a t e li c i ts r e s p o n s e s

t h a t d o n o t a c c u r a t e l y r e f le c t t h e o p i n i o n s o r a c t i o n s o f t h e
p e o p le s u rv e y e d .
P re g u n ta q u e in d u c e a
r e s p u e s t a s q u e n o r e f le ja n c o n e x a c t i t u d l a s o p i n i o n e s o
a c c io n e s d e lo s e n c u e s t a d o s .
pregunta capciosa (pag. 772)
"Would you rather see an exciting iaser show

or a boring movie?" is a biased question.
"iPreferirtas ver un emocionante
espectdculo de ldser o una pelfcula
aburrida?" es una pregunta capciosa.
The members of a school's basketball team

would form a biased sample for a survey
about whether to build a new gym.
m ue stra sesgada (pdg. 767) M u e s t r a q u e r e p r e s e n t a d e

f o r m a e x c e s iv a o i n s u h c i e n t e a p a r t e d e u n a p o b l a c i o n .
Los miembros del equipo de baloncesto de

una escuela formarfan una muestra sesgada
si participaran en una encuesta sobre si
quieren que se construya un nuevo gimnasio.
binom ia! (p. 252)
T h e s u m o f tw o m o n o m ia ls ,
L a s u m a d e d o s m o n o m io s .
3x 1 y
binom ia! d is trib u tio n (p. 7 2 5 )
T h e p ro b a b ility d is trib u tio n

a s s o c ia te d w ith a b in o m ia l e x p e rim e n t.
L a d is trib u c io n d e
p ro b a b ilid a d e s a s o c ia d a a u n e x p e rim e n to b in o m ia l.
- 4t are binomials.
- 4f son binomios.
GLOSSARY
binom io (pag. 252)
3x - 1 and
0.30
0.20
d istrib u c io n binom ia! (pdg 725)
o-
-g
E N G L ! S H -S P A N !S H
biased sam pie (p. 767) A s a m p i e t h a t o v e r r e p r e s e n t s o r

u n d e r re p re s e n ts p a r t o f a p o p u la tio n .
0.10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Number oi successes
Numero de exitos
Binomial distribution ior 8 trials with p = 0.5.

Distribucion binomial de 8 pruebas con p = 0.5.
Engtish-SpanishGlossary
1037
A n e x p e rim e n t th a t m e e ts
t h e f o lio w in g c o n d i t i o n s . (1) T h e r e a r e n i n d e p e n d e n t t r i a i s .
(2) E a c h t r i a l h a s o n iy t w o p o s s i b l e o u t c o m e s : s u c c e s s a n d
f a ii u r e . (3) T h e p r o b a b i i i t y o f s u c c e s s is t h e s a m e f o r e a c h
t r ia i.
binom ia! e xp e rim e nt (p. 725)
E x p e rim e n to q u e
s a t i s f a c e i a s s i g u i e n t e s c o n d i c i o n e s . (1) H a y n p r u e b a s
i n d e p e n d i e n t e s . (2) C a d a p r u e b a t i e n e s o lo d o s r e s u i t a d o s
p o s ib i e s : e x ito y f r a c a s o . (3) L a p r o b a b i i i d a d d e e x it o e s i g u a l
p a ra c a d a p ru e b a .
e xpe rim e nto binom ia! (pag. 725)
T h e b in o m ia ) e x p a n s io n o f
(a + & )" f o r a n y p o s it iv e i n t e g e r n :
(a + & )" = C o a"& +
+ . . . + ^C âb".
binom ia! theorem (p. 693)
L a e x p a n s io n b in o m ia i d e
(a + & )" p a r a c u a i q u i e r n u m e r o e n t e r o p o s it iv o a :
(a + & )" = ^ C g a " b + ^ a " * W + ^ a " * ^ + - - - + ^ C a b " .
teorem a binom ia! (pag. 693)
A fair coin is tossed 12 times. The probabiiity

of getting exactiy 4 heads is as foiiows:
Una moneda normai se ianza 12 veces. La
probabiiidad de sacar exactamente 4 caras
es ia siguiente:
P(A: = 4) = ^ C ^ ( l - p ) " ^
= ^ C J 0 .5 ) " ( 1 - 0.5)"
= 495(0.5)^(0.5)3
= 0.121
(F + y f
- 3 C g (^ )3 y 3 + ^ C , ( F ) 'y ' +
,q ( ^ ) 3 y 3
= (1) (F)(1) + (3)(F)(y) + (3)(F)(y^) +

(l)(l)(y3)
= F + 3 x " y + 3 % y + y3
c e n te ro fa c ird e (p. 6 2 6 )
S e e c ir c ie .
G LOSSARY
centro d e u n c irc u to (pdg. 6 2 6 )
E ^ r c f r c u io .
(p. 6 4 2 ) T h e m i d p o i n t o f t h e
t r a n s v e r s e a x is o f a h y p e r b o i a .
c e n te ro fa h y p e rb o !a
centro de una hiperbo!a (p3g. 642) Ei
tra n s v e rs o d e u n a h ip e rb o ia .
center o f an e!!ipse (p. 634)
o f a n e iiip s e .
centra! ang!e (p. 861)
Student Resources
E l p u n t o m e d i o d e i e je
A n a n g ie fo r m e d b y tw o r a d ii o f a
angu!o centra! (p3g. 861)
u n c f r c u io .
p u n t o m e d i o d e i e je
T h e m i d p o i n t o f t h e m a j o r a x is
centro de una etipse (p3g. 634)
m a y o r d e u n a e iip s e .
c ir c ie .
1038
The circle with equation (x - 3)^ + (y + 5)^ =

36 has its center at (3, -5 ). See also circie.
A n g u lo f o r m a d o p o r d o s ra d io s d e
Ei cfrcuio con iaecuacidn (x-3)^ + (y + 5)^ 36 tiene ei centro en (3, -5 ). E&r fawthidu
cfrcuio.
S e e hyperboia.
Ter hiperboia.
S e e eiiipse.
Eer eiipse.
See sector.
Eer sector.
(p. 6 2 6 ) T h e s e t o f a ll p o i n t s (x, y ) i n a p l a n e t h a t a r e o f
d i s t a n c e r f r o m a f ix e d p o i n t , c a l l e d t h e c e n t e r o f t h e c ir c le .
circie
E l c o n j u n t o d e t o d o s lo s p u n t o s (x, y ) d e u n
p i a n o q u e e s t a n a u n a d i s t a n c i a r d e u n p u n t o h jo , l l a m a d o
c e n t r o d e l c ir c u l o .
circuio (pag. 626)
center
; 7
\
circ!e\.
circulo
*2 +
*
=
,2
coefficient (p. 12)
W h e n a t e r m is t h e p r o d u c t o f a n u m b e r
a n d a p o w e r o f a v a r i a b l e , t h e n u m b e r is t h e c o e f f ic ie n t o f t h e
p o w e r.
In the algebraic expression

2x^ + (-4 x ) + (1), the coefficient of 2x^ is 2
and the coefficient of - 4 x is - 4 .
coefidente (pag. 12) C u a n d o u n t e r m i n o e s e l p r o d u c t o d e

u n n u m e ro y u n a p o te n c ia d e u n a v a ria b le , el n u m e r o e s el
c o e h c ie n te d e la p o te n c ia .
En ia expresion aigebraica
2x^ + (-4 x ) + (-1 ), ei coehciente de 2x^ es 2
y ei coehciente de - 4 x es - 4 .
T h e c o e f f ic ie n t m a t r i x o f t h e
e, c x + dy = / is a &
c d'
coefficient m a trix (p. 205)
9x+ 4y=
lin e a r s y s te m a x
3x - 5y = -2 1
+ &y =
L a m a triz c o e h c ie n te d e l
s i s t e m a l i n e a l a x + b y = e, c x + d y = / e s a &
c d
m a trix coeficiente (p3g. 205)
coefficient matrix:
matriz coehciente:
-6
rg 4
[3 -5
m atrix of constants: r gi
m atrizdeconstantes: [2 lJ
com bination (p. 6 9 0 )
d o n d e C = -
^.
" r (n - r)! * r!
Hay 6 combinaciones de ias ietras a = 4 A, B,

C y D seieccionadas r = 2 cada vez: AB, AC,
AD, BC ,BD yC D .
common difference (p. 802)
T h e c o n s ta n t d iffe re n c e o f
c o n s e c u tiv e te r m s o f a n a r ith m e tic s e q u e n c e .
See arithm etic sequence.
diferencia comun (pag. 802) L a d i f e r e n c i a c o n s t a n t e e n t r e

lo s t e r m i n o s c o n s e c u t i v o s d e u n a p r o g r e s i o n a r i t m e t i c a .
Ver progresion aritm etica.
common io g a rith m (p. 500)
A l o g a r i t h m w i t h b a s e 10. It is
d e n o t e d b y l o g ^ o r s im p ly b y lo g .
iog^ 100 = iog 100 =
because 10^ = 100.
io g a ritm o comun (pag. 500) L o g a r i t m o c o n b a s e 10. S e

d e n o t a p o r l o g ^ o s i m p l e m e n t e p o r lo g .
iog,- 100 = log 100 =
ya que 10^ = 100.
GLO SSA RY
w h e r e C = -
-.
" r (n - r)! - r!
combinacion (pag. 6 9 0 ) S e l e c c i o n d e r o b j e t o s d e u n g r u p o
d e a o b je to s e n e l q u e e l o r d e n n o i m p o r t a , d e n o t a d o
There are 6 combinations of the a = 4 ietters

A, B, C, and D seiected r = 2 at a tim e: AB, AC,
AD, BC, BD, and CD.
S P A N iS H
A s e le c tio n o f r o b je c ts fro m a g ro u p o f
a o b je c t s w h e r e t h e o r d e r is n o t i m p o r t a n t , d e n o t e d ^C,.
EN G U SH
matrix of variables:
matriz de variabies:
1039
common ra tio (p. 810 ) T h e c o n s t a n t r a t i o o f c o n s e c u t i v e

te rm s o f a g e o m e tric s e q u e n c e .
See geometric sequence.
ra zo nc o m un (pag. 810) L a r a z o n c o n s t a n t e e n t r e l o s
te r m in o s c o n s e c u tiv o s d e u n a p ro g re s io n g e o m e tric a .
M?r progresion geometrica.
c o m p ie m e n to fa se t (p. 715) T h e c o m p l e m e n t o f a s e t A ,
w r i t t e n A , is t h e s e t o f a ll e l e m e n t s i n t h e u n i v e r s a l s e t (7 t h a t
a re n o t in A.
Let Ube the set of ail integers from 1 to 10

and let A = {1 , 2 , 4 ,8 }. Then A = {3 ,5 ,6 , 7,9,
10}.
com p ie m e nto de un conjunto (pag. 715)
E ic o m p le m e n to
d e u n c o n j u n t o A , e s c r i t o A , e s e l c o n j u n t o d e t o d o s lo s
e le m e n to s d e l c o n ju n to u n iv e rs a l U q u e n o e s ta n e n A.
Sea U el conjunto de todos los numeros

enteros entre 1 y 10 y sea A = {1 ,2 ,4 ,8 }. Por
lo tanto, A = {3 ,5 ,6 ,7 ,9 ,1 0 }.
T h e p ro c e s s o f a d d in g a
t e r m t o a q u a d r a t i c e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e f o r m x ^ + b x t o m a k e it
a p e rfe c t s q u a re trin o m ia l.
To complete the square for x^ + 16x, add
com pietar e! cuadrado (p3g. 284) E l p r o c e s o d e s u m a r u n

te r m in o a u n a e x p re s io n c u a d r a tic a d e la f o r m a x^ + bx , d e
m o d o q u e s e a u n trin o m io c u a d ra d o p e rfe c to .
Para compietar el cuadrado parax^ + 16x,
com pieting th e square (p. 284)
compiex conjugates (p. 276)
fo rm a + b i a n d a bb
(y )^ = 6 4 :x ^ + 16x + 6 4 = (x + 8 f .
suma ^
T w o c o m p le x n u m b e r s o f t h e
n um e ro s compiejos conjugados (pag 276)
c o m p ie j o s d e la f o r m a a + b f y a - b b
2 + 4:, 2 - 4f
D os n u m e ro s
A fra c tio n th a t c o n ta in s a fra c tio n

i n its n u m e r a t o r o r d e n o m i n a t o r .
GLOSSARY
compiex fra c tio n (p. 5 8 4 )
= 64: x^ + 16x + 64 = (x + 8)^.
5
x+4
1
6x '1 + 1
3x^ **
fraccion compieja (p3g. 5 8 4 )
F r a c c io n q u e t i e n e u n a
f r a c c io n e n s u n u m e r a d o r o e n s u d e n o m i n a d o r .
f
compiex nu m b e r (p. 2 7 6 )
A n u m b e r a + b i w h e re a a n d &
a r e r e a l n u m b e r s a n d is t h e i m a g i n a r y u n i t .
,
U n n u m e r o a + h i, d o n d e a y &
s o n n u m e r o s r e a l e s e i e s la u n i d a d i m a g i n a r i a .
num ero compiejo (p3g. 276)
compiex piane (p. 2 7 8 )
A c o o rd in a te p la n e in w h ic h
e a c h p o i n t (a , b ) r e p r e s e n t s a c o m p le x n u m b e r a + b ;. T h e
h o r i z o n t a l a x is is t h e r e a l a x is a n d t h e v e r t i c a l a x is is t h e
i m a g i n a r y a x is .
P la n o d e c o o rd e n a d a s e n el
q u e c a d a p u n t o (a , b ) r e p r e s e n t a u n n u m e r o c o m p le j o
a + h i. E l e je h o r i z o n t a l e s e l e je r e a l , y e l e je v e r t i c a l e s e l e je
im a g in a rio .
0 ,2 .5 , V3,ir, 5t, 2 i
A
? + 4
aa ia
3/
piano compiejo (pag. 278)
T h e c o m p o s itio n o f a
f u n c t i o n g w i t h a f u n c t i o n / i s b (x) = g ( / ( x ) ) .
com position o f fu n c tio n s (p. 430)
L a c o m p o s ic io n d e
u n a f u n c i o n g c o n u n a f u n c i o n / e s b (x ) = g ( /( x ) ) .
composicion de funcio ne s (pag. 430)
1040
Student Resources
nâ/
râ/
3**-2/
4- 3
/(x) = 5x - 2 , g(x) = 4x"*

g(/(x)) = g(5x - 2 ) = 4(5x - 2 )
x^ ^
compound event (p. 7 0 7 )
T h e u n i o n o r i n t e r s e c t i o n o f tw o
When you roll a six-sided die, the event "roli a

2 or an odd number" is a compound event.
L a u n io n o la in te rs e c c io n d e
Cuando ianzas un cubo numerado de seis

iados, el suceso "salir ei 2 o un numero impar"
es un suceso compuesto.
T w o s im p le in e q u a iitie s
2 % > 0 o rx + 4 < - 1 is a compound inequaiity.
e v e n ts .
suceso compuesto (pag. 707)
d o s su ceso s.
compound ine q ua tity (p. 41)
j o i n e d b y " a n d " o r "o r."

desiguaidadcom puesta (pag. 41)
s im p ie s u n i d a s p o r " y " u "o".
D o s d e s ig u a id a d e s
T h e c o n d itio n a l p ro b a b ility
o f B g iv e n A, w r i t t e n P (B 1/I), is t h e p r o b a b i l i t y t h a t e v e n t B
w i ll o c c u r g iv e n t h a t e v e n t s h a s o c c u r r e d .
conditiona) p ro b a b iiity (p. 718)
2x > 0 o x + 4 < - 1 es una desiguaidad

compuesta.
Two cards are randomiy seiected from a
standard deck of 52 cards. Let event A be
"the first card is a ciub" and iet event B be
"the second card is a ciub." Then
P(B 1
* yy = yy because there are 12 (out of
13) ciubs ieft among the remaining 51 cards.
L a p ro b a b ilid a d
c o n d i c i o n a l d e B d a d o A , e s c r i t o P ( B 1A ), e s la p r o b a b i l i d a d
d e q u e o c u rra el su c e so B d a d o q u e h a o c u rrid o el su c e so A
probabiiidadcondiciona! (pag 718)
Dos cartas se seleccionan ai azar de una

baraja normai de 52 cartas. Sea ei suceso
A "ia primera carta es de treboies" y sea ei
suceso B "ia segunda carta es de treboies".
Entonces P(B [ A) = ^ = ^ ya que quedan
12 (dei totai de 13) cartas de treboies entre
ias 51 cartas restantes.
S e e conic section.
S ee c o n ic s e c tio n ,
conica (pag. 6 5 0 )
L & r s e c c io n c o n i c a .
Ter seccion conica.
A c u rv e fo rm e d b y th e in te rs e c tio n o f
a p l a n e a n d a d o u b l e - n a p p e d c o n e . C o n i c s e c t i o n s a r e a ls o
c a lle d c o n ic s .
S e e circle, eiiipse, hyperboia, a n d paraboia.
seccion conica (pdg. 650)
U n a c u rv a fo rm a d a p o rla
i n t e r s e c c i o n d e u n p i a n o y u n c o n o d o b le . L a s s e c c i o n e s
c o n ic a s ta m b ie n se lla m a n c o n ic a s .
her circuio, eiipse, hiperboiay paraboia.
conjugates (p. 2 6 7 ) T h e e x p r e s s i o n s H + V& a n d a - V&

w h e r e a a n d &a r e r a t i o n a l n u m b e r s .
The conjugate of 7 + \ 2 is 7 - Y2.
GLOSSARY
conic section (p. 6 5 0 )
L as e x p re s io n e s a + V h y a V &
c u a n d o a y &s o n n u m e r o s r a c io n a le s .
E N G U S H - S P A N tS H
conic (p. 6 5 0 )
Ei conjugado de 7 + \ 2 es 7 - V2.
conjugados (pag. 267)
c o nsiste nt system
l e a s t o n e s o l u t io n .
(p. 154) A s y s t e m o f e q u a t i o n s t h a t h a s a t
sistem acom patibie (pag. 154)
t i e n e a l m e n o s u n a s o l u c io n .
S is te m a d e e c u a c io n e s q u e
y = 2 + 3x
6x+2y=4
The system above is consistent, with soiution
(0,2).
El sistema de arriba es compatibie, con ia
soiucion (0, 2).
1041
T h e n o n z e ro
c o n s ta n t a in a d ire c t v a ria tio n e q u a tio n y = a x , a n in v e rs e
constant o f v a ria tio n (pp. 107,551,553)
In the direct variation equation y = - jjx, the
v a ria tio n e q u a tio n y = y , o r a jo in t v a ria tio n e q u a tio n

z = axy.
constant of variation is -
L a c o n s ta n te
d is tin ta d e c e ro a d e u n a e c u a c io n d e v a ria c io n d ire c ta
En ia ecuacion de variacidn directa y = - ^x,
y = ax , d e u n a e c u a c io n d e v a ria c io n in v e r s a y = y o d e u n a
e c u a c io n d e v a ria c io n c o n ju n ta z = axy.
ia constante de variacidn es -
co nsta nted e variac io n (pags. 107,551,553)
constant te rm (pp. 12,337)
b u t n o v a ria b ie p a rt.
A te rm th a t h a s a n u m b e r p a rt
te rm in o constante (pags. 12,337)
p a r t e n u m e r i c a p e r o s i n v a r ia b i e .
T e rm in o q u e tie n e u n a
In lin e a r p ro g ra m m in g , th e iin e a r
in e q u a iitie s th a t fo rm a s y s te m .
See iinear programming.
E n ia p r o g r a m a c io n iin e a i, ia s
d e s i g u a i d a d e s l i n e a l e s q u e f o r m a n u n s is t e m a .
Ver programacion iineai.
c o ntinuous fu n c tio n (p. 80)
u n b ro k e n .
funcio n continua (pag. 80)
G LOSSARY
n o in te rru m p id a .
E N G U S H -S P A M S H
Ei tdrmino constante de ia expresion

aigebraica 3x^ + 5x + (-7 ) es -7 .
c o n stra in ts (p. 174)
restricciones (pdg. 174)
1042
The constant term of the aigebraic

expression 3x^ + 5x + (-7 ) is -7 .
A f u n c t i o n w h o s e g r a p h is
F u n c io n q u e tie n e u n a g ra frc a
Any iinear function, such asy = 2x + 4, is a

continuous function.
Cuaiquier funcion iineai, com oy = 2x + 4, es
una funcion continua.
contro) group (p. 773)
A g ro u p th a t d o e s n o t u n d e rg o a
p r o c e d u r e o r t r e a t m e n t w h e n a n e x p e r i m e n t is c o n d u c t e d .
S e e a /s o e x p e r i m e n t a l g r o u p .
S e e experimentai group.
grupo de c o ntroi (pag. 773)
G ru p o q u e n o se s o m e te a
n i n g u n p r o c e d i m i e n t o 0 t r a t a m i e n t o d u r a n t e ia r e a i i z a c i o n
d e u n e x p e r i m e n t o . T e r f a m h /e n g r u p o e x p e r i m e n t a l .
Ter grupo experimentai.
c o rre iatio n coefficient (p. 114) A m e a s u r e , d e n o t e d b y r

w h e r e - 1 < r < 1, o f h o w w e ll a i i n e f its a s e t o f d a t a p a i r s (x, y ).
A data set that shows a strong positive

correiation has a correiation coefficient of
r = 1. See a/so positive correiation and
negative correiation.
coeficientedecorreiacion (pdg. 114)
M e d id a d e n o ta d a
p o r r, d o n d e - 1 < r < 1, y q u e d e s c r i b e e l a j u s t e d e u n a r e c t a
a u n c o n j u n t o d e p a r e s d e d a t o s (x, y ).
Un conjunto de datos que muestra una

correiacion positiva fuerte tiene un
coehciente de correiacion de r = 1. T&r
famd/e?: correiacidn positiva y correiacion
negativa.
cosecant fu n c tio n (p. 852)
I f d is a n a c u t e a n g i e o f a r i g h t
t r i a n g i e , t h e c o s e c a n t o f d is t h e i e n g t h o f t h e h y p o t e n u s e
d i v i d e d b y t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s id e o p p o s i t e d.
See sine function.
funcio n cosecante (pdg. 852) S i d e s u n a n g u l o a g u d o d e u n

t r i a n g u i o r e c t a n g u i o , la c o s e c a n t e d e d e s ia i o n g i t u d d e ia
h i p o t e n u s a d i v i d i d a p o r ia i o n g i t u d d e i ia d o o p u e s t o a d.
Ter funcion seno.
Student Resources
cosine fu n c tio n (p. 8 5 2 )
I f 9 is a n a c u t e a n g l e o f a r i g h t
t r i a n g l e , t h e c o s i n e o f 8 is t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s id e a d j a c e n t t o 0
d iv id e d b y th e le n g th o f th e h y p o te n u s e .
S e e sine function.
funcio n coseno (pdg. 852)
Si 0 e s u n a n g u lo a g u d o d e u n
t r i a n g u l o r e c t a n g u l o , e l c o s e n o d e 0 e s la l o n g i t u d d e l l a d o
a d y a c e n t e a 0 d i v i d i d a p o r la l o n g i t u d d e la h i p o t e n u s a .
Per funcion seno.
cotangent fu n c tio n (p. 8 5 2 )
I f 0 is a n a c u t e a n g l e o f a r i g h t
t r i a n g l e , t h e c o t a n g e n t o f 0 is t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s id e a d j a c e n t
t o 0 d i v i d e d b y t h e l e n g t h o f t h e s id e o p p o s i t e 0.
See sine function.
Si 0 e s u n a n g u l o a g u d o d e u n
t r i a n g u l o r e c t a n g u l o , la c o ta n g e n t e d e 0 e s la l o n g i t u d d e l l a d o
a d y a c e n t e a 0 d i v i d id a p o r la l o n g i t u d d e l la d o o p u e s t o a 0.
Per funcion seno.
funcion cotangente (pag. 852)
coterm inai angies (p. 860)
t e r m i n a l s id e s t h a t c o in c i d e .
A n g le s i n s t a n d a r d p o s i t i o n w i t h
*^ A 40
A n g u lo s e n p o s ic io n
n o rm a l c u y o s la d o s te r m in a le s c o in c id e n .
anguios coterm inaies (pag. 860)
-^
500
The angles with measttres 500 and 140 are

coterminal.
Los anguios que miden 500 y 140 son
coterminaies.
T h e p o in ts o f in te rs e c tio n
o f a n e ll ip s e a n d t h e l i n e p e r p e n d i c u l a r to t h e m a j o r a x is a t
th e c e n te r.
See eliipse.
p u n to s e xtre m o s dei eje m e nor de una eiipse (pag. 634)
Per eiipse.
L o s p u n t o s d e i n t e r s e c c i o n d e u n a e i i p s e y la r e c t a
p e r p e n d i c u l a r a l e je m a y o r e n e l c e n t r o .
9 x + 4 y = -6
:9
41
3 x - 5 y = 2 1 ; l 3 5 ]
Applying Cramer's ruie gives the foiiowing:
G LOSSARY
A m e th o d fo r s o lv in g a s y s te m o f
lin e a r e q u a tio n s u s in g d e te r m in a n ts : F o r th e lin e a r s y s te m
a x + F y = e, c x + d y = l e t A b e t h e c o e f f ic ie n t m a t r i x . I f
d e t A # 0, t h e s o l u t i o n o f t h e s y s t e m is a s f o llo w s :
le&l
la e l
/ d
c /
X = ----------v = --------------d e tA
det A
regia de C ram er (pag. 205) M e to d o p a r a r e s o lv e r u n
s is te m a d e e c u a c io n e s lin e a le s u s a n d o d e te r m in a n te s :
P a r a e l s i s t e m a l i n e a l a x + b y = e, c x + d y = ^ s e a A la
m a t r i z c o e h c i e n t e . S i d e t A ^ 0, la s o l u c i o n d e l s i s t e m a e s la
s ig u ie n te :
le&l
1*3 <?l
1f d ]
]c / ]
d e tA '* ^
d e tA
Cram er's ru ie (p. 205)
E N G H S H - S P A N iS H
co-vertices o f an e iiip se (p. 634)
Ai apiicar ia regia de Cramer se obtiene io

siguiente:
1 "6 4 1
1 -2 1 - 5 l _ 1 1 4 _
-57
-5 7
19
-6
!3 - 2 1
-5 7
_ -1 7 1
-5 7
"
1043
A m e t h o d f o r s o l v i n g a s im p le
r a t i o n a l e q u a t i o n f o r w h i c h e a c h s id e o f t h e e q u a t i o n is a
s in g l e r a t i o n a l e x p r e s s io n .
cross m u !tip !y in g (p. 589)
M e to d o p a r a r e s o lv e r u n a
e c u a c i o n r a c i o n a l s im p le e n la q u e c a d a l a d o e s u n a s o la
e x p r e s i o n r a c i o n a l.
m u)tip)icar en c ru z (pag. 589)
To solve ^
^ + 5 ' cross multtply.
Para resolver
cruz.
= - J f , multipllca en
3 (4 x + 5) = 9 ( x + 1)
12x + 15 = 9x + 9
3*=
-6
x =
-2
cyde (p. 908)
T h e s h o rte s t re p e a tin g p o rtio n o f th e g ra p h o f

a p e rio d ic fu n c tio n .
See periodic function.
E n u n a f u n c i o n p e r i o d i c a , la p a r t e m a s c o r t a
d e la g r a f i c a q u e s e r e p it e .
Per funcion periodica.
cido (pag. 908)
HU
decay fa c to r (p. 486)
E N G M S H -S P A N tS H
GLOSSARY
d e c a y fu n c tio n y =
T h e q u a n tity & in th e e x p o n e n tia l

w i t h a > 0 a n d 0 < & < 1.
The decay factor for the functiony = 3(0.5)*

is 0.5.
fa c to r de decrecimiento (pag. 486)
L a c a n t i d a d & d e la
fu n c io n d e d e c r e c im ie n to e x p o n e n c ia ly = ah*, c o n a > 0 y
0 < & < 1.
El factor de decrecimiento de la funcidn

y = 3 ( 0 .5 ) * e s 0.5.
degree o f a poiynom ia) fu n c tio n (p. 3 3 7 )
T he exponent
i n t h e t e r m o f a p o l y n o m i a l f u n c t i o n w h e r e t h e v a r i a b l e is
r a i s e d to t h e g r e a t e s t p o w e r .
S e e polynomial function.
grado de una funcio n potinomica (pdg. 337)
En una
f u n c i o n p o l i n o m i c a , e l e x p o n e n t e d e l t e r m i n o d o n d e la
v a r i a b l e s e e le v a a l a m a y o r p o t e n c i a .
Per funcidn polindmica.
dependent events
(p. 71 8) T w o e v e n t s s u c h t h a t t h e
o c c u r r e n c e o f o n e e v e n t a f f e c ts t h e o c c u r r e n c e o f t h e o t h e r
e v e n t.
Two cards are drawn from a deck without

replacement. The events "the first is a 3 " and
"the second is a 3 " are dependent.
D o s s u c e s o s t a l e s q u e la
o c u r r e n c i a d e u n o d e e llo s a f e c t a a la o c u r r e n c i a d e l o t r o .
Se sacan dos cartas de una baraja y no se

reemplazan. Los sucesos "la primera es un
3 " y "la segunda es un 3 " son dependientes.
sucesosdependientes (pag. 718)
A c o n s is te n t s y s te m o f e q u a tio n s
t h a t h a s i n f i n i t e l y m a n y s o l u t io n s .
dependent system (p. 154)
S i s te m a c o m p a t i b l e d e
e c u a c i o n e s q u e t i e n e i n h n i t a s s o l u c io n e s .
sistem adependiente (pag. 154)
2x - y = 3
4.x - 2y = 6
Any ordered pair (x, 2x 3) is a solution
of the system above, so there are infinitely
many solutions.
Cualquier par ordenado (x, 2x - 3) es una
solucion del sistema que figura arriba, por lo
que hay inhnitas soluciones.
1044
Student Resources
T h e o u tp u t v a ria b le in a n
dependent variabie (p. 74)
e q u a t i o n i n t w o v a r ia b l e s .
variable dependiente (pdg. 74)
e c u a c io n c o n d o s v a ria b le s .
L a v a ria b le d e s a lid a d e u n a
S e e independent variable.
Per variable independiente.
A re a l n u m b e r a s s o c ia te d w ith a n y
s q u a r e m a t r i x A , d e n o t e d b y d e t A o r 1A l .
d e t[S 4j = 5 (1 )-3 (4 ) = -7
dete rm inante (pdg. 203) N u m e r o r e a l a s o c i a d o a t o d a

m a t r i z c u a d r a d a A , d e n o t a d a p o r d e t A o 1A 1.
det ^ ^
d e te rm in a n t (p. 203)
c d
= ad - cB
dim e nsio ns o f a m a trix (p. 187) T h e d i m e n s i o n s o f a m a t r i x

w ith m ro w s a n d a c o lu m n s a re m X a .
A m atrix with 2 rows and 3 columns has the

dimensions 2 x 3 (read '2 by 3").
dim e nsio ne sde una m a triz (pag 187) L a s d i m e n s i o n e s d e

u n a m a triz c o n m b ia s y n c o lu m n a s s o n m X a .
Una m atriz con 2 bias y 3 columnas tiene por

dimensiones 2 x 3 (lefdo "2 por 3").
direct va ria tio n (p. 107) T w o v a r i a b l e s x a n d y s h o w d i r e c t

v a r i a t i o n p r o v i d e d t h a t y = a x w h e r e a is a n o n z e r o c o n s t a n t .
The equation 5x + 2y = 0 represents direct

variation because it is equivalent to the
5
equatm ny = - - x .
D o s v a ria b le s x e y in d ic a n
u n a v a ria c id n d ir e c ta s ie m p re q u e y = a x , d o n d e a e s u n a
c o n s ta n te d is tin ta d e c e ro .
La ecuacion 5x + 2y = 0 representa una

variacidn directa ya que es equivalente a la
ecuacrony = - -5x .
d ire c trix o f a paraboia (p. 6 2 0 )
See p a ra b o la
S e e parabola.
d ire c triz de una paraboia (pag
6 2 0 ) L&r p a r a b o l a
M?r parabola.
variacidn directa (pag. 107)
s e p a r a te p o in ts .
A fu n c tio n w h o s e g ra p h c o n s is ts o f
funcio n discreta (pag. 80)
p u n t o s a is la d o s .
'y
F u n c io n c u y a g r a h c a c o n s is te e n
* *
<
(p. 6 5 3 ) T h e e x p r e s s i o n B^ - 4 A C f o r t h e e q u a t i o n
A x^ + R x y + C y^ + D x + E y + F = 0. U s e d t o i d e n t i f y w h i c h
ty p e o f c o n ic th e e q u a tio n r e p re s e n ts .
# *
Jf
G LOSSARY
d isc rim in a n t o f a generai second-degree equation
E N G L iS H - S P A N iS H
discrete fu n c tio n (p. 80 )
For the equation 4x^ + y^ - 8x - 8 = 0,

A = 4, B = 0, and C = 1.
B ^ -4 A C = 0 ^ -4 (4 )(1 ) = - 1 6
Because B^ - 4AC < 0, B = 0, and A ^ C, the
conic is an ellipse.
d isc rim in a n te de una ecuacion genera! de segundo

grado (p3g. 6 5 3 ) L a e x p r e s i o n B^ - 4 A C p a r a la e c u a c i o n
A x ^ + R x y + C y^ + D x + E y + F = 0. S e u s a p a r a i d e n t i b c a r
q u e t i p o d e c o n i c a r e p r e s e n t a la e c u a c i o n .
Para la ecuacidn 4x^ + y^ - 8x - 8 = 0,

A = 4 ,B = 0 y C = 1.
B ^ -4 A C = 0 ^ -4 (4 )(1 ) = - 1 6
Debido a que B^ - 4AC < 0 , B = 0 y A # C, la
cdnica es un elipse.
1045
The
e x p r e s s io n - 4% c f o r t h e q u a d r a t i c e q u a t i o n
%x^ + h x + c = 0 ; a l s o t h e e x p r e s s i o n u n d e r t h e r a d i c a l
s ig n i n t h e q u a d r a t i c f o r m u ia .
d isc rim in a n t o f a quadratic equation (p. 294)
d is c rim in a te de una ecuacion cuadratica (pdg 294)
e x p r e s io n - 4% c p a r a ia e c u a c i o n c u a d r a t i c a
a x ^ + &x + c = 0 ; e s t a m b i e n l a e x p r e s i o n s i t u a d a b a jo
e i s ig n o r a d i c a i d e la f o r m u l a c u a d r a t i c a .
The value of the discrim inant of

2x^ 3x - 7 = 0 is %?^ - 4ac =
(-3 f-4 (2 )(-7 ) =65.
La
Ei vaior de) discrim inante de

2x^ - 3x - 7 = 0 es
- 4ac =
( - 3 f - 4 ( 2 ) ( - 7 ) = 65.
d is jo in t events (p. 707)
E v e n ts yi a n d B a r e d i s j o i n t if
th e y h a v e n o o u tc o m e s in c o m m o n ; a is o c a lle d m u tu a ily
e x c lu s iv e e v e n ts .
When you randomiy seiect a card from a

standard deck of 52 cards, selecting a ciub
and seiecting a heart are disjoint events.
L o s s u c e s o s A y B s o n d is ju n to s
si n o t i e n e n c a s o s e n c o m u n ; t a m b i e n s e i l a m a n s u c e s o s
m u t u a m e n t e e x c iu y e n te s .
A! seieccionar ai azar una carta de una

baraja normai de 52 cartas, sacar una
de treboies y sacar una de corazones son
sucesos disjuntos.
su c e so sd isju n to s (pdg. 707)
distance fo rm u ia (p. 614)
T h e d i s ta n c e d b e tw e e n a n y tw o
The distance between (-3 ,5 ) and (4, -1) is
p o i n t s (Xj, y j) a n d (Xg, y ^) is d = ^ fx ^ - x ^ + ^ - y ;)^ -
V (4 - ( - 3 ) f + ( - 1 - 5 f = V49 + 36 = V85.
L a d is ta n c ia d e n tr e
d o s p u n t o s c u a l e s q u i e r a (x ^ y j) y (x^, y 2 ) e s
La distancia entre (-3 ,5 ) y (4, -1) es
fo rm u ia d e ia d ista n c ia (pag. 614)
d = \/(x 2 - X j f + ^ - y ^ ^ .
dom ain (p. 72 )
T h e s e t o f i n p u t v a i u e s o f a r e ia ti o n .
Ler reiacion.
GLO SSA RY
E i c o n j u n t o d e lo s v a l o r e s d e e n t r a d a d e
See reiation.
u n a r e ia c i o n .
dom inio (pdg. 7 2 )
V ( 4 - ( - 3 ) ) 2 + ( - l - 5 ) 2 = V49 + 36 = \85.
o f a h y p e r b o i a o r a n e ii ip s e is ^ w h e r e c is t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m
c = V 3 6 - 16 = 2V5, so the eccentricity is
e a c h f o c u s to t h e c e n t e r a n d % is t h e d i s t a n c e f r o m e a c h
v e r t e x t o t h e c e n t e r . T h e e c c e n t r i c i t y o f a c ir c le is e = 0. T h e
e c c e n t r i c i t y o f a p a r a b o i a is e = 1.
e= ^ =
excentricidad de una seccion conica (pdg. 6 6 5 )
eccentricity o f a conic section
(p. 6 6 5 ) T h e e c c e n t r i c i t y e
n-
(* + 4 ) 2 , ( y - 2 ) 2
For the eihpse gg + ^g = L
\3 6
Para ia eitpse
0.745.
(x + 4 f ^ ( y - 2 ) 2
^
= 1,
e x c e n t r i c i d a d e d e u n a h i p e r b o i a o d e u n a e ii p s e e s p d o n d e
c = V 3 6 - 1 6 = 2 \ 5 ,p o rio ta n to ia
c e s la d i s t a n c i a e n t r e c a d a f o c o y e i c e n t r o y a e s l a d i s t a n c i a
e n t r e c a d a v e r t i c e y e l c e n t r o . L a e x c e n t r i c i d a d d e u n c f r c u io
e s e = 0. L a e x c e n t r i c i d a d d e u n a p a r a b o l a e s e = 1.
excentricidad es e = ^
e ie m e n to fa m a trix (p. 187)
E a c h n u m b e r in a m a trix .
eiem entode una m a triz (pdg. 187)
m a triz .
1046
La
Student Resources
C ad a n u m e ro de u n a
See matrix.
14?r matriz.
\3 6
" 0.745.
E a c h o b je c t i n a s e t; a ls o c a l l e d a
m e m b e r o f t h e s e t.
The elements of the set A = {1 ,2 ,3 ,4 } are 1,2,

3, and 4.
e le m e n to d e u n conjunto (pag 715)
C a d a o b je to d e u n
c o n ju n to ; ta m b ie n se lla m a m ie m b ro d e l c o n ju n to .
Los elementos del conjunto A = {1 ,2 ,3 ,4 }

son 1 ,2 ,3 y 4 .
e lim in a tio n m ethod (p. 161)
A m e th o d o f s o lv in g a s y s te m
o f e q u a tio n s b y m u ltip ly in g e q u a tio n s b y c o n s ta n ts , th e n
a d d in g th e re v is e d e q u a tio n s to e lim in a te a v a ria b le .
To use the elim ination method to solve the

system with equations 3x - 7y = 10 and
6x - 8y = 8, multiply the Hrst equation by - 2
and add the equations to elim inate x.
M e to d o p a r a r e s o lv e r u n
s is te m a d e e c u a c io n e s e n el q u e se m u ltip lic a n e c u a c io n e s
p o r c o n s t a n t e s y s e a g r e g a n lu e g o l a s e c u a c i o n e s r e v i s a d a s
p a r a e l i m i n a r u n a v a r ia b l e .
Para usar el metodo de elim inacion a Hn de

resolver el sistema con ias ecuaciones
3x - 7y = 10 y 6x - 8y = 8, multiplica
la primera ecuacidn por - 2 y suma las
ecuaciones para elim inar x.
elem ent o f a se t (p. 715)
metodo de elim inacion (pag. 161)
T h e s e t o f a ll p o i n t s P i n a p l a n e s u c h t h a t t h e
s u m o f t h e d i s t a n c e s b e t w e e n P a n d t w o f ix e d p o i n t s , c a l l e d
t h e fo c i, is a c o n s t a n t .
ellipse (p. 634)
E l c o n j u n t o d e t o d o s lo s p u n t o s P d e u n
p i a n o t a l e s q u e la s u m a d e l a s d i s t a n c i a s e n t r e P y d o s p u n t o s
fijo s , H a m a d o s f o c o s , e s u n a c o n s t a n t e .
eiipse (pag. 634)
co-vertex
puntos extremos
(0, 6)
center
centro
vertex
.
vertice /
, (- 3 , 0 ) /
<-c,0)
focus
major axis ^ * \ f o c o
(c,0)
y
focus
^ fo c o ^ /
(0, - 6 )
co-vertex
,
puntos extremos . ^
T h e s e t w i t h n o e l e m e n t s , d e n o t e d 0.
conjunto vacio (pdg. 715)
e le m e n t o s , i n d i c a d o 0 .
El c o n ju n to q u e n o tie n e
eje menor
. _ constant
2 - constante
The set of positive integers less than 0 is the

empty set, 0.
El conjunto de los numeros enteros positivos
menores que 0 es el conjunto vacio, 0.
T h e b e h a v io r o f th e g ra p h o f a
f u n c t i o n a s x a p p r o a c h e s p o s i t i v e i n f i n i t y (+<=) o r n e g a ti v e
i n f i n i t y ().
end behavior (p. 339)
E N G L 1 S H -S P A N 1 S H
em pty se t (p. 715)
vertex
\ vertice
\ (3 ,0 )
G LOSSARY
com portam iento (pag. 339) E l c o m p o r t a m i e n t o d e la

g r a f i c a d e u n a f u n c i d n a l a p r o x i m a r s e x a i n h n i t o p o s it iv o
(+ o ) o a i n f i n i t o n e g a ti v o ( - ) .
/(*)> +oo as x > oo or as
+oo.
f(x) > +oo segun x -> oo o segun x > +oo.
M a tric e s th a t h a v e th e s a m e
d im e n s io n s a n d e q u a l e le m e n ts in c o r r e s p o n d in g p o s itio n s .
equal m atrices (p. 187)
(p a g . 187) M a t r i c e s q u e t i e n e n la s
m i s m a s d i m e n s i o n e s y e le m e n t o s i g u a l e s e n p o s i c i o n e s
c o rre s p o n d ie n te s .
m atrices iguales
6
4
4
3 -2
-1 + 1
3
4
-1
0.75
Engtish-Spanish Glossary
1047
equation (p.
18) A s t a t e m e n t t h a t t w o e x p r e s s i o n s a r e e q u a l .
ecuacion (pag. 18)
d o s e x p r e s io n e s .
E n u n c ia d o q u e e s ta b le c e la ig u a ld a d d e
equation in tw o variabies (p. 74)
t w o v a r ia b l e s .
A n e q u a tio n th a t c o n ta in s
ecuacion con dos variabies (p3g. 74)
d o s v a r ia b l e s .
equivaient equations
s o l u t i o n (s).
m i s m a s o l u c io n o s o l u c io n e s .
E c u a c io n e s q u e tie n e n la
x + 8 = 3 and 4x = 20 are equivalent

because both have the solution - 5 .
x + 8 = 3 y 4 x = - 2 0 son equivaientes porque
tienen ambas ia solucidn - 5 .
equivaient e xp re ssio ns (p. 12) T w o a l g e b r a i c e x p r e s s i o n s

t h a t h a v e t h e s a m e v a lu e f o r a ll v a l u e s o f t h e i r v a r i a b l e ( s ) .
8% + 3vand 11% are equivaient expressions,

as are 2(x - 3) and 2x - 6.
e xpresiones equivaientes (pag. 12)
D o s e x p re s io n e s
a l g e b r a i c a s q u e t i e n e n e l m i s m o v a l o r p a r a t o d o s lo s v a l o r e s
d e la v a r i a b l e o v a r ia b l e s .
8x + 3xy llx s o n expresiones equivaientes,

como tambien io son 2(x - 3) y 2x 6.
equivaient in e q u a iitie s (p. 4 2 )
In e q u a litie s th a t h a v e th e
3w - 1 < 8 and n + 1.5 < 4.5 are equivaient

inequaiities because the solution of both
inequaiities is aii numbers iess than or equal
to 3.
D e s ig u a ld a d e s q u e
3w - 1 < 8 y n + 1.5 < 4.5 son desigualdades

equivaientes ya que ia solucidn de ambas son
todos los numeros menores o iguales a 3.
s a m e s o l u t io n .
desiguaidades equivaientes (pag. 42)
GLOSSARY
y - 3 x - 5, d = -16t^ + 64
E c u a c io n q u e tie n e
(p. 18) E q u a t i o n s t h a t h a v e t h e s a m e
ecuacionesequivaientes (pag. 18)
E N G U S H -S P A N !S H
2x - 3 = 7,2%^ = 4x
t i e n e n la m i s m a s o l u c io n .
e xpe rim e ntai g roup
(p. 7 7 3 ) A g r o u p t h a t u n d e r g o e s s o m e
p r o c e d u r e o r t r e a t m e n t w h e n a n e x p e r i m e n t is c o n d u c t e d .
S e e a ls o c o n t r o l g r o u p .
One group of headache sufferers, the

experimental group, is given piiis
containing medication. Another group, the
controi group, is given piils containing no
medication.
grupo e xp e rim e nta i (pag. 773)
G ru p o q u e se s o m e te a
a l g u n p r o c e d i m i e n t o o t r a t a m i e n t o d u r a n t e la r e a l i z a c i o n d e
u n e x p e r i m e n t o . V&r f a m h ie n g r u p o d e c o n t r o l .
Un grupo de personas que sufren de doiores

de cabeza, ei grupo experimentai, recibe
pfidoras que contienen ei medicamento.
Otro grupo, ei grupo de controi, recibe
pfidoras sin ei medicamento.
A p ro b a b ility b a s e d o n
p e rfo r m in g a n e x p e rim e n t, c o n d u c tin g a su rv e y , o r lo o k in g
a t t h e h i s t o r y o f a n e v e n t.
You roli a six sided die 100 times and get

a 4 nineteen times. The experimentai
probability of roiiing a 4 with the die
P ro b a b ilid a d b a s a d a
e n la re a liz a c io n d e u n e x p e rim e n to o u n a e n c u e s ta o e n el
e s t u d i o d e la h i s t o r i a d e u n s u c e s o .
i s ^ - = 0.19.
100
Lanzas 100 veces un dado de seis caras y
saie diecinueve veces ei 4. La probabiiidad
experimentai de que saiga ei 4 ai ianzar ei
expe rim e ntai p ro b a b iiity (p. 700)
probabiiidad e xp e rim e nta i (pag. 700)
dado es
1048
Student Resources
= 0.19.
e xp lic it ru le (p. 8 2 7 )
A r u l e f o r a s e q u e n c e t h a t g iv e s t h e n t h
te rm
a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e t e r m 's p o s i t i o n n u m b e r n i n t h e
seq uence.
Th eru lesa = -1 1 + 4n an d a^ = 3(2)"

are explicit rules for sequences.
regia exphcita (pag. 827)
R e g ia d e u n a p r o g r e s i o n q u e
e x p re s a el te rm in o e n e s im o
e n fu n c io n d el n u m e ro d e
p o s ic io n n d e l t e r m i n o e n la p r o g r e s i o n .
L a s r e g l a s a = - l l + 4 n y a = 3(2)
reglas explfcitas de progresiones.
exponent
(p. 10) T h e n u m b e r o r v a r i a b l e t h a t r e p r e s e n t s t h e
n u m b e r o f t i m e s t h e b a s e o f a p o w e r is u s e d a s a f a c to r .
In the power 2^, the exponent is 5.
(pd g. 10) E l n u m e r o o la v a r i a b l e q u e r e p r e s e n t a
la c a n t i d a d d e v e c e s q u e la b a s e d e u n a p o t e n c i a s e u s a c o m o
f a c to r .
En la potencia 2^, el exponente es 5.
exponente
exponential decay fu n c tio n (p. 4 8 6 )
th e n th e fu n c tio n y =
w i t h d e c a y f a c t o r &.
I f a > 0 a n d 0 < & < 1,

is a n e x p o n e n t i a l d e c a y f u n c t i o n
son
t ' 'y
f=
funcio n de decrecimiento exponencial (pdg. 486) S i a > 0

y 0 < & < 1, e n t o n c e s l a f u n c i o n y =
e s u n a fu n c io n d e
d e c r e c i m i e n t o e x p o n e n c i a l c o n f a c t o r d e d e c r e c i m i e n t o &.
\
\
(1)
4
exponentia! equation (p. 515) A n e q u a t i o n i n w h i c h a

v a ria b le e x p re s s io n o c c u rs a s a n e x p o n e n t.
4* = ^ j*
ecuacion exponencial (pdg. 515)
E c u a c io n q u e tie n e c o m o
e x p o n e n te u n a e x p re s io n a lg e b ra ic a .
4* = [ ^ t*
exponential fu n c tio n (p. 4 7 8 ) A f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m

y = a l f , w h e r e a ^ 0, & > 0, a n d h ^ 1.
See exponential growth function and

exponentia! decay function.
funcio n exponencial (pdg. 4 7 8 ) F u n c i o n d e la f o r m a

y = a M , d o n d e a=^=0, & > 0 y & # 1.
Eer funcion de crecim iento exponencial y

funcion de decrecimiento exponencial.
^ is an exponential equation.
X- 3
es una ecuacidn exponencial.
G LO SSA RY
478) Si a > 0 y
& > 1, e n t o n c e s la f u n c i o n y = a&* e s u n a f u n c i o n d e
c r e c i m i e n t o e x p o n e n c i a l c o n f a c t o r d e c r e c i m i e n t o &.
funcio n de crecim iento exponencial (pdg
e xtra neous so lu tio n
(p. 52) A n a p p a r e n t s o l u t i o n t h a t m u s t
b e r e j e c t e d b e c a u s e it d o e s n o t s a t i s f y t h e o r i g i n a l e q u a t i o n .
Solving ]2x + 121 = 4x gives the apparent

solutions x = 6 and % = - 2 . The apparent
solution 2 is extraneous because it does not
satisfy the original equation.
S o l u c io n a p a r e n t e q u e d e b e
r e c h a z a r s e y a q u e n o s a t i s f a c e la e c u a c i d n o r i g i n a l .
A! resolver ]2x + 12] = 4xseo btien en las

soluciones aparentesx = 6 y x = - 2 . La
solucion aparente - 2 es extraha ya no
satisface la ecuacidn original.
solucion extra ha (pdg. 52)
E N G L I S H -S P A N IS H
(p. 4 7 8 ) I f a > 0 a n d & > 1,

t h e n t h e f u n c t i o n y = a& * is a n e x p o n e n t i a l g r o w t h f u n c t i o n
w i t h g r o w t h f a c t o r &.
exponential g ro w th fu n c tio n
1049
T o fa c to r a p o ty n o m ia ! w ith fo u r
te rm s b y g ro u p in g , fa c to r c o m m o n m o n o m ia ts fro m p a irs o f
t e r m s , a n d t h e n to o k f o r a c o m m o n b i n o m i a t f a c to r .
fa c to r by g roup ing (p. 354)
- 3 x ^ - i6x + 48
= x ^ (x -3 )-1 6 (x -3 )
= ( x ^ - 1 6 ) (x -3 )
= (x + 4)(x - 4)(x - 3)
P a ra fa c to riz a r p o r
g ru p o s u n p o tin o m io c o n c u a tr o te r m in o s , f a c to riz a u n o s
m o n o m i o s c o m u n e s a p a r t i r d e to s p a r e s d e t e r m i n o s y i u e g o
b u s c a u n fa c to r b in o m ic o c o m u n .
fa c to riz a rp o rg ru p o s (p3g. 354)
factored compieteiy (p. 353) A f a c t o r a b i e
p o ty n o m ia t w ith
i n t e g e r c o e f f ic ie n t s is f a c t o r e d c o m p t e t e t y i f it is w r i t t e n
a s a p r o d u c t o f u n fa c to ra b te p o ty n o m ia ts w ith in te g e r
c o e f f ic ie n t s .
U n p o tin o m io
q u e p u e d e fa c to riz a rs e y q u e tie n e c o e b c ie n te s e n te ro s e s ta
c o m p ie ta m e n te fa c to riz a d o si e s ta e s c rito c o m o p r o d u c to
d e p o lin o m io s q u e n o p u e d e n fa c to riz a rs e y q u e tie n e n
c o e b c i e n t e s e n te r o s .
compietamente factorizado (pdg. 353)
3x(x - 5) is factored completely.

(x + 2)(x^ - 6x + 8) is wot factored
completely because x ^ - 6% + 8 can be
factored as (x - 2) (x - 4).
3x(x - 5) esta compietamente factorizado.
(A; + 2)(x^ - 6x + 8) wo esta compietamente
factorizado ya que x^ - 6x + 8 puede
factorizarse como (x - 2)(x - 4).
F o r a n y p o s i t i v e i n t e g e r w, t h e e x p r e s s i o n
n !, r e a d "w f a c t o r i a l " is t h e p r o d u c t o f a tl t h e i n t e g e r s f r o m
1 t o w. A ts o , 0! is d e b n e d t o tie 1.
fa c to ria i (p. 684)
P a r a c u a i q u i e r n u m e r o e n t e r o p o s it iv o
w, ta e x p r e s io n w!, t e i d a " f a c t o r i a l d e w", e s e t p r o d u c t o d e
t o d o s to s n u m e r o s e n t e r o s e n t r e 1 y w. T a m b i e n , 0! s e d e b n e
c o m o 1.
6! = 6 - 5 - 4 - 3 - 2 -1 = 720
E N G H S H -S P A N 1 S H
GLO SSA RY
factoria) (pdg. 684)
feasibie region (p. 174)
In tin e a r p ro g ra m m in g , th e g ra p h o f
th e s y s te m o f c o n s tra in ts .
See linear programming.
E n ta p r o g r a m a c i o n t in e a l , ta
g ra h c a d e l s is te m a d e re s tric c io n e s .
Per programacion lineal.
region factib!e (p3g. 174)
W h e n th e x -v a lu e s in a d a ta s e t
a re e q u a lly s p a c e d , th e d iffe re n c e s o f c o n s e c u tiv e y -v a lu e s
a re c a tte d b n ite d iffe re n c e s .
fin ite d ifferences (p. 393)
C u a n d o lo s v a t o r e s d e x d e
u n c o n j u n t o d e d a t o s e s t a n a i g u a t d i s t a n c i a e n t r e sf, l a s
d i f e r e n c i a s e n t r e lo s v a to r e s d e y c o n s e c u t i v o s s e l l a m a n
d ife r e n c ia s b n ita s .
diferencias fin ita s (pag. 393)
f(x) = *3
/U )
1
4 -1= 3
/(2 )
4
/ \
/(3 )
9
/ \
9-4 = 5
/(4)
16
/
16- 9 = 7
The Hrst-order bnite differences are 3,5, and 7.

Las diferencias bnitas de primer orden son
3 ,5 y 7 .
foci o f a hyperboia (p. 642)
See h y p e rb o la ,
fo c o sd e u n a h ip e rb o ia (pag. 642)
foci o f an eiiipse (p. 634)
S e e e ll ip s e
fo c o sd e u n a e iip se (pdg.634)
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Student Resources
P e rh ip e rb o ta .
P e r e t ip s e .
See hyperbola.
P&rhiperbola.
See ellipse.
P&r elipse.
focus o f a parabola (p. 6 2 0 )
S<?e p a r a b o l a
focode una parabola (pag. 6 2 0 )
l^ r p a ra b o la .
See paraboia.
M?r parabola.
fo rm u la (p. 26)
A n e q u a tio n th a t re la te s tw o o r m o re
q u a n titie s , u s u a lly r e p r e s e n te d b y v a ria b le s .
The formula P = 2f + 2w relates the length

and width of a rectangle to its perimeter.
fo rm u la (pdg. 26)
E c u a c io n q u e re la c io n a d o s o m a s
c a n tid a d e s q u e g e n e ra lm e n te se r e p r e s e n ta n p o r v a ria b le s .
La formula P = 2f + 2w relaciona el largo y e!

ancho de un rectdngulo con su perfmetro.
T h e re c ip ro c a l
o f t h e p e r io d . F r e q u e n c y is t h e n u m b e r o f c y c l e s p e r u n i t o f
t im e .
P = 2 sm 40007rt has permd
frecuencia de una func id n periodica (pag 910) E l
P = 2 sen 400 0 n l t.ene perfodo ^
frequency o f a periodic fu n c tio n (p. 910)
r e c f p r o c o d e l p e r f o d o . L a f r e c u e n c i a e s e l n u m e r o d e c ic lo s
p o r u n i d a d d e t ie m p o .
fu n c tio n (p. 7 3 )
o n e o u tp u t.
A r e l a t i o n f o r w h i c h e a c h i n p u t h a s e x a c tl y
so its frequency is 2000 cycles per second

(hertz) when t represents tim e in seconds.
por lo que su frecuencia es de 2000 cicios por

segundo (hertzios) cuando trepresentael
tiempo en segundos.
The relation (-4 ,6 ), (3, -9 ), and (7, -9 ) is
a function. The relation (0 ,3), (0 ,6), and
(10,8) is not a function because the input 0 is
mapped onto both 3 and 6.
R e la c io n p a r a la q u e c a d a e n t r a d a t i e n e
e x a c ta m e n te u n a s a lid a .
La relacidn (-4 ,6 ), (3, -9 ) y (7, -9 ) es una

funcidn. La relacidn (0 ,3 ), (0,6) y (10,8) no
es una funcidn ya que la entrada 0 se hace
corresponder tanto con 3 como con 6.
U s i n g / M (o r a s i m i l a r s y m b o l
s u c h a s g (x ) o r R (x )) t o r e p r e s e n t t h e d e p e n d e n t v a r i a b l e o f a
fu n c tio n .
The linear function y = mx + R can be

written using function notation as
/(x) = fMX + R.
fu n c tio n n o ta tio n (p. 75)
U s a r / ( x ) (o u n s f m b o lo
s e m e j a n t e c o m o g (x ) o R (x )) p a r a r e p r e s e n t a r la v a r i a b l e
d e p e n d ie n te d e u n a fu n c id n .
notacion de func id n (pag. 75)
La funcidn lineai y = mx + R escrita en

notacion de funcidn es/fx) = mx + R.
x and y (p. 6 5 3 ) T h e
f o r m A x ^ + R x y + C y^ + A x + E y + E = 0.
16x^ - 9y^ - 96x + 3 6 y - 36 = 0 and

4x^ + y^ - 8x - 8 = 0 are second-degree
equations in x and y.
ecuacion generai de segundo grado en x e y (pag. 653) La
1 6 x 2 -9 y 2 -9 6 x + 3 6 y -3 6 = 0 y
4x^ + y ^ - 8 x - 8 = 0 son ecuaciones de
segundo grado en x e y.
GLOSSARY
generai second-degree equation in
f o r m a A x ^ + R x y + C y^ + A x + E y + E = 0.
E N G H S H -S P A N 1 S H
funcidn (pag. 73)
1051
geometric p ro b a b iiity (p. 701) A p r o b a b i l i t y
fo u n d b y
c a l c u l a t i n g a r a t i o o f t w o l e n g t h s , a r e a s , o r v o lu m e s .
probabiiidad geometrica (p3g. 701) P r o b a b i l i d a d h a l l a d a a l

c a l c u l a r u n a r a z o n e n t r e d o s l o n g i t u d e s , a r e a s o v o lu m e n e s .
T h e probabitity th at a dart that hits the sq u a re
at random tands ins ide the c i r c t e is ^ = 0.785.
14^
La probabitidad de que un dardo que da co n e!

b tan co cuadra do, de at azar en et interior det
circu to e s
rr- 7^
14^
0.785.
geom etric sequence (p. 810)
A s e q u e n c e in w h ic h th e ra tio
o f a n y t e r m to t h e p r e v i o u s t e r m is c o n s t a n t .
-1 9 ,3 8 , 76,152 is a geometric sequence

with common ratio - 2 .
P r o g r e s i o n e n la q u e la
ra z o n e n tre c u a lq u ie r te rm in o y el te rm in o p re c e d e n te e s
c o n s ta n te .
-1 9 ,3 8 , -7 6 ,1 5 2 es una progresion
geometrica con una razdn comun de - 2 .
prog re sio n geometrica (pag. 810)
T h e e x p re s s io n fo r m e d b y a d d in g
th e te rm s o f a g e o m e tric s e q u e n c e .
geometric se rie s (p. 812)
L a e x p re s io n f o r m a d a a l s u m a r
lo s t e r m i n o s d e u n a p r o g r e s i o n g e o m e t r i c a .
se rie geometrica (pdg. 812)
The
s e t o f a ll p o i n t s i n a c o o r d i n a t e p l a n e t h a t r e p r e s e n t s o l u t i o n s
o f t h e i n e q u a l i ty .
X 4(3)' " * = 4 + 12 + 36 + 108 + 324
;=
G LOSSARY
graph o f a system o f iin e a r in e q u a iitie s (p. 168)
ENGUSH
grafica de una desiguaidad iinea! con dos variabies

(pdg. 132) E l c o n j u n t o d e t o d o s lo s p u n t o s d e u n p i a n o
S P A N iS H
graph o f a iin e a r in e q u a iity in tw o variabie s (p. 132)
'7
d e c o o r d e n a d a s q u e r e p r e s e n t a n l a s s o l u c i o n e s d e la
d e s ig u a i d a d .
o f a ll s o l u t i o n s o f t h e s y s t e m .
T h e g ra p h
2*
/
/
' '
graph of system
grafica de! sistem a
'y
y > x -3
\
1
grafica de un sistem a de desiguaidades iinea ie s (pag 168 )
L a g r a h c a d e t o d a s l a s s o l u c i o n e s d e l s is t e m a .
'
-y < - 2 x + 3
A
y'-
T h e s e t o f a ll
p o i n t s (x, y ) t h a t r e p r e s e n t s o l u t i o n s o f t h e e q u a t i o n .
graph o f an equation in tw o variabies (p. 74)
grafica de una ecuacidn con dos variabies (pag 74) E l
c o n j u n t o d e t o d o s lo s p u n t o s (x, y ) q u e r e p r e s e n t a n
s o l u c io n e s d e la e c u a c i d n .
1052
y> 4 x- 3
Student Resources
}
2"
/]
graph o f an in e q u a lity in one variable (p. 41) AH p o i n t s
on
a n u m b e r iin e th a t r e p r e s e n t s o iu tio n s o f th e in e q u a iity .

grafica de una desiguaidad con una variable (pdg. 41)
T o d o s lo s p u n t o s d e u n a r e c t a n u m e r i c a q u e r e p r e s e n t a n
s o l u c io n e s d e i a d e s i g u a i d a d .
-1
-t
I------
x< 3
g ro w th fa c to r (p. 478)
T h e q u a n tity & in th e e x p o n e n tia l

g r o w t h f u n c t i o n y = a h * w i t h a > 0 a n d & > 1.
The growth factor for the function

y = 8 (3 .4 )*is3 .4 .
fac tor de crecim iento (pdg. 478)
L a c a n t i d a d & d e la f u n c i o n
d e c r e c i m i e n t o e x p o n e n c i a l y = a h * , c o n a > 0 y & > 1.
E! factor de crecim iento de ia funcidn

y = 8(3.4)* es 3.4.
half-planes (p. 132) T h e t w o r e g i o n s i n t o w h i c h t h e

b o u n d a r y lin e o f a lin e a r in e q u a lity d iv id e s th e c o o r d in a te
p la n e .
The soiution ofy < 3 is the haif-piane

consisting of aii the points beiow the iine
y = 3.
L a s d o s r e g i o n e s e n q u e la r e c t a
lim ite d e u n a d e s ig u a id a d lin e a l d iv id e a l p ia n o d e
c o o rd e n a d a s.
La soiucidn dey < 3 es ei semi-piano que

consta de todos ios puntos que se encuentran
debajo de ia recta y = 3.
sem ipianos (pdg. 132)
T h e s e t o f a ll p o i n t s P i n a p l a n e
s u c h t h a t t h e d i f f e r e n c e o f t h e d i s t a n c e s f r o m P to t w o f ix e d
p o i n t s , c a l l e d t h e f o c i, is c o n s t a n t .
hyperbola (pp. 558,642)
branches of hyperbola
ramas de una hyperbola
E l c o n j u n t o d e t o d o s lo s p u n t o s P
d e u n p ia n o ta le s q u e la d ife re n c ia d e d is ta n c ia s e n tr e P y d o s
p u n t o s fijo s , l l a m a d o s f o c o s , e s c o n s t a n t e .
hiperbola (pdgs. 558,642)
< 3 ,0 )
an
id e n tity (p. 12) A s t a t e m
e x p r e s s io n s .
e n t th a t e q u a te s tw o e q u iv a le n t
8x + 3x = llx a n d 2(% - 3) = 2% - 6 are

identities.
identidad (pag. 12)
E n u n c ia d o q u e h a c e ig u a le s a d o s
e x p re s io n e s e q u iv a ie n te s .
8x + 3 x = l l x y 2 ( x 3) 2x - 6 son
identidades.
id e n tity m a trix (p. 21 0)
T h e a x a m a t r i x t h a t h a s l 's o n t h e
m a i n d i a g o n a l a n d 0 's e ls e w h e r e .
The 2 x 2 identity m atrix is
L a m a t r i z a x a q u e t i e n e lo s
1 e n l a d i a g o n a l p r i n c i p a l y lo s 0 e n l a s o t r a s p o s i c i o n e s .
La matriz identidad 2 x 2 es
m a triz identidad (pdg. 210)
G LOSSARY
constant
constante
- d]
E N G L IS H -S P A N IS H
vertex
vertice
1 0
0
1
1 0
1053
im aginary n u m b e r (p. 2 7 6 )
0.
A c o m p te x n u m b e r a + &: w h e r e
5i and 2 i are imaginary numbers.
U n n u m e r o c o m p ie j o a +
5: y 2 - i son ndmeros imaginarios.
num ero im a ginario (pdg. 276)
donde h # 0.
im a g ina ry u n it # (p. 275)
r = V ^ T , so
p o r io q u e f = -1 .
unidad im aginaria i (pdg. 275)

in c o n siste n t system (p. 154)
n o s o i u t io n .
= -1
A s y s te m o f e q u a tio n s th a t h a s
sistem a incom patibie (pdg. 154)
n o t i e n e s o iu c io n .
S i s te m a d e e c u a c i o n e s q u e
V ^ 3 = ;V 3
x + y=4
* + y= 1
The system above has no soiution because
the sum of two numbers cannot be both 4
and 1.
E N G U S H - S P A N tS H
GLO SSA RY
E! sistema de arriba no tiene ninguna

soiucidn porque la suma de dos numeros no
puede ser 4 y 1.
independent events (p. 717)
T w o e v e n ts s u c h th a t th e
o c c u rre n c e o f o n e e v e n t h a s n o e ffe c t o n th e o c c u rre n c e o f
t h e o t h e r e v e n t.
if a coin is tossed twice, the outcome of the

first toss (heads or taiis) and the outcome of
the second toss are independent events.
sucesos independientes (pag. 717)
D o s s u c e s o s t a i e s q u e ia
o c u r r e n c i a d e u n o d e e iio s n o a f e c t a a la o c u r r e n c i a d e l o tr o .
Ai ianzar una moneda dos veces, ei resuitado

dei primer ianzamiento (cara o cruz) y ei
resuitado dei segundo ianzamiento son
sucesos independientes.
independent syste m (p. 15 4)
A c o n s is te n t s y s te m th a t h a s
The system consisting of 4x + y = 8 and

2 * - 3y = 18 has exactiy one soiution, (3, - 4 ) .
S i s te m a c o m p a t i b l e q u e
Ei sistema que consiste de 4x + y = 8 y

2x - 3y = 18 tiene exactamente una soiucion,
(3, - 4 ) .
e x a c tl y o n e s o i u t io n .
sistem a independiente (pag. 154)
t i e n e e x a c t a m e n t e u n a s o iu c io n .
independent variabie (p. 74)
e q u a t i o n i n t w o v a r ia b l e s .
T h e i n p u t v a r i a b l e in a n
variabie independiente (pag. 74)
u n a e c u a c i o n c o n d o s v a r ia b l e s .
L a v a ria b le d e e n tr a d a d e
The index of ^ - 2 1 6 is 3.
El n u m e ro e n te ro n , q u e es
y a p a r e c e e n la e x p r e s i o n v m
Ei fndice de ^ 216 es 3.
m dic ed eun radicai (pag. 414)

1
in itia i side o f an angie (p. 859)
a n g le .
S e e t e r m i n a l s id e o f a n
ia d o in ic ia id e u n a n g u io (pag. 859)
a n g u lo .
1054
En y = 3x - 5, ia variabie independiente es x.
La variabie dependiente es y ya que ei vaior
de y depende dei vaior de x.
T h e i n t e g e r n , g r e a t e r t h a n 1, i n
index o f a radicai (p. 414)
t h e e x p r e s s i o n v 'a .
m ayor que
ln y = 3x - 5, the independent variabie is

x. The dependent variabie is y because the
vaiue ofyd ep en d son the vaiue ofx.
Student Resources
T h rla d o te r m in a l d e u n
See standard position of an angie.

Eer posicion normai de un anguio.
intercept fo rm o f a quadratic fu n c tio n (p. 246)
T h e fo rm
y = % (x - p ) ( x - <7), w h e r e t h e x - i n t e r c e p t s o f t h e g r a p h a r e p
a n d <7.
The function y = 2(x + 3)(x - 1) is in

intercept form.
form a de intercepto de una funcio n cuadratica (pag. 246)
L a fu n cio n y = 2(x + 3 ) ( x - 1) esta e n ia forma

de intercepto.
L a f o r m a y = a ( x - p ) ( x - q ), d o n d e lo s i n t e r c e p t o s e n x d e la
g ra fic a s o n p y q .
in te rse c tio n o f se ts (p. 715) T h e i n t e r s e c t i o n o f tw o s e t s A
a n d B , w r i t t e n A n B , is t h e s e t o f a ll e l e m e n t s i n B o th A a n d B .
i f A = { l , 2 , 4 ,8 } and B = { 2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,1 0 }, then
A n B = {2 ,4 ,8 }.
L a in te rs e c c io n d e
d o s c o n j u n t o s A y B , e s c r i t a A n B , e s e l c o n j u n t o d e t o d o s lo s
e le m e n to s q u e e s ta n fa n to e n A c o m o e n B.
Si A = {1 , 2 ,4 ,8 } y B = { 2 ,4 , 6 , 8 , 10}, entonces
A n B = {2 ,4 ,8 }.
interseccion de conjunto s (pag. 715)
inve rse cosine fu n c tio n (p. 875) I f l < o < l , t h e n t h e

i n v e r s e c o s i n e o f a is a n a n g l e 0 , w r i t t e n 0 = c o s ' a , w h e r e
c o s 9 = a a n d 0 < 9 < ir ( o r 0 < 9 < 1 8 0 ).
When 0 < 9< 180, the angie 9 whose cosine

is ^ is 60, so 9 = co s"' ^ = 60
( o r 9 = c o s " '^ = ^ ).
Si 1 < a < 1,
e n t o n c e s e l c o s e n o i n v e r s o d e a e s u n a n g u l o 9, e s c r i t o
9 = c o s " * a , d o n d e c o s 9 = a y 0 < 9 < i r ( o 0 < 9 < 1 8 0 ).
fun cio n inversa dei coseno (pdg 875)
Cuando 0 < 9 < 180, ei dnguio 9 cuyo coseno

es i es de 60, por io que 9 = cos ' ^ = 60
(d 9 = c o s " '^ = ^ ).
inve rse fu n c tio n (p. 438) A n i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n t h a t is a

fu n c tio n . F u n c t io n s /a n d g a re in v e rs e s p ro v id e d th a t
/( g ( x ) ) = x a n d g ( /( x ) ) = x .
T w o a x a m a tric e s a re in v e rs e s
o f e a c h o t h e r i f t h e i r p r o d u c t ( in b o t h o r d e r s ) is t h e a x a
i d e n t i t y m a t r i x . B ee a ls o i d e n t i t y m a t r i x .
inverse m atrices (p. 210)
g(/(x)) = (x + 5) - 5 = x
S o ,/a n d g are inverse functions.
E n to n ces,/y g son funciones inversas.
-1
-5
-3
3 8 because
2 5. yaque
3 8
-5
2 5
-3
0 1
1 0 and
-5
3 8
1 0
-3
2 5
0 1
A re la tio n th a t in te rc h a n g e s th e
in p u t a n d o u tp u t v a lu e s o f th e o rig in a l re la tio n . T h e g r a p h o f
a n i n v e r s e r e l a t i o n is a r e f l e c t i o n o f t h e g r a p h o f t h e o r i g i n a l
r e la ti o n , w i t h y = x a s t h e l i n e o f r e f le c t io n .
To find the inverse ofy = 3x - 5, switch x

and y to obtain x = 3y - 5. Then soive fory
R e la c io n e n la q u e s e
i n t e r c a m b i a n lo s v a l o r e s d e e n t r a d a y d e s a l i d a d e la r e l a c i o n
o r i g i n a l . L a g r a f i c a d e u n a r e l a c i o n i n v e r s a e s u n a r e f le x i o n
d e la g r a f i c a d e la r e l a c i o n o r i g i n a l , c o n y = x c o m o e je d e
r e f le x io n .
Para haiiar ia inversa dey = 3x - 5,

intercam bia x e y para obtener x = 3 y - 5 .
Luego resueive paray para obtener ia
inve rse re ia tio n (p. 438)
reiacion inve rsa (pdg. 438)
G LOSSARY
D o s m a tric e s a x a s o n
i n v e r s a s e n t r e s f s i s u p r o d u c t o (d e a m b o s o r d e n e s ) e s l a
m a t r i z i d e n t i d a d a x a . T e r f a a r h t'e a m a t r i z i d e n t i d a d .
m atrices in ve rsa s (pdg. 210)
/(g(x)) = ( x - 5 ) + 5 = x
E N G L !S H -S P A N )S H
R e la c io n i n v e r s a q u e e s u n a
fu n c io n . L as f u n c i o n e s /y g s o n in v e rs a s s ie m p re q u e
/( g ( x ) ) = x y g ( / ( x ) ) = x .
funcio n inversa (pag. 438)
/(x) = x + 5; g(x) = x - 5
to obtain the inverse reiation y = ^ ,x + ^ .
reiacion inversa y = ^ ,x + jj.
1055
inve rse sine fu n c tio n (p. 875) I f -1 < a < 1, t h e n t h e i n v e r s e

s i n e o f a is a n a n g l e 0, w r i t t e n 0 = s in " * a , w h e r e s i n 9 = a
an d - ^ < 9 < ^ ( o r -9 0 < 9 < 9 0 ).

S i - 1 < a < 1, e n t o n c e s
e) s e n o i n v e r s o d e a e s u n a n g u l o 9, e s c r i t o 9 = s e n * * a ,
(0
-9 0 < 9 < 9 0 ).
in ve rse tangent fu n c tio n (p. 875) I f a is a n y r e a l n u m b e r ,

t h e n t h e i n v e r s e t a n g e n t o f a is a n a n g l e 9, w r i t t e n
9 = ta n " * a , w h e r e t a n 9 = a a n d - ^ < 9 < ^ ( o r - 9 0 < 9 < 9 0 ).

S i <2 e s un
n u m e r o r e a l c u a l q u i e r a , e n t o n c e s la t a n g e n t e i n v e r s a d e a
fu nc io n inversa de !a tangente (pag 875)
e s u n a n g u l o 9, e s c r i to 9 = ta n " * a , d o n d e t a n 9 = a y - ^ < 9 < ^

(0 - 9 0 < 9 < 9 0 ) .
in ve rse v a ria tio n (p. 551)
T h e r e la tio n s h ip o f tw o v a ria b le s
x a n d y i f t h e r e is a n o n z e r o n u m b e r
variacidn inve rsa (pag. 551)
<2 s u c h
t h a t y = .
L a re la c io n e n tr e d o s v a ria b le s
x e y si h a y u n n u m e r o a d i s t i n t o d e c e r o t a l q u e y = ite ra tio n (p. 830) T h e r e p e a t e d c o m p o s i t i o n o f a f u n c t i o n

w i t h its e lf . T h e r e s u l t o f o n e i t e r a t i o n i s / ( / ( x ) ) , a n d o f tw o
ite ra tio n s is /(/(/(x ))).
iteracion (pag. 830) L a c o m p o s i c i o n r e p e t i d a d e u n a f u n c i o n
u s a n d o la f u n c i o n m is m a . E l r e s u l t a d o d e u n a i t e r a c i o n e s
/ ( / M b y e i d e d o s ite ra c io n e s e s / ( / ( / M l ) .
Cuando -9 0 < 9 < 90, el dngulo 9 cuyo seno

es 1 es de 30, por lo que 9 = sen * 1 = 30
(d 9 = s e n " * I = ^ ).
When -90 < 9 < 90, the angle 9 whose
tangent is - \ 3 is -6 0 , so
9 = tan"* (-V 3 ) = -6 0
(or 9 = tan"* (-V 3 ) = - ^ ) .
Cuando -90 < 9< 90, el angulo 9cuya
tangente es V3 es de -6 0 , por lo que
9 = tan"* (-\ 3 ) = -6 0
(o 9 = ta n "* (-V 3 ) = - ^ ) .
The equations jry = 7 and y =
inverse variation.
represent
Las ecuaciones yy = 7 e y = - representan la

variacidn inversa.
/ M - - 3 x + 1; = 2
= /(* ) = /(2 ) = -3 (2 ) + 1 = - 5
*2 = / ( ^ ) = / ( - 5 ) = - 3 (- 5 ) + 1 = 16
*3 = /M?) = / d 6 ) = -3 (1 6 ) + 1 = - 4 7
jo in t va ria tio n (p. 553) A r e l a t i o n s h i p
th a t o c c u rs w h e n
a q u a n tity v a rie s d ir e c tly w ith th e p r o d u c t o f tw o o r m o re
o th e r q u a n titie s .
The equation z = 5 y y represents joint

variation.
R e la c io n p r o d u c i d a c u a n d o
u n a c a n tid a d v a rfa d ire c ta m e n te c o n el p ro d u c to d e d o s 0
m a s o tra s c a n tid a d e s .
La ecuacion z = 5 y y representa la variacidn

conjunta.
variacidn conjunta (pag. 553)
1056
is ^ is 30, so 9 = sin"* ^ - 30
( o r 9 = s i n " * i = ^ ).
funcio n inve rsa dei seno (pag 875)
do n d e sen 9 = a y -^ < 9 < ^
When -90 < 9 < 90, the angle 9 whose sine
Student Resources
-------------------------------taw o f cosines (p. 8 8 9 ) I f A A B C h a s s id e s

o f l e n g t h a , &, a n d c a s s h o w n , t h e n
c ^ - 2 h c c o s A , h^ = a ^ + c ^ - 2 a c c o s B ,
a n d = a ^ + &^ - 2 a h c o s C .
te yd eto sc o se no s (pag. 889) S i A A B C
tie n e la d o s d e lo n g itu d a , &y c c o m o se
i n d i c a , e n t o n c e s a ^ = &^ +
- 2 & c co s A,
= a^ +
- 2 a c c o s B y = a ^ + &^ 2 a h c o s C.
g
^ / x . a
A
/
A ---------------- ^
" \3 4
c = 14
A
/
a = ll\.
C
(p. 8 8 2 ) I f A A B C h a s s id e s o f
^
l e n g t h s , B, a n d c a s s h o w n , t h e n
c /^ \a
sin A _ s in B _ sin C
/
A.
a
g
c '
Z -----------------. .
A
A
C
te y d e to sse n o s (pdg.882) S i A A B C t i e n e
la d o s d e lo n g itu d a , &y c c o m o se in d ic a , e n to n c e s
sen A _ sen B _ sen C
a
g
c '
- 2accos B
1 1 ^ + 1 4 ^ -2 (1 1 )(1 4 ) c o s 34
&2 = 6 1 .7
B -7 .8 5
taw o f sin e s
/
A
2 5 ^ ^
c
s in 2 5 ^ s in l0 7 ^ ^ _ 3 3
15
c
sen 25 _ sen 107
15
c
>2
339
Bee polynomial function.
coeficiente iniciat (pag. 337)
E n u n a fu n c id n p o lin o m ic a , el
c o e f ic ie n te d e l t e r m i n o c o n e l m a y o r e x p o n e n t e .
Eer funcidn polinomica.
tike radicats
(p. 4 2 2 ) R a d i c a l e x p r e s s i o n s w i t h t h e s a m e
in d e x a n d r a d i c a n d .
^ 10 and 7 ^ 1 0 are like radicals.
radicates sem ejantes (pag. 422) E x p r e s io n e s r a d i c a l e s c o n

e l m i s m o f n d ic e y e l m i s m o r a d i c a n d o .
4 l0 y 7\' 10 son radicales semejantes.
(p. 12) T e r m s t h a t h a v e t h e s a m e v a r i a b l e p a r t s .
C o n s t a n t t e r m s a r e a l s o lik e t e r m s .
In the algebraic expression
tike te rm s
5*2 + ( - 3 x ) + 7 + 4 x + ( - 2 ) ,
3 x and 4 x are like terms, and 7 and 2 are
T e rm in o s q u e tie n e n la s
m is m a s v a ria b le s . L o s te r m in o s c o n s ta n te s ta m b ie n s o n
te r m in o s s e m e ja n te s .
te rm in o s sem ejantes (pag. 12)
(p. 18) A n e q u a t i o n t h a t
c a n b e w r i t t e n i n t h e f o r m %x + & = 0 w h e r e <2 a n d & a r e
c o n s ta n ts a n d a # 0 .
tin e a r equation in one variabie
E c u a c io n q u e
d o n d e a y & son
ecuacion tinea) con una variabte (pag 18)
p u e d e e s c rib irs e e n la fo r m a a x + & =

c o n s ta n te s y a A 0 .
0,
En la expresidn algebraica
5x2 +
+ y + ^ + ( _ 2 )^
- 3 x y 4x son terminos semejantes, y 7 y - 2

tambien lo son.
G LO SSA RY
like terms.
S P A N IS H
(p. 3 3 7 ) T h e c o e f f i c i e n t i n t h e t e r m o f a
p o ly n o m ia l f u n c tio n th a t h a s th e g r e a te s t e x p o n e n t.
EN GUSH
teading coefficient
The equation ^x + 8 = 0 is a linear equation

in one variable.
La ecuacion ^x + 8 = 0 es una ecuacion
lineal con una variable.
1057
iin e a r equation in th re e variabies (p. 178)
A n e q u a tio n o f
t h e f o r m %x + b y + c z = d w h e r e a , b , a n d c a r e n o t a h z e r o .
2x + y - z = 5 is a linear equation in three

variabies.
ecuacidn tinea) con tre s variabies (pag. 178) E c u a c i d n d e i a

fo rm a a x + b y + cz = d , d o n d e a , b y c n o s o n to d o s c e ro .
2x + y - z = 5 es una ecuacidn lineal con tres

variables.
tin e a r fu n c tio n (p. 75) A f u n c t i o n t h a t c a n b e w r i t t e n i n t h e

fo r m y = m x + &w h e re m a n d & a re c o n s ta n ts .
The function y = - 2 x - 1 is a linear function

with
= -2 and & = -1.
fu nc io n tinea! (pag. 75)
F u n c i o n q u e p u e d e e s c r i b i r s e e n ia
f o r m a y = m x + b, d o n d e a t y & s o n c o n s t a n t e s .
La funcidn y = - 2 x - 1 es una funcion lineal

con
= - 2 y & = -1.
A n in e q u a iity th a t
c a n b e w r i t t e n i n o n e o f t h e f o i lo w in g f o r m s , w h e r e a a n d &
a re re a l n u m b e rs a n d a # 0 :
ax + b < 0, ax + b < 0, ax + b > 0, or ax + b > 0.
5x + 2 > 0 is a linear inequaiity in one

variable.
tin e a r in e q u a iity in one variabte (p. 41)
D e s ig u a id a d
q u e p u e d e e s c rib ir s e d e u n a d e la s s ig u ie n te s fo rm a s , d o n d e
a y & s o n n u m e ro s re a ie s y a A 0 :
ax + b < 0, a x + b < 0, ax + b > 0 o ax + b > 0.
desiguaidad tinea! con una variabte (pag. 41)
tin e a r in e q u a iity in tw o variabies (p. 132)
A n in e q u a lity
t h a t c a n b e w r i t t e n i n o n e o f t h e f o l lo w in g f o r m s :
A x + B y < C , A x + B y < C , A x + B y > C , o r A x + B y > C.
5x - 2y > - 4 is a linear inequality in two

variables.
desiguaidad iinea i con dos variabies (pag 132)
5x - 2y > - 4 es una desiguaidad lineal con dos

variables.
GLO SSA RY
D e s ig u a id a d q u e p u e d e e s c rib ir s e d e u n a d e la s s ig u ie n te s
fo rm a s:
A x + B y < C, A x + B y < C , A x + B y > C o A x + B y > C.
5x + 2 > 0 es una desiguaidad lineal con una

variable.
T h e p ro c e s s o f m a x im iz in g o r
m i n i m i z i n g a l i n e a r o b je c t iv e f u n c t i o n s u b j e c t t o a s y s t e m
o f lin e a r in e q u a litie s c a lle d c o n s tr a in ts . T h e g r a p h o f th e
s y s t e m o f c o n s t r a i n t s is c a l l e d t h e f e a s i b le r e g io n .
'y
iin e a r p rog ram m ing (p. 174)
programacion iinea i (pag. 174) E l p r o c e s o d e m a x i m i z a r o

m i n i m i z a r u n a f u n c i o n o b je ti v o l i n e a l s u j e t a a u n s i s t e m a d e
d e s ig u a ld a d e s lin e a le s lla m a d a s re s tric c io n e s . L a g ra fic a d e l
s i s t e m a d e r e s t r i c c i o n e s s e l l a m a r e g i o n f a c tib le .
'
(4 5)
feasibiet ion
X region fa cti bie
(4,0)
<
(8 , 0 )
To maximize the objective function P = 35x + 30/

subject to the constraints x > 4, y> 0, and
5x + 4y< 40, evaiuate Pat each vertex. The
maximum vaiue of 290 occurs at (4,5).
Para maximizar ia funcion objetivo P = 35x + 30/
sujeta a ias restricciones x > 4, / > 0 y 5x + 4 /< 40,
evaiua Pen cada vertice. Ei vaior maximo de 290
ocurreen(4,5).
1058
Student Resources
(p. 3 8 8 ) T h e y - c o o r d i n a t e o f a t u r n i n g p o i n t
o f a f u n c t i o n i f t h e p o i n t is h i g h e r t h a n a il n e a r b y p o i n t s .
!oca! m axim um
jL
/
m axim o iocai ( p d g . 3 8 8 ) L a c o o r d e n a d a y d e u n p u n t o
c r it ic o d e u n a f u n c i o n s i e i p u n t o e s t a s i t u a d o m a s a it o q u e
t o d o s lo s p u n t o s c e r c a n o s .
)_i_)L-/
Maximum Max imo
^
=
T h e f u n c t io n / lx )
m a x im u m o f y
La f u n c i o n / lx )
lo c a l d e y
________ j
x^ - 3x^
6 h a s a lo c a l
6 w h e n x = 0.
+
= 0.
x^ - 3 x^
6 cu an d o x
6 t ie n e un m a x im o
(p . 3 8 8 ) T h e y - c o o r d i n a t e o f a t u r n i n g p o i n t
o f a f u n c t i o n i f t h e p o i n t is i o w e r t h a n a ii n e a r b y p o i n t s .
iocai m in im u m
m inim o iocai ( p a g . 3 8 8 ) L a c o o r d e n a d a y d e u n p u n t o c r i t i c o
d e u n a f u n c io n si e i p u n to e s ta s itu a d o m a s b a jo q u e to d o s
lo s p u n t o s c e r c a n o s .
'- y i
! Minimum inim o
Y=-6.50858
^ X=-.56971
T h e fu n c tio n y ix )
lo c a l m in im u m o f y
La f u n c i o n / l x )
t h e v e r t i c e s o f a n e llip s e .
(p . 6 3 4 )
T h e lin e s e g m e n t jo in in g
(p a g . 6 3 4 ) E l s e g m e n t o d e r e c t a
q u e u n e lo s v e r t i c e s d e u n a e iip s e .
eje m ayor de una eiipse
I o g g 8 = 3 b e c a u s e 2** =
lo g )/ ^ 4 = - 1 b e c a u s e
I o g g 8 = 3 y a q u e 2^ = E
!o g ,^ 4 = - ly a q u e ( I
Io g g (4 x - 7 )
Io g g (x
+ 5)
is a lo g a r ith m ic
e q u a tio n .
G LOSSARY
m ajo r a xis o f an e iiip se
- 0 .5 7 .
S P A N IS H
( p a g . 5 1 7 ) E c u a c i o n e n la q u e a p a r e c e
e l I o g a r i t m o d e u n a e x p r e s i o n a lg e b r a ic a .
ecuacion iogaritm ica
i O x - 3 t i e n e un
- i.5 1 c u a n d o x =
E N G L ISH
io garithm ic equation (p. 5 1 7 ) A n e q u a t i o n t h a t in v o l v e s a

l o g a r i t h m o f a v a r i a b l e e x p r e s s io n .
lO x - 3 h a s a
^
H
io g a ritm o de y con base & ( p a g . 499) S e a n h e y n u m e r o s

p o s it iv o s , c o n b 1 . E l I o g a r i t m o d e y c o n b a s e b , d e n o t a d o
p o r lo g ^ y y le id o " lo g b a s e b d e y " , s e d e f i n e d e e s t a m a n e r a :
y = x s i y s o lo s i b* = y.
1!
L e t & a n d y b e p o s it iv e
n u m b e r s w i t h b ^ 1. T h e l o g a r i t h m o f y w i t h b a s e b, d e n o t e d
i o g ^ y a n d r e a d " io g b a s e & o fy ," is d e f i n e d a s fo llo w s :
l o g ^ y = x i f a n d o n l y if if = y.
3x^
w h e n x - 0 .5 7 .
x " - 6x^ +
m in im o lo c a l d e y =
io g a rith m o f y w ith base 6 (p. 499)
x " - 6x^
- -6 .5 1
io g g ( 4 x - 7 ) = Io g g ( x + 5 ) e s u n a e c u a c i o n
io g a r itm ic a .
S e e e iiip s e .
L e r e iip s e .
1059
m argin o f e rr o r (p. 768) T h e m a r g i n o f e r r o r g iv e s a l i m i t

o n h o w m u c h t h e r e s p o n s e o f a s a m p l e w o u l d b e e x p e c t e d to
d iffe r fro m th e r e s p o n s e o f th e p o p u la tio n .
If 40% of the people !n a poll prefer

candidate A, and the margin of error is
+4%, then it is expected that between 3 6 %
and 44% of the entire popuiation prefer
candidate A.
margen de e rro r (pag. 768) E l m a r g e n d e e r r o r i n d i c a u n

l f m i te a c e r c a d e c u a n t o s e p r e v e q u e d i f e r i r f a n l a s r e s p u e s t a s
o b te n id a s e n u n a m u e s tr a d e la s o b te n id a s e n la p o b la c io n .
Si ei 40% de ios encuestados prefiere ai

candidato A y ei margen de error es +4%,
entonces se preve que entre ei 36% y ei 44%
de ia poblacion totai prefiere ai candidato A.
m a trix , m atrices (p. 187)
A re c ta n g u la r a rra n g e m e n t o f
n u m b e r s i n r o w s a n d c o l u m n s . E a c h n u m b e r i n a m a t r i x is
a n e le m e n t .
D is p o s ic io n r e c ta n g u la r d e
n u m e r o s c o lo c a d o s e n b i a s y c o l u m n a s . C a d a n u m e r o d e la
m a t r i z e s u n e le m e n t o .
m a trix, m atrices (pdg. 187)
m a trix o f consta nts (p. 212)
T h e m a trix o f c o n s ta n ts o f th e
A=
4 -1 5
0
6
3
Matrix A has 2 rows and 3 coiumns. The

eiement in the second row and first coiumn
is 0.
La matriz A tiene 2 Hias y 3 coiumnas. Ei
eiemento en ia segunda fiia y en ia primera
coiumna es 0.
S e e coefficient matrix.
l i n e a r s y s t e m a x + b y = e, c x + d y = / is
m a triz de constantes (pdg. 212)
L a m a triz d e c o n s ta n te s d e l
GLOSSARY
s i s t e m a l i n e a l a x + b y = e, c x + t?y = / e s
m a trix o f variabies (p. 212)
Per m atriz coeficiente.
T h e m a trix o f v a ria b le s o f th e
S e e coefficient matrix.
l i n e a r s y s t e m a x + b y = e, c x + tfy = / is ^ j .
m a triz de variabies (pdg. 212)
L a m a triz d e v a ria b le s d el
Ter matriz coeficiente.
s i s t e m a l i n e a l a x + &y = e, c x + d y = / e s
m axim um vaiue o f a quadratic fu n c tio n (p. 238) T h e
y - c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e v e r t e x f o r y = a x ^ + &x + c w h e n a < 0 .
La
c o o r d e n a d a y d e l v e rtic e p a r a y = ax ^ + h x + c c u a n d o a < 0 .
v a io r m axim o de una func id n cuadratica (pag 238)
The maximum vai ue of y = x^ + 2 x 1 is 0.

Ei vaior m aximo de y = - x ^ + 2 x - 1 e s 0.
mean (p. 744)

x, +
Xg
F o r th e d a ta s e t x ^ x^
+ ... + x
x = ------------- -
media (pdg. 744)

_
x ^ , t h e m e a n is
. A ls o c a l l e d a v e r a g e .
P a r a e l c o n j u n t o d e d a t o s x ^ x ^ , . . . , x ^ , la
X . + Xg + . . . + X
m e d i a e s x = ------------- - ------------- . T a m b i e n s e l l a m a p r o m e d i o .
1060
Student Resources
S e e measure of centrai tendency.

M?r medida de tendencia centrai.
A n u m b e r u s e d to
r e p r e s e n t t h e c e n t e r o r m i d d l e o f a s e t o f d a t a v a lu e s . M e a n ,
m e d ia n , a n d m o d e a re th r e e m e a s u r e s o f c e n tr a l te n d e n c y .
m easure o f centra) tendency
(p .
744)
1 4 ,1 7 ,1 8 ,1 9 ,2 0 ,2 4 ,2 4 ,3 0 ,3 2
14 + 17 + 18 +
+ 32 _ 198 _ 22
9
9
The median is the middie number, 2 0 .
The mode is 2 4 because 2 4 occurs the most
frequentiy.
The mean is
La ^ d i a es 14 + 17 + 18 + ... + 32 = 1 ^ =
22.
La mediana es ei numero centra), 2 0 .

La moda es 2 4 ya que 2 4 ocurre mds veces.
m easure o f d isp e rsio n (p. 7 4 5 )
A s ta tis tic th a t te lls y o u

h o w d i s p e r s e d , o r s p r e a d o u t, d a t a v a l u e s a r e . R a n g e a n d
s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n a re m e a s u r e s o f d is p e rs io n .
See range and standard deviation.
745) E s ta d fs tic a q u e te in d ic a
c o m o s e d i s p e r s a n , o d i s t r i b u y e n , lo s v a l o r e s d e d a t o s . E l
r a n g o y la d e s v i a c i o n t f p ic a s o n m e d i d a s d e d i s p e r s i o n .
Ver rango y desviacidn tfpica.
(p . 7 4 4 ) T h e m e d i a n o f a n u m b e r s is t h e m i d d l e
n u m b e r w h e n th e n u m b e rs a re w ritte n in n u m e ric a l o rd er.
I f a is e v e n , t h e m e d i a n is t h e m e a n o f t h e t w o m i d d l e
n u m b e rs.
Sec measure of central tendency.
744) L a m e d ia n a d e a n u m e r o s e s e l n u m e r o
c e n t r a l c u a n d o lo s n u m e r o s s e e s c r i b e n e n o r d e n n u m e r i c o .
S i a e s p a r , la m e d i a n a e s l a m e d i a d e lo s d o s n u m e r o s
c e n tra le s .
Per medida de tendencia centra).
6 1 5) T h e m i d p o i n t M o f t h e l i n e
/ x , + *2 y. + y 2
s e g m e n t jo in in g A (x ^ y ^ a n d B j ^ ^ ) is A ^ - , -
The midpoint of the line segment joining
(p d g . 6 1 5 ) E l p u n t o m e d i o M d e l
s e g m e n to d e r e c ta q u e u n e A (x ^ y ^ y
y 2) e s
E) punto medio del segmento de recta que
medida de d isp e rsio n
(p a g
(p a g.
median
mediana
(p d g .
m id p o in t fo rm u ia
(p .
fo rm u ia d e tp u n to medio
j -2 +
\ 2
( - 2 ,3 ) and (8 , 6 ) is (
3 + 6^- f 3 ^
2 J
= (3,
GLOSSARY
'
La
c o o r d e n a d a y d e l v e r t i c e p a r a y = a x ^ + &x + c c u a n d o a > 0 .
(p d g
'
une (- 2 ,3) y (8 , 6 ) es
m in im u m va!ue o f a quadratic fu n c tio n (p. 238) T h e

y - c o o r d i n a t e o f t h e v e r t e x f o r y = a x ^ + &x + c w h e n a > 0 .
va !o r m in im o de una func io n cuadratica
744) N u m e ro u s a d o
p a r a r e p r e s e n t a r e l c e n t r o o la p o s i c i o n c e n t r a l d e u n
c o n j u n t o d e v a l o r e s d e d a to s . L a m e d i a , la m e d i a n a y la m o d a
s o n tre s m e d id a s d e te n d e n c ia c e n tra l.
medida de tendencia centra!
238)
y
3 -4
X? - 6 x
T h e m in im u m v a iu e o f y = x^ - 6 x + 5 is E! v a io r m in im o d e y = x^ - 6 x + 5 e s - 4 .
m in o r a x is o f an e iiipse
(p.
t h e c o - v e r ti c e s o f a n e llip s e .
634) T h e lin e s e g m e n t jo in in g
(p a g. 6 3 4 ) E l s e g m e n t o d e r e c t a
q u e u n e lo s p u n t o s e x t r e m o s d e u n a e ii p s e .
eje m e nor de una eiipse
See ellipse.
Ver eiipse.
English-Spanish Giossary
1061
mode (p. 744) T h e m o d e o f n n u m b e r s is t h e n u m b e r o r

n u m b e r s t h a t o c c u r m o s t f r e q u e n t ly .
See measure of central tendency.
moda (pag. 744) L a m o d a d e n n u m e r o s e s e l n u m e r o o

n u m e ro s q u e o c u rre n m as v eces.
Per medlda de tendencia central.
m onom ial (p. 252) A n e x p r e s s i o n t h a t is e i t h e r a n u m b e r ,

a v a r ia b l e , o r t h e p r o d u c t o f a n u m b e r a n d o n e o r m o r e
v a r i a b l e s w i t h w h o le n u m b e r e x p o n e n t s .
m onom io (pdg. 252) E x p r e s io n q u e e s u n n u m e r o , u n a
v a ria b le o el p ro d u c to d e u n n u m e ro y u n a o m a s v a ria b le s
c o n e x p o n e n te s n a tu r a le s .
m u tu a lly exclusive events (p. 707)
S e e d i s j o i n t e v e n ts .
suc e so sm utua m e n te e xd uye nte s (pag. 707)
d is ju n to s .
p < ? rs u c e s o s
6 . 0.2x,
and -5.7n * are monomials.
6 .0 .2 *, ^H&y-5.7yr* son monomios.
S e e disjoint events.
% r sucesos disjuntos.
HVt
n a tu ra l base e (p. 492)
A n ir r a tio n a l n u m b e r d e fin e d a s
S e e natural logarithm.
f o llo w s : A s n a p p r o a c h e s + , (1 + ^ ) " a p p r o a c h e s
e = 2 .7 1 8 2 8 1 8 2 8 .
base na tu ra l e (pag. 492)
N u m e ro irra c io n a l d e fm id o d e
Per logaritmo natural.
E N G L IS H -S P A N IS H
GLO SSA RY
e s t a m a n e r a : A1 a p r o x i m a r s e n a + c, { 1 + 1 j" s e a p r o x i m a a
e = 2 .7 1 8 2 8 1 8 2 8 .
n a tu ra l lo g a rith m (p. 500) A l o g a r i t h m w i t h b a s e e. It c a n
b e d e n o t e d lo g ^ , b u t is m o r e o f t e n d e n o t e d b y In .
In 0.3 - -1 .2 0 4 because
g-!.2 04 ^ (2.7183) 2" = o.3.
L o g a r i t m o c o n b a s e e. P u e d e
d e n o t a r s e lo g ^ , p e r o e s m a s f r e c u e n t e q u e s e d e n o t e In .
<?-' 24 = (2.7183)
Iog aritm o n a tu ra l (pag. 500)
T h e p a i r e d d a t a (x ,y ) h a v e a
n e g a ti v e c o r r e l a t i o n i f y t e n d s to d e c r e a s e a s x i n c r e a s e s .
= o.3.
negative c o rre la tio n (p. 113)
'3*
correiacion negativa (pag. 113) L o s p a r e s d e d a t o s (v, y)

p r e s e n ta n u n a c o rre ia c io n n e g a tiv a s iy tie n d e a d is m in u ir a l
a u m e n t a r v.
n o rm a l curve (p. 7 5 7 )
A s m o o th , s y m m e tric a l, b e ll-s h a p e d
c u rv e th a t c a n m o d e l n o rm a l d is tr ib u tio n s a n d a p p ro x im a te
s o m e b in o m ia l d is trib u tio n s .
See normal distribution.
C u r v a l is a , s i m e t r i c a y c o n f o r m a
d e c a m p a n a q u e p u e d e r e p r e s e n ta r d is trib u c io n e s n o rm a le s
y a p ro x im a r a a lg u n a s d is trib u c io n e s b in o m ia le s .
Perdistribucidn normal.
curva no rm a l (pdg. 757)
1062
In 0.3 - -1 .2 0 4 ya que
Student Resources
norm a) d is trib u tio n (p. 757) A p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n w i t h

m e a n a n d s ta n d a r d d e v ia tio n c m o d e le d b y a b e ll-s h a p e d
c u rv e w ith th e a r e a p ro p e rtie s s h o w n a t th e rig h t.
U n a d is trib u c io n
d e p ro b a b iiid a d c o n m e d ia %y d e s v ia c io n n o rm a l c
re p re s e n ta d a p o r u n a c u rv a e n fo rm a d e c a m p a n a y q u e
t i e n e l a s p r o p i e d a d e s v i s t a s a la d e r e c h a .
d is trib u tio n norm a) (pag. 757)
^ -2 1 6 = - 6 because (-6 )^ = -2 1 6 .
F o r a n i n t e g e r n g r e a t e r t h a n 1, if
= a , t h e n & is a n n t h r o o t o f n . W r i t t e n a s V a .
n th ro o t o f o (p. 414)
P a ra u n n u m e ro e n te ro n
= a , e n to n c e s & e s u n a ra fz e n e s im a d e n.
f - 2 1 6 = - 6 ya que (-6)=* = -2 1 6 .
numerica) e xp ressio n (p. 10)
A n e x p re s s io n th a t c o n s is ts o f
n u m b e r s , o p e r a t i o n s , a n d g r o u p i n g s y m b o ls .
- 4 ( - 3 ) ^ - 6 (- 3 ) + 11 is a numerical
expression.
e xpresion num erica (pag. 10) E x p r e s io n f o r m a d a p o r

n u m e r o s , o p e r a c i o n e s y s ig n o s d e a g r u p a c i o n .
- 4 ( - 3 ) ^ - 6 (-3 ) + 11 esunaexpresidn
numerica.
objective fu n c tio n (p. 174)
In lin e a r p ro g ra m m in g , th e
l i n e a r f u n c t i o n t h a t is m a x i m i z e d o r m i n i m i z e d .
See iinear programming.
funcidn objetivo (pag. 174)
E n la p r o g r a m a c i o n l i n e a l , la
fu n c id n lin e a l q u e se m a x im iz a o m in im iz a .
Per programacion iineai.
W h e n a ll o u t c o m e s a r e e q u a l l y lik e ly ,
O d d s a g a in s t _ N u m b e r o f o u tc o m e s n o t in A
event A
The odds against roiiing a 4 using a
probabiiidad en contra (pag. 699) C u a n d o t o d o s lo s c a s o s

s o n i g u a l m e n t e p o s ib l e s ,
P ro b a b iiid a d e n c o n tr a _ N u m e ro d e c a s o s n o d e l A
del su ceso A
N u m e ro d e c a so s d el A
La probabiiidad en contra de sacar ei 4 ai
m a y o r q u e 1 , si
Se e sc rib e V a .
odds against (p. 699)
E N G L )S H -S P A N )S H
ra tz enesima de o (pag. 414)
standard six-sided die are y, or 5 : 1, because

5 outcomes correspond to not roiiing a 4 and
oniy 1 outcome corresponds to roiiing a 4.
GLO SSA RY
ianzar un dado normai de seis caras es y, o

5 : 1, ya que 5 casos corresponden a un
numero que no sea ei 4 y sdio 1 caso
corresponde ai 4.
W h e n a ll o u t c o m e s a r e e q u a l l y lik e ly ,
O d d s in fa v o r _ N u m b e r o f o u tc o m e s in A
of event A
N u m b e r o f o u tc o m e s n o t in A
The odds in favor of roiiing a 4 using a
C u a n d o t o d o s lo s c a s o s s o n
i g u a l m e n t e p o s ib l e s ,
P ro b a b iiid a d a fa v o r _ N u m e ro d e c a so s d e l A
d el su c e so A
N u m e ro d e c a s o s n o d e l A
La probabiiidad a favor de sacar ei 4 ai ianzar
odds in fa vo r (p. 699)
standard six-sided die are p or 1 : 5, because

oniy 1 outcome corresponds to roiling a 4
and 5 outcomes correspond to not roiiing a 4.
probabiiidad a fa v o r (pdg. 699)
un dado normai de seis caras es
o 1 : 5, ya
que sdio 1 caso corresponde ai 4 y 5 casos

corresponden a un ndmero que no sea ei 4.
1063
opposite (p. 4)
n u m b e r h is
T h e o p p o s ite , o r a d d itiv e in v e rs e , o f a n y
opuesto (pag. 4)
n u m e r o h e s h.
E i o p u e s t o , o i n v e r s o a d it iv o , d e c u a i q u i e r
6 .2
and -
6 .2
y-
6.2
6.2
are opposites.
son opuestos.
ordered trip ie (p. 178)
A se t o f th re e n u m b e rs o f th e fo rm
(x, y, z ) t h a t r e p r e s e n t s a p o i n t i n s p a c e .
The ordered tripie ( 2 , 1 , - 3 ) is a soiution of

the equation 4x + 2y + 3z = 1.
te rnaordenada (pag. 178) Un c o n j u n t o d e t r e s n u m e r o s d e

ia f o r m a (x, y, z ) q u e r e p r e s e n t a u n p u n t o e n e i e s p a c io .
La terna ordenada (2,1, - 3 ) es una soiucidn

de ia ecuacidn 4x + 2y + 3z = 1.
o u tiie r (p. 746)
A v a i u e t h a t is m u c h g r e a t e r t h a n o r m u c h
i e s s t h a n m o s t o f t h e o t h e r v a i u e s i n a d a t a s e t.
3 is an outiier in the data set 3 ,1 1 ,1 2 ,1 3 ,1 3 ,

14.1 5 .1 5 .1 5 .1 5 .1 7 .
V a io r q u e e s m u c h o m a y o r o
m u c h o m e n o r q u e ia m a y o r f a d e io s o t r o s v a i o r e s d e u n
c o n j u n t o d e d a to s .
3 es un vaior extremo dei conjunto de datos

3 .1 1 .1 2 .1 3 .1 3 .1 4 .1 5 .1 5 .1 5 .1 5 .1 7 .
va io r extre m o (pdg. 746)
T h e s e t o f a ii p o i n t s e q u i d i s t a n t f r o m
a p o in t c a iie d th e fo c u s a n d a iin e c a lle d th e d ire c trix . T h e
g r a p h o f a q u a d r a t i c f u n c t i o n y = a x ^ + h x + c is a p a r a b o i a .
paraboia (pp. 236,620)
E i c o n j u n t o d e t o d o s io s p u n t o s
e q u id is ta n te s d e u n p u n to , ila m a d o fo c o , y d e u n a re c ta ,
ila m a d a d ire c triz . L a g ra fic a d e u n a fu n c io n c u a d ra tic a
y = ax^ + hx + c es u n a p a ra b o ia .
E N G L iS H - S P A N iS H
GLOSSARY
paraboia (pdgs. 236,620)
paraiiei iin e s (p. 84)
in te rs e c t.
T w o iin e s in th e s a m e p ia n e th a t d o n o t
rectas paraieias (pdg. 84)
n o se c o rta n .
pare nt fu n c tio n (p. 89)
o f fu n c tio n s .
funcio n basica (pdg. 89)
T h e m o s t b a s ic f u n c tio n in a fa m ily
u n a fa m iiia d e fu n c io n e s .
p a rtia i sum (p. 820)
i n f i n i t e s e r ie s .
D o s re c ta s d e i m is m o p ia n o q u e
L a fu n c io n m a s fu n d a m e n ta l de
T he sum
La sum a
t e r m i n o s d e u n a s e r ie i n h n i t a .
sum a parcia! (pdg. 820)
o f th e firs t a te r m s o f a n
d e lo s a p r i m e r o s
The parent function for the family of aii

iinear functions isy = x.
La funcion basica de ia fam iiia de todas ias
funciones lineaies esy = x.
1 + 1
+ I+ J - + J- +
8
16
32
...
The series above has the partiai sums

S^ = 0.5, S^ = 0.75, S 3 = 0.88, S^ = 0 . 9 4 , . . . .
La serie de arriba tiene ias sumas parciaies
S^ = 0.5, Sg = 0.75, S 3 = 0.88, S^ = 0.94.........
1064
Student Resources
Pasca) s tria n g ie (p. 692) An arrangem ent of the values of

in a trianguiar pattern in which each row corresponds to
a vaiue of n.
trian gu !o de P a sta ! (pdg. 692) Disposicion de ios vaiores de
en un patron trianguiar en ei que cada hla corresponde a
un valor de n.
0^0
i^t
p
p
2^1 2^2
P
P
P
3^1
3^2
3^3
p
2^0
P
3^0
4^0 4^t 4^2 4^3 4Q

P
P
P
P
P
P
5^0 5^1 5^2 5^3 5^4 5^5
period (p. 908) The horizontai iength of each cycie of a

periodic function.
See periodic function.
periodo (pdg. 908) La iongitud horizontai de cada ciclo de

una funcion periodica.
Fer funcidn periddica.
p erio d it fu n ctio n (p. 908) A function whose graph has a

repeating pattern.
fun cion period ica (pdg. 908) Funcion cuya grahca tiene un
patron que se repite.
2/
/
i- / I
'^ 1i - ^ / !i
'
/ '
'
i
1t
1i
i/
T
/
1i
i1
i / i1
<!--
1
^ /
'j // period:
^ rr
i' //
i periodo: 7r i r
The gra ph shows 3 cyctes of y = tan x, a periodic

functio n with a period of 7r.
p erm u tatio n (p. 684) An ordering o fob jects. The num ber of
permutations of r objects taken from a group of n distinct
objects
is denoted nPr where nP r = (n
, r)t- .
^
p erm u tacion (pdg. 684) Ordenacion de objetos. Ei numero
de permutaciones de r objetos tornados de un grupo de
There are 6 permutations of the n = 3 letters

A, B, and C taken r = 3 at a tim e: ABC, ACB,
BAC, BCA, CAB, and CBA.
Hay 6 permutaciones de ias ietras n = 3 A, B
y C tomadas r = 3 cada vez: ABC, ACB, BAC,
BCA, CAB y CBA.
p erp en d icu iar tin es (p. 84) Two iines in the same piane that
intersect to form a right angie.
recta s p erp en d icu tares (pdg. 84) Dos rectas dei mismo
piano que al cortarse form an un anguio recto.
piecew ise fu n ctio n (p. 130) A function defined by at ieast

two equations, each of which appiies to a different part of the
function's domain.
funcion definid a a tro zo s (pag. 130) Funcion definida por
ai menos dos ecuaciones, cada una de las cuales se apiica a
una parte diferente dei dominio de la funcion.
GLOSSARY
H objetos diferenciados se indica P , donde P, = ,

-*
"7
H r (n - r)t
E N G L ! S H -S P A N !S H
La grafi ca muestra 3 cicios de / = tan x, funcion

periodi ca con periodo ir.
gM =
3 x - 1, ifx < 1
3 x - 1, s ix < 1
0, six = 1
0, i f x = l g(x) =
- x + 4, ifx > 1
- x + 4, si x > 1
Engtish-SpanishGtossary
1065
point-slope fo rm (p. 98) A n e q u a t i o n o f a l i n e w r i t t e n in

th e f o r m y - j q = m (x -X j) w h e re th e lin e p a s s e s th r o u g h th e
p o i n t (jq , y ^ a n d h a s a s lo p e o f m .
E c u a c io n d e u n a r e c ta
e s c r i t a e n la f o r m a y - y^ = m (x - x ^ , d o n d e la r e c t a p a s a p o r
e l p u n t o (x ^ y ^ y t i e n e p e n d i e n t e m .
fo rm a punto-pendiente (pag. 98)
La ecuacion y + 2 = - 4 ( x - 5 ) estd en la forma

punto-pendiente.
poiynom ia! (p. 33 7) A m o n o m i a l o r a s u m o f m o n o m i a l s ,

e a c h o f w h i c h is c a l l e d a t e r m o f t h e p o l y n o m i a l . S e e a /s o
m o n o m ia l.
-1 4 , x* - ^
M o n o m io o s u m a d e m o n o m io s ,
c a d a u n o d e lo s c u a l e s s e l l a m a t e r m i n o d e l p o l i n o m i o . E&r
f a n th /e tt m o n o m io .
p o linom io (pag. 337)
+ 3, and 7& - \ 3 +
are polynomials.
-1 4 , x* - ^
+ 3 y 7 b - \ 3 + nf?2 son
polinomios.
polynom ial fu n c tio n (p. 33 7 ) A f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m

/( x ) = a ^ x " + a j x " " * + - - - + r q x + a ^ w h e r e a ^ ^ 0 , t h e
e x p o n e n t s a r e a ll w h o le n u m b e r s , a n d t h e c o e f f ic ie n t s a r e a ll
re a l n u m b e rs.
/(x) = llx ^ 0.4x2 + 16x - 7 is a polynomial

function. The degree of^fx) is 5, the leading
coefficient is 11, and the constant term is - 7 .
funcidn poiinom ica (pag. 337) F u n c i d n d e la f o r m a

/( x ) = a ^ x " + a ^
+ r q x + a ^ d o n d e a ^ ^ 0 , lo s
e x p o n e n t e s s o n t o d o s n u m e r o s e n t e r o s y lo s c o e h c i e n t e s s o n
to d o s n u m e ro s re a le s .
/(x) = llx ^ - 0.4x2 + 16x - 7 es una

funcidn polinomica. El grado de/fx) es
5, el coeficiente inicial es 11 y el termino
constante es - 7 .
poiynom iai iong d iv isio n (p. 362) A m e t h o d u s e d to d i v i d e

p o l y n o m i a l s s i m i l a r to t h e w a y y o u d i v i d e n u m b e r s .
GLOSSARY
The equation y + 2 = - 4 ( x - 5) is in pointslope form.
M e to d o
u tiliz a d o p a r a d iv id ir p o lin o m io s s e m e ja n te a la m a n e r a e n
q u e d iv id e s n u m e ro s .
d iv isio n desarroiiada poiinom ica (pdg. 362)
x - 2 )x^ +
x3 -
x^ + 7x +
5x^ 7 x +
2F
7x 2 _ y ^
7x2 _ ^
7x + 2
EN G LISH
S P A N IS H
7x - 1 4
16
,
po puiation (p. 766) A g r o u p o f p e o p l e o r o b j e c t s t h a t y o u

w a n t in fo rm a tio n a b o u t.
'
G r u p o d e p e r s o n a s u o b je to s a c e r c a d e l
c u a l d e s e a s in fo rm a rte .
pobiacion (pag. 766)
1066
Student Resources
F + 5 x 2 - J x + 2 ^ + y^ + 7 +
16^
A sportswriter randomly selects 5% of

college baseball coaches for a survey. The
population is all college baseball coaches.
The 5% of coaches selected is the sample.
Un periodista deportiva selecciona al azar
al 5% de los entrenadores universitarios de
beisbol para que participe en una encuesta.
La poblacion son todos los entrenadores
universitarios de beisbol. El 5% de los
entrenadores que resultd seleccionado es la
muestra.
po sitive c o rre c tio n (p. 113) T h e p a i r e d d a t a (x, y ) h a v e a

p o s it iv e c o r r e i a t i o n i f y t e n d s t o i n c r e a s e a s x i n c r e a s e s .
c o rre tac io npo sitiva (pag. 113) L o s p a r e s d e d a t o s ( x ,y )
p r e s e n ta n u n a c o rre la c io n p o s itiv a si y tie n d e a a u m e n ta r a i
a u m e n ta r x.
po w e r (p. 10)
A n e x p re s s io n th a t re p r e s e n ts r e p e a te d
m u i t i p l i c a t i o n o f t h e s a m e f a c to r .
32 is the fifth power of 2 because

32 = 2 . 2 . 2 - 2 - 2 = 2^.
potencia (pag. 10) E x p r e s io n q u e r e p r e s e n t a la

m u itip iic a c io n r e p e tid a d e l m is m o fa c to r.
32 es ia quinta potencia de 2 ya que

32 = 2 . 2 * 2 - 2 - 2 = 23.
pow er fu n c tio n (p. 4 2 8 ) A f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m y = %x^,

w h e r e a is a r e a l n u m b e r a n d & is a r a t i o n a l n u m b e r .
/(x) =
fun cio n potencia) (pag. 4 2 8 )
F u n c i o n d e la f o r m a y = a x ^ ,
d o n d e a e s u n n u m e ro re a l y & e s u n n u m e r o ra c io n a l.
/(x) = 4x^ ^ es una funcion potenciai.
p ro b a b itity d is trib u tio n (p. 7 2 4 )
Let the random variable X represent the

number showing after roiling a standard sixsided die.
A f u n c t i o n t h a t g iv e s t h e
p r o b a b i l i t y o f e a c h p o s s ib l e v a lu e o f a r a n d o m v a r i a b l e . T h e
s u m o f a ll t h e p r o b a b i l i t i e s i n a p r o b a b i l i t y d i s t r i b u t i o n m u s t
e q u a l 1.
d istrib u c io n de probabitidades (pdg. 7 2 4 )
F u n c io n q u e
i n d i c a la p r o b a b i l i d a d d e c a d a v a l o r p o s i b l e d e u n a v a r i a b l e
a le a to ria . L a s u m a d e to d a s la s p r o b a b ilid a d e s d e u n a
d i s tr i b u c i o n d e p r o b a b il id a d e s d e b e s e r i g u a l a 1.
4x
a power function.
Sea ia variabie aleatoria X el numero que

saiga ai lanzar un dado normal de seis caras.
Probabitity Distribution for Rotting a Die
Distribucion de probabitidad at tanzar
un dado
1
P(X)
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
1
6
See experimentai probabiiity, geometric

probabiiity, nnd theoretical probabiiity.
698) N u m e ro e n tre 0 y 1
q u e i n d i c a la p r o b a b i l i d a d d e q u e o c u r r a e l s u c e s o .
Ver probabilidad experimental, probabilidad

geometrica yprobabiiidad teorica.
probabitidad de un suceso (pag
pure im a g ina ry n u m b e r (p. 2 7 6 )
w h ere< H =
a n d & ^ 0.
A c o m p le x n u m b e r % +
num e ro im a g ina rio p uro (pdg. 2 7 6 )
a +
donde a =
0.
N u m e r o c o m p le j o
GLOSSARY
p ro b a b itity o f an event (p. 6 9 8 ) A n u m b e r f r o m 0 to 1 t h a t

i n d i c a t e s t h e l i k e l i h o o d t h a t t h e e v e n t w i ll o c c u r .
-4: and 1.2: are pure im aginary numbers.

-4: y 1.2: son numeros imaginarios puros.
a
quadrantat angte (p. 8 6 7 ) A n a n g l e i n s t a n d a r d p o s i t i o n
w h o s e t e r m i n a l s id e lie s o n a n a x is .
anguto cuadrantat (pag. 8 6 7 )
A n g u lo e n p o s ic io n n o r m a l
c u y o la d o t e r m i n a l s e e n c u e n t r a e n u n e je .
1067
qu ad ratic eq u atio n in on e v ariab ie (p. 253) A n e q u a t i o n
th a t c a n b e w ritte n in th e fo rm ax ^ + b x + c =
w h e re a ^
0.
ecu acion cu ad ratica con u na v a ria b ie (pag 253) E c u a c i o n
La ecuacidn x^ - 5x - 36 es una ecuacidn

cuadratica con una variabie ya que puede
escribirse en ia forma x^ - 5x - 36 = 0.
q u ad ratic form (p. 355) T h e f o r m a a ^ + h a + c, w h e r e a is
The expression 16x^ - 8x^ - 8 is in quadratic

form because it can be written as a ^ - 2a 8
where a - 4x^.
fo rm a cu ad ratica (pag. 355) L a f o r m a a u ^ + h a + c, d o n d e a
La expresion 16x^ - 8x^ - 8 esta en ia forma

cuadratica ya que puede escribirse
M^- 2a - 8, donde a = 4x^.
qu ad ratic form u ia (p. 292) T h e f o r m u i a x =
To soive 3x^ + 6 x + 2 = 0, substitute 3 for a,

6 for b, and 2 for c in the quadratic formuia.
q u e p u e d e e s c r i b i r s e e n ia f o r m a a x ^ + b x + c =
a 0.
0,
donde
a n y e x p re s s io n in x.
e s c u a iq u ie r e x p re s io n e n x.
u s e d to fin d th e s o iu tio n s o f th e q u a d r a tic e q u a tio n

a x ^ + b x + c = 0 w h e n a , b, a n d c a r e r e a l n u m b e r s a n d a #
0.
form u ia cu ad ratica (pdg. 292) L a f o r m u i a
x =
^ q u e se u s a p a r a h a iia r ia s s o iu c io n e s d e
ia e c u a c i o n c u a d r a t i c a a x ^ + b x + c =
n u m e ro s re a ie s y a ^ 0 .
cu an d o a, b y c son
G LOSSARY
Para resoiver 3x^ + 6x + 2 = 0, sustituye

a por 3, b por 6 y c por 2 en ia formuia
cuadratica.
-6
+ V 6 ^ - 4(3)(2) _ - 3 + V3
2(3)
3
q u ad ratic fu n ctio n (p. 236) A f u n c t i o n t h a t c a n b e w r i t t e n
The functions y = 3x^ - 5 andy = x^ 4x + 6

are quadratic functions.
funcidn cu ad ratica (pag. 236) F u n c i d n q u e p u e d e e s c r i b i r s e
Las funcionesy = 3x^ - 5 e y = x ^ - 4 x + 6

son funciones cuadraticas.
q u ad ratic in eq u aiity in on e v ariab ie (p. 302) A n i n e q u a i i t y
x^ + x < 0 and 2x^ + x - 4 > 0 are quadratic

inequaiities in one variabie.
desiguaidad cu ad ratica con una v a ria b ie (p3g 302)
x^ + x < 0 y 2x^ + x 4 > 0 son desiguaidades

cuadraticas con una variabie.
q u ad ratic in eq u aiity in tw o v a ria b ies (p. 300) An
y >x^ + 3x - 4 is a quadratic inequaiity in

two variabies.
desiguaidad cu ad ratica con dos v a ria b ies (pag 300)

D e s ig u a l d a d q u e s e p u e d e e s c r i b i r e n la f o r m a y < a x ^ + b x + c,
y < a x ^ + b x + c, y > a x ^ + b x + c o y > a x ^ + b x + c.
y > x^ + 3x - 4 es una desiguaidad cuadratica

con dos variabies.
in th e fo rm y = ax ^ + b x + c w h e re a A 0 .
E N G L !S H -S P A N !S H
The equation x^ - 5x = 36 is a quadratic

equation in one variabie because it can be
written in the form x^ - 5x - 36 = 0.
e n la f o r m a y = a x ^ + b x + c, d o n d e a #
0.
th a t c a n b e w ritte n in th e fo rm ax ^ + b x + c < 0 ,
ax^ + bx + c < 0 , ax^ + bx + c > 0 , o r ax^ + bx + c > 0 .
D e s ig u a l d a d q u e s e p u e d e e s c r i b i r e n i a f o r m a a x ^ + b x + c < 0,
ax^ + bx + c < 0, ax^ + bx + c > 0 o ax^ + bx + c > 0 .
i n e q u a i i t y t h a t c a n b e w r i t t e n i n t h e f o r m y < a x ^ + b x + c,
y < a x ^ + b x + c, y > a x ^ + b x + c, o r y > a x ^ + b x + c.
Student Resources
q u ad ratic system (p. 658) A s y s t e m o f e q u a t i o n s t h a t

in c lu d e s o n e o r m o re e q u a tio n s o f c o n ic s .
sistem a cu ad ratico (pag. 658) S i s te m a d e e c u a c i o n e s q u e
in c lu y e u n a o m a s e c u a c io n e s d e c o n ic a s .
y 2 -7 x + 3 = 0
2 x -y = 3
x^ + 4y^ + 8y = 16
2 x ^ -y ^ -6 x -4 - 0
The systems above are quadratic systems.

Los sistemas de arriba son sistemas
cuadraticos.
radian (p. 860) I n a c ir c le w i t h r a d i u s r a n d c e n t e r a t t h e

o r i g i n , o n e r a d i a n is t h e m e a s u r e o f a n a n g l e i n s t a n d a r d
p o s i t i o n w h o s e t e r m i n a l s id e i n t e r c e p t s a n a r c o f l e n g t h r.
radian (pag. 860) E n u n c i r c u l o c o n r a d i o r y c u y o c e n t r o
e s t a e n e l o r ig e n , u n r a d i a n e s la m e d i d a d e u n a n g u l o e n
p o s ic io n n o rm a l c u y o la d o te r m in a l in te r c e p ta u n a rc o d e
I o n g i tu d r.
radicai (pp. 266,414) A n e x p r e s s i o n o f t h e f o r m W o r V s

w h e r e s is a n u m b e r o r a n e x p r e s s i o n .
V 5 , V 2x + 1
radicai (pags. 266,414) E x p r e s io n d e la f o r m a Vs o V s , d o n d e
s e s u n n u m e r o o u n a e x p r e s io n .
radicai eq u atio n (p. 452) A n e q u a t i o n w i t h o n e o r m o r e

ra d ic a ls th a t h a v e v a ria b le s in th e ir r a d ic a n d s .
V 2x+ 7 = 3
ecu acion rad ica! (pag. 452) E c u a c i o n c o n u n o o m a s
ra d ic a le s e n c u y o r a d ic a n d o a p a r e c e n v a ria b le s .
radicai fu n ctio n (p. 446) A f u n c t i o n t h a t c o n t a i n s a r a d i c a l

w i t h a v a r i a b l e i n its r a d i c a n d .
fun cion rad icai (pag. 446) F u n c i o n q u e t i e n e u n r a d i c a l c o n
/ M = ^Vx, g(x) = - 3 Vx + 5
u n a v a ria b le e n s u ra d ic a n d o .
r a d i c a l s ig n .
rad icand o (pag. 266) E l n u m e r o o la e x p r e s i o n q u e a p a r e c e
b a jo e l s ig n o r a d i c a l .
The radicand of V5 is 5, and the radicand of

V 8p is 8yV
Ei radicando de V5 es 5, y ei radicando de
\ 8 p es 8yV
radius o f a circie (p. 626) T h e d i s t a n c e f r o m t h e c e n t e r o f
The circle with equation (x - 3V +

(y + 5)^ = 36 has radius \ 36 = 6. See also
circie.
radio de un circu io (pag. 626) L a d i s t a n c i a d e s d e e l c e n t r o
Ei circuio con ia ecuacion ( x - 3)^ +

(y + 5)^ = 36 tiene ei radio \ 36 = 6. V&r
favH&ien circuio.
a c ir c le to a p o i n t o n t h e c ir c le . A ls o , a l i n e s e g m e n t t h a t
c o n n e c t s t h e c e n t e r o f a c ir c le t o a p o i n t o n t h e c ir c le . S e e
a ls o c ir c le .
d e u n c irc u lo h a s ta u n p u n to d e l c irc u lo . T a m b ie n , e s u n
s e g m e n to d e re c ta q u e u n e el c e n tro d e u n c irc u lo c o n u n
p u n t o d e l c ir c u l o . T e r fa m & ie n c ir c u l o .
GLOSSARY
radicand (p. 266) T h e n u m b e r o r e x p r e s s i o n b e n e a t h a
106f
random v ariab te (p. 724) A v a r i a b l e w h o s e v a lu e is

d e t e r m i n e d b y t h e o u t c o m e s o f a r a n d o m e v e n t.
variabte a !e a to ria (pag. 724) V a r ia b le c u y o v a i o r v i e n e
La variable aieatoria X que representa ei

numero que saie ai ianzar un dado de seis
caras tiene como vaiores posibies
l ,2 ,3 ,4 ,S y 6 .
r a n g e o f a r e !a tio n (p. 72 ) T h e s e t o f o u t p u t v a i u e s o f a
See reiation.
rango de una re!acion (pag. 72) E l c o n j u n t o d e lo s v a lo r e s
M?r reiacion.
d e t e r m i n a d o p o r io s r e s u i t a d o s d e u n s u c e s o a i e a t o r i o .
r e la ti o n .
d e s a l i d a d e u n a r e la c i o n .
ran ge o f d ata va!ue$ (p. 745) A m e a s u r e o f d i s p e r s i o n e q u a l

t o t h e d i f f e r e n c e b e t w e e n t h e g r e a t e s t a n d l e a s t d a t a v a lu e s .
rango de v a!o res de d atos (pag. 745) M e d i d a d e d i s p e r s i o n
GLOSSARY
The range of the data set above is 32 - 1 4 = 18.

Ei rango dei conjunto de datos de arriba es
3 2 - 1 4 = 18.
ra te o f ch ang e (p. 85) A c o m p a r i s o n o f h o w m u c h o n e
The temperature rises from 75F at 8 A.M. to

91F at 12 P.M. The average rate of change in
reiacion de cam bio (pdg. 85) C o m p a r a c i o n e n t r e e l c a m b i o

p r o d u c id o , p o r t e r m i n o m e d io , e n u n a c a n t i d a d y e l c a m b i o
p ro d u c id o e n o tr a c a n tid a d .
S P A N tS H
1 4 ,1 7 ,1 8 ,1 9 ,2 0 ,2 4 ,2 4 ,3 0 ,3 2
i g u a l a la d i f e r e n c i a e n t r e e l v a lo r m a x i m o y e l v a lo r m i n i m o
d e lo s d a to s .
q u a n t i t y c h a n g e s , o n a v e r a g e , r e la ti v e t o t h e c h a n g e i n
a n o th e r q u a n tity .
ENGUSH
The random variable X representing the

number showing after roiiing a six-sided die
has possibie vaiues of 1 ,2 ,3 ,4 ,5 , and 6.
temperature is
- 75F _ 16F _
'
12 P.M. - 8 A.M.
4h
La temperatura sube de 75F a ias 8 de ia
mahana a 91F a ias 12 dei mediodfa. La
reiacion de cambio media en ia temperatura
e s ,J " F - 7 5 F = I ^ = 4 / h .
12 P .M .-8 A.M.
4h
ration a! fu n ctio n (p. 5 5 8 ) A f u n c t i o n o f t h e f o r m
The functions y = ^ andy = ^
/( x ) = ^ j - , w h e r e p (x ) a n d ^ (x ) a r e p o l y n o m i a l s a n d ^ (x ) A 0.
rationai functions.
funcion raciona! (pdg. 558) F u n c i o n d e la f o r m a
Las funcionesy = ^ ey =
/( x ) =
funciones racionaies.
d o n d e p (x ) y <y(x) s o n p o l i n o m i o s y (?(x) ^ 0.
are
son
ration atizing th e d en o m in a to r (p. 267) T h e p r o c e s s
To rationaiize the denominator of
racio n aiizar e! d en om in ad or (pag 267) E l p r o c e s o

d e e lim in a r u n a e x p re s io n r a d ic a l d e l d e n o m in a d o r d e
u n a fra c c io n a l m u ltip lic a r ta n to e l n u m e r a d o r c o m o el
d e n o m in a d o r p o r u n a e x p re s io n ra d ic a l a d e c u a d a .
Para racionaiizar ei denominador de ,

\2
muitipiica ei numerador y ei denominador
por 2 .
recip rocai (p. 4) T h e r e c i p r o c a l, o r m u l t i p l i c a t i v e i n v e r s e , o f
- 2 and
o f e lim in a tin g a r a d ic a l e x p re s s io n in th e d e n o m in a to r
o f a fra c tio n b y m u ltip ly in g b o th th e n u m e r a to r a n d
d e n o m i n a t o r b y a n a p p r o p r i a t e r a d i c a l e x p r e s s io n .
V2
muitipiy the numerator and denominator
b y\ 2.
are reciprocals.
a n y n o n z e r o n u m b e r & is v-
&
reciproco (pdg. 4) E l r e c i p r o c o , o i n v e r s o m u l t i p l i c a t i v o , d e
c u a l q u i e r n u m e r o &d i s t i n t o d e c e r o e s
Student Resources
&
-2 y^
^ s " recfprocos.
recu rsive ru ie (p. 827) A r u l e f o r a s e q u e n c e t h a t g iv e s
The recursive rule

= 1,
_ ^ + 4 gives
the arithm etic sequence 1 ,5 ,9 ,1 3 .......
regia recu rsiva (pag. 827) R e g ia d e u n a p r o g r e s i o n q u e

d a el p r im e r te r m in o o te r m in o s d e la p r o g r e s io n y lu e g o
u n a e c u a c io n re c u rs iv a q u e in d ic a q u e re la c io n h a y
e n tre el te rm in o e n e s im o
y u n o o m a s d e lo s t e r m i n o s
p re c e d e n te s .
La regia recursiva
= 1,
= n _ ^ + 4 da la
progresion aritm etica 1 ,5 ,9 ,1 3 .......
th e b e g in n in g te rm o r te rm s o f th e se q u e n c e a n d th e n a
r e c u r s i v e e q u a t i o n t h a t t e l ls h o w t h e n t h t e r m
is r e l a t e d to
o n e o r m o re p re c e d in g te rm s .
referen ce an g ie (p. 8 6 8 ) I f d is a n a n g l e i n s t a n d a r d
p o s it io n , i ts r e f e r e n c e a n g l e is t h e a c u t e a n g l e 0 ' f o r m e d b y
t h e t e r m i n a l s id e o f 0 a n d t h e x - a x is .
a n g u io d e r e fe r e n d a (pag. 868) S i d e s u n a n g u l o e n
p o s ic io n n o rm a l, s u a n g u lo d e re fe re n c ia e s e l a n g u lo a g u d o
d" f o r m a d o p o r e l l a d o t e r m i n a l d e d y e l e je d e x .
T h e a c u t e a n g ie (T is th e r e f e r e n c e a n g ie for
a n g ie d.
Ei anguio agud o t f e s ei anguio de r e f e r e n c i a para
d.
ei angu io
refiectio n (p. 124) A t r a n s f o r m a t i o n t h a t f lip s a g r a p h o r
f ig u r e i n a l in e .
(2,3)
reflex io n (pag. 124) T r a n s f o r m a c i o n q u e v u e l c a u n a g r a f i c a
EN G LISH
o u n a h g u ra e n u n a re c ta .
(5,3)
/
/^f(x)
*
'
\
2, - 3 ) _ 5 ,- 3
S P A N IS H
1 !
The graph of g ( x ) is the refiectio n of th e graph of
y f x ) in the x - a x i s .
G LOSSARY
La g ra fica de g ( x ) e s ia refiex ion de ia g rafica de

/ f x ) en ei e j e de x.
relation (p. 72) A m a p p i n g , o r p a i r i n g , o f i n p u t v a l u e s w i t h
The ordered pairs ( - 2 , - 2 ) , (2, 2), (0,1),

and (3,1) represent the relation with inputs
(domain) o f-2 , 0, and 3 and outputs (range)
o f- 2 ,1 , and 2.
relacion (pag. 72) C o r r e s p o n d e n c i a e n t r e lo s v a l o r e s d e
Los pares ordenados ( - 2 , - 2 ) , ( - 2 ,2 ) , (0,1)

y (3,1) representan la relacion con entradas
(dominio) de - 2 ,0 y 3 y salidas (rango) de
o u t p u t v a lu e s .
e n t r a d a y lo s v a l o r e s d e s a l id a .
-2,ly
107
rep eated sotution (p. 3 7 9 ) F o r t h e p o i y n o m i a i e q u a t i o n

/( x ) = 0, A is a r e p e a t e d s o i u t i o n i f a n d o n i y i f t h e f a c t o r
x - A h a s a n e x p o n e n t g r e a t e r t h a n 1 w h e n / f x ) is f a c t o r e d
c o m p le te ly .
soiucion rep etid a (p3g. 379) P a r a ia e c u a c i d n p o l i n o m i c a
/( x ) = 0 , A e s u n a s o i u c io n r e p e t i d a s i y s d io s i e i f a c t o r
x - A tie n e u n e x p o n e n te m a y o r q u e 1 c u a n d o /( x ) e s ta
c o m p ie ta m e n te fa c to riz a d o .
- 1 is a repeated soiution of the equation

(x + 1)^ (x - 2) = 0.
- 1 es una soiucidn repetida de ia ecuacidn
(x +
1)2
(X -2) = 0.
ro o t o f an eq u ation (p. 2 5 3 ) T h e s o i u t i o n s o f a q u a d r a t i c
e q u a t i o n a r e its r o o ts .
The roots of the quadratic equation

x^ - 5x - 36 - 0 are 9 and - 4 .
raiz de una ecu acion (pdg. 2 5 3 ) L a s s o i u c i o n e s d e u n a

e c u a c i d n c u a d r a t i c a s o n s u s r a ic e s .
Las rafces de ia ecuacidn cuadrdtica

x^ 5x - 36 = 0 son 9 y 4.
a
sam p ie (p. 7 6 6 ) A s u b s e t o f a p o p u l a t i o n ,
See population.
m u estra (pdg. 7 6 6 ) S u b c o n j u n t o d e u n a p o b l a c i o n .
M?r poblacion.
sca ia r (p. 188) A r e a i n u m b e r b y w h i c h y o u m u i t i p i y a
S e e scaiar muitipiication.
esca ia r (pdg. 188) N u m e r o r e a l p o r e i q u e s e m u l t i p l i c a u n a
Per muitipiicacidn escaiar.
m a t r ix .
m a triz .
sca ia r m u itip iication (p. 188) M u i t i p i i c a t i o n o f e a c h
e l e m e n t o f a m a t r i x b y a r e a i n u m b e r , c a l l e d a s c a la r .
-2
m uitipiicacidn e sca ia r (p3g. 188) M u i t i p i i c a c i d n d e c a d a
[4 - 1
j- 8
21
1 0 - -2
0
1.2 7
L -4 -14_!
d e p a r e s d e d a t o s (x, y ) q u e s ir v e p a r a d e t e r m i n a r s i h a y u n a
r e l a c i d n e n t r e l a s v a r i a b l e s x e y.
o
^0^0
d ia g ra m a d e dispersion (pdg. 113) G r a f i c a d e u n c o n j u n t o
Resultados
de las pruebas
to d e t e r m i n e w h e t h e r t h e r e is a r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t h e
v a r i a b l e s x a n d y.
Test s c o r e s
s c a tte r piot (p. 113) A g r a p h o f a s e t o f d a t a p a i r s (x, y ) u s e d
<=t^
e l e m e n t o d e u n a m a t r i z p o r u n n u m e r o r e a l l l a m a d o e s c a ia r .
Hours oi studying
Horas de estudio
scien tific n o ta tio n (p. 331) T h e r e p r e s e n t a t i o n o f a n u m b e r
in th e fo rm c
1 0 " w h e r e 1 < c < 10 a n d n is a n i n te g e r .
n otacion cien tifica (pdg. 331) L a r e p r e s e n t a c i o n d e u n
n u m e r o d e la f o r m a c x
n u m e r o e n te r o .
student Resources
1 0 ",
donde
<c<
10
y n es u n
0.693 is written in scientific notation as

6.93 x 10"'.
0.693 escrito en notacion cientifica es
6.93 x 10"'.
secant function (p. 852) If 0 is an acu te angie o f a right

triangle, th e seca n t o f 6 is th e len g th o f th e h yp oten u se
divided by th e length o f th e side ad jacen t to 0.
See sine fu n ction.
funcion secante (pag. 852) Si 0 es u n angulo agudo de un
Per fun cion seno.
triangulo rectang u lo, la secan te de 0 es la Iongitud de la

h ip otenu sa dividida por la Iongitud del lado ad yacen te a 0.
sector (p. 861) A region o f a circle th a t is b ou nd ed by tw o
sector
______sector
radii and an arc o f th e circle. T h e ce n tra l angle 0 o f a secto r is

th e angle form ed by th e tw o radii.
sector (pag. 861) R egion d e u n circu lo delim itad a por dos

radios y un arco del circu lo. El angu lo ce n tra l 0 de u n secto r
es el angulo form ado por dos radios.
sequence (p. 794) A fu n ctio n w hose d om ain is a set of

con secu tive integers. T h e d om ain gives th e relative position
o f each term o f th e seq u en ce. T h e range gives th e term s o f
th e sequence.
progresion (pag. 794) F u n cio n cuyo d om inio es un co n ju n to

de num eros enteros co n secu tiv os. El d om inio da la p osicion
relativa de cad a term in o de la secu en cia. El rango da los
term in os de la secu en cia.
a sequen ce. A series can b e fin ite or in fin ite.
serie (pag. 796) La expresion form ada al su m ar los term in o s

de u na progresion. La serie puede ser fin ita o in fin ita.
/ A
) i 3"* length s
t Iongitud deun arco s
central angle M\
angulo central#
For the dom ain n = 1 , 2 , 3, and 4, the

sequence defined by
= 2w has the term s
2 ,4 ,6, and 8.
P ara ei d om inio n = 1 ,2 ,3 y 4, la secuencia
definida por
= 2n tiene ios term inos 2,4,
6y8.
Finite series: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8
In fin ite series: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + - - -
ENGUSH
series (p. 796) T h e exp ression form ed by adding th e term s o f
/
I
Serie finita: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8
Serie in fin ita: 2 + 4 + 6 + 8 + -- -
conjunto (pag. 715) C o le c cio n d e o b jeto s d iferen ciad os.
Si A es el conjunto de numeros enteros positivos

menores que 5, entonces A = {1,2,3,4}.
sigma notation (p. 796) See su m m ation notation ,
See sum m ation notation.
notacion sigma (pdg. 796) T & rn o tacid n d esu m ato ria.
Per notacidn de sum atoria.
simpiest form of a radicai (p. 422) A rad ical w ith ind ex n is
'v' 135 in sim piest form is 3^ 5.
in sim plest form if th e rad ican d has no p e rfe ct n th pow ers as

factors and any d en om inator h as b een ratio n alized .
in sim piest form is .

^8
2
forma mas simpie de un radicai (pdg 422) Un rad ical con
^ 135 en la form a m as sim pie es 3 ^ 5 .
in d ice n esta escrito en la form a m as sim ple si el rad icand o

no tien e com o factor n in g u n a p o ten cia en esim a p e rfe cta y el
denom inador h a sido racionalizad o.
^7
^28
en ia form a m as sim ple es .
^8
2
E nglish -Span ish G lossary
GLOSSARY
If A is the set o f positive integers less than 5,

th e n A = { 1,2 ,3 ,4 }.
SPAN!SH
set (p. 715) A co lle ctio n o f d istin ct o b jects,
107
(* + 3)(* - 5) _ * - 5
(* + 3) (* - 3) * - 3
simp!ified form of a rationa! expression (p. 573) A ration ai

expression in w hich th e num erator and d enom in ator have
no com m on factors oth er th a n 1 .
F - 9
T
Sim plified form
Form a sim piificada
forma simp!ificada de una expresion raciona! (pdg. 573)

E xpresion raciona) en ia que ei num erad or y ei d enom inador
no tien en factores com u n es adem as de 1 .
sine function (p. 852) If 0 is an acu te angie o f a right

triangie, th e sine o f 0 is th e ien gth o f th e side opposite 0
divided by th e length o f th e hypotenuse.
funcion seno (pag. 852) Si 0 e s u n a n g u io agudo d e u n

trianguio rectanguio, ei seno de 0 es ia iongitud dei iado
opuesto a 0 dividida por ia longitud de ia hip otenu sa.
12
opp
s in 0 = -tLiL =
hyp
adj
COS0 =
hyp
5
AL
13
CSC0 =
12
13
sec0 =
OPP ^ 5
12
adj
COt0 =
OP
_
sen 0 =
=
hip
ady
cos 0 = =
hip
cosec 0
12
13
sec0 =
OP ^ 5
12
ady
COt0 =
sinusoids (p. 941) G raphs o f sine and co sin e fu n ctio n s,
hip - 13
op
5
hip
ady
2 s in 4 * + 3
y = 2 se n 4 x + 3
sinusoides (pag. 941) G ra h ca sd e fu n cio n es seno y cosen o.
skewed distribution (p. 727) A p ro babiiity d istrib u tio n th at

0.40
is not sym m etric. See a/so sy m m etric d istribu tion .
distribucion asimetrica (pag. 727) D istribu cion de

probabilidades que no es sim etrica. Eer tam h/ea d istrib u cio n
sim etrica.
!B 0.20
o
ft
-a
Number of successes
Numero de exitos
u d e n t R eso u rces
13
5
hyp _ 13
12
adj
adj
12
opp " 5
I!
-o' a<
5
13
hyp
opp
13
12
12
5
stope (p. 82) The ratio o f v ertical ch an g e (the rise) to

h orizontal change (the run) for a no n vertical lin e. For a
n o n vertical lin e p assin g th rou gh th e p o in ts (x^ y ^ and
- y,
(%2* yzh th e slope is m = ^
pendiente (p^g. 82) Para u n a re cta no vertical, la razon

entre el cam bio v ertical (d istan cia vertical) y el cam b io
h orizontal (d istan cia h o rizo n tal). P ara u n a re cta no v ertical
que pasa por los pu ntos (x^ y j y (x^, y 2)< la p endiente es
The slope o f the lin e that passes through the

points (-3 ,0 ) and (3,4) is:
La pendiente de ia recta que pasa por ios
puntos (-3 ,0 ) y (3,4) es:
- ^2 " Ti _
4 -0 _ 4 _ 2
3 -(-3 )
6
3
y 2*y i
"1 -X 2 -X 1 -
stope-intercept form (p. 90) A lin ea r eq u atio n w ritten in

th e form y = m x + & w here m is th e slope and & is the
y -in tercep t o f th e equation's graph.
forma pendiente-intercepto (pag 90) E cu acid n lin ea l

escrita en la form a y = m x + &, donde m es la pen d ien te y & es
el intercep to en y de la grafica de la ecuacid n.
soiution of a tinear inequatity in two variabtes (p. 132) An
The equation y = - gX - 1 is in slopeintercept form .

2
La ecu acion y = - gX - 1 e s ta e n la form a
pendiente intercepto.
ordered p air (x, y) th a t produces a tru e statem en t w hen the

values of x and y are su bstitu ted into th e inequality.
The ordered p air ( 1 ,2) is a solution o f

3x + 4y> 8 because 3(1) + 4(2) = 11, and
11 > 8 .
sotucion de una desiguaidad tinea) con dos variabies

(p3g. 132) Par ordenado (x, y) que prod uce u n en u n ciad o
El p ar ordenado (1,2) es u n a solucidn de

3x + 4y > 8 y a q u e 3 ( l) + 4(2) = l l , y 11 > 8.
verdadero cuand o x e y se su stitu yen por sus valores en la

desigualdad.
co o rd inates m ake each eq u ation in th e system true.
coord enadas h acen que cad a ecu acid n del sistem a sea
verdadera.
sotution of a system of tinear equations in two

variabtes (p. 153) An ordered p air (x, y) th at satisfies each
equation of th e system .
sotucion de un sistema de ecuaciones tineates en dos

variabtes (p3g. 153) Par ordenado (x, y) que satisface cad a
(2 ,1, - 3 ) is the solution o f the system above.
SPANISH GLOSSARY
sotucion de un sistema de ecuaciones tineates en

tres variabtes (p3g. 178) Terna ordenada (x, y, z) cuyas
4x + 2y + 3z = 1
2x - 3y + 5z = 14
6x - y + 4z = 1
ENGLISH
sotution of a system of tinear equations in three

variabtes (p. 178) An ordered triple (x, y, z) w hose
(2 ,1, -3 ) es la soiucion del sistem a de arriba.
4x + y = 8
2x - 3y = 18
(3, - 4 ) is the solution o f the system above.
( 3 ,- 4 ) es la soiucion del sistem a de arriba.
ecuacidn del sistem a.
sotution of a system of tinear inequaiities in two

variabtes (p. 168) An ordered p air (x, y) th at is a solution of
each in eq u ality in th e system .
sotucion de un sistema de desiguatdades tineates en dos

variabtes (p3g. 168) Par ordenado (x, y) que es u na soiucion
y > 2x 5
y<x + 3
(-1 ,1 ) is a solution o f the system above.
( -1 ,1 ) es una solucidn del sistem a de arriba.
de cada desigualdad del sistem a.
E nglish-Spanish G lossary
1075
soiution of an equation in one variabie (p. 18) A nu m ber

th at produces a true statem ent w hen su bstitu ted for th e
variabie in th e equation.
The solution o f the equation ^ x

is 15.
S
8 = 20
soiucidn de una ecuacion con una variabie (pag 18)
La soiucidn de ia ecuacion ^ x
20 es 15.
Num ero que produce un en u nciad o verdadero ai su stitu ir ia

v ariabie por el en la ecu acio n .
soiution of an equation in two variabies (p. 74) An
(-2 ,3 ) is a soiution o fy
- 2 x - 1.
ordered p air (x, y) th at produces a tru e statem en t w hen the

values o f x and y are su bstitu ted in th e equation.
soiucion de una ecuacion con dos variabies (pag. 74) Par

ordenado (x, y) que produce u n enu n ciad o verdadero al
su stitu ir x e y por sus vaiores en la ecu acio n .
(-2 ,3 ) es u na soiucidn d e y
soiution of an inequaiity in one variabie (p. 41) A nu m ber
- 1 is a soiution o f the ineq uaiity

5x + 2 > 7x - 4.
ENGUSH
SPANtSH GLOSSARY
th at produces a true statem en t w hen su bstitu ted for th e

variable in th e inequality.
- 2 x - 1.
soiucion de una desiguaidad con una variabie (pag. 41)

Num ero que produce u n en u n ciad o verdadero al su stitu ir la
variable por el en la desiguaidad.
- 1 es u n a soiucidn de ia desiguaidad
5x + 2 > 7x 4.
soive for a variabie (p. 26) Rew rite an eq u atio n as an
W hen you soive the circu m feren ce form uia
equivalent eq u ation in w hich th e v ariable is on one side and

does not appear on the other side.
C = 2 n r fo r r, the resuit is r
resoiver para una variabie (pag. 26) E scrib ir u n a ecu acio n

com o ecu acio n eq u ivalen te que tenga la variable en u no de
sus lados pero no en el otro.
square root (p. 266) If
radical symbol
= a, th en & is a square root o f a. The

represents a nonnegative square root.
raiz cuadrada (pag. 266) Si = a , en to n ces & es una

rafz cuadrada de a. El signo radical \ representa u na raiz
cuadrada no negativa.
xf
(X2 - x f
+ - - - + (X -
xf
desviacion tipica (pag. 745) La d iferen cia (0 desviacion)

m as com u n entre u n valor de los datos y la m edia. La
desviacion tip ica cr de u n co n ju n to de datos n u m erico s
Xp x ^ ,. . . , x^ viene dada por la sigu iente form ula:
J(X , -X )2
Stu d ent R eso u rces
(X- - X)2 + - - - + (X -X )^
277
The square roots o f 9 are 3 and - 3 because

32 = 9 and ( - 3 f = 9. So, V9 = 3 and
-Y 9 = - 3 .
Las rafces cuadradas de 9 son 3 y - 3 ya que
3^ = 9 y (-3)^ = 9 .A s fp u e s, \ 9 = 3 y
9 = -3 .
standard deviation (p. 745) T h e ty p ical d ifferen ce (or

deviation) betw een a data value and th e m ean. T h e stand ard
deviation cr o f a n u m erical data set x ^ x ^ ,. . . , x^ is given by
th e follow ing form ula:
Ai resoiver p ara r ia form uia de

circu n feren cia C = 2wr, e! resuitado es
- A
1076
1 4 ,1 7 ,18 ,19 ,2 0 ,2 4 ,2 4 ,3 0 ,3 2
Because the m ean o f the data set is 22, the
standard deviation is:
Com o ia m edia dei conjunto de datos es 22, ia
desviacidn tip ica es:
j (14 - 2 2 f + (17 - 2 2 f + . . .
"
^
.
290
- ^ - - 5
9
- . 7
(32 - 22^
sta n d a rd fo rm o f a c o m p !e x n u m b e r (p. 276) T h e form

a + b;' w here a and & are real n u m bers and : is th e im agin ary
unit.
The standard form of the compiex number

:( l + : ) i s - l + i.
fo rm a g e n e ra ) d e u n n u m e ro co m p lejo (pag. 276) La

form a a + hi, donde %y & son num eros reaies e i es ia unidad
im aginaria.
La form a genera! dei num ero compiejo

i(I + i ) e s - l + i.
sta n d a rd fo rm o f a tin e a r e q u a tio n (p. 91) A iin ea r

equation w ritten in th e form Ax + By =
w here A an d B are
not b o th zero.
The iinear equation = - 3 x + 4 can be

w ritten in standard form as 3x + = 4.
fo rm a g e n e ra ) d e u n a ecu acid n !in ea) (pag. 91) Ecu acid n

iin eai escrita en ia form a Ax + By =
donde A y B no son
am bos cero.
La ecuacidn iineai = - 3 x + 4 escrita en ia

form a genera! es 3 x + = 4.
s ta n d a rd fo rm o f a p o iy n o m iai fu n ctio n (p. 337) Th e

form o f a p oiyn om iai fu n ctio n th a t h as term s w ritten in
d escend ing order o f expon ents from ieft to right.
The function g(x) = 7x - V3 + nx^ can

be w ritten in standard form as
g(x) = 77X^ + 7x V 3.
fo rm a g e n e ra ) de u n a fu n cion p o iin o m ica (pdg. 337) La

form a de u na fu n cio n p o iin o m ica en la que los term in os
se ordenan de tai m odo que ios exp o n entes d ism in u yen de
izquierda a derecha.
La funcidn g(x) = 7x - V3 + nx^ escrita en

ia form a generai es g(x) = irx^ + 7x - V3.
sta n d a rd fo rm o f a q u a d ra tic e q u a tio n in o n e v a ria b ie

(p. 253) T h e form nx^ + bx + c = 0 w here a ^ 0.
The quadratic equation x^ - 5x = 36 can be

w ritten in standard form a sx^ 5x - 36 = 0.
fo rm a g e n e ra ) d e u n a ecu acid n c u a d ra tic a co n u n a

variaM e (pag. 253) La form a ax^ + bx + c = 0, donde a ^ 0.
La ecuacidn cu ad ratica x^ - 5x = 36 escrita

en ia form a generai es x^ 5x - 36 = 0.
sta n d a rd fo rm o f a q u a d ra tic fu n ctio n (p. 236) T h e form

y = ax^ + bx + c w here a ^ 0.
The quadratic function y = 2 (x + 3)(x - 1)

can be written in standard form as
= 2x^ + 4 x - 6.
C,
La funcidn cu ad ratica = 2(x + 3 )(x - 1)

escrita en ia form a generai es
- 2x^ + 4x - 6.
GLOSSARY
sta n d a rd n o rm a ! d istrib u tio n (p. 758) T h e n o rm al

d istribu tion w ith m ean 0 and stand ard deviation 1. See also
z-score.
d istrib u cio n n o rm a ! tip ica (pdg. 758) La d istrib u cio n
n orm ai con m edia 0 y d esviacion tip ica 1. Ter tam bien
p u ntu acion z.
ENGL!SH-SPAN!SH
fo rm a g e n e ra ) d e u n a fu n cio n c u a d ra tic a (pag. 236) La

form a y = ax^ + bx + c, donde a ^ 0.
/\
_
E nglish -Span ish G lossary
1077
standard position of an ang!e (p. 859) In a co o rd in ate

plane, the p osition o f an angie w hose v ertex is at th e origin
and w hose in itial side lies on th e positive x-axis.
90b '.r
terminal side
--Ia d o terminal
posicion norma) de un angu!o (pdg. 859) En un piano de

coordenadas, ia posicion de un angulo cuyo v ertice esta en ei
origen y cuyo iado in iciai se situa en ei eje de x positivo.
180
\
/
vertex
vertice
initial side
*
Iado iniciai 360
270
statistics (p. 744) N um ericai vaiues used to su m m arize and

com p are sets o f data.
estadistica (pdg. 744) Vaiores n u m erico s u tiiizad os para

resum ir y co m p arar co n ju n to s de datos.
See m ean, m edian, mode, range, a n d

standard deviation.
Eer m edia, m ediana, m oda, rango y
desviacidn tfpica.
step function (p. 131) A p iecew ise fu n ctio n defined by

a co n stan t vaiue over each p art o f its d om ain. Its graph
resem bies a series of stair steps.
funcion escatonada (pag. 131) Funcidn defrnida a trozos
1, i f O < x < 1
/(x ) =
2, i f l < x < 2
1, s i O < x < 1
2, s ! l < x < 2
3, 1 f 2 < x < 3
3, s i 2 < x < 3
y por un vaior co n stan te en cad a p arte de su dom inio. Su

grahca p arece un grupo de escaio n es.
subset (p. 716) If every elem ent o f a set A is also an elem ent
ENGLISH
SPANISH GLOSSARY
of a set B, then A is a su bset o f B. T h is is w ritten as A ^ B. For

any setA , 0 c A and A c A .
subconjunto (pag. 716) Si cad a eiem ento de u n co n ju n to

A es tam b ien u n eiem ento de un co n ju n to B, en to n ces A es
un su bco n ju n to de B. Esto se escrib e A c B. Para cu aiq u ier
co nju n to A, 0 c A y A c A .
substitution method (p. 160) A m ethod o f soiving a system
o f eq uations by soiving one o f th e eq u atio n s for one o f th e
variables and th e n su bstitu ting th e resu lting exp ression in
th e other equation (s).
metodo desustitucion (pag. 160) M etodo para resolver

un sistem a de ecu acio n es m ed ian te ia resolucion de u na
de ias ecu acio n es para u n a de las variables seguida de
la su stitu cion de ia expresion resu itan te en la(s) otra(s)
ecuacidn (ecu aciones).
If A = {1,2 ,4 ,8 } and B is the set o f aii positive

integers, then A is a subset o f B, or A c B.
Si A = ( 1 ,2 ,4 ,8 } y B e s e i conjunto de todos
ios num eros enteros positivos, entonces A es
u n subconjunto de B, o A c B.
2x + 5y = 5
x + 3y = 3
Soive equation 2 fo r x :x = - 3 y + 3.
Substitute the expression for x in equation
1 and soive for y: y = 11. Use the value o fy to
find the vaiue o f x: x = 30.
Resueive ia ecuacidn 2 para x: x = - 3 y + 3.
Sustituye la expresidn para x en ia ecuacidn
1 y resueive p ara y: y = 11. Usa el vaio r de y
p ara h aliar ei valor de x: x = -3 0 .
summation notation (p. 796) N otation for a series th at

u ses th e u ppercase Greek letter sigm a, X. Also ca iied sigm a
n otation.
notacion de sumatoria (pdg. 796) N otacion de u n a serie

que usa ia letra griega m ayuscuia sigm a, X. T am bien se iiam a
n o tacio n sigma.
1078
X 7 i = 7(1) + 7(2) + 7(3) + 7(4) + 7(5)

;= !
= 7 + 1 4 + 2 1 + 2 8 + 35
symmetric distribution (p. 727) A probability d istribu tion ,

represented by a histogram , in w hich you ca n draw a v erticai
iin e th at divides th e h isto g ram into tw o p arts th at are m irror
im ages.
distribucion simetrica (pag. 727) D istribu cion de
0.30
" *5
0.20
0.10
<i:
0
probabiiidad rep resen tad a por un h isto gram a en ia que se

puede trazar u n a recta v ertical que divida al h isto g ra m a en
dos partes; estas so n im agenes esp ecu lares en tre si.
synthetic division (p. 363) A m ethod used to divide a
1 2
Number of successes
Numero de exitos
-3
poiynom iai by a divisor o f th e form x -
-6
division sintetica (pag. 363) M etodo u tiiizad o para dividir
un polinom io por un divisor en la form a x -
-8
15
-2 1
-1 6
-5
2*3 + * i - h f + 5 ^ - 5 * + 7 - ^ x+3
synthetic substitution (p. 338) A m ethod used to evaiuate a
x+3
-5
-4
poiynom iai fu n ctio n .
sustitucion sintetica (pag. 338) M etodo u tiiizad o para

evaiuar u na fu n cio n poiin o m ica.
8
15
2^
5^
23
The synthetic su b stitu tio n above indicates that fo r
^]x) = 2** - 5*3 - 4x + 8,/i3) = 23.

La su stitu c io n sintetica de arriba indica que para
/ ix ) = 2 x " - 5x3 - 4 x + g
^ 23.
ENGLiSH-SPANiSH
system of iinear inequaiities in two variabies (p. 168) A

system co n sistin g o f tw o or m ore iin ea r in eq u a iities in two
variabies. See %/so lin ea r in eq u ality in tw o v ariables.
sistema de desiguaidades iineaies con dos variabies
x + y<8
4 x -y > 6
(pag. 168) Sistem a que co n siste de dos o m as desiguaidades

iin eaies co n dos variables. Ver fam h/en desiguaidad iin ea i
con dos variabies.
GLOSSARY
system of three iinear equations in three variabies

(p. 178) A system co n sistin g o f th ree lin ea r eq u atio n s in th ree
variabies. See %/so iin ear eq u ation in th ree variables.
sistema de tres ecuaciones iineaies en tres variabies
2x + y - z = 5
3x 2y + z - 16
4x + 3y - 5z = 3
(pdg. 178) Sistem a form ado por tres ecu acio n e s iin ea ies con
tres variabies. têr tam b/en ecu acio n iin e a i co n tres variables.
E nglish-Spanish C io ssary
1079
system of two iinear equations in two variabies

(p. 153) A system co n sistin g o f two eq u atio n s th at c a n be
w ritten in th e form Ax + By = C an d D x + Ey = E w here x and
y are variabies, A and B are not b o th zero, and D and E are
not b o th zero.
sistema de dos ecuaciones iineaies con dos variabies
4x + y = 8
2 x -3 y = 18
(pag. 153) U n sistem a que co n siste en dos ecu acio n e s que se

pueden escrib ir de ia form a Ax + By = C y Dx + Ey = B donde
x e y son variabies, A y B no son am b o s cero, y D y E tam p o co
son am b o s cero.
tangent function (p. 852) If 6 is an acu te angie o f a right
See sine function.
triangie, th e tangent o f 0 is th e iength o f th e side opposite 6

divided by th e iength o f th e side ad jacen t to 0.
funcidn tangente (pag. 852) Si d e s u n angu io agudo d e u n

triangu lo rectan gulo, ia tan g en te de 0 es ia iongitud dei iado
opuesto a 0 dividida por la iongitud del iado adyacen te a 0.
Ter funcidn seno.
terminai side of an angie (p. 859) in a co o rd in ate plane, an
See standard position o f an angie.
ENGHSH-SPANiSH
GLOSSARY
angie can be form ed by fixing one ray, called th e in itia l side,

and rotating th e oth er ray, called th e term in ai side, about th e
vertex.
iado terminai de un anguio (pag 859) En un piano de

coordenadas, u n anguio puede form arse ai fijar un rayo,
iiam ado iado in icial, y ai girar ei otro rayo, iiam ad o iado
term in ai, en torno ai vertice.
Ter posicion norm ai de un anguio.
term s of a sequence (p. 794) The values in th e range o f a
The first 4 term s o f the sequence 1, 3,9,

2 7 , 81, 2 4 3 ,... are 1, - 3 ,9 , and -2 7 .
sequence.
terminos de una progresion (pdg 794) Los vaiores dei

rango de u na progresion.
term s of an expression (p. 12) T h e p arts o f an expression

th at are added together.
term inos de una expresion (pag 12) Las p artes de u na

expresion que se su m an.
1080
Los 4 prim eros term inos de ia progresidn 1,

- 3 ,9 , -2 7 ,8 1 , - 2 4 3 , . . . son 1, - 3 , 9 y -2 7 .
The term s o f the aigebraic expression
3x^ + 5x + (7) are 3x^, 5x, and - 7 .
Los term inos de ia expresion aigebraica
3x^ + 5x + (-7 ) son 3x^, 5 x y - 7 .
theoretical probability
(p. 698) W hen all o u tco m es are

equally likely, th e th e o retica l p ro bability th a t an event A w ill
- nr
Number of outcomes in event A
o ccu r is P(A) = - :------- :----- 7 :--------------Total number of outcomes
T h e t h e o r e t i c a l p r o b a b ilit y o f r o llin g a n e v e n
n u m b e r u s in g a s t a n d a r d s ix -s id e d d ie
is = b e c a u s e 3 o u tc o m e s c o r r e s p o n d
t o r o llin g a n e v e n n u m b e r o u t o f 6 to t a l
o u tc o m e s.
probabiiidad teorica
(pdg. 6 9 8 ) C uando todos los ca so s son

igu alm ente posibles, la p robabiiidad teo rica de que o cu rra
L a p r o b a b iiid a d t e o r i c a d e s a c a r u n n u m e r o
/t
nr /ts Numero de casos del suceso A
u n su ceso A es P(A) = ----- ------------- ---------------- .
Numero total de casos
es ^
transform ation
T r a n s l a t io n s , v e r t ic a l s t r e t c h e s a n d
(p. 123) A tran sfo rm atio n ch an g es a graph's

size, shape, position, or o rien tation .
p a r a l I a n z a r u n d a d o n o r m a l d e s e is c a r a s
^ ya q u e 3 ca so s co rresp o n d en a un
n u m ero p a r d el to ta l de 6 c a so s.
s h r i n k s , r e f le c t io n s , a n d r o t a t i o n s a r e
tra n s fo r m a tio n s .
transform ation
(pag. 1 23) U n a tra n s fo rm a c io n c a m b ia e l

tam ano , la form a, la p o sicio n o la o rien tacio n de u n a g rah ca.
L a s t r a s la c i o n e s , la s e x p a n s io n e s y
c o n t r a c c i o n e s v e r t ic a l e s , la s r e f le x io n e s y la s
r o t a c io n e s s o n t r a n s f o r m a c i o n e s .
translation
(p. 123) A tran sfo rm atio n th a t sh ifts a graph

h orizontally a n d /o r vertically, but d oes n ot ch an g e its size,
shape, or orientation.
traslacion
(pag. 123) T ra n sfo rm a cio n q u e d e sp la z a u n a

grahca horizon tal o v erticalm en te, o de am b as m an eras,
pero que no cam b ia su tam ano , form a u orien tacio n .
ENGLISH
The graph o fy = l x + 4 ] - 2 is t h e g r a p h o f
y = ]x] t ra n s ite d down 2 u n its and le ft 4 u n its.
L a g ra lic a d e y = ] x + 4 [ - 2 e sla grahca de
transverse axis of a hyperbola
(p. 642) T h e lin e seg m ent
SPANISH GLOSSARY
y=
al tra slad a r esta 2 unidades hacia abajo
y 4 unidades hacia la izquierda.
See h y p e r b o la .
jo in in g th e v ertices o f a hyperbola.
eje transverso de una hiperbola
(pag 642) El seg m ento de

recta que une los v ertices de u n a hip erbola.
E er h ip e r b o la .
trigonometric identity
(p. 924) A trig on o m etric eq u atio n

th at is tru e for all d om ain values.
s in ( - 6 ) = - s i n 6
s in ^ 9 + c o s ^ 9 = l
identidad trigonom etrica (p ag 924) Ecuacid n

trig on o m etrica que es verdadera p ara tod os los valores del
dom inio.
sen ( - 6 ) = -s e n 9
sen ^9+cos^9=l
trinomial
(p. 252) T h e sum o f th ree m ono m ials,
4x^ + 3x - 1 is a t r i n o m i a l .
trinomio
(p3g. 252) La sum a de tres m onom ios.
4x^ + 3 x - 1 e s u n t r in o m io .
E nglish-Spanish G lo ssary
1081
c*
unbiased sampie (p. 767) A sam pie th at is represen tative o f
th e popuiation you w ant in fo rm atio n about.
You w ant to poll m em bers o f the senior class

about w h ere to hold the prom . If every senior
has an equ al ch ance o f being polled, then the
sam ple is unbiased.
m uestranosesgada (pag. 767) M u e s tra q u e e s
Q uieres en cuestar a algunos estudiantes de

Ultimo curso sobre el lugar donde organ izar
el baile de fin de ano. Si cada estudian te de
u ltim o cu rso tiene iguales posibilidades de
ser encuestado, entonces es una m uestra no
sesgada.
representativa de la p oblacion acerca de la cu al deseas

in form arte.
union of sets (p. 715) The u n io n o ftw o s e ts A and B, w ritten

A u B, is the set o f ail elem ents in either A or B.
If A = {1,2 ,4 ,8 } and B = ( 2 ,4 ,6 , 8,10}, then

A u B = 1 1 ,2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,1 0 } .
union deconjuntos (pag. 715) La u nio n de dos co n ju n to s

A y B, escrita A u B, es el co n ju n to de todos los elem en tos que
estan en A o B .
Si A = {1, 2, 4,8} y B = {2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,10 }, entonces

A u B = 1 1 ,2 ,4 ,6 ,8 ,1 0 } .
unit circie (p. 867) The circle
+ y^ = 1, w hich has cen ter

(0, 0) and radius 1. For an angle d in standard position, the
term in al side o f 0 in tersects th e u n it circle at th e point
(cos 0, sin 0).
circuio unidad (pag. 867) El circu lo
ENGLiSH
SPANiSH GLOSSARY
+ y^ = 1, que tien e
cen tro (0, 0) y radio 1. Para un angu lo 0 en p osicion norm al,
ei lado term in al de 0 co rta al circu lo unidad en el punto
(cos 0, sen 0).
universaiset (p. 715) T he set o fa ll elem ents under
See com plem ent o f a set.
consid eration; denoted f/.
conjunto universa! (pag. 715) El co n ju n to de todos los
Per com plem ento de un conjunto.
elem entos tenid os en cu en ta; se in d ica (7.
variabie (p. 11) A letter th at is used to represen t one or m ore

num bers.
variabie (p3g. 11) L e tra u tiliz a d a p a ra r e p re s e n ta ru n o o

m as num eros.
In the expressions 6jr, 3x^ + 1, and

12 5x, the letter * is the variable.
En las expresiones 6x, 3 ^ + 1 y
12 - 5x, la letra %es la variable.
variabie term (p. 12) A term th at has a variable part,
The variable term s o f the algebraic

expression 3x^ + 5% + (7) are 3jt^ and 5v.
termino aigebraico (pag. 12) T erm ino que tien e variable.
Los term inos algebraicos de la expresidn

algebraica 3x^ + 5x + (7) son 3x^ y 5x.
verbai modei (p. 34) A word eq u ation th at represen ts a reallife problem .
modeio verbai (pag. 34) E cu acion expresad a m ed ian te

p alabras que representa u n p roblem a de la vida real.
1082
(cos 0, sin 0 ) \ /
(cos 8, sen 0 ) / '*
D istance
(miles)
Rate
(miles/hour)
Tim e
(hours)
D istancia
(millas)
Velocidad
(m illas/hora)
* Tiem po
(horas)
vertex form of a quadratic function (p. 245) The form

y = a (x - h f + A;, w here th e vertex o f th e graph is (h, A;) and
th e axis o f sy m m etry is x = h.
forma de vertice de una funcidn cuadratica (pag 245) La

form a y = n(x - h f + A:, donde el v ertice de la g rafica es (h, Ar)
y el eje de sim etrfa es x = h.
vertex of a paraboia (pp. 236,620) The p oin t on a p arabola
1
2
The quadratic fu n ction y = - v(x + 2 ) + 5
is in vertex form .
La funcidn cu ad ratica y = ^(x + 2) + 5
estd en ia form a de vertice.
See paraboia.
th at lies on th e axis o f sym m etry.
vertice de una paraboia (pdgs. 236,620) El punto de u na
Ver paraboia.
p arabo la que se en cu en tra en el e je de sim etrfa.
vertex of an absoiute vaiue graph (p. 123) T h e h ig h est or

low est point on th e graph o f an absolu te value fu n ctio n .
\
/
vertice de una grafica de vaior absoiuto (pdg 123) El
punto m as alto o m as b ajo de la g rafica de u na fun cid n de

valor absoiuto.
(4,3)
i
' t
The vertex of the graph of y = l x - 4 l
+ 3 is the
point (4 ,3 ).
E l vertice de la grafica d e y = l x - 4 [
punto (4 ,3 ).
vertices of a hyperboia (p. 642) T h e p oints o f in tersectio n
+3esei
See hyperbola.
vertices de una hiperboia (pag 642) Los pu ntos de
ENGUSH
o f a hyperbola and th e lin e th rou gh th e foci o f th e hyperbola.

V&r hiperboia.
in terseccio n de u na h ip erbo ia y la recta que pasa por los

focos de la hiperboia.
SPANiSH GLOSSARY
vertices of an eiiipse (p. 634) T he p oin ts o f in tersectio n of
See ellipse.
an ellipse and th e lin e throu gh th e foci o f th e ellipse.
vertices de una eiipse (pdg. 634) Los puntos de in terseccio n
Ver eiipse.
de u na eiipse y la recta que pasa por los foco s de la eiipse.
a
x-intercept (p. 91) T h e x -c o o r d in a te o fa p o in tw h e r e a
graph in tersects th e x-axis.
intercepto e n x (pdg. 91) La c o o rd e n a d a x d e u n punto

donde u na g rafica co rta al eje de x.
The x-intercep t is 6.
Et intercepto en x e s 6.
E nglish-Spanish G lo ssary
1083
a
y -in tercep t (p. 89) T he y -coo rd in ate o f a p oin t w here a
'r
graph in tersects th e y-axis.
(0 3)
X + 2y
in te rc e p to e n y (pag. 89) La co o rd en ad ay d e u n punto

donde u na grafica co rta ai eje de y.
,0
'
Th e / intercept i s 3.
E) interceptoen y e s 3.
zero of a function (p. 254) A n u m ber L i s a zero o f a

fu n c tio n /if/(L ) = 0.
The zeros o fth e fu n ctio n /M = 2 (x + 3 ) ( x - 1)

are - 3 and 1.
cero de una funcion (pag. 254) Un num ero L es un cero de

u n a fu n c io n /s i/(L ) = 0.
Los ceros de fa funcion/(x) = 2(x + 3)(x - 1)

son - 3 y 1.
z-score (p. 758) The n u m ber z o f stand ard deviations th a t a
A norm ai distribution has a m ean o f 76 and

a standard deviation o f 9. The z-score for
x -x
6 4 -7 6
% = 64 i s z =
- 1 .3 .
data vaiue iies above or beiow th e m ean o f th e d ata set:

z= -
puntuacion z (pdg. 758) Ei num ero z de d esviacion es tfpicas

que un vaior se en cu en tra por en cim a o por debajo
de ia m edia del co n ju n to de datos: z = - - .
_ x x
_ 64 76
,3
GLOSSARY
z --------- = - = - 1 .3 .
G
9
ENGL!SH-SPAN)SH
1084
Una distribucion norm al tiene una

m edia de 76 y u n a desviacion tip ica de 9.
La p untuacion z p ara x = 64 es
a
Absolute value, 50,51
of a complex number, 279,280
equations, 50-58,60, 64
functions, 121-129,144
graphing, 50, 51
inequalities, 5 0 -5 8 ,6 0 ,6 4 ,1 3 5 ,1 3 6
in a system, 169-173
ACT, See Standardized Test
Preparation
Activities, See also Geometry
software; Graphing calculator
absolute value equations and
inequalities, 50
collect and model trigonometric
data, 948
completing the square, 283
end behavior of polynomial
functions, 336
exploring inverse functions, 437
exploring recursive rules, 826
exploring transformations,
121-122
fitting a line to data, 112
fitting a model to data, 774
graphing linear equations in three
variables, 177
infinite geometric series, 819
intersections of planes and cones,
649
inverse trigonometric functions,
874
inverse variation, 550
using the Location Principle, 378
modeling data with an exponential
function, 528
probability using Venn diagrams,
706
solve linear systems using tables,
152
trigonometric identities, 923
Addition
of complex numbers, 276-277, 279
with fractions, 979
of functions, 428-435
integer, 975
matrix, 187,189-192,194
as opposite of subtraction, 4
of polynomials, 346-352,403
properties, 3,1 8
for matrices, 188
of rational expressions, 582-588,
602,605
Addition property of equality, 18
Additive inverse, 4
of a complex number, 280
Algebra, formulas and theorems
from, 1027-1028
Algebra tiles
to model binomial products, 985
to model completing the square,
283
Algorithm
for adding or subtracting a rational
expression, 582,583
for evaluating a trigonometric
function, 868
for graphing an absolute value
function, 124,125
for graphing an equation of a
circle,626
translated, 650
for graphing an equation of an
ellipse, 635
translated, 652
hyperbola, 643
translated, 651
parabola, 621
translated, 651
for graphing an equation in slopeintercept form, 90
for graphing an equation in
standard form, 91
for graphing an equation in two
variables, 74
for graphing a horizontal
translation, 916
for graphing a linear inequality, 133
for graphing a quadratic function
in intercept form, 247
for graphing a quadratic inequality
in two variables, 300
for graphing a rational function,
558
for graphing a system of linear
inequalities, 168
for graphing a vertical translation,
915
for order of operations, 10
for solving an absolute value
equation, 52
for solving a radical equation, 452
for translating a trigonometric
graph, 915
for writing an exponential
function, 529
for writing a power function, 531
Alternative m ethod, See Another

Way; Problem Solving
Workshop
Ambiguous case, 883-884
Amplitude, 908, 909
Analyze, exercises, 8,185, 696, 712,
748, 749
And rule, 1000-1001
Angle(s)
Brewster's, 930
central, 861
complementary, 994
coterminal, 860, 863
degree measure of, 859-864
of depression, 855
of elevation, 855
initial side of, 859
quadrantal, 867
radian measure of, 860-864
reference, 868,871
of repose, 879
special, 963
in standard position, 859
supplementary, 994
terminal side of, 859
Angle bisector, 994
Animated Aigebra, Throughout. Sec
^br exampie 1, 71 ,1 5 1 ,2 3 5 ,
3 2 9 ,4 1 3 ,4 7 7 , 5 4 9 ,613,681,
743, 793,851, 907
Another Way, 1 8 ,4 8 -4 9 ,9 1 ,9 2 ,1 0 5 ,
17 9 ,1 8 9 ,2 1 8 -2 1 9 ,2 7 2 -2 7 3 ,
2 8 4 ,2 9 3 ,3 6 0 -3 6 1 ,3 9 6 ,
460-461, 493, 523-525, 575,
596-597, 640, 660, 714, 720,
781, 834-835, 867, 889, 895,
938-939,950
Applications
advertising, 1 7 0 ,181,220
apparel, 410,461, 681, 720
archaeology, 1 0 5 ,3 5 8 ,4 7 0 ,6 1 9 ,8 9 0
archery, 743,748
art, 200, 264, 358, 373, 400, 404,
676,729, 808
astronomy, 8, 2 7 0 ,3 3 2 ,3 6 9 ,4 2 6 ,
459, 477, 519, 524, 525, 535,
632, 638 ,6 3 9 ,6 4 1 , 648,654,
666, 673 ,6 7 7 ,8 0 0 , 864, 888,
904
aviation, 34,215,398,426,570,587,
631,639,667,790,879,894,961
baseball, 54, 57,69, 78,173,233,
2 8 7 ,3 1 5 ,3 2 7 , 345,442, 475,
5 7 1 ,5 9 5 ,6 6 3 ,7 6 6 , 790, 846,
847, 862, 896
in d ex
1085
!NDEX
1086
basketball, 57,74, 215,241, 368,

458,606, 679, 691,721,729,
740, 770, 846, 962, 973
bicycling, 78, 351, 472, 601, 683,
756, 879, 940, 946
biology, 4 4 ,8 8 ,9 1 ,1 0 8 ,1 8 6 ,2 5 0 ,
2 9 8 ,3 1 9 ,3 3 5 ,3 4 4 ,3 6 9 ,4 0 0 ,
416, 421, 426, 429, 433, 458,
485, 491, 494, 497, 505, 512,
532, 533, 534, 536, 541, 624,
711,722, 759, 761,782,832
botany, 38,46, 85, 762, 779, 782
bowling, 94 ,4 1 8 ,4 3 6 ,4 6 9
business, 3 2 ,1 0 3 ,1 1 7 ,1 2 8 ,1 3 7 ,
165,166,
174,175, 176, 185,
186,192, 194, 201, 202, 209,
213,218,219, 220, 262, 264,
274, 290, 348, 365, 367, 385,
398, 400, 405, 464, 475, 498,
563, 631,679, 689, 732, 769,
779, 824, 849
camping, 94,368
chemistry, 59, 6 9,206,209,491,
497, 504, 506, 521, 588, 589,
601, 818, 832, 872, 904
computers and Internet, 15,47, 65,
106, 139, 145, 274, 480, 484,
535, 547, 553,562,607, 657,
713, 741, 767, 769, 782, 787,
791,841,847
construction, 3 9 ,1 4 5 ,3 0 6 ,3 2 3 ,3 7 7 ,
392, 458, 557, 594, 754, 818,
896, 901, 902, 904
consumer economics, 16, 23,33,
40, 49, 68,103, 111, 155,157,
185, 2 2 3 ,2 3 0 ,3 1 6 ,4 3 1 ,4 3 3 ,
473,611,679,
784
contests, 46, 269, 272, 273, 303,
696, 699, 942
crafts, 137,1 4 8 ,1 7 4 ,1 7 6 ,1 8 6 ,2 1 6 ,
226, 261, 264, 274, 291, 326,
843,905
design, 2 4 ,3 1 ,3 9 ,2 5 8 ,3 1 6 ,3 2 6 ,
358,3 6 0 ,3 6 1 ,3 6 9 ,3 7 6 , 377,
560, 570, 618, 667, 688, 849
diving, 38, 76,110, 270, 597
earth science, 3, 6, 57, 945
education, 119, 201, 230, 351, 392,
485, 537, 546,611,688, 692,
695, 705, 708, 737, 754, 773,
775,817
electricity, 144, 277, 281, 282, 556,
587, 749, 849, 945
employment, 7 ,1 9 ,2 3 ,3 3 , 49,157,
172, 436, 735, 753, 755, 764,
770, 818, 864, 922
engineering, 129,246, 250
entertainment, 59,103,120, 200,
208, 227, 351,475, 579, 699,
808, 843
S tu d ent R eso u rces
equipment, 58, 198, 484, 504, 552,

556, 572
exercising, 15, 439
fairs, 11, 42, 165,176, 258, 809
finance, 15,33, 62, 6 6 ,1 4 4 ,2 1 9 ,
2 2 7 ,3 5 2 ,3 8 6 ,4 0 7 ,4 1 8 ,4 7 5 ,
481,483, 484,485, 488, 489,
490, 491, 495, 497, 498, 506,
521, 525, 526, 537, 543, 547,
570, 588, 679,817, 832,838,
847, 849
fitness, 9 4 ,1 0 5 ,1 5 7 ,1 8 4 ,7 0 5
food, 7, 33, 62, 137,149,176, 184,
193,216, 2 5 1 ,3 5 1 ,3 6 1 ,4 0 3 ,
521, 547, 572, 697, 705, 709,
712, 730, 735, 765, 873, 940
footbaii, 59, 106, 247, 250, 298, 314,
441, 485 ,6 3 8 ,7 2 3 , 741, 748,
787, 791 ,8 7 1 ,9 6 2 , 970
fundraising, 81, 104, 129,139,162,
166, 475, 600, 717, 849
games, 1 2 8 ,1 7 2 ,2 3 1 ,2 9 0 ,3 1 6 ,3 2 6 ,
592, 596, 687, 696, 701, 702,
703, 704, 732, 738, 746, 800,
865
gardening, 67, 103,139, 208, 230,
258, 264,274, 522, 543, 631,
676, 678, 8 7 2 ,8 8 7 ,8 9 5
geography, 204, 208, 209, 320, 704,
858, 872, 951, 961
geology, 8, 334, 335, 419, 505, 521,
543,6 1 6 ,6 1 9 , 631,663
golf, 149,756, 893, 961
government, 7 9 ,1 0 6 ,1 4 6 ,1 4 7 ,1 4 9 ,
352, 407, 410, 703, 723, 737,
740, 769, 771, 772
gymnastics, 5 4 ,5 5 ,5 7 , 233
history, 139,148,158, 233, 359, 385,
392, 400, 407, 410, 598, 600,
611,679,
779, 846
hockey, 33 ,1 9 8 ,2 3 1
law enforcement, 157
manufacturing, 57, 176, 189, 225,
358,367,
3 6 8 ,3 6 9 ,3 7 6 ,4 3 3 ,
475, 567, 572, 574, 601, 732,
761,780
measurement, 31, 33, 58, 59, 68,
81,104, 257, 265, 343, 383,
389,3 9 1 ,4 0 0 , 4 0 8 ,4 11,436,
444, 450, 4 5 1 ,5 6 9 ,6 0 1 ,6 1 1 ,
647, 664, 679, 855, 857, 901,
927
medicine, 490, 498, 639, 723, 729
movies, 15, 29, 59,134, 148, 159,
271, 343, 398, 399, 433, 547,
696, 705, 790, 813
music, 101, 224, 242, 316, 367, 537,
552, 556, 594, 688, 718, 767,
808, 829, 844, 864, 913, 948,
963, 972
nutrition, 216
oceanography, 932, 933, 938, 939
Olympics, 119, 201, 684, 705, 748,
749, 752, 780, 864
parabolic reflectors, 622-625,641
pets, 219,713, 749
photography, 13,106, 242, 426, 512,
585, 644, 683, 688, 735, 755,
880, 896, 954
physics, 1 1 9 ,1 2 5 ,1 4 3 ,2 7 2 ,2 7 3 ,
3 0 6 ,3 1 1 ,3 4 0 ,4 1 8 , 444, 447,
450, 451, 453, 457, 458, 464,
469,475, 497, 5 0 9 ,5 11,512,
513,519,
522, 524,535, 547,
585, 654, 673, 864, 913, 929,
953, 957, 972
physiology, 5 7 ,7 8 ,1 7 3 ,3 0 6 ,3 8 5 ,
444, 536, 540, 572, 765, 782,
790, 832,910, 921
population, 7 9 ,1 0 6 ,1 1 9 , 385, 410,
484, 546, 842
racing, 3 8 ,4 5 1 ,4 6 3 , 718
recreation, 8, 35, 36, 46, 68, 79, 95,
137,138, 166,186, 239, 299,
556, 562, 656, 669, 679, 737,
815, 855, 870, 871, 873, 894,
916, 921,922, 940
repairs, 23, 65
running, 39,314, 579
safety, 105, 662, 720
skateboarding, 82, 290, 343, 564
soccer, 6 8 ,3 0 7 ,3 2 2 , 676, 726, 815,
904, 957, 961
softball, 200,290
space travel, 243, 396, 570, 656,
751, 752
structures, 87, 88, 104, 242, 246,
250, 257, 258, 289, 299,311,
3 1 4 ,3 1 5 ,3 5 6 ,3 5 8 ,3 5 9 ,3 8 6 ,
419, 498, 631, 716, 808, 847,
851, 864, 873, 887, 888, 918,
921,953
swimming, 46,158, 243, 392
telephone, 9 4 ,1 1 3 ,1 3 7 , 298,369,
497, 595, 600, 628, 630, 954
television, 138,184, 323, 407, 600,
607, 731,768, 770, 788
temperature, 32,44, 57,59,69,444,
521, 535,562,570, 754,756,781,
943,946,947,963,972,1005
tennis, 325, 335, 679, 723, 904
track and field, 32,184, 418, 689,
695, 756, 864
travel, 5, 7, 15, 33, 62, 63, 81, 88,
158,159,243, 601, 641, 703,
857
vehicles, 7 ,3 6 , 3 8 ,7 6 ,9 5 ,1 1 5 ,1 2 8 ,
166, 192, 227, 233, 298, 307,
410,444, 445, 469, 472, 530,
537, 563, 5 7 2 ,6 18,619, 641,
Associative property, 3
646, 6 6 0 ,662,667,722, 777,
for matrix operations, 188,197
7 8 0 ,8 5 7 ,8 6 9 ,8 7 7 ,8 7 9 , 898,
Asymptote
9 0 1 ,9 0 4 ,9 0 5 ,9 2 1 ,9 6 9
for exponential decay functions,
volleyball, 64 ,2 9 0 ,3 2 1 ,3 2 7 , 594
486,487
volunteering, 95,696
for exponential growth functions,
weather, 105,108,1 1 0 ,4 5 8 ,4 6 0 ,
478, 479
500,513, 5 6 2 ,636,712,719,
horizontal, 558
755, 785, 791,936, 943,953,
of a hyperbola, 642
969
for logarithmic functions, 502
wildlife, 8, 9,16, 44, 108, 109, 111,
for rational functions, 558,565
1 7 2 ,2 0 4 ,2 4 2 ,2 5 1 ,2 7 3 ,3 0 6 ,
331,344,
385, 400, 429, 485, vertical, 558
@Home Tutor, TLroaghoaf. See^br
630,648, 664,729,922
examp/e xxiv, 8 ,1 5 ,1 7 ,2 3 ,2 5 ,
winter sports, 343,556,682, 734
3 1 ,3 8 ,4 6 , 57,61, 63, 70,78,
Approximation, See also Estimation;
9 4 ,9 7 ,1 0 3 ,1 1 0 ,1 2 2 ,1 4 1 ,1 4 3
Prediction
Augmented m atrices, 218-219
of the area of an ellipse, 640
Average, See Mean
of best-fitting line, 115-120, 146
Avoid Errors, 12, 20, 28, 43, 52, 73, 82,
of binomial distribution, 763-765
1 0 8 ,1 1 5 ,1 2 6 ,1 3 3 ,1 5 3 ,1 6 3 ,
of correlation, 113,114,117
187, 2 0 5 ,2 3 8 ,2 4 7 ,2 5 2 , 260,
exercises, 3 3 5,557,904
2 6 7 ,2 7 7 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 2 ,3 3 0 , 338,
of real zeros of a function, 382-383,
347, 354, 355, 362, 370,371,
384
415, 416, 423, 430, 441, 480,
of roots, 415, 417
Arc length, of a sector, 861-865
488, 507, 553, 573, 584,599,
644, 654, 658, 683, 691, 693,
Archimedes, 857
700,708, 719, 726, 744,795,
Area, See a/so Formulas, 991
797, 8 0 3 ,8 1 1 ,8 2 1 ,8 2 8 , 862,
using determinants to find, 204,
208, 209, 217
877,890
Axis (Axes)
of an ellipse, 636, 638,640
Heron's area formula, 891
coordinate, 987
of a parallelogram, 991
of an ellipse, 634
of symmetry for a conic section,
of a rectangle, 991
of a sector, 861-865
652, 655
ofatrapezoid, 991
of symmetry for a parabola, 236,
of a triangle, 885, 887, 888, 891,991
620
Area model
for completing the square, 283
for a quadratic equation, 254,257,
258,261
Bar graph, 1006-1007
Arithmetic sequence, 802-809, 839,
Base
841
of a logarithm, 499
recursive rules and, 827-833, 839,
of a power, 10
842
Best-fitting line, 112-120,143
Arithmetic series, 804-809,839,841
correlation coefficient, 114
Assessment, See a/so Online Quiz;
linear regression and, 116
State Test Practice
Best-fitting quadratic model, 311
Chapter Test, 65,145, 227,323,407,
Bias in sampling, 767, 769, 770-773
469, 543, 607, 673, 737, 787,
Biased question, 772-773
843,901, 969
Biased sample, 767
Quiz, 7'/noMg7:oMf. See jb r examp/e
Biconditional statem ent, 1002-1003
40, 5 8 ,9 6 ,1 2 0 ,1 3 8 ,1 6 7 ,1 9 3 ,
Big Ideas, 1, 60, 71, 140,151, 221, 235,
217,265, 291,315, 352,377,
317, 32 9 ,4 0 1 ,4 1 3 , 465, 477,
399
538, 549, 602, 613, 668, 681,
Standardized Test Practice, 68-69,
733, 743, 783, 793, 839, 851,
148-149, 230-231,326-327,
964
410-411, 472-473, 546-547,
Binom ial(s), See a/so Polynomial(s),
610-611, 676-677, 740-741,
252
790-791, 846-847, 904-905,
cube of, 347
972-973
multiplying, 347-3 5 1 ,9 8 5
square of, 347

Binom ial distribution, 725-731, 733,
736
approximating, 763-765
calculating, 731
skewed, 727,728
symmetric, 727, 728
Binom ial expansion, 693-696
Pascal's triangle and, 693, 695
Binom ial experim ent, 725
Binom ial theorem , 693
using, 693-6 9 6 ,7 3 5
Bisector
angle, 994
perpendicular, 615-617
Bounded region, 174
Boundary line, for an inequality, 132
Box-and-w hiskerplot, 1008-1009
Branches, of a hyperbola, 558
Brewster's angle, 930
$ 3
Calculator, See a/so Graphing
calculator
approximating roots, 415, 417
calculating compound
interest, 481
entering negative numbers, 17
evaluating expressions, 17
evaluating inverse trigonometric
functions, 876
evaluating logarithms, 500-501
evaluating permutations, 685
evaluating trigonometric
functions, 854
simplifying natural base
expressions, 492
Calculator Based Laboratory (CBL),
948
Center
of a circle, 626, 992
of a conic section, 650-652
of a hyperbola, 642
of rotation, 988
Central angle, of a sector, 861
Central tendency, measures of,
744-750, 783, 784, 1005
Chain rule, 1000-1001
Challenge, exercises, Throaghoaf. See
ybr examp/e 7 ,9 ,1 5 ,1 6 ,2 3 ,2 4 ,
3 1 ,3 2 ,3 8 , 3 9 ,4 5 ,4 7 , 56, 58,
78, 79, 87, 88, 9 4 ,9 6
Change-of-base formula, 508-509,
511
Chapter Review, 6 1-64,141-144,
222-226, 318-322, 402-406,
466-468, 539-542, 603-606,
669-672, 734-736, 784-786,
8 4 0 -8 4 2 ,8 9 8 -9 0 0 ,9 6 5 -9 6 8
X3QN)
Chapter Summary, 60,140 ,2 2 1 ,3 1 7 ,

parallel and perpendicular lines,
424, 4 3 2 ,4 4 2 ,4 4 9 , 456, 466,
401,465,538, 602,668,733,
84, 86
482, 489, 510, 519, 525, 533,
783, 839, 897, 964
probability distributions, 727, 728
5 3 9 ,5 5 5 ,5 6 1 ,5 6 8 , 577, 586,
Chapter Test, See Assessment
samples, 766, 769
592, 617, 624, 629, 654, 661,
Checking solutions
series, 805
686, 694, 710, 714, 721, 734,
using a calculator, 876
triangles using the distance
747, 753, 760, 769, 778, 798,
using end behavior, 393
formula, 614-615, 617
806, 807, 814, 823, 840, 856,
by graphing, 255,311,440, 518,931
zeros of a polynomial function,
8 6 2 ,8 7 0 ,8 7 8 , 886, 892,898,
using a graphing caicuiator, 161,
3 8 1 -3 8 2 ,3 8 4 ,3 8 5
912, 9 1 9 ,9 2 7 ,9 3 5 ,9 3 9 , 944,
2 8 5 ,2 9 2 ,2 9 3 ,4 6 2 ,5 1 8 , 591,
Closure property, 3
945, 952, 959
659,958
Coefficient
Commutative property, 3
using inverse operations, 362
leading, 337
using logical reasoning, 373, 763
of a power, 12
Compare, exercises, 8 ,3 9 , 61,135,
using slope-intercept form, 154
Coefficient m atrix, 205-206
137, 208, 243, 251, 271, 289,
using substitution, 1 8 ,1 9 ,2 0 ,3 6 ,
Cofunction identities, 924
327, 458, 472, 528, 572, 580,
52,9 1 ,1 3 3 ,1 5 3 ,
160,179, Combination(s),
205,
690-697, 733,735
619, 623, 645, 649, 702, 714,
267, 285, 381, 452, 454, 455,
formula, 690
740, 749, 756, 787, 791, 800,
4 6 8 ,5 1 7 ,5 1 8 ,5 9 1 ,9 3 4
Pascal's triangle and, 692,695
8 0 7 ,818,872, 896, 912, 948
using unit analysis, 5 ,7 ,3 4
probability and, 699, 702
Comparing
Choosing a method
Combinatorics, formulas from, 1028
graphs of absolute value functions,
exercises, 9 4 ,1 6 4 ,1 8 3 ,3 0 5 ,3 5 7 ,
Common difference, 802
121-125
892, 893
Common factors, 978
graphs of quadratic functions,
for solving linear systems, 163
Common logarithm, 500
236-237,240
Choosing a model, for data, 774-781,
change-of-base formula and,
independent and dependent
786
508-509,511
events, 719
Circle, 626, 992
Common m isconceptions, See Error
standard and translated equations,
area of, 992
Analysis
650,651
center of, 626, 992
Common multiple, 978
types of variation, 554
central angle of, 861
Common ratio, 810
Complem ent
Communication
circumference of, 992
of an event, 709-713, 718
degree measure of, 860
describing in words, 7 ,1 3 ,1 7 ,2 2 ,
of a set, 715-716
diameter of, 992
Complem entary angles, 994
30,38, 45, 50, 56,68, 77, 86,
eccentricity of, 665-666
93, 9 4 ,1 0 2 ,1 1 7 ,1 1 8 , 119, 122,
Completing the square, 283-291, 317,
equation of, 626
1 2 7 ,1 2 8 ,1 3 6 ,1 4 9 ,1 5 6 ,1 6 4 ,
321, 653
using algebra tiles, 283
1 7 1 ,1 8 0 ,1 8 6 ,1 9 0 ,1 9 9 ,2 0 7 ,
graphing, 626-633, 668,670
209, 214, 216, 240, 256, 263,
translated, 650,652-657
Complex conjugates, 278,380
writing, 627-632, 668, 670
Complex conjugates theorem , 380
270, 280, 281, 289, 296, 297,
Complex fraction, 584
304, 3 0 8 ,3 1 3 ,3 1 6 , 334,344,
finding the center given three
points, 616,619
simplifying, 584-588
349, 357,366, 375, 390, 397,
418, 4 2 4 ,4 3 6 ,4 4 2 , 450, 456,
inequalities and, 628, 630-632
Com plexnum ber(s), 276
radian measure of, 860
absolute value of, 279,280
483,489, 496, 503, 505,510,
511,520,
53 4 ,5 5 5 ,5 5 7 , 562, additive inverse of, 280
radius of, 626, 992
sector of, 861
Julia set and, 282
568, 570, 578, 586, 623, 624,
translated, 650
Mandelbrot set and, 281
629, 637,645, 646, 655,694,
unit, 867
multiplicative inverse of, 280
702, 710, 722, 747, 748, 753,
Circle graph, 1006-1007
operations with, 276-282,317,
754, 769, 770, 778, 806, 814,
320-321
823, 829, 831, 835, 856, 863,
Circular function, 866
plotting, 278
878, 886, 893,898, 905,913,
Circular model, 628, 630-632
standard form of, 276
919, 920, 928,935, 942, 944,
Circular motion, modeling, 916, 921,
Complex plane, 278
952, 959, 960
922
reading math, 54, 8 3 ,1 7 4 ,2 7 7 ,3 3 9 ,
Circular permutation, 689
Julia set on, 282
830, 854, 861, 868
Circumference, of a circle, 992
Mandelbrot set on, 281
Composite number, 978
writing in math, 6 ,1 3 , 21, 25, 37,
Classifying
Composition, of a function, 430-435,
44, 49, 5 5 ,6 1 ,7 6 , 86, 93, 101,
conics, 653, 654, 656
465, 467
1 0 9 ,1 1 7 ,1 2 7 ,1 2 8 ,1 3 5 ,1 3 6 ,
functions, 75, 80-81, 337,479, 487,
Compound event, 707
156, 1 6 4 ,1 7 1 ,1 8 2 ,1 9 0 , 199,
489
207, 214, 240, 249, 255, 263,
probability of, 707-713
inverse and direct variation, 551
Compound inequality, 41-47
2 6 9 ,2 7 9 ,2 8 8 ,2 9 6 ,3 0 4 ,3 1 2 ,
linear systems, 154-157
absolute value form of, 53
3 1 8 ,3 3 3 ,3 4 1 ,3 4 9 ,3 5 6 ,3 7 4 ,
lines by slope, 83
numbers, 2
Compound interest, 481, 483-485
3 8 3 ,3 9 0 ,3 9 2 ,3 9 7 ,4 0 2 ,4 1 7 ,
1088
graphing, 8 7 4 ,9 0 8 -9 1 4 ,9 6 4 ,9 6 5
reflections, 917,920
translations, 915-917, 919-922,
966
half-angle formula for, 955
using, 955-962
inverse of, 874-879,897
sinusoids, and, 941-948
sum formula for, 949
using, 949-954
Cosines, law of, 889-895, 897,900
Cotangent function, See a/so
Trigonometric function(s)
evaluating for any angle, 866-872
evaluating for right triangles,
852-858
Cotangent identities, 924,966
Coterm inal angle, 860, 863
Counterexample, 1003
Co-vertices, of an ellipse, 634
Cramer's rule, 205-209, 221,226
Critical jr-values, 303,599
Cross multiplication, to solve
rational equations, 589-590
Cube root function, 4 4 7 -4 5 1 ,4 6 5 ,4 6 8
parent, 446,465
Cubes
difference of, 354
sum of, 354
Cubic function, See a/so Polynomial
function(s), 337
inverse of, 441
writing, 393-399
Cubic regression, 396
Cumulative Review, 232-233,
4 74-4 7 5 ,6 7 8 -6 7 9 ,8 4 8 -8 4 9
Cycle, of a function, 908
Cylinder
surface area of, 63,567, 572, 580,
993
volume of, 334, 350, 567, 572, 580,
993
a
Data, See a/so Graphs; Modeling;
Statistics
analyzing
using best-fitting line, 112-120
choosing a model for, 774-781,
786
finite differences, 393-399
fitting a model to, 774-781
geometric mean, 749
hypothesis testing, 764-765
margin of error, 768-771
measures of central tendency,
744-750, 783, 784,1005
measures of dispersion,
744-750, 783, 784,1005
negative correlation, 113,114,

117
normal distribution, 757-762,
783,785
outlier, 746, 747
positive correlation, 113,114,
117
quartiles, 1008-1009
range, 745-750
standard deviation, 745-750
applying transformations to,
751-755
collecting, 112, 550
biased question, 772-773
biased sample, 767
control group, 773
convenience sample, 766
from an experiment, 308,528,
7 72-7 7 3 ,7 7 4
population, 766
random sample, 766
sampling, 766-771,783, 786
self-selected sample, 766
using simulation, 714
from a survey, 763, 764, 766-771,
772-7 7 3 ,7 8 6
systematic sample, 766
unbiased sample, 767
displaying
in a bar graph, 1006-1007
in a circle graph, 1006-1007
in a line graph, 1006-1007
in a scatter plot, 113-120
organizing
in a box-and-whisker plot,
1008-1009
in a histogram, 724, 726-731,
1008-1009
in a line plot, 1008-1009
using matrices, 189,192
in a stem -and-leaf plot,
1008-1009
in a table, 112, 528
in a Venn diagram, 706
Decay factor, 486
Decay function
exponential, 4 8 6 -4 9 1 ,5 3 8 ,5 4 0
involving e, 493-498
Decim al exponents, 425
Decimals, fractions, percents, and,
976
Degree
converting between radians and,
860-864,899
measure of a circle, 860
of a polynomial function, 337, 339
Dependent events, 718-723
Dependent linear system, 154-157
Dependent variable, 74
Depression, angle of, 855
In d ex
1089
X3QN!
Compound statem ent, 1001

Concept Summary, 188,197,387,
861
Concepts, See Big Ideas; Concept
Summary; Key Concept
Condensing a logarithmic
expression, 508, 510, 541
Conditional probability, 718-723
Cone, intersected by a plane, See
Conics
Congruent Bgures, 996-997
Conics, See also Circle; Ellipse;
Hyperbola; Parabola, 649-657
classifying, 653, 656
degenerate, 657
discriminant of, 653, 656
lines of symmetry of, 652,655
translated, equations of, 650-657,
672
Conjugates, 267
compiex, 278
Connections, See Applications
Consistent linear system, 154-157
Constant
adding to data values, 751-755
common difference, 802
Constant ratio, 810
Constant term, 12
Constant of variation, 107, 551
Constraints, 174
Continuous function, 80-81
Continuously compounded interest,
494-495,497
Control group, 773
Convenience sample, 766
Converse, of a conditional statement,
1002-1003
Coordinate geometry, formulas from,
1026
Coordinate plane, 987
Corollary to the fundamental
theorem of algebra, 379
Correlation, describing, 113-114
Correlation coefficient, 114
Cosecant function, See a/so
Trigonometric function (s)
852-858
Cosine function, See a/so
Trigonometric equation(s);
difference formula for, 949
using, 949-954
double-angle formula for, 955
using, 955-962
852-858
Derivation
of Snell's law, 930
of a trigonometric model, 957
Descartes, Rene, 381
Descartes' Rule of Signs, 381
using, 381-382, 384, 385
Determinant, of a matrix, 203-209,
226
Diagram
drawing, problem solving strategy,
3 5 ,3 7 ,3 9
interpreting, 324,326, 608, 609,
610, 844, 846, 847, 937
mapping, 7 2 ,7 3 ,7 7
Pascal's triangle, 692, 695
tree, 682, 686,720,978
Venn, 2,430, 706-708, 715-716,
1004
Diameter, of a circle, 992
Difference
of two cubes, 354
of two squares, 253
Difference formulas, 949,964
using, 949-954,968
Dilation, on the coordinate plane,
989
Dimensions, of a matrix, 187,195
Direct argument, 1000-1001
Direct substitution, for evaluating
polynomial functions, 338
Direct variation, 107-111,140,143
Directrix, of a parabola, 620
Discrete function, 80-81
Discrete m athem atics
counting methods, 682-689
discrete functions, 80-81
Unite differences, 393-399
greatest common factor (GCF),
978-979
least common denominator (LCD),
979
least common multiple (LCM),
978-979
matrices, 187-219
mutually exclusive events, 707
Pascal's triangle, 692, 695
scatter plots, 113-120,143
sequences, 794-816
set theory, 715-716
tree diagram, 682,6 8 6 ,7 2 0 ,9 7 8
triangular numbers, 394
triangular pyramidal numbers, 395
Discriminant, 294, 296
of a conic equation, 653, 656
Disjoint event, 707, 736
Dispersion, measures of, 744-750,
783, 784,1005
Distance formula, 614, 619, 669
Distribution
binomial, 763-765
1090
Stu d en t R eso u rces
normal, 757-762, 783,785

standard normal, 758-762
Distributive property, 3
to add and subtract like radicals,
422
for solving linear equations, 20,
22-24
Division
of complex numbers, 278,280
inequalities and, 42-47
integer, 975
as opposite of multiplication, 4
polynomial, 362-368
properties, 18
with rational expressions, 576-580,
602,605
synthetic, 363-368
Division property of equality, 18
Domain
of a function, 7 3 ,7 6 ,3 9 1 ,4 2 8 -4 3 0 ,
446-447, 463, 479, 482,485,
487, 489, 491
of a relation, 72
of a sequence, 794
Doppler effect, 563
Double-angle formulas, 955,968
using, 955-962, 968
Draw angles in standard position,
859, 860, 863
Draw conclusions
examples, 132
exercises, 5 0 ,1 1 2 ,1 2 2 ,1 5 2 ,1 7 7 ,
2 8 3 ,3 0 8 ,3 3 6 ,4 3 7 , 528,550,
649,688, 706, 774, 819,826,
874, 881, 923, 948
from samples, 766-771
Draw a diagram
exercises, 887, 895
problem solving strategy, 35,37,
39
Draw a graph
exercises, 5 7 ,9 5 ,1 0 4 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 9 ,2 4 2 ,
290, 306, 314, 343, 344, 451,
6 3 1 ,7 2 9 ,8 1 6 ,9 1 4 , 929,937
problem solving strategy, 49, 273
a
Eccentricity o f conic sections,
665-666
Efficiency, 574, 580
Element
of a matrix, 187
o fa set, 715-716
Elevation, angle of, 855
Elim inate choices, test-taking
strategy, 3, 228, 229, 286, 544,
545, 590, 6 2 7 ,7 8 8 ,7 8 9 ,9 3 3
Elim ination method

for solving linear systems, 161-167,
179-185, 221, 223
for solving quadratic systems,
660-664,668
Ellipse, 634
area of, 636, 638, 640
co-vertices of, 634
equation of, 634
graphing, 634 -6 3 9 ,6 6 8 ,6 7 1
translated, 650, 652-657
writing, 635-639,668, 671
foci of, 634
major axis of, 634
minor axis of, 634
vertices of, 634
Empty set, 715
End behavior, for a polynomial
function, 336,3 3 9 -3 4 4
Equation(s), See a/so Formulas;
Function (s); Inequalities;
Linear equation(s);
Polynomial(s); Quadratic
equation(s), 18
absolute value, 5 0 -5 8 ,6 0 , 64
of circles, 626-633
of conic sections, 650-657, 668,
670-672
direct variation, 107-111
of ellipses, 634-639
equivalent, 18
exponential, 515-516, 519-525, 542
general second-degree, 653
of hyperbolas, 642-648,650-657,
668, 671,672
inverse variation, 551-557
joint variation, 553-557
logarithmic, 499-501, 503-505
matrix, 190-192
of parabolas, 620-625
radical, 4 5 2 -4 6 1 ,4 6 5 ,4 6 8
rational, 5 8 9 -5 9 7 ,6 0 2 ,6 0 6
with rational exponents, 453, 456,
458-459
recursive, 826-833
rewriting, 26-32, 63
for sequences, 794-795, 798-801
for translated conics, 650-657
trigonometric, 876-880, 931-939,
964,967
in two variables, 74-79
Equivalent equations, 18
Equivalent expressions, 12
Equivalent inequalities, 42
Error analysis
Avoid Errors, 12,20, 2 8 ,4 3 ,5 2 , 73,
82,108, 11 5 ,1 2 6 ,1 3 3 ,1 5 3 ,
163, 187,238, 247, 252, 260,
2 6 7 ,2 7 7 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 2 ,3 3 0 ,3 3 8 ,
3 4 7 ,3 5 4 ,3 5 5 ,3 6 2 ,3 7 0 ,3 7 1 ,
4 1 5 ,4 1 6 ,4 2 3 ,4 3 0 ,4 4 1 ,4 8 0 ,
488,507, 553, 573,584,599,
644,654, 658, 683, 691,693,
700, 708, 719, 726, 744, 795,
7 9 7 ,8 0 3 ,8 1 1 ,8 2 1 ,8 2 8 , 862,
877, 890
exercises, ThroMghoMf. See /or
exampie 7 ,1 3 ,1 7 ,2 2 ,3 0 ,3 8 ,
4 5 ,5 6 ,7 7 ,8 6 ,9 3 ,1 0 2 ,1 1 0 ,
118,128,136
Estimation, See also Approximation;
Prediction
of best-fitting line, 113-120,143
of coordinates of turning points,
390
of correlation coefficients, 114-120
using exponential decay models,
488-491
using exponential growth models,
480, 483-485
using linear graphs, 91,153
using natural base functions, 494,
497-498
using nth roots, 416
of solutions of linear systems,
153-158
using transformed data, 781
Euler, Leonhard, 492
Euler num ber e, 492
Even function, 928
Event (s)
complement of, 709
compound, 707, 733, 736
dependent, 718-723, 733,736
disjoint, 707, 736
independent, 717-719,721-723,
733, 736
mutually exclusive, 707
overlapping, 707, 733,736
probability, 698
Expanding a logarithm ic expression,
508, 510, 541
Experiment, 308, 528
binomial, 725, 728, 729
control groups and, 773
designing, 772-773
Experimental group, 773
Experimental probability, 700, 702
Explicit rule, 827, 839
Exponent (s)
decimal, 425
evaluating, 10-17
irrational, 425
properties of, 330, 402, 420, 465,
1034
using, 330-335, 402, 420-427,
467
rational, 415-419, 420-427, 465,
466
Exponential equation (s), 515

modeling with, 516, 521-522
property of equality for, 515
solving, 515-516, 519-525, 538, 542
Exponential function(s), 478
decay, 486-491, 538, 540,776
graphing, 4 7 8 -4 85,486-491, 538,
539,776
growth, 478-485, 538, 539
as inverse of logarithmic functions,
501
involving e, 493-498, 540
modeling with, 480-481, 483-485,
488-491, 528, 530,534-536
natural base, 493-498
writing, 52 9 -5 3 1 ,5 3 3 -5 3 6 ,5 4 2
Exponential inequalities, 526, 527
Exponential regression, 528,530
Exponentiating an equation, 517
Expression (s)
combining like terms in, 12-17
equivalent, 12
evaluating, 10-17, 60, 62,330-335
exponential, 330-335
factorial, 684
logarithmic, 499-501, 503-505,
507-512, 541
natural base, 492-4 9 3 ,4 9 5 -4 9 6
numerical, 1 0 -1 7 ,3 3 0 -3 3 1 ,3 3 3
in quadratic form, 355
rational, 573-588,602, 605
with rational exponents, 415-419,
420-427, 467
simplifying, 10-17, 6 0 ,6 2 ,3 3 0 -3 3 5 ,
420-427
terms of, 12
trigonometric, 925-926, 928,
955-956, 959, 960
writing, 984
Extended response questions,
146-148, 470-472, 738-740,
970-972
practice, Throughout. See /or
exumpfe 8 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,4 7 , 59,69,
8 8 ,9 5 ,1 0 6 ,1 1 9 ,1 3 9 ,1 5 8 ,1 6 6 ,
173, 185,186
Extensions
approximate binomial
distributions, 763-765
design surveys and experiments,
772-773
determine eccentricity of conic
sections, 665-666
discrete and continuous functions,
80-81
linear programming, 174-176
piecewise functions, 130-131
prove statements using
mathematical induction,
836-837
set theory, 715-716

solve exponential inequalities, 526,
527
solve logarithmic inequalities, 527
solve radical inequalities, 462-463
solve rational inequalities, 598-600
Extra Practice, 1010-1023
Extraneous solutions
for absolute value equations, 52
for logarithmic equations, 518
for radical equations, 454
for rational equations, 591
for trigonometric equations, 934
Factor(s), 978
common, 978
conversion, 981
decay, 486
growth, 478
scale, 989
Factor theorem , 364,404
Factor tree, 978
Factorial, See also Combination(s);
Permutation(s), 684
Factoring
completely, 353
difference of two squares, 253
patterns, 354
perfect square trinomials, 253
polynomials, 353-359,364-368,
404
by grouping, 354, 357
quadratic equations, 252-265, 317,
319-320
quadratic expressions, 252-253,
255-256, 259-260, 263
with special patterns, 253, 256, 260,
263
the sum or difference of cubes, 354
trinomials, 252-265
zeros and, 262-265
Factorization, prime, 978-979
Feasible region, 174
Fibonacci sequence, 828, 832
recursive rule for, 828
Find the error, See Error analysis
Finite differences, 393-399
first-order differences, 393
properties of, 394
second-order differences, 394
third-order differences, 395
Finite sequence, 794
First-order differences, 393
Focal length, 585, 624
Focus (Foci)
of an ellipse, 634
of a hyperbola, 642
of a parabola, 620
Index
1091
X3QN!
FOIL method, 248, 985

Formulas, 26
area
of a circle, 26,992
of a parallelogram, 991
of a rectangle, 26, 991
of a trapezoid, 26, 991
of a triangle, 26, 885, 891, 991
Beaufort number, 458
change-of-base, 508
circumference, 26,992
combinations, 690
degrees/radians, 860
distance,26,34
to the horizon, 450
between points, 614, 669
double angle, 955
Fahrenheit/Celsius, 26,44, 69
half angie, 955
interest
compound, 481
continuously compounded, 494
interior angle of a regular polygon,
799
Kelvin/Celsius, 450
margin of error, 768
midpoint, 615
Newton's law of cooling, 516
nth pentagonal number, 394
nth triangular number, 394
perimeter, of a rectangle, 26, 27,
991
permutation, 685
probability, 698,700
of the complement of an event,
709
of compound events, 707
of dependent events, 718
of disjoint events, 707
of independent events, 717
rewriting, 26-32, 63
slant height, of a truncated
pyramid, 459
slope, 82
standard deviation, 748
standard normal distribution, 758
sum of first n positive integers,
797
sum of squares of first wpositive
integers, 797
surface area
of a cone, 451
of a cylinder, 63, 567, 572, 580,
993
of a hemisphere, 472
of a rectangular prism, 993
of a sphere, 427
table of, 1026-1032
trigonometric difference, 949
trigonometric sum, 949
1092
Student Resources
volume
of a cone, 65
of a cube, 350, 601
of a cylinder, 334,350, 567, 572,
580,993
of a dodecahedron, 419
of an icosahedron, 419
of an octahedron, 419
of a pyramid, 350,373
of a rectangular prism, 68,334,
350, 993
of a sphere, 3 3 2 ,4 0 9 ,4 2 7 ,4 3 6 ,
475, 601
of a tetrahedron, 419
Forty-five degree angle,
trigonometric values for, 853
Fractal geometry
fractal tree, 838
Julia set, 282
Mandelbrot set, 281
Sierpinski carpet, 816
Sierpinski triangle, 825
Fraction (s)
adding, 979
complex, 584
decimals, percents, and, 976
subtracting, 979
writing repeating decimals as, 822
Fraction bars, as grouping symbols,
14
Frequency, of a periodic function,
910
Function(s), See a/so Graphs; Linear
functionfs); Parent function;
Quadratic functionfs), 73,140,
141
absolute value, 121-129
classifying, 75, 80-81, 479, 487, 489
composition of, 4 3 0 -4 3 5 ,4 6 5 ,4 6 7
continuous, 80-81
cosine, 852-858, 866-872, 949-962
cube root, 4 4 6 -4 5 1 ,4 6 5 ,4 6 8
discrete,80-81
domain of, 73, 76, 428-430
even, 928
exponential growth and decay,
478-491, 528-531, 533-536
family, 89
greatest integer, 131
inverse, 438-445, 465, 467, 501
horizontal line test for, 440
iterating, 830, 831,833
linear, 75-79, 8 9 -9 7 ,438-439,
442-444
logarithmic, 502-505
logistic,522
natural base, 493-498
objective, 174
odd, 928
operations on, 428-435, 465, 467
piecewise, 130-131
power, 428-435, 531-535
properties of, 1034
quadratic, 236-243, 245-251,
310-315,322
radical, 4 4 6 -4 5 1 ,4 6 5 ,4 6 8
range of, 73
rational, 548-607, 602, 604
recursive rules and, 827-835
representing, 73-79
rounding, 131
sine, 852-858, 866-872,949-962
square root, 446-451, 465, 468
step, 131
tangent, 852-858, 866-872,
9 1 1 -914,949-962
vertical line test for, 73-74, 77
Function notation, 75
Fundam ental counting principle,
682
and permutations, 684-689,
734-735
with repetition, 683, 687-689
using, 682-683, 686-689,720
Fundam ental theorem o f algebra,
379
applying, 379-386, 405
corollary to, 379
a
Gauss, Karl Friedrich, 379
General rational functions, 565-571,
602, 604
General second-degree equation, 653
Generalize, exercises, 703, 705,712
Geometric m ean, 749
Geometric probability, 701, 703, 704,
738-739
Geometric sequence, 810-816, 839,
841
842
Geometric series, 812-816, 839, 841
infinite, 819-825, 839, 842
Geometry, See a/so Anglefs); Circle;
Formulas; Triangle (s);
Trigonometric functionfs)
congruent figures, 996-997
conics, 649-657, 665-666
formulas from, 1032
golden rectangle, 594
line symmetry, 990
parallel lines, 84-86, 99, 102
perpendicular bisector, 615-619
Pythagorean theorem, 995
reflection, 988-989
similar figures, 996-997
transformation, 988-989
triangle relationships, 995
table setup feature, 2 5 ,4 6 0 ,4 6 2 ,

modeling natural base
596
functions, 494
test feature, 49
modeling the period of a
trace feature, 4 9 ,2 4 4 ,2 9 2 ,2 9 3 ,4 4 7 ,
pendulum, 447
494
sinusoidal regression, 943
window settings, 9 7 ,1 5 9 ,3 4 5 ,3 6 1 ,
solving an equation with two
463,923
radicals, 455
zero feature, 243,382
solving an exponential
zoom feature, 121,122, 633
inequality, 526
Graphs
solving a linear quadratic
of absolute value, 50,51
system, 658
of absolute value functions,
solving a logarithmic inequality,
121-129
527
of absolute value inequalities,
solving radical inequalities,
50, 53, 54, 5 6 ,1 3 5 ,1 3 6 ,1 6 9 ,
462-463
172
solving rational equations,
bar, 1006-1007
596-597
of best-fitting lines, 115-120
solving rational inequalities, 598
circle, 1006-1007
solving trigonometric equations,
of continuous functions, 80-81
938-939
of cosine functions, 874,908-914,
exercises, 118,243, 2 5 1 ,3 05,434,
9 64,965
444,4 8 3 ,4 8 9 ,
4 9 1 ,4 96,497,
translations, 915-917,919-922,
521, 534-536, 569-571, 638,
966
6 6 2 ,7 1 2 ,7 6 1 ,8 1 6 , 888,914,
of cube root functions, 446-451,
920, 937
465, 468
exponential regression feature,
of discrete functions, 80-81
528, 530, 776, 781
of equations of circles, 626-633,
graphing feature, 49, 9 7 ,1 2 1 ,1 2 2 ,
668.670
3 3 6 ,3 6 1 ,4 5 5 ,4 6 1 ,5 1 4 ,5 2 3 ,
translated, 650
525, 526, 527, 567, 597, 598,
of equations of ellipses, 634-639,
633, 658, 7 7 5 ,7 7 6 ,7 7 7 ,8 0 1 ,
668.671
834,923,
939,943
translated, 652
intersect feature, 159, 305,361, 455,
of equations of hyperbolas,
461,463, 52 3 ,5 2 5 ,5 2 6 , 527,
642-648, 668, 671
597, 598, 6 5 8 ,9 3 9 ,9 5 0
translated, 651
linear regression feature, 116, 775
list feature, 116, 308,311, 731, 781,
of equations of parabolas, 620-625,
668, 670
943
translated, 651
LN feature, 514
of equations in two variables,
LOG feature, 514
matrix feature, 194, 211, 213
74-79
maximum feature, 244
of exponential decay functions,
4 8 6 -4 9 1 ,5 3 8 ,5 3 9
minimum feature, 244, 567
power regression feature, 533,535
of exponential growth functions,
quadratic regression feature, 308,
478-485, 538,539
histogram, 724,726-731
311,7 7 7 ,7 8 6
random num ber feature, 714
of horizontal and vertical lines,
root feature, 382
92, 94
of horizontal and vertical
sequence mode, 801, 834
sinusoidal regression feature, 943
translation, 916
sort feature, 714
of infinite geometric series, 820
statistics feature, 750
interpreting, 325-326
STATPLOT feature, 116,308,311,
of inverse functions, 437, 438, 440,
396, 528, 53 0 ,7 7 4 ,7 7 5 , 781,
443, 445
786,943
line, 1006-1007
summation feature, 801
of linear equations, 89-9 7 ,1 4 2
table feature, 2 5 ,4 8 ,4 9 ,1 5 2 , 360,
in three variables, 177
460, 462, 496, 523, 524, 526,
of linear inequalities
527, 530, 581, 596, 598, 801,
in one variable, 41-49, 64,133
938
in two variables, 132-138,144
index
1093
X3QN!
Geometry software activity,

explore the law of sines, 881
Golden ratio, 594
Golden rectangle, 594
Graphing calculator
activities
calculate a binomial
distribution, 731
calculate one-variable statistics,
750
end behavior of functions, 336
evaluate expressions, 17
find maximum and minimum
values, 244
function operations, 435
graph equations of circles, 633
graph linear equations, 97
graph logarithmic functions, 514
graph rational functions, 564
graph systems of equations, 159
use matrix operations, 194
modeling data with a quadratic
function, 308
operations with functions, 435
operations with sequences, 801
set a good viewing window, 345
solving linear systems using
tables, 152
use tables to solve equations, 25
transformations, 121-122
trigonometric identities, 923
verify operations with rational
expressions, 581
binomial probability feature, 731
checking solutions with, 161,285,
292, 293,462,518, 591,659,
958
connected mode, 564, 581
cubic regression feature, 396
dot mode, 564
entering equations, 25,48, 49, 97,
121,122,1 5 2 ,1 5 9 ,3 4 5 , 396,
455, 460, 461,462, 463,494,
514, 5 2 3 ,524,525,564, 581,
5 9 6 ,5 9 7 ,6 3 3 ,8 3 4 ,9 2 3 ,
939
examples
approximating real zeros of a
polynomial function, 382-383
computing inverse matrices,
211-213
drawing a histogram, 731
finding a best-fitting line, 116
finding an exponential model,
530
finding a polynomial model, 396
finding a power model, 532
finding turning points of a
polynomial function, 388
maximizing a polynomial
model, 589
X3QN!
of linear-quadratic systems, 658,

661, 662-664
of linear systems, 153-159,221,
222
of logarithmic functions, 502-505,
514, 541
of natural base functions, 493-494,
496-498
of parallel and perpendicular lines,
84-86
of piecewise functions, 130-131
of polynomial functions, 336,
339-344,387-392, 401,403,
406
of quadratic functions
in intercept form, 246-251,317,
319
in standard form, 236-243,317,
318
in vertex form, 245-246,
249-251,317,319
of quadratic inequalities, 300-307
of quadratic systems, 658-664,668
of radical functions, 446-451, 465,
468
of rational functions, 558-571, 602,
604
of real numbers, 2
of relations, 72, 76
scatter plots, 112-120,143
of sequences, 795,798,800, 801
of sine functions, 874, 908-914,
964, 965
translations, 915-917, 919-922,
966
of square root functions, 446-451,
465,468
of systems of constraints, 174-176
of systems of linear inequalities,
168-173,221,223
of systems of quadratic
inequalities, 301, 304, 305
of tangent functions, 911-914,964,
965
translations, 918, 920, 921
of trigonometric functions, 874,
908-922, 964, 965
vertical shrinking of, 479
vertical stretching of, 479
Greatest common factor (GCP),
978-979
Greatest integer function, 131
Gridded-answer questions,
TTtroMghoMf. ,S'ce/or example
33, 59, 69,106, 139, 149,186,
220, 231,274,316, 327, 369,
400,411
Grouping symbols
fraction bars, 14
parentheses, 15
10Q 4
Student Resnurrec
Growth factor, for an exponential

growth function, 478
Growth function
exponential, 478-485, 538, 539
involving e, 493-498, 540
Guess, check, and revise, problem
solving strategy, 998-999
a
Half-angle formulas, 955, 964
using, 955-962,968
Half plane, 132
Heron's area formula, 891
Hexagonal number, 837
Histogram, 1008-1009
on a graphing calculator, 731
probability distribution, 724,
726-731,733
Hooke's law, 444
Horizontal asymptote, 558
Horizontal line, graph of, 92
Horizontal line test, 440, 443
Horizontal translation, graphing, 916
Hyperbola, 558,642
asymptotes of, 642
branches of, 642
center of, 642
equation of
graphing, 642-648, 668, 671
translated, 650, 651, 652-657,
672
writing, 6 4 3 -6 4 8 ,6 6 8 ,6 7 1
foci of, 642
transverse axis of, 642
vertices of, 642
Hypotenuse, 995
Hypothesis, 1002-1003
Hypothesis testing, 764-765
Identity, 12
Identity matrix, 210
Identity property, 3
If-then form, of a conditional
statement, 1002-1003
Imaginary number, 276
Imaginary unit t, 275
Inconsistent linear system, 154-157
Independent events, 717-719,
721-723
Independent linear system, 154-157
Independent variable, 74
Index o f a radical, 414
Index of refraction, 879, 930, 963
Index of sum m ation, 796, 797
Indirect argument, 1000-1001
Indirect m easurem ent, 855, 857-858
Induction, mathematical, 836-837

Inequalities, See also Linear
inequalities
absolute value, 5 0 -5 8 ,1 3 5 ,1 3 6 ,
169,172
compound, 41-47
equivalent, 42
exponential, 526,527
linear, 4 1 -4 9 ,1 3 2 -1 3 8
systems of, 168-17 6 ,2 2 1 ,2 2 3
logarithmic, 527
quadratic, 300-3 0 7 ,3 2 2
systems of, 301,304, 305
radical, 462-463
rational, 598-600
Infinite geom etric series, 819-825,
839, 842
Infinite sequence, 794
Infinite series, 796
Infinity, positive and negative, 336,
339
Initial side, of an angle, 859
Integers, 2
operations with, 975
Intercept form, of a quadratic
function, 246-251, 317, 319
Interest
compound, 481, 483, 484, 485
continuously compounded,
494-495,497
Interpret
examples, 9 1 ,1 2 4 ,1 3 2 , 429,494,
560, 869
exercises, 8 8 ,3 0 6 ,3 0 7 , 335,458,
535, 555, 762, 809, 872, 888,
930
probability distributions, 725, 726
Intersection
of graphs of linear-quadratic
systems, 658
of graphs of quadratic systems, 659
of sets, 7 0 7 -713,715-716
Inverse cosine, 874-879
Inverse function(s), 437-445, 465,
467
logarithmic and exponential, 501
trigonometric, 874-880, 897,899
Inverse matrices, 210-217, 221, 226
Inverse property, 3, 501
Inverse relation(s), 438,442
Inverse sine, 874-879
Inverse tangent, 874-879
Inverse variation, 550-557, 603
equations, 551-557
modeling with, 550, 552, 556-557
Investigating Algebra, See Activities
Irrational conjugates theorem , 380
Irrational exponent, 425
Irrational number, 2
Iteration, 830, 831,833
Jo in t v a ria tio n , 553-557, 603

Ju iia s e t, 282
Ju stify re su lts, Throughout See /or
example 4 ,6 ,7 ,6 8 ,2 7 1 ,2 8 1 ,
391,398,418, 490,512, 550,
556, 748, 819, 832
a
K epler's s e c o n d law , 904
Key C o n ce p t, 2 ,3 ,1 0 ,1 2 ,1 8 ,4 2 ,5 1 ,
52, 5 3 ,7 2 ,7 3 ,7 4 ,8 0 , 82,83,
8 4 ,8 9 ,9 0 ,9 1 ,9 2 ,9 8 ,1 0 7 ,1 1 5 ,
1 2 3 ,1 2 6 ,1 3 3 ,1 5 4 ,1 6 0 ,1 6 1 ,
168,174,179, 187,195, 203,
204, 205, 2 0 6 ,210,212,218,
236, 237, 245, 246, 248, 253,
266, 275, 276, 279, 284, 292,
2 9 4 ,3 3 0 ,3 3 9 ,3 5 3 ,3 5 4 ,3 6 3 ,
3 64,370,379,380, 381,388,
394,414,415, 420, 421,428,
438, 440, 446, 452, 478, 481,
486, 492, 493, 494, 499, 502,
5 0 7 ,5 0 8 ,5 1 5 ,5 1 7 ,5 5 1 ,5 5 3 ,
558, 559, 565, 573, 575, 576,
582,583, 5 8 4 ,614,615,621,
626, 634, 642, 650, 653, 655,
682, 685, 690, 692, 693, 698,
699,700, 7 0 7 ,717,718,724,
725, 744, 745, 751, 752, 757,
763,764, 768, 794, 796,797,
8 0 2 ,8 0 4 ,8 1 0 ,8 1 2 ,8 2 1 ,8 2 7 ,
852,853, 859, 860, 861,866,
867,868, 875, 882, 883, 885,
8 8 9 ,8 9 1 ,9 0 8 ,9 0 9 ,9 1 1 ,9 1 5 ,
924, 949, 955
L aw o f c o s in e s , 889-895, 897,900
Law o f sin e s , 881-888,897, 900
L aw o f u n iv e rs a l g ra v ita tio n , 557
L ea d in g c o e ffic ie n t, of a polynomial
function, 337
L east c o m m o n d e n o m in a to r (LCD ),
979
of a rational expression, 583,986
for solving a rational equation, 590
L ea st c o m m o n m u ltip le (LCM ),
978-979
for a rational expression, 583
L eft d is trib u tiv e p rop erty , 197
L egs, of a triangle, 995
L ike ra d ic a ls, 422
adding and subtracting, 422-427
L ike te rm s , 12
combining, 12
L ik e lih o o d , of an event, 698
L in e
L in e
L in e
L in e
g ra p h , 1006-1007
p lo t, 1008-1009
o f re fle c tio n , 988-989
sy m m e try , 990
L in e o f s y m m e try
for a conic section, 652,655

for a plane figure, 990
L in e a r e q u a tio n (s), See also Linear
systems, 18
for best-fitting line, 112-120,143
direct variation, 107-111
forms of, 140
graphing, 89-9 7 ,1 7 7
using slope-intercept form,
90-97,140, 142
using standard form, 91-96
with no solutions, 23
point-slope form of, 98-99, 101,
140
rewriting, 28, 30-32
slope-intercept form of, 9 0 -9 7 ,9 8 ,
100,140,142
solving, 1 8 -2 5 ,6 0 ,6 2
using the distributive property,
20-24
standard form of, 91-96
in three variables, 177-185
writing, 19, 20, 23-24, 98-1 0 4 ,1 4 2
L in e a r fu n c tio n (s ), 75-79
graphing, 89-97
inverse, 438-4 3 9 ,4 4 2 -4 4 4
linear programming and, 174-176
L in e a r in e q u a litie s
constraints, 174-176
forms of, 41
graphing
in one variable, 4 1 -4 9 ,6 4 ,1 3 3
systems of constraints, 174-176,
221,223
reading, 41
solution of, 41
solving, 41-49, 64
systems of, 168-173
three or more, 170-173
L in e a r p ro g ra m m in g , 174-176
constraints, 174
feasible region, 174
objective function, 174
L in e a r -q u a d r a tic s y s te m s, 658-664
L in e a r re g re ss io n , 116
L in e a r s y s te m s, 152, 153
classifying, 154-157
coefficient matrix of, 205-206
with infinitely many solutions, 154,
163,178, 180
with no solutions, 154,163,178,
180
number of solutions of, 154-157

solution of, 152,153,178
solving
algebraically, 160-166,223
using augmented matrices,
218-219
using Cramer's rule, 205-206,
208-209, 221, 226
using the elimination method,
1 61-167,179-185, 221,223
by graphing, 153-159,221,222
using inverse matrices, 210-217,
221,226
using the substitution method,
160-167,181-185, 221
using tables, 152
in three variables, 178-185, 224
L in es
classifying by slope, 83
horizontal line test, 440,443
parallel
equations for, 99, 102
slope of, 84-86
perpendicular
equations for, 99,102
slope of, 84-86
of reflection, 988-989
slope of, 83,100
of symmetry, 652, 655, 990
vertical, slope of, 73-74, 77
L is t, making to solve problems,
998-999
L o c a l m a x im u m , of a polynomial
function, 388
L o ca l m in im u m , of a polynomial
function, 388
L o c a tio n P rin c ip le , 378
L o g a rith m (s ), 499
508-509,511
common, 500
natural, 500
properties of, 507,1034
using, 507-513, 541
L o g a rith m ic e q u a tio n (s), 517
evaluating, 499-501, 503-505, 541
modeling with, 519,521-522,
524-525
property of equality for, 517
solving, 517-525, 538, 542
L o g a rith m ic e x p re ss io n (s )
condensing, 508, 510, 541

evaluating, 499-501, 503-505,
507-512
expanding, 508, 510, 541
L o g a rith m ic fu n c tio n (s )
graphing, 502-505, 514, 541

as inverse of exponential functions,
501
modeling with, 500, 504-505
Index
1095
Logarithmic inequaiities, 527

Logical reasoning, See Reasoning
Logistic function, 522
Lower lim it of summation, 796
Lower quartile, 1008-1009
C3
Major axis, of an ellipse, 634
Make a list, problem solving strategy,
998-999
Make a table, problem solving
strategy, 48-49,272-273,
998-999
Mandelbrot set, 281
Manipulatives, See also Calculator;
Graphing calculator
algebra tiles, 283
Calculator Based Laboratory, 948
coins, 308,528
compass, 308
flashlight, 649
index cards, 774
measuring tools, 112,437, 550
musical instruments, 948
Mapping diagram, 7 2 ,7 3 ,7 7 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 1
Margin of error, 768-771
formula, 768
Mathematical induction, 836-837
Mathematical modeling, formulas
from, 1031
Matrix (Matrices), 187
adding and subtracting, 187,
189-193,194
augmented, 218-219
coefficient, 205-206
Cramer's rule and, 205-209
describing products, 195
determinant of, 203-209
dimensions of, 187,195
elements of, 187
equal, 187
equations, 190-192
identity, 210
inverse, 210-217
multiplying, 195-202, 937
order of operations, 188
properties, 188,197,1033
row operations, 218-219
scalar multiplication, 188-192
210-219
total cost, 198
transition, 201
triangular form, 218-219
Matrix algebra, formulas from, 1026
Maximum value
of a polynomial function, 388-392
of a quadratic function, 238-239,
241, 244, 287
1096
Stu d ent R e so u rce s
of sine and cosine functions, 909

using equations of hyperbolas, 644,
Mean, 7 4 4 ,7 4 6 -7 5 0 ,7 8 3 ,7 8 4 ,1 0 0 5
646-648
geometric, 749
using equations of parabolas, 622,
transformation and, 751-755
624-625
M easurement
exercises, 1 5 ,3 9 ,2 7 1 ,5 5 7 ,5 8 0 ,6 3 9 ,
converting measurements, 5, 7
809, 888, 946
converting units of, 981
exponential decay, 488-491, 776
Measures, table of, 1025
with exponential equations, 516,
Median, 7 4 4 ,7 4 6 -7 5 0 ,7 8 3 , 784,
521-523
1005
using exponential functions,
480-481, 483-485, 488-491,
of a triangle, 618
528,530, 534-536
Midline, of a trigonometric graph,
exponential growth, 480-481,
915
483-485
Midpoint
factors using a tree, 978
formula, 615,669
finite differences, 395,398
of a line segment, 615,617-619
fitting a model to data, 774-781
M inimum value
using hundreds squares, 976
of a polynomial function, 388-392
infinite geometric series, 819, 822,
824-825
241, 244
using inverse of a power functions,
of sine and cosine functions, 909
441-442, 444-445
Minor axis, of an ellipse, 634
using inverse variation, 550,552,
Mixed Review, 77troMg?:oHf. See /or
556-557
exampie 9 ,1 6 ,2 4 ,3 2 ,4 0 , 47,
launched objects, 295,298
5 8 ,7 9 ,8 8 ,9 6 ,1 0 4 ,
111, 120, using linear equations, 19,20,
129,138,158
23-24, 2 9 ,3 1 -3 2 , 98-105, 775
Mixed Review of Problem Solving,
using linear inequalities, 4 4 ,4 6 -4 7
3 3 ,5 9 ,1 0 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 8 6 ,2 2 0 ,2 7 4 ,
using logarithmic equations, 519,
3 1 6 ,3 6 9 ,4 0 0 ,4 3 6 ,4 6 4 , 506,
5 2 1 -522,524-525
537, 572, 601 ,6 4 1 ,6 6 7 , 705,
using logarithmic functions, 500,
732, 756, 782 ,8 1 8 ,8 3 8 , 873,
504-505
896 ,9 4 0 ,9 6 3
using mapping diagrams, 72, 73,77
Mode, 744, 746-749, 783, 784,1005
using natural base functions, 494,
4 95,497-498
Modeling, See also Expression (s);
normal distribution, 757-762
Formulas; Graphing
using a number line, 2, 41-51, 53,
calculator; Graphs; Linear
54, 56,303, 599, 975
operations on sets, 715-716
equation(s); Polynomial(s);
Polynomial function(s);
pendulum periods, 447
Quadratic function(s)
with power functions, 532-533,
absolute value, 51
535,542
using algebraic expressions, 13,
using quadratic equations, 254,
15-16
257-258, 261, 262, 264-265
using area models, 25 4 ,2 5 7 ,2 5 8 ,
using quadratic functions, 308,
261,283
311,314
using best-fitting quadratic
using quadratic inequalities, 303,
models, 311
306-307
choosing a model, 774-781, 786
using quadratic regression, 308,
using circular models, 628,630-632
311
circular motion, 916, 921,922
using quadratic systems, 660,
completing the square, 283
662-664
using conic sections, 654, 656-657
using rational equations, 589,
direct variation, 107-111,143
594-597
dropped objects, 268-270, 272-273
using rational expressions, 574,
using eccentricity, 666
579-580
using equations of circles, 628,
real numbers, 2
630-632
relations, 72
using equations of ellipses, 636,
using scatter plots, 112-120
638-639,640
with sine functions, 910, 913-914
solutions
to absolute value equations, 50
to absolute value inequalities,
5 0 ,5 3 ,5 4 ,5 6
to linear inequalities, 4 1 ,4 3 ,4 5 ,
49
with tangent functions, 918,921
using tree diagrams, 682,686,720,
978
with trigonometric functions, 870,
871-872, 941-948, 967
using Venn diagrams, 2 ,4 3 0 ,6 9 8 ,
706-708, 715-716,1004
using a verbal model, 1 3,19,20, 29,
3 4 ,3 5 ,3 6 ,4 2 ,5 4 ,6 3 ,6 6 ,1 0 0 ,
1 0 1 ,1 3 4 ,1 5 5 ,1 6 2 ,1 8 1 ,2 3 9 ,
2 5 4 ,2 6 1 ,2 6 2 ,3 5 6 ,3 7 3 ,3 8 9 ,
560,589,829
vertical motion, 295,298
M o n o m ia l, See also Polynomial (s),
252,985
M oo re's law, 547
M u ltip les, 978
M u ltip le c h o ic e q u e s tio n s , 228-230,
324-326,544-546, 608-610,
788-790,844-846
examples, 3 ,1 9 ,3 6 , 82,132,155,
162,2 6 8 ,2 8 6 ,3 3 2 ,3 3 9 ,3 5 5 ,
3 6 5 ,4 3 0 ,4 5 3 ,5 0 8 ,5 1 8 ,5 7 5 ,
590,614,627, 708, 717,745,
769,805, 821,853, 877,933,
956
practice, Throughout. See /or
example 6 ,1 4 ,2 4 ,3 0 ,3 7 ,3 8 ,
4 5 ,4 6 ,5 6 ,6 9 ,7 7 ,8 6 ,8 7 ,9 3 ,
101,109
M u ltip le re p r e s e n ta tio n s , See also
Manipulatives; Modeling
examples, 35,48, 53 ,1 0 5 ,1 0 7 ,1 1 5 ,
134, 153,161,218, 239,272,
2 8 5 ,2 9 2 ,2 9 3 ,3 4 0 ,3 6 0 ,3 9 6 ,
4 4 0 ,4 5 5 ,4 6 0 ,4 8 0 ,4 8 8 ,5 2 3 ,
530, 552, 560, 567, 591, 596,
635, 6 3 6 ,6 4 0 ,6 5 1 ,6 5 2 ,6 5 9 ,
714,720, 724, 781, 795,834,
855,884, 8 9 5 ,910,931,934,
938,958
exercises, 1 5 ,2 4 ,3 9 ,5 7 ,9 5 ,1 0 4 ,
119,129, 157,173,216, 242,
25 8 ,2 9 0 ,3 0 6 ,3 1 4 ,3 4 3 ,3 6 7 ,
392, 434, 451, 485, 521, 562,
570, 631, 647, 703, 729, 754,
779, 808,816, 857, 887,914,
929, 937
M u itip iic a tio n
of compiex numbers, 277-278, 280

cross muitiplying, 589-590
of data by a constant, 752-755,783,
785
inequaiities and, 42-47

integer, 975
matrix, 195-202
as opposite of division, 4
properties, 3 ,1 8
for matrices, 197
of rational expressions, 575-580,
602, 605
scalar, 188-192
M u ltip lic a tio n p ro p e r ty o f eq u ality ,
18
M u ltip lic a tiv e in v e rse , 4
of a complex number, 280

M u lti-ste p p ro b le m s
examples, 2 9 ,8 5 ,9 1 ,1 3 4 ,1 7 0 ,1 8 9 ,
2 0 6 ,2 1 3 ,2 3 9 ,2 6 2 ,3 1 1 ,3 4 0 ,
3 7 3 ,3 9 6 ,4 2 9 ,4 3 1 ,4 3 9 ,4 4 7 ,
480,4 8 8 ,4 9 4 , 5 6 0 ,5 67,574,
616, 636, 6 4 4 ,6 5 4 ,6 9 1 ,7 2 0 ,
795, 829, 8 6 2 ,891,951
exercises,8 ,2 3 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,3 9 ,4 7 ,5 7 ,
5 9 ,7 8 ,8 8 ,9 5 ,1 0 3 ,1 0 6 ,1 3 7 ,
1 39,1 8 4 ,1 8 6 ,2 0 0 , 209, 216,
2 2 0 ,2 5 0 ,2 5 7 ,2 7 4 ,2 9 8 ,3 0 7 ,
3 1 4 ,3 1 6 ,3 3 5 ,3 4 4 , 351,358,
3 6 9 ,3 7 6 ,4 0 0 ,4 1 8 ,4 3 3 ,4 3 6 ,
444, 458, 464, 484, 491,497,
505, 506, 5 3 5 ,5 3 7 ,5 5 6 ,5 7 0 ,
572, 5 8 0 ,6 0 1 ,6 1 9 ,6 2 5 ,6 3 1 ,
641, 647, 663, 667, 688, 696,
7 0 5 ,7 1 2 ,7 3 2 ,7 4 8 , 756, 761,
7 8 2 ,8 0 0 ,8 1 8 ,8 3 8 , 864,872,
8 7 3 ,8 8 8 ,8 9 3 ,8 9 6 , 921,940,
95 4,9 6 1 ,9 6 3
M u tu a lly e x c lu s iv e e v e n ts, 707
a
N a tu ra l b a s e e, 492
N a tu ra l b a s e e x p r e ss io n , 492-493,
495-496
N a tu ra l b a s e fu n c tio n , 493-498
N a tu ra l lo g a rith m , 500

508-509,511
N eg ativ e a n g le id e n titie s , 924
N egative c o r r e la tio n , 113,114,117
N eg ativ e e x p o n e n t p ro p e rty , 330
N eg ativ e n u m b e r, square root of,
275
N ew ton 's la w o f c o o lin g , 516
N o rm a l c u rv e , 757
N o rm a l d is tr ib u tio n , 757-762, 783,
785
n th ro o t, 414
evaiuating, 414-4 1 9 ,4 6 6
N u m b e r lin e , 2
to add integers, 975
for graphing absolute vaiue, 50,51
for graphing absolute value

equations, 50
for graphing absolute value
inequalities, 5 0 ,5 3 ,5 4 ,5 6
for graphing linear inequalities,
41-49
for graphing quadratic inequaiities,
303
real num bers on, 2
to show critical x-values, 599
to subtract integers, 975
N u m b ers
absolute value of, 50,51

classifying, 2
complex, 276
composite, 978
imaginary, 276
integers, 2 ,9 7 5
irrational, 2
pentagonal, 394
prime, 978-979
pure imaginary, 276
rational, 2
re a l,2
triangular, 394
triangular pyramidal, 395
w hole,2
N u m e ric a l e x p r e s s io n , 10-17, 60
a
O b je c tiv e fu n c tio n , 174
O d d fu n c tio n , 928
O d d s, for and against an event,
699-7 0 0 ,7 0 2 -7 0 3
O h m 's law , 749
O n lin e Q u iz, Throughout. See /o r
ex a m p ie9 ,1 6 ,2 4 ,3 2 ,4 0 ,4 7 ,
5 8 ,7 9 ,8 8 ,9 6 ,1 0 4 ,1 1 1 ,1 2 0 ,
129,138
O p e n -e n d e d p ro b le m s , 6 ,1 4 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,
4 5 ,5 9 ,8 7 ,9 4 ,1 0 3 ,1 0 6 ,1 1 0 ,
1 1 8 ,1 2 7 ,1 3 6 ,1 3 9 ,1 5 7 ,1 6 5 ,
1 8 3 ,1 8 6 ,1 9 1 ,2 0 0 ,2 0 8 ,2 1 5 ,
220, 250, 257, 270, 274, 280,
2 8 9 ,2 9 7 ,3 0 5 ,3 1 3 ,3 1 6 ,3 3 4 ,
3 4 2 ,3 6 9 ,3 7 5 ,3 8 4 ,3 9 1 ,3 9 8 ,
400, 417, 425, 433,436, 443,
456, 464, 483, 490, 496, 506,
511,520, 537, 556, 562, 569,
572, 593, 601, 617, 630, 638,
641,667, 7 0 5 ,7 1 1 ,7 2 2 ,7 2 8 ,
732, 748, 756, 782, 815, 818,
8 2 4 ,8 3 1 ,8 3 8 ,8 7 3 ,8 7 8 ,8 9 6 ,
913,940, 963
O r r u le , 1000-1001
O rd e r o f o p e r a tio n s , 10-17
for matrices, 188
O rd e re d p a ir, 987
O rd e re d trip le , 177, 178
O rd erin g , reai numbers, 3, 6

O rig in , in a coordinate piane, 987
O u tc o m e , 698
O utlier, 746, 747
O v e rlap p in g e v e n ts, 707, 733, 736
ta
P a ra b o la , 236
axis of symmetry of, 236,620

directrix of, 620
equation of, 621-625, 668, 670
translated, 650-657
focal length of, 624
focus of, 620
graph of, 620-625, 668, 670
as graph of a quadratic function,
236-243
latus rectum of, 625
vertex of, 236,620
P a ra lle l lin e s

slope of, 84-86
P a re n t fu n c tio n
for absolute value functions, 121,

123
for cosine functions, 908
for cube root functions, 446, 465
for exponential decay functions,
486
for exponential growth functions,
478
for linear functions, 89
for logarithmic functions, 502
for quadratic functions, 236
for simple rational functions, 558
for sine functions, 908
for square root functions, 446, 465
P a rtia l su m , 820
P a sc a l, Blaise, 692
P a sca l's tria n g le , 692, 695
binomial expansion and, 693, 695
P a tte r n (s)
X3QN!
exercises, 8, 350, 512, 695

exponential function models and,
529-531
factoring, 354
to make a generalization, 283
Pascal's triangle, 692,695
power function models and,
531-533
product patterns for binomials,
347
P e n ta g o n a l n u m b e rs , 3 9 4
P ercen t
calculating with, 977

decrease, 488-489
fractions, decimals, and, 976
increase, 480-481, 483-485
1098
P e r fe c t sq u a re , 284
P e r fe c t s q u a re tr in o m ia l, 253
P e rim e te r, 991
P erio d , of a function, 908, 909
P e rio d ic fu n c tio n , See afso Cosine
function; Sine function, 908

frequency of, 910
P e r m u ta tio n (s ), 684-689, 733,
734-735
circular, 689
formula, 685
probability and, 699, 702
with repetition, 685-689
P e r p e n d ic u la r b is e c to r , 615-619
P e r p e n d ic u la r lin e s

slope of, 84-86
P ie c e w is e fu n c tio n , 130-131
P o in t d is co n tin u ity , 579
P o in t-s lo p e fo rm , 9 8 -9 9 ,1 0 1 ,1 4 0 ,
530,532
P o ly n o m ia l(s ), 337
adding, 346-352, 403
dividing, 362-368
rational expressions, 576-577
factoring, 353-359, 364-368, 404
by grouping, 354, 357
multiplying, 347-352, 403
rational expressions, 575-576
in quadratic form, 355,357
subtracting, 346-352,403
theorems involving, 3 6 3 ,3 6 4 ,3 7 9
P o ly n o m ia l e q u a tio n (s )
factoring, 3 5 3 -3 5 9 ,3 6 4 -3 6 8 ,4 0 4
solving, 355-359, 404
P o ly n o m ia l fu n c tio n (s ), 337
classifying zeros of, 381-382, 384,
385
degree of, 337, 339
Descartes' Rule of Signs and,
381-382, 384, 385
end behavior of, 336,3 3 9 -3 4 4
evaluating, 3 3 8 -3 4 4 ,4 0 2 ,4 0 3
by synthetic substitution, 338
finding zeros of, 370-378, 379-386,
401, 405
fundamental theorem of algebra
and, 379-386, 405
graphing, 336, 340, 342-344,
387-392, 401, 403, 406
leading coefficient of, 337
maximum of, 388-392
minimum of, 388-392
turning points of, 388,390
types of, 337
writing, 381, 384, 386, 393-399, 406
P o ly n o m ia l lo n g d iv isio n , 362-368
P o p u la tio n , 766
P o sitiv e c o r r e la tio n , 1 1 3 ,114,117
P ow er f u n c tio n (s ), 428-435
inverse, 440-445
modeling with, 532-533, 535, 538,
542
writing, 531-535
P o w er o f a p ow er p ro p erty , 330, 414,
420
P o w er o f a p ro d u c t p ro p erty , 330,420
P ow er p ro p e r ty o f lo g a rith m s , 507
P o w er o f q u o tie n ts p ro p e rty , 3 30,420
P o w er re g re ss io n , 533, 535
P ow ers, See also; Exponent(s);
Exponential function(s)
of a binomial difference, 693,695
of a binomial sum, 693-695
coefficient of, 12
evaluating, 10-17
P r a c tic e , See Reviews
P re c is io n , significant digits and, 983
P re d ic tio n
using direct variation, 108,110

exercises, 1 5 ,1 0 4 ,1 1 0 ,1 1 2 ,1 5 8 ,
308, 344, 437, 535, 550, 631,
774, 791,896, 973
using exponential decay models,
488-491
using exponential growth models,
480, 483-485
using exponential regression, 530
using an inverse function, 442
using line of fit, 116-120,146-147
using rate of change, 85
using regression, 396
P re m is e , 1000-1001
P re re q u is ite S k ills, xxiv, 70, 150, 234,
328, 412, 476, 548, 612, 680,
742, 7 9 2 ,8 5 0 ,9 0 6
P rim e fa c to r iz a tio n , 978-979
P r im e n u m b e r, 978-979
P ro b a b ility
binomial, 763-765
binomial distribution and,
724-731, 733, 736
combinations and, 699, 702, 733,
735
of the complem ent of an event,
709-713
of compound events, 707-713
conditional, 718-723
of dependent events, 718-723, 733,
736
of disjoint events, 707
event, 698
experimental, 700, 702
formulas, 698, 1028-1029
fundamental counting principle,
682,684-689, 734-735
geometric, 701, 703, 704,738-739
of independent events, 717-719,
7 2 1 -7 2 3 ,7 3 3 ,7 3 6
of mutually exclusive events, 707

normal distribution and, 757-762
odds and, 699-700, 702-703
outcome, 698
of overlapping events, 707,7 3 3 ,7 3 6
permutation and, 699, 702,733,
734-735
standard normal table and,
759-762
theoretical, 698
Venn diagrams and, 698,706-708
P ro b a b ility d is trib u tio n , 724
binomial, 725-731
skewed, 727, 728
symmetric, 727,728
P ro b le m so lv in g s tra te g ie s , See also
Eliminate choices; Probiem

Solving Workshop
draw a diagram, 3 5 ,3 7 -3 9
draw a graph, 49,273
) use a formula, 34,3 7 -3 9
guess, check, and revise, 998-999
interpret a diagram, 608, 609, 610
look for a pattern, 35,3 7 -3 9
make a list, 998-999
make a table, 48-49,272-273,
998-999
solve a simpler problem, 998-999
use a verbai model, 36-39
write an equation, 36-39
P ro b le m S o lv in g W o rk sh o p , 48-49,
105,218-219,272-273,
360-361, 460-461, 523-525,
596-597, 640, 714, 781,
834-835, 895, 938-939
P ro d u ct o f p o w ers p ro p erty , 330, 420
of square roots, 266

of subtraction, 18,188
zero product, 253
P ro p o rtio n , 980
P u re im a g in a r y n u m b e r, 276
P y th a g o re a n id e n titie s , 924
P y th a g o re a n th e o r e m , 995
using, 852-858,866, 895, 898
n
Q u a d ra n t(s ), of a coordinate plane,
987
Q u a d ra n ta l a n g le , 867
Q u a d ra tic e q u a tio n (s), See a/so
Polynomial (s)
with complex solutions, 276-282
discriminant in, 294
to model dropped objects,
268-270,272-273
to model launched objects, 295,
298
to model vertical motion, 295, 298
roots of, 253
solving
by completing the square,
284-2 9 1 ,3 1 7 ,3 2 1
by factoring, 2 5 2 -2 6 5 ,3 1 7 ,3 1 9 ,
320
by finding square roots, 266-271,
284,317, 320
using the quadratic formula,
292-2 9 9 ,3 1 7 ,3 2 1
systems of, 658-664
Q u a d ra tic e x p re ss io n (s )
of logarithms, 507
P ro o f, See also Reasoning
using m athematical induction,
836-837
of properties of logarithms, 511
completing the square for, 283

factoring, 252-253, 255-256,
259-260,263
Q u a d ra tic fo rm , of a polynomial, 355,
357
Q u a d ra tic fo rm u la , 292-299, 317,
321,933
P ro p e rtie s
Q u a d ra tic fu n c tio n (s)
P ro d u ct p ro p e rty
of addition, 3 ,1 8 ,1 8 8
of division, 18
for exponential equations, 515
of exponents, 330, 420, 1033, 1034
of finite differences, 394
of functions, 1034
inverse, 3, 501
for logarithmic equations, 517
of logarithms, 507,1034
proofs of, 511
of matrix operations, 188,197,1033
of multiplication, 3 ,1 8 ,1 9 7
of radicals, 1034
of rational exponents, 420, 465,
1034
of real numbers, 2-9,1 0 3 3
best-fitting quadratic model and,

311
graphing
in intercept form, 246-251, 317,
319
in standard form, 236-243,317,
318
in vertex form, 245-246,
2 4 8 -2 5 1 ,2 8 7 ,3 1 7 ,3 1 9
maximum value, 238-239, 241, 244,
287
minimum value, 238-239, 241, 244
parent function, 236
writing
in intercept form, 309, 312-315,
322
in standard form, 310,312-315,

322
in vertex form, 309,3 1 2 -3 1 5 ,3 2 2
zeros of, 254-256
Q u a d ra tic in e q u a lity (in e q u a litie s )
critical x-values of, 303

graphing, 3 00-307,322
in one variable, forms, 302-305
solving, 302-307,322
system of, 3 0 1 ,3 0 4 ,3 0 5
Q u a d ra tic re g re ss io n , 308,311
Q u a d ra tic s y s te m , 658-664, 668, 672
Q u a r tic fu n c tio n , 337
Q u a rtile , 1008-1009
Q u o tie n t o f p o w e rs p ro p erty , 330,
420
Q u o tie n t p ro p e rty
of logarithms, 507
Q u o tie n t o f p o w e rs p ro p e rty ,
495-500, 542, 544

Q u o tie n t p r o p e r ty o f r a d ic a ls ,
720-726, 753, 755

Q u o tie n t r u le , for fractions, 915
a
R a d ia n , 860
converting between degrees and,

8 60-864,899
R a d ia n m e a s u r e , 860-865
R a d ic a l(s ), 266
index of, 414
like, 422
nth root, 414-419
properties of, 421-427, 507,1034
simplest form, 422
R a d ic a l e q u a tio n
solving, 4 5 2 -4 6 1 ,4 6 5 ,4 6 8
with two radicals, 455,457
R a d ic a l fu n c tio n , graphing, 446-451,
465, 468
R a d ic a l in e q u a litie s , 462-463
R a d ic a l sig n , 266
R a d ic a n d , 266
R a d iu s, of a circle, 626, 992
R a n d o m s a m p le , 766
R a n d o m v a ria b le , 724
R ange
as an absolute value inequality, 54

data, 745-750, 783, 784,1005
of a function, 73, 446-447, 479,
487
of a relation, 72
of a sequence, 794
R a te , 85
R a te o f c h a n g e
average, 85, 86
slope and, 82-88, 142
In d ex
R a tio (s)
golden, 594
to identify direct variation, 108,109
percent as, 976
proportions and, 980
simplest form, 980
trigonometric, 852-858
R a tio n a l e q u a tio n , 589-597,602, 606
R a tio n a l e x p o n e n t(s), 413-419, 465,
466
equations with, 453,456,458-459,
468
properties of, 420-427,465, 467,
1034
R a tio n a l e x p re ss io n (s), 986
adding, 582-588, 602,605
dividing, 576-580,602, 605
least common denominator of,
583, 986
multiplying, 575-580, 602, 605
point discontinuity and, 579
simplified form of, 573
simplifying, 573-574, 577-580,602
subtracting, 582-588, 602, 605
verifying operations with, 581
R a tio n a l fu n c tio n (s )
graphing
general, 565-571,602,604
simple, 558-564,604
inverse variation, 550-557
joint variation, 553-557
parent function for, 558
R a tio n a i in e q u a litie s , 598-600
R a tio n a l n u m b e rs , 2
R a tio n a l z ero th e o re m , 370
R a tio n a liz in g th e d e n o m in a to r, 267
R e a d in e ss
Prerequisite Skills, xxiv, 70,150,

234, 328, 412, 476, 548, 612,
680, 742, 792,850, 906
Skills Review Handbook, 975-1009
R e ad in g
function notation, 75,430, 438

graphs, 74
linear inequalities, 41
subscripts, 26
summation notation, 796
R e a d in g m a th , 54, 83,174,2 7 7 ,3 3 9 ,
830, 854, 861, 868
R e a l n u m b e rs
X3QM!
ordering, 3, 6
properties of, 2-9, 61,1033
subsets of, 2
R e a s o n in g
and rule, 1000-1001

biconditional statement,
1002-1003
chain rule, 1000-1001
compound statement, 1001
conclusion, 1000-1003
1100
Stu d ent R e so u rce s
valid, 1000-1001
R ev iew s, See Big Ideas; Chapter
conditional statement, 1002-1003
Review; Chapter Summary;
converse, 1002-1003
Cumulative Review; Mixed
if-then form, 1002-1003
Review; Mixed Review of
counterexample, 1003
Problem Solving; Prerequisite
derivations, 930, 957
Skills; Skills Review Handbook
direct argument, 1000-1001
R ig h t d is trib u tiv e p ro p erty , 197
exercises, 7 ,2 5 ,3 1 ,4 9 ,5 6 ,8 7 , 88,
R ig h t tria n g ie trig o n o m e try ,
94,103, 105,110, 117,118,
852-858, 897, 898
128 ,1 8 3 ,2 1 9 ,2 5 6 , 273, 289,
R o o t(s), See a/so Radical (s)
2 9 7 ,3 3 4 ,3 4 5 ,3 8 4 ,3 8 6 ,3 9 1 ,
evaluating nth roots, 414-419
443, 450, 485, 491, 497, 505,
of a quadratic equation, 253
522, 531 ,5 5 7 ,5 7 7 , 618, 630,
square, 266, 275
639, 640, 646 ,6 4 7 ,6 5 6 , 662,
R o ta tio n
666, 695, 702, 714, 716, 722,
center of, 988
723,748,
759, 761,770, 771, on the coordinate plane, 988-989
807, 823 ,8 3 1 ,8 3 5 , 837,920,
R o u n d in g fu n c tio n , 131
923, 936, 945, 946, 957, 960
R ow e q u iv a le n t m a tr ic e s , 218
hypothesis, 1002-1003
R ow o p e ra tio n s , 218-219
hypothesis testing, 764-765
R u b ric
indirect argument, 1000-1001
for scoring extended response
inductive reasoning, 836-837
questions, 146,470, 738,970
or rule, 1000-1001
for scoring short response
using a pattern to make a
questions, 66,408, 674,902
generalization, 283
premises, 1000-1001
proof
using mathematical induction,
S a m p ie (s)
836-837
biased, 767
for properties of logarithms, 511
classifying, 766, 769, 783
Venn diagrams, 1004
selecting, 766
R e c ip r o c a l, multiplying by, 4
size of, 768
R e c ip r o c a l id e n titie s , 924
S a m p lin g , 766-771,783, 786
R e c ta n g le , area and perimeter of, 991
SAT, See Standardized Test
R e c ta n g u la r p ris m
Preparation
surface area of, 993
S c a la r, 188
volume of, 6 8 ,3 3 4 ,3 5 0 ,9 9 3
S c a ia r m u itip iic a tio n , 188-192
R e c u rs iv e ru le , 826,827
S c a le fa c to r, 989
for a sequence, 826-835, 839, 842
S c a t t e r p io t, 113-120,143
R e fe re n c e a n g le , 868, 871
S c ie n c e , See Applications
R e fle c tio n
Scientific notation, 331, 982
on the coordinate plane, 988-989
properties of exponents and, 331,
of the graph of a parent function
333,334
absolute value function, 124-129
S e c a n t fu n c tio n , See a/so
cosine function, 917, 920
logarithmic function, 502
sine function, 917, 920
line of, 988-989
852-858
R e fra c tio n , index of, 879, 930, 963
S e c o n d -o r d e r d iffe re n c e s , 394
R e g re ss io n
S e c to r, 861
cubic, 396
arc length, 861-865
exponential, 528, 530
area, 861-865
linear, 116
central angle of, 861
power, 533, 535
S e lf-s e ie c te d s a m p le , 766
quadratic, 308, 311
S e q u e n c e (s ), 794,839
R e la tio n , 72 ,1 4 0 ,1 4 1
arithmetic, 802-809, 839, 841
inverse, 438, 442
finite, 794
R e m a in d e r th e o re m , 363, 404
formulas from, 1029-1030
R e p e a te d s o iu tio n , 379
geometric, 810-816,839, 841
R e p e a tin g d e c im a l, 822
graphing, 795, 798, 800, 801
infinite, 794
patterns and, 794-795,797-801
842
terms of, 794
writing rules for, 795,798, 799-800
S e rie s
arithmetic, 804-809, 839, 841

finite, 796
formulas from, 797,1029-1030
geometric, 812-817,839,841
infinite, 796
infinite geometric, 819-825,839,
842
summation notation and, 796-800
S e t th eo ry , 715-716
S h o rt re s p o n s e q u e s tio n s , 6 6 -6 8 ,
408-410,674-676, 902-904
practice, ThroughoMt. See/or
examp/e 9 ,1 5 ,2 3 ,3 1 ,3 3 ,3 7 ,
3 8 ,5 5 ,5 9 ,7 7 ,7 8 ,8 7 ,9 4 ,9 5 ,
103,106
S h rin k , of the graph of the parent
absolute value function,
124-129
S ie rp in sk i c a rp e t, 816
S ie rp in sk i tria n g le , 825
S ig m a n o ta tio n , 796
S ig n ific a n t d ig its, 348,983
S im ila r fig u res, 996-997
S im p le s t fo r m ra d ic a l, 422
S im u la tio n , 714
using random numbers, 714
S in e fu n c tio n , See a/so Trigonometric
equation(s); Trigonometric
function(s)
using, 949-954
using, 955-962
852-858
graphing, 874, 908-914,964,965
reflections, 917,920
translations, 915-917,919-922,
966
using, 955-962
inverse of, 874-879, 897, 899
sinusoids, and, 941-948
S in e s, law of, 881-888, 897, 900
S in u s o id a l re g re ssio n , 943
S in u so id s, 941-948,967
S ix ty -d e g re e a n g le , trigonometric
values for, 853
S kew ed d is trib u tio n , 727, 728
S k ills R ev iew H a n d b o o k , 975-1009
algebra review
binomial products, 985

expressions, 984
geometry
angle relationships, 994
congruent figures, 996-997
coordinate plane, 987
line symmetry, 990
similar figures, 996-997
transformations, 988-989
triangle relationships, 995
logical reasoning
conditional statements,
1002-1003
counterexamples, 1003
logical argument, 1000-1001
Venn diagrams, 1004
measurement
area, 991
area of a circle, 992
circumference of a circle, 992
converting units of, 981
perimeter, 991
surface area, 993
volume, 993
number sense
factors and multiples, 978-979
fractions, decimals, and
percents, 976
integers, operations with, 975
least comm on denominators,
986
percent, calculating with, 977
ratios and proportions, 980
scientific notation, 982
significant digits, 983
problem solving strategies,
998-999
statistical data
graphing, 1006-1007
mean, median, mode, and
range, 1005
organizing, 1008-1009
S lo p e , 82
of best-fitting lines, 114-120
classifying lines by, 83
rate of change and, 82 -8 8 ,1 4 2
S lo p e -in te r c e p t fo rm , 9 0 -9 7 ,9 8 ,1 0 0 ,
140,142
S n e ll's law , 930
S o lu tio n (s )
of an absolute value equation, 50

of an absolute value inequality, 50
of an equation, 18
extraneous, 52, 454, 518, 591, 934
of a linear inequality in two
variables, 132
of a polynomial function, 379, 387
of a quadratic equation, 253,294
of a system of linear equations,
152, 153

of a system of linear inequalities,
168
S o lv e a s im p le r p ro b le m , problem
solving strategy, 998-999
S p e c ia l a n g le , 963
S p e c ia l p a tte r n s , factoring with, 253,
256,260
S p re a d s h e e t
to evaluate a recursive rule, 826

use the Location Principle, 378
S q u a re (s )
of a binomial, 347
difference of two, 353
S q u a re r o o t(s ), 266
imaginary unit Zand, 275,317
of a negative number, 275
properties of, 266
as solutions to quadratic
equations, 2 6 7 -2 7 1 ,3 1 7 ,3 2 0
S q u a r e ro o t fu n c tio n
graphing, 4 4 6 -4 5 1 ,4 6 5 ,4 6 8
parent, 446,465
S ta n d a rd d e v ia tio n , 745-750,783,
784
S ta n d a rd fo r m
of a com plex number, 276

of a linear equation, 91-9 6 ,1 4 0
of a number, 982
of a polynomial function, 337
of a quadratic equation, 253
3 17,318
S ta n d a rd n o r m a l d is trib u tio n ,
758-762
formula, 758
S ta n d a rd n o r m a l ta b le , 759
S ta n d a rd p o s itio n , for an angle,
859
S ta n d a rd iz e d T e st P r a c tic e , See a/so
Eliminate choices, 68-69,

148-149,2 3 0 -2 3 1 ,3 2 6 -3 2 7 ,
410 -4 1 1 ,4 7 2 -4 7 3 , 546-547,
6 1 0 -6 1 1 ,6 7 6 -6 7 7 ,7 4 0 -7 4 1 ,
7 9 0 -7 9 1 ,8 4 6 -8 4 7 ,9 0 4 -9 0 5 ,
972-973
examples, 3 ,1 9 , 36, 82 ,1 3 2 ,1 5 5 ,
162, 254, 268, 286, 332, 339,
355, 365,453, 508, 575, 590,
614, 627, 708, 717, 769, 877,
9 33,956
exercises, 77; rough out. See/or
examp/e 6, 8 ,1 4 ,1 5 ,2 3 ,3 2 ,
3 7 ,4 7 ,5 5
S ta n d a rd iz e d T e st P re p a ra tio n ,
See a/so Gridded-answer

questions; Multi-step
problems; Open-ended
problems
S ta n d a rd iz e d T est P re p a ra tio n
X3QN!
context-based muitipie choice

questions, 324-326, 608-610,
844-846
extended response questions,
146-148, 470-472, 738-740,
970-972
muitipie choice questions,
228-230, 544-546, 788-790
short response questions, 66-68,
408-410, 674-676, 902-904
S ta n d in g w ave, 953
S ta te T est P ra c tic e , 3 3 ,5 9 ,6 9 ,1 3 9 ,
149,186,22 0 ,2 3 1 ,2 7 4 ,3 1 6 ,
327, 369, 400,411,436, 464,
473, 506, 537, 547,572, 601,
641,667, 677, 732,741,782,
818,838,847,873, 896,940,
963, 973
S ta tis tic s , See also Data; Graphs;
Probabiiity
best-fitting iine, 114-120
bias in sampiing, 767, 769,771
biased question, 772-773
binomiai distribution, 763-765
control group, 773
convenience sampie, 766
direct variation, 107-111,140,143
experimental group, 773
experiments, designing, 772-773
formuias from, 1029
geometric mean, 749
margin of error, 768-771
measures of centra! tendency,
744-750,783,784,1005
measures of dispersion, 744-750,
783,784,1005
negative correiation, 113,114,117
normal distribution, 757-762, 783,
785
outlier, 746, 747
population, 766
positive correiation, 113,114,117
random sample, 766
sampiing, 766-771, 783, 786
self-selected sampie, 766
standard deviation, 745-750, 783,
784
surveys
designing, 772-773
sampiing, 766-771
systematic sampie, 766
tolerance, 54
unbiased sample, 767
S te m -a n d -le a fp io t, 1008-1009
S te p fu n c tio n , 131
S tre tc h , of the graph of the parent
absolute vaiue function,
124-129
S u b s c r ip ts , reading, 26
1102
S tu d en t R eso u rces
S u b s e t, 716
S u b s titu tio n , for checking soiutions,
1 8 ,1 9 ,2 0 ,3 6 ,5 2 ,9 1 ,1 3 3 ,1 5 3 ,
1 6 0 ,1 7 9 ,2 0 5 ,2 6 7 ,2 8 5 ,3 8 1 ,
452, 454, 4 5 5 ,4 6 8 ,5 1 7 ,5 1 8 ,
591,934
S u b s titu tio n m e th o d
for evaluating polynomial

functions, 338
for solving linear-quadratic
systems, 659, 661, 662-664
181-185,221
for solving quadratic systems,
660-664, 668,672
S u b tr a c tio n
of complex numbers, 276,279

counting problems and, 691
with fractions, 979
inequalities and, 42-47
integer, 975
matrix, 187, 189-192,194
as opposite of addition, 4
properties, 18
for matrices, 188
with rational expressions, 582-588,
602, 605
S u b tr a c tio n p ro p e r ty o f eq u ality , 18
S u m fo rm u la s , 949, 964
for special series, 797

using, 949-954, 968
S u m o f tw o c u b e s , 354
S u m m a tio n n o ta tio n , 796-800
S u m m in g r e c ta n g le s , 640
S u p p le m e n ta ry a n g le s , 994
S u r fa c e a re a , 993
S u rv e y
designing, 772-773, 786

probability and, 726, 729, 731,732,
740, 741
sampling and, 766-771, 786
S y m b o ls
approximately equal to, 2

empty set, 715
factorial, 684
imaginary unit, 275
inequality, 50, 51
infinity, 336, 339
mean, 744
percent, 976
radical sign, 266
standard deviation, 745
subset, 716
summation, 796
table of, 1024
theta, 852
theta prime, 868
universal set, 715
S y m m e tric d is trib u tio n , 727, 728

S y m m e try
line of
for a conic section, 652, 655
for a plane figure, 990
S y n th e tic d iv isio n , 363-368
S y n th e tic s u b s titu tio n , 363
for evaluating polynomial
functions, 338
S y s te m o f lin e a r e q u a tio n s , See
Linear systems
S y s te m o f lin e a r in e q u a iitie s ,
168-173
with no solution, 169
three or more inequalities, 170-173
S y s te m o f q u a d ra tic in e q u a litie s ,
301,304, 305
S y s te m a tic s a m p le , 766
T a b le (s)
to display data, 8, 9, 47, 57, 59, 69,

108,110,
111, 112,115,117,
1 1 8 ,1 1 9 ,1 2 0 ,2 0 6 ,4 0 0 ,4 2 1 ,
426, 472, 552, 553, 570, 580,
777, 779, 780, 781,782, 787,
824,904, 9 4 6 ,9 6 9 ,9 7 3 ,1 0 0 7
to graph cube root functions, 447
to graph equations of parabolas,
621
to graph exponential decay
functions, 486
to graph exponential growth
functions, 478
to graph linear functions, 7 5,80
to graph polynomial functions,
340, 342-344
to graph quadratic functions, 236,
237, 240
to graph square root functions, 446
interpreting, 609, 610
for natural base e, 492
for recording experimental data,
308,819
to represent relations, 72
to solve linear equations, 25
to solve linear systems, 152
to solve problems, exercises, 15, 24,
39, 95,104, 129, 290, 306, 314,
3 4 3 ,4 5 1 ,5 7 0 , 647,729, 808,
914, 929, 937
to solve quadratic inequalities, 302
to solve radical inequalities, 462
to solve rational inequalities, 598
spreadsheet, 826
standard normal, 759
T a b le s o f r e fe r e n c e
Formulas
from algebra, 1027-1028
T a n g en t fu n c tio n , See also
Trigonometric equation(s);
using, 949-954
using, 955-962
852-858
graphing, 911-914,965
translations, 918,920,921
using, 955-962
inverse, 875-879,897,899
using, 949-954
T a n g e n t id e n titie s , 924
T ech n o lo g y , See Calculator; Graphing
calculator
T e ch n o lo g y s u p p o rt, See Animated
Algebra; @Home Tutor; Online
Quiz; State Test Practice
T erm (s)
constant, 12
of an expression, 12
iike, 12
of a sequence, 794
variable, 12
T e rm in a l s id e , of an angle, 859
T e st-ta k in g s tra te g ie s , eliminate
choices, 3, 228, 229, 286, 544,
545, 590, 627, 788, 789, 933
T h e o re m s
binomial theorem, 693
complex conjugates theorem, 380

factor theorem, 364
fundamental theorem of algebra,
379-386,405
irrational conjugates theorem, 380
Pythagorean theorem, 995
rational zero theorem, 370
remainder theorem, 363
T h e o r e tic a l p ro b a b ility , 698
T h ird -o rd e r d iffe re n c e s , 395
T h irty -d e g r e e a n g le , trigonometric
values for, 853
T o le r a n c e , 54
T o ta l c o s t m a tr ix , 198
T o w er o f H a n o i, 800
T ra n s fo r m a tio n , 123
data and, 751-755
of exponential data, 529
of general graphs, 126
absolute value, 121-129,144
exponential, 479, 487
radical, 448
rational, 558,559
multiple, 125-129
of power data, 532
producing equivalent inequalities,
42
vertical shrinking of a graph, 479,
487
vertical stretching of a graph, 479,
487
T ra n s itio n m a tr ix , 201
T r a n s la tio n
of conic sections, 650-657, 672

exercises, 39
absolute value, 1 2 1 ,1 2 2,123-129
cosine, 915-917, 919-922,966
exponential, 487
exponential growth, 479
logarithmic, 503
radical, 448
rational, 559
sine, 9 1 5 -9 1 7 ,9 1 9 -9 2 2 ,9 6 6
tangent, 918,920, 921
horizontal, 916
vertical, 916
T ra n s v e rse a x is, of a hyperbola, 642
T re e d ia g ra m
for counting possibilities, 682, 686

for factoring numbers, 978
for finding probability, 720
T ria n g le (s)
AAS, 882
ambiguous case, 883-884
area of, 885, 88 7 ,8 8 8 ,9 9 1
ASA, 882
classifying, using the distance

formula, 614-615,617
hypotenuse of, 995
legs of, 995
median of, 618
perimeter of, 991
right, trigonometry and, 852-858,
898
SAS, 889
SSA, 883-884
SSS, 890-891
sum of angle measures of, 995
T ria n g u la r n u m b e r s , 394
T ria n g u la r p y ra m id a l n u m b e rs , 395
T rig o n o m e tric e q u a tio n (s ), 876-880
identities and, 923-930
solving, 931-939, 964, 967
using double-angle and half
angle formulas, 958,960-962
in an interval, 932, 935-937
using sum and difference
formulas, 949-954
T rig o n o m e tric e x p re ss io n s, 925-926,
928, 9 5 5 -9 5 6 ,9 5 9 ,9 6 0
T r ig o n o m e tr ic fo rm u la s
double-angle and half-angle,

9 5 5 -9 6 2 ,9 6 4 ,9 6 8
sum and difference, 949-954, 964,
968
T rig o n o m e tric fu n c tio n fs )
of any angle, 866-872,899

difference formulas for, 949
using, 949-954
double-angle formulas for, 955
using, 955-962
graphing, 874, 908-922, 964, 965
half-angle formulas for, 955
using, 955-962
inverse, 874-880, 897, 899
modeling with, 870, 871-872,
941-948, 967
right angle, 852-858, 898
sum formulas for, 949
using, 949-954
T r ig o n o m e tr ic id e n titie s , 923-930,
966
verifying, 923, 926-930, 958, 966
T r ig o n o m e tr ic ra tio s , 852-858
T rig o n o m e try
formulas from, 1030-1031

identities from, 1030-1031
T rin o m ia l (s), 252
factoring, 252-265
T u rn in g p o in ts , of a polynomial
function, 388,390
X3QN!
from combinatorics, 1028

from coordinate geometry, 1026
from geometry, 1032
from mathematical modeling,
1031
from matrix algebra, 1026
from probability, 1028-1029
from sequences and series,
1029-1030
from statistics, 1029
from trigonometry, 1030-1031
Identities, from trigonometry,
1030-1031
Measures, 1025
Properties
of exponents, 1033
of functions, 1034
of logarithms, 1034
of matrices, 1033
of radicals, 1034
of rational exponents, 1034
of real numbers, 1033
Symbols, 1024
Theorems, from algebra,
1027-1028
a
U n b ia se d s a m p le , 767
U n b o u n d e d re g io n , 174
in d ex
1103
U n d efin e d sio p e , 83
U n io n , of sets, 707-713, 715-716
U n it a n a ly sis, 5
for checking solutions, 7,3 4

with conversions, 5
with operations, 5
U n it c irc ie , 867
U n iv e rsa l g ra v ita tio n a l c o n s ta n t,
557
U n iv e rsa l s e t, 715
U p p er iim it o f s u m m a tio n , 7 9 6
U p p e r q u a rtile , 1 0 0 8 -1 0 0 9
a
V a ria b ie (s), 11
dependent, 74
independent, 74
random, 724
solving for, 26
V a ria b le te rm , 12
V a ria tio n
constant of, 107, 551

direct, 107-111,140,143
inverse, 550-557,603
joint, 553-557, 603
Venn diagram, 1004
classifying numbers, 2
to show composition of functions,
430
to show operations on sets,
715-716
to show probability, 698,706-708
V erb ai m o d e i
examples, 1 3 ,1 9 ,2 0 ,2 9 ,3 4 ,3 5 ,3 6 ,
42, 54, 63, 66, 100, 101,134,
155,162, 181,239, 254, 261,
2 6 2 ,3 5 6 ,3 7 3 ,3 8 9 ,5 6 0 , 589,
829
exercises, 15,30,242, 257, 594,601
writing and evaluating, 11
V e rifica tio n , of trigonometric
identities, 923,926-930,958,
966
V e rte x (V ertices)
of an absolute value graph, 123

of an angle, 859
of an ellipse, 634, 650
of a feasible region, 174
of a hyperbola, 642, 650
of a parabola, 236 ,620,650
V e rte x fo rm , of quadratic a function,
245-246, 248-251, 287, 317,
319
V e rtica i a s y m p to te , 558
V e rtica l iin e , graph of, 92
V e rtica l lin e te s t, 7 3 -7 4 , 77
V e rtica i m o tio n p ro b ie m , 2 9 5 , 2 9 8
V e rtica l sh rin k in g , of a graph, 479,
487
104
S tu d ent R eso u rces
V e rtic a l s tre tc h in g , of a graph, 479,
487
V e rtic a l tra n s ia tio n , graphing, 916
V isu a l th in k in g , See a/so Graphs;
Manipulatives; Modeling;
Multiple representations;
Transformation
exercises, 1 5 ,1 0 2 ,1 8 5 ,2 8 1 ,2 9 7 ,
3 4 2 ,6 2 4 ,8 6 2
V o c a b u la ry
overview, 1, 7 1 ,1 5 1 ,2 3 5 ,3 2 9 ,4 1 3 ,
477 ,5 4 9 ,6 1 3 , 681, 743,793,
851, 907
prerequisite, xxiv, 7 0 ,1 5 0 ,2 3 4 ,3 2 8 ,
412, 476, 548, 612, 680, 742,
7 9 2 ,8 5 0 ,9 0 6
review, 6 1 ,1 4 1 ,2 2 2 ,3 1 8 ,4 0 2 ,4 6 6 ,
539,603, 669, 734, 784,840,
898,965
V o iu m e, See Formulas
c n
W h a t If? q u e s tio n s , 1 1 ,1 3 ,2 1 ,2 9 , 36,
rational equations, 589,594-595

rules for nth term of a sequence,
80 3 -809,810-816
rules for sequences, 795, 798,
799-800
systems of equations, 155,157-158,
1 6 2 ,1 6 5 -1 6 6 ,1 8 1 ,1 8 4 -1 8 5
systems of linear inequalities, 170,
172-173
trigonometric equations, 877,
879-880
trigonometric functions, 941-948
a
x -a x is , 987
jr-c o o rd in a te , 987
x -in te r c e p t, 91
of the graph of a polynomial

function, 387
x -v a lu e s , critical, 303,599
44, 74, 83, 85,91, 101,109,

y -a x is , 987
1 2 6 ,1 3 5 ,1 5 5 ,1 6 3 ,1 7 0 ,1 8 1 ,
y -c o o r d in a te , 987
198, 2 1 9 ,2 3 9 ,2 4 6 ,2 4 7 , 254,
as local maximum of a function,
2 6 2 ,2 6 9 ,2 7 8 ,2 8 7 ,2 9 5 ,3 4 1 ,
388
3 5 6 ,3 6 1 ,3 6 5 ,3 7 3 ,3 8 3 ,3 8 9 ,
as local minimum of a function,
416, 431,447, 453, 461,480,
388
48 8 ,4 9 4 ,5 0 1 ,5 0 9 ,5 1 9 ,
525,
y -in te r c e p t, 89
531,552, 561,567, 574, 592,
597, 628, 636 ,6 4 4 ,6 6 1 , 683,
684, 691, 692, 699,700, 701,
708, 7 0 9 ,7 1 7 ,7 1 8 ,7 1 9 ,7 2 1 ,
z -in te r c e p t, 177
746, 752, 759, 767, 795, 797,
z -s c o r e , 758
805, 82 2 ,8 2 9 ,8 3 5 , 855, 870,
standard normal table and,
877, 8 9 1 ,9 1 1 ,9 3 9 ,9 4 2 ,9 5 7
759-762
W h o le n u m b e rs , 2
Z e ro e x p o n e n t p ro p erty , 330
W o rk ra te p ro b ie m s , 20,24
Z ero p ro d u c t p ro p erty , 253
W ritin g , See a/so Communication;
Z ero s io p e , 83
Verbal model
Z ero s
absolute value functions, 125
of a polynomial function, 364,365,
algebraic expressions, 984
3 6 6 ,3 6 7 ,3 7 0 -3 7 8 ,3 8 7 ,4 0 5
direct variation equations, 107-111
approximating real, 382-383, 384
equations of circles, 627-632
Descartes' Rule of Signs and,
equations of ellipses, 635-639
381-382, 384, 385
equations of hyperbolas, 643-648
fundamental theorem of algebra
equations of parabolas, 621-625
and, 379-386,405
exponential hmctions, 529-531,
of a quadratic function, 254-256
533-536, 542
average of, 262
linear equations, 19, 20 ,2 3 -2 4 ,
of a rational function, 566
98-104,142
linear systems as matrix equations,
212-213,215-217
piecewise functions, 131
polynomial functions, 381, 384,
386,392-399
power functions, 531-535
quadratic functions, 309-315, 322
C r e d its
P h o to g ra p h s
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Htustrations and Maps

Argosy 1, 51, 7 0 ,1 5 1 , 235, 3 2 9 ,4 1 3 ,4 7 7 , 549, 557 fop, 613,
622 fop, 6 4 6 ,6 5 4 ,6 6 2 ,6 6 7 fop ie/f, 6 8 1 ,7 4 3 ,7 9 3 ,8 1 8 boffom
ie/t; 8 5 1 ,9 0 7 ,9 2 1 , 9 4 2 ,9 5 4 ,9 5 7 ; Kenneth Bateiman 5 0 4 ,6 3 6 ,
752, 7 6 6 , 871, 879, 930, 946; Steve Cowden 15, 32, 39, 95,
2 4 1 ,2 4 3 fop confer, 2 4 7 ,2 6 8 ,2 9 8 center, 4 3 4 ,4 3 9 ,4 5 7 ,4 6 4 ,
535; Stephen Durke 290 boffom, 552, 5 7 0 ,6 2 2 center, 660,
689 fop. 8 0 0 ,8 0 8 fop, 8 3 2 ,8 5 8 ,8 7 2 center right, 89 6 ,9 1 8 ,
929 center, 92 9 fop right, 940; John Francis 580, 7 6 1 ; Patrick
Gnan/DeborahWoife, Ltd. 5 ,1 2 9 , 254, 343 fop, 351, 356, 360,
377, 392, 5 8 5 ,6 4 1 , 6 4 4 ,6 5 7 ,6 7 6 , 818 fop righf; 822, 838,
8 8 0 ,8 9 0 ,9 0 2 ,9 0 5 ,9 2 7 ,9 5 3 , 972; Chris Lyons 1 3 9,158, 647
center; Steve McEntee 480, 5 6 3 ,8 7 0 , 873 boffom ie/t, 877, 887,
893 boffom, 893 center, 9 0 4 ,9 1 4 , 916; Paul Mirocha 497, 574;
Laurie O'Keefe 8 8 ,4 9 4 , 729; Steve Stankiewicz 258, 505; Doug
Stevens 125; Dan Stuckenschneider 16,46, 8 7 ,1 0 8 ,1 1 9 ,1 3 7 ,
1 8 5 ,1 8 9 , 250, 257, 265 fop righf, 369, 3 7 3 ,4 2 6 ,4 5 0 , 519, 524,
556, 557 center, 688, 795, 8 2 4 ,9 3 6 ; Matt Zang/American Artists
500; CaroiZuber-Maiiison 111, 204, 208, 209, 358, 521, 587,
616, 618, 6 1 9 ,6 6 3 , 704, 855, 885, 961 fop righf, 961 boffom.
Ail other iiiustrations @ McDougal Litteii/Houghton Miffiin
Company.
H/oWted-Otvt So/ufions
T h is s e c t io n o f th e b o o k p r o v id e s s te p -b y -s te p s o lu tio n s to e x e r c is e s w ith
c ir c le d e x e r c is e n u m b e r s . T h e s e s o lu tio n s p r o v id e m o d e ls t h a t c a n h e lp
g u id e y o u r w o rk w ith t h e h o m e w o r k e x e r c is e s .
T h e s e p a r a te S e le c te d A n s w e r s s e c t io n fo llo w s t h i s s e c t io n . It p ro v id e s
n u m e r o u s a n s w e r s th a t y o u c a n u s e to c h e c k y o u r o w n a n s w e r s .
Lesson 1.3 (pp. 21- 24 )

23. 5b - 4 = 2b + 8
Lesson 1.1 (pp. 6-9)
5 (4 ) - 4
b = 4
2 (4 ) + 8
20 - 4 ^ 8
A s s o c ia tiv e p r o p e r ty o f
OUT SOLUTIONS
5b - 4 = 2b + 8
3 b = 12
C o m m u ta tiv e p r o p e r ty o f
a d d itio n
= (7 a + 5 a ) + 4
C h eck:
3b - 4 = 8
21. 7rr + (4 + 5 a )
= 7 a + (5 a + 4 )
WORKED
Chapter 1
+ 8
16 = 16 /
a d d itio n
= (7 + 5 ) a + 4
D is tr ib u tiv e p r o p e r ty
= 12a + 4
S im p lify
31. 3 5 0 fe e t -
1 yard
43.
I f + irf = 10
2
3'
6 ( I f + I)f =
C h eck:
If +
6 (1 0 )
= 10
1 1 6 .7 y a rd s
3f +
2f = 60
1 (1 2 )
+ 1 (1 2 )
10
59. a. P lu to , N e p tu n e , U r a n u s , S a tu r n , Ju p ite r,
5f = 60
M a r s , E a r th , M e rc u ry , V e n u s
f= 1 2
b. M e rc u ry , V e n u s , E a r t h , M a r s , Ju p ite r,
S a tu r n , U r a n u s , N e p tu n e , P lu to
6 + 4 ^ 10
10 = 1 0 /
71. 7 .7 5 (2 5 ) + 6 .2 5 x = 2 5 0
c. T h e g r e a te r t h e d is t a n c e f r o m th e s u n , th e
1 9 3 .7 5 + 6 .2 5 x = 2 5 0
c o ld e r t h e s u r fa c e te m p e r a tu r e .
x = 9
d. V e n u s
Y o u m u s t w o rk 9 h o u r s /w e e k a t t h e s e c o n d
jo b .
Lesson 1.2 (pp. 13- 16)

2 1. W h e n m = 6 :
Lesson 1.4 (pp.30 - 32 )
8m + (2m - 9)3 = 8 (6 ) + (2(6) - 9)3
3. A =
= 8 ( 6 ) + (3)3
A
pern
W h e n m = 50 a n d A = 2 5 0:1! = =
= 5
w
50
= 48 + 2 7 = 7 5
2 9 . 7 (m - 3) + 4 (m + 5) = 7 m - 21 + 4 m + 2 0
= (7 m + 4 m ) + ( - 2 1 + 2 0 ) = 11m -
-> - = i
w
59 . 2 7 0 - 4 .5 (x). T h e e x p r e s s io n m a k e s s e n s e
fo r a ll p o s itiv e in te g e r v a lu e s o f x le s s t h a n
T h e le n g t h o f th e r e c t a n g l e is 5 m illim e t e r s .
9. 6 x + 5y = 31 => 5y = 31 - 6 x - > y = ^
^
W hen x = - 4 : y =
31
6 (-4 )
55
= -^- = 11
o r e q u a l to 6 0 . W h e n x > 6 0 , th e b a l a n c e is
n e g a tiv e .
W o rk ed -O u t S o lu tio n s
W S1
35. F = ^ C + 32
o
32 = C ^ ( F - 32) = C
Chapter 2
Lesson 2.1
W h en f = 5 0 : (5 0 - 32) = C
(p p . 7 6 - 7 9 )
7. (5, 2 0 ), (10, 2 0 ), (15, 3 0 ), (2 0 , 3 0 )

(1 8 ) = C
D o m a in : 5, 10, 15, a n d 2 0 ; R a n g e : 2 0 a n d 3 0
10 = C
G ra p h
T h e te m p e r a tu r e o f 10C c o r r e s p o n d s to 50F .
Input Output
"If" '
'
10"
13"
20^
to
Lesson 1.5
( p p .3 7 - 4 0 )
3 . d = rt ^ 20 = 4 0 t > = t; f = 2 h o u r
11. 11
+4
27. 15
15
19
+4
23
A n e q u a tio n is y =
1 1 + 4x.
+4
1 6 .5
18
+ 1 .5 + 1 .5
WORKED
OUT SOLUT!ONS
M a p p in g D ia g r a m
17. T h e r e la t io n is n o t a f u n c t i o n b e c a u s e th e
in p u t - 2 is m a p p e d to b o t h 0 a n d 5.
4 5 . V(r) =
1 9 .5
21
V(6) = ir(6 )3 = 2 8 8 n
+ 1 .5 + 1 .5
A n e q u a tio n is y = 15 + 1.5.x. I t is n o t
re a so n a b le to a s s u m e th e p a tte rn in th e ta b le
9 0 5 u n its 3
V (6) r e p r e s e n t s th e v o lu m e o f a s p h e r e w ith a
r a d iu s o f 6 u n its .
c o n tin u e s in d e fin ite ly . I f i t d id , th e p la n t

w o u ld becom e in d e fin it e ly t a ll.
Lesson 1.6
Lesson 2.2 (pp. 86-88)
(pp. 44 - 4 7 )
9. m =
13. x < - 2 o r x > 4
> 0 ! th e lin e ris e s .
19. L in e 1: t h r o u g h (1, 5) a n d (3, - 2 )
25. 15 - 3 x > 3
II b
0
1 2
I! -
L in e 2 : t h r o u g h ( - 3 , 2) a n d (4, 0)
5 6
x<4
-2 -5
3 -1
55. a. L o w la n d : 0 < e < 5 0 0
b. A lp in e : 2 0 0 0 < e < 2 4 2 9
(-3 )
S u b a lp in e : 1 4 0 0 < e < 2 0 0 0
B ecau se
= - <
= 1 ^ - 1 and
A lp in e a n d s u b a lp in e : 1 4 0 0 < e < 2 4 2 9
77^ ^
c . N o t in m o n ta n e z o n e : e < 5 0 0 o r e > 1 4 0 0
Lesson 1.7
21.
47.
or 2d -
5 = 13
2d = - 8
or
2 d = 18
d = -4
or
d = 9
Id + 4 j > 3
d <
WS2
A v era g e r a te o f c h a n g e =
l2<% - 5] = 13
d + 4 < -3
77.
4 5 . A;
(p p . 5 5 - 5 8 )
2d - 5 = - 1 3
-7
th e lin e s a r e n e it h e r p e r p e n d ic u la r
n o r p a r a lle l.
-9 -7 -5 -3 -1
or
d > -1
A ccep t: jh - 2 l l < 1 ; R e je c t: jh - 2 l j > 1
W ork ed -O u t S o lu tio n s
change in days
214 gallons - 400 gallons

30 days 0 days
- 1 8 6 gallons
30 days
-I I + ! i I ! I + i h
or d + 4 > 3
change in gallons
= - 6 . 2 g a llo n s p e r d a y
L e s s o n 2 .3
15.
Lesson 2.5 (pp. 109 - 111)
(p p . 9 3 - 9 6 )
5.
y
I
4
(0,
! r
x
1)
,(2 - 2 )
-1
y = ax
- 2 1 = a (6 )
\16,-21)
S u b s titu te - y fo r a
37. - 5 % + lOy = 2 0
x - in te r c e p t :
1
(0. 21
(- 4, J),
x = -4
15.
W h e n x = 12:
y = ax
)^
1
y (1 2 ) = 4
-1 .6 = a ( - 4 .8 )
y -in te r c e p t:
OUT SOLUTIONS
- 5 ( 0 ) + lOy = 2 0
y = 2
T h e y -in te r c e p t, 1.5,
61.
is 12
B
,o
S o , y = yX.
r e p r e s e n t s th e c o s t to r e n t
s h o e s , $ 1 .5 0 . T h e s io p e ,
3 , r e p r e s e n t s th e c o s t p e r
g 6
0
gam e, $3.
1 2 3 4 3
41 2 3 = 5 1
4.5
^
7.8
5.1
WORKED
- 5 x + 1 0 (0 ) = 2 0
in y = a x . y = -
y = 5 .1
lb
B e c a u s e t h e r a t io s a r e a p p r o x im a te ly e q u a l,
th e d a ta s h o w d ir e c t v a r ia tio n . A n e q u a tio n
r e la t in g s a n d f is f = 5 .1 s.
Lesson 2.4 (pp. 101- 104 )
Lesson 2.6 (pp. 117- 120 )
15. L e t (Xp y ^ = (7, - 3 ) a n d rn = - y .
b e c a u s e t h e s c a t t e r p lo t s h o w s a s tr o n g
y - y^ = m (x - x ,)
y -
9 . T h e c o r r e ia t io n c o e f f ic i e n t is c l o s e s t to - 1
n e g a tiv e c o r r e la tio n .
( - 3 ) = - y ( x - 7)
y = -yX + 1
35. L e t ( x ^ y ^ = ( - 5 , - 2 ) a n d (x^, yg) = ( - 3 , 8 ).

^ " Ti
^ - X,
8 - (-2 )
- 3 - ( -5 )
^ = 5
2
( X i'T i) = (1- 1 2 0 ) a n d
y - Ti = " d * - x ^
y -
( - 2 ) = 5 (x -
(-5 ))
y = 5x + 23
= (5, 4 2 ).
42 - 120
^
78
= " V = "^ -5
y - y^ = m ( x - x ^
53. A n e q u a tio n is 1 5 x + 9 y = 4 5 0 0 .
F ro m th e g ra p h , y ou
600
b. T h e l in e s h o w n a p p e a r s to p a s s th r o u g h
y -
120 = - 1 9 .5 ( x -
1)
y = - 1 9 . 5 x + 1 3 9 .5
c a n see th a t if 20 0
g e n e r a i a d m is s io n s
t ic k e t s w e re s o id , a b o u t
c. W h e n x = 20 :
y = - 1 9 . 5 ( 2 0 ) + 1 3 9 .5 = - 2 5 0 . 5
167 s tu d e n t t ic k e t s w e re
0
200
400
400
so id .
W o rk ed -O u t So lu tio n s
WS3
2 5 . A s c a t t e r p io t a n d p o s s ib le i in e o f b e s t fit a r e
s h o w n . T h e lin e a p p e a r s to p a s s th r o u g h
Lesson 2.8 (pp. 135 - 138 )
% " Ti _ 2 8 5 0 - 2 2 4 0
610
\ 2x + y < 6
\
101.7
6 -0
25.
= (0, 2 2 4 0 ) a n d ( x ^ y j = (6, 2 8 5 0 ) .
y - y i = "?(-* -
\ )
y - 2 2 4 0 = 10 1 .7 (x - 0)
4 5. x = y a rd s o f c o t to n la c e ; y = y a rd s o f lin e n la c e
y = 101.7.x + 2 2 4 0
1 .5 x + 2 .5 y < 7 5
A n a p p r o x im a tio n o f th e b e s t - f it t in g lin e is
y = 101.7x + 2 2 4 0 .
OUT SOLUTIONS
Let x = 24:
1 .5 ( 2 4 ) + 2 .5 y < 7 5
y
MM
MM
! !
( 6 ,2 8 5 0 0
y < 1 5 .6
0 10 20 30 40 45 50 x
27M
=3
MM
25M
Y o u c a n b u y 1 5 .6 o r le s s
y a r d s o f lin e n la c e .
MM
WORKED
23M
Chapter 3
22M (0 ,2 2 4 0
MM
0
!
0 1 2
3 4
Lesson 3.1
5 6
(p p . 1 5 6 -1 5 8 )
9. y = - 3 x - 2
4 ^ -3 (-2 ) - 2
Lesson 2.7 (pp. 127- 129 )

13. T h e g r a p h o f / ( x ) = - ^ ]x g ra p h o f / ( x ) =
X T 2^
-
4 = 4 /
1^1 r e f le c t e d in th e x - a x is ,
v e r tic a lly s h r u n k b y a fa c to r o f
= -3
4 ^ 6 - 2
1 1 + 5 is th e
Y
\
5x + 2 / = - 2
5x + 2y = - 2
and
t r a n s la t e d r ig h t 1 u n it a n d u p 5 u n its .
5 ( - 2 ) + 2 (4 )
-2
-1 0 + 8
-2
-V
(1
5)
(x)
-2 = - 2 /
- *!
T h e s o lu tio n is ( - 2 , 4 ).
a X)
21.
X - 1 + 5^
T h e g r a p h s o f th e e q u a tio n s
y
/5 x - 3 / = 6
/
/
19. V e r t e x i s ( - 2 , - l ) ; y = % l x + 2 l - 1
/
U s in g p o in t(0 , 0 ) :0 = a l 0 + 2l - 1
0 = a jo - 6 9 l + 140
140
= a
69
T?
= 1 2 x /i
200
S 150
S 100
.=
d a y s.
O p tio n A : y = 121 4
jii 250
L et x = n u m b er o f
39. V ertex is (69, 140) ; y = <3 1x - 6 9 1 + 140
WS4
24
37. L e t y = t o t a l c o s t.
An eq u a tio n is y = ^ lx + 2 1 - 1 .
A n e q u a tio n is y =
0 x + 12
)
s y s te m h a s i n f in it e ly m a n y
s o lu tio n s . T h e s y s te m is
...!...
h -
U sin g p o in t (0, 0):
a r e th e s a m e lin e . T h e
[x - 6 9
O p tio n B : y = 1 2 x
12
TX
(1* , 132
50
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 *
T h e p la n s a r e e q u a l a f t e r 11 d a y s. I f th e d a ily
140.
c o s t o f o p tio n B i n c r e a s e s , th e p la n s w ill b e
e q u a l in fe w e r d a y s.
Lesson 3.2
Lesson 3.4 (pp. 1 8 2 -1 8 5 )
(p p . 1 6 4 -1 6 7 )
11.
5. 6 x - 2 y = 5
3x - y + 2z = 4
6 x - 2y + 4z = - 8
- 3 x + y = 7 > y = 3 x + 7
2 x - y + 3 z = 10
W h e n y = 3% + 7:
6 x - 2 y + 4 z = - 8 Add - 2 ti m e s E q u a tio n 1
6 x 2 ( 3 x + 7) = 5
6x - 6x -
- 6 x + 2y - 4z = - 8
14 = 5
-1 4 A 5
- 4 x + 5y = - 1 0
- 4 x + 5y = - 1 0
2x - 3 (-6 ) = 8
x = -5
T h e s o lu tio n is ( - 5 , - 6 ) .
x + y = 2 6 -*y = 2 6 - x
4 x + 2y = 76
4 x + 2 (2 6 - x) = 76
y = 26 - x
4 x + 52 - 2 x = 76
x = 12
x + 5y - 2 z = - 1
A d d E q u a tio n 2 to
y - 2 y + z = 6
E q u a tio n 1.
N e w E q u a tio n 1
3y - z = 5
- 2 x - 7y + 3 z = 7
A dd 2 t i m e s E q u a tio n
2 x + lOy - 4 z = - 2
1 to E q u a tio n 3.
N e w E q u a tio n 2
3y - z = 5
3y - z = 5
y = 14
3y + z = - 5
g a m e s in p ro g r e s s .
A d d - 1 t i m e s n e w E q u a tio n
1 to n e w E q u a tio n 2
0 = 0
I n f in it e ly m a n y s o lu tio n s
4 5 . a . / = 1 st p la c e ; s = 2 n d p la c e ; 1 = 3 rd p la c e
(p p . 1 7 1 -1 7 3 )
9 . 4 x - 4y > - 1 6
- 2 x - 7y + 3z = 7
y = 2 6 - 12
T h e r e w e re 12 d o u b le s g a m e s a n d 14 s in g le s
Lesson 3.3
x + 5y - 2 z = - 1
OUT SOLUTIONS
W heny = - 6 :
y = s in g le s
25.
- x - 2y + z = 6
-y = 6
5 9 . x = d o u b le
N o s o lu tio n
4 x - 6 y = 16
x 2
2 x - 3y = 8
0 = -8
T h e r e is n o s o lu tio n .
WORKED
29.
to E q u a tio n 2 .
19. 3 x + 2 y > - 6
-x + 2y> -4
/ + s + 1 = 20
E q u a tio n 1
5 / + 3s + 1 = 68
E q u a t io n 2
s = / + 1
E q u a tio n 3
y + ( ^ + 1) + l = 2 0 > 2 ^ + 21 = 2 0 N e w E q . 1
5 / + 3 ( / + 1) + l = 6 8 - > 8 / + 41 = 6 8 N e w E q . 2
37. a. x > 2
b.
y>2
x + y< 8
x + y > 5
c.
A d d - 4 ti m e s n e w
8 / + 41 = 6 8
E q . 1 to n e w E q . 2 .
- 4 1 = -1 2
o y
S s \
4\
E"
4
8^
Number of juniors
S a m p le ansM /er; 3 ju n i o r s , 4 s e n io r s ;
4 ju n io r s , 4 s e n io r s .
- 8 / - 8l = -8 0
1=3
S u b s t it u t e 1 = 3 in to n e w E q u a tio n 1.
2 / + 2 (3 ) = 2 0 - > / = 7
S u b s t i t u t e / = 7 a n d 1 = 3 in to
E q u a tio n 3.
s = / + l > s = 7 + 3 = 10
7 a t h l e t e s p la c e d fir s t, 10 a t h le t e s p la c e d
s e c o n d , a n d 3 a t h l e t e s p la c e d th ir d .
W S5
/+
3s + f = 7 0
s=/ + f
E q u a tio n
13.
( / + f) + f = 2 0 ^ 2 f + 2 t = 2 0 N e w E q . 1
+ 3(/ + t) + f = 7 0
5f
E q u a tio n 2
8 /+ 4f
= 70
N ew Eq. 2
- 8 / - 8f = -8 0
A dd - 4 tim e s n e w
8 / + 4 f = 70
E q . 1 to n e w E q . 2.
-1 2
41.
t
OJ
OUT SOLUT)ONS
(pp. 191- 193)

12
-4
10-12 -8 - (-3)*
5 - 3 -3 - (-4)
-3
01
WORKED
t___
-8 *
-2 -5*
2 1
1.8 -1.5 10.6* + 3 *7.2 0 -5.4*

-8.8 3.4 0
2.1 -1.9 3.3
1.8 + 21.6
1.5 + 0 10.6 + (-16.2)
-8.8+ 6.3 3.4 + (-5.7)
0 + 9.9
23.4 -1.5 -5.6
-2.5 -2.3 9.9
21.
May(M)
A
June (J)
B C
B C
Downtown 31 42 18 25 36 12
Mall
22 25 11 38 32 15
*31 42 18* + 25 36 12*
b. M + 7 =
22 25 11
38 32 15
56 78 30
31 25 42 + 36 18 + 12
60 57 26
22
38 25 + 32 11 + 15
The downtown store sold 56 of Model A,
78 of Model B, and 30 of Model C. The
mall store sold 60 of Model A, 57 of Model
B, and 26 of Model C.
56 78 30
c. i ( M + 7) = ^
60 57 26
3 3 . a.
W S6
28
39
15
30
28.5
13
W ork ed -O u t S o iu tio n s
- 3 * *-6 3*
-2
4
4 1
5(-6) + (-3)(4) 5(3) + (-3)(1)
(-2)(-6) + (4)(4) (-2) (3) + (4)(1)
*-42 12*
21 -6*
28 -2
-14 1
SP; (3 X 2)(1 X 3) PS: (1 X 3) (3 X 2)
'L i
L i
not equal
equal
So, matrix PS is defined.
21 16
PS = [650 825 1050] 40 33
15 19
= [650(21) + 825(40) + 1050(15)
650(16) + 825(33) + 1050(19)]
= [62,400 57,575]
The profit for dealer A is $62,400 and the
profit for dealer B is $57,575.
1
2
f cannot be a fraction; you cannot have

part of a person. This ciaim must be false.
5.
15'
8 -4
- 4 f = -10
Lesson 3.5
(pp. 199 - 202 )

*9 -3* *0 1*
0 2
9(0) + (-3)(4) 9(1) + (-3)(-2)
0(0) + 2(4)
0(1) + 2(-2)
Lesson 3.6
5 /+
E q u a tio n 1
b. / + s + f = 2 0
Lesson 3.7
11.
23.
(pp. 207 - 2 0 9 )
-1
12
-1
12
3 0
3 0
= (-2 - 180 + 0) - (24 + 0 + 0) = -206
4 2 1
4 2 1 4 2
+
i
Area =
4 8 1 *2 4 8 1 4 8
8 5 1_
.8 5 1_ 8 5
= [(32 +16 + 20) - (64 + 20 +8)] = 12
The area of the triangle is 12 square units.
=
43. a. x = s in g le ; y = d o u b le ; z = tr ip le
25.
x + y + z = 120
-7
-l"
-2
_y _
10
-2 5
0 .9 0 x + 1 .2 y + 1 .6 z = 1 3 4
0. 9
1.2
1.6 0 . 9 1. 2
-1
-1
]
(D
1
1 .6
-1
-1
120
0 .9
13 4
1.6
-1
0.8
1
120
0 .9
1.2
134
-1
z =
0.8
*78
104
.2 2
255
47 .
7
15
2
15
1
15
7
15
4
15
198*
15.
10
-2 5
_y_
2 3 .8 .
-1 "-
_100_
2. 3
32
0.8
0.8
1.2
2 .3 o z B r a n C r u n c h ie s ; 0 .8 o z T o a s te d O a ts ;
a n d 1.2 o z W h o le W h e a t F la k e s
Chapter 4
16
0.8
Lesson 4.1
(p p . 240 - 243 )
15.
b . N e w p r ic e = 1.1 x o ld p r ic e
y=
B o th g rap h s h av e th e sa m e
a x is o f s y m m e tr y . T h e g ra p h
o f/(x ) = - x ^ + 2 o p en s
-X
1 .1 ($ .9 0 ) = $ .9 9 ; 1 .1 ($ 1 .2 0 ) = $ 1 .3 2 ;
1 .1 ($ 1 .6 0 ) = $ 1 .7 6
N ew s a le s = 0 .9 5 x o ld s a le s
0 .9 5 ( 6 0 ) = 5 7 ; 0 .9 5 (4 0 ) = 3 8 ; 0 .9 5 ( 2 0 ) = 19
1 '
*2 + 2
d o w n , a n d its v e r te x is 2 u n its
h ig h e r t h a n t h a t o f y = x ^ .
37. / ( x ) = ^ x ^ + 6 x + 4
% > 0 ; th e f u n c t i o n h a s a m i n i m u m v a lu e .
N ew r e v e n u e = $ .9 9 ( 5 7 ) + $ 1 .3 2 (3 8 )
+ $ 1 .7 6 (1 9 ) = $ 1 4 0 .0 3
-&
-(6 )
2a
(pp. 214 - 2 1 7 )
M in im u m :/ ( - 2 ) = 2 ^ ) ^
+ 6 (-2 ) + 4 = - 2
-5
3 . 71 =
A " '=
*500
0 .6
X = T T 'R =
T h e r e a r e 6 0 s in g le -s c o o p , 4 0 d o u b le
s c o o p , a n d 2 0 t r ip le - s c o o p c o n e s s o ld .
Lesson 3.8
1
15
OUT SOLUTtONS
48
0.8
15
T h e s o lu tio n o f th e s y s te m is (3, 2 ).
0.8
WORKED
1
1.2
X = z T 'B =
0.8
0 .9 ) - ( 1 .2 -
134
y =
1 -1
120
1_
-2
+
C4
= 0
!!
!
03
1
x = y + z - > x - y - z
1
4 -5
y ^ 9 0 00*^ * 1 5 * *** 5 0 0
*4
1
5*
1
= -1
*4
"-4
-5
-1
-1
x =
2a
Al 5 /
1
= 2100
^ ( 2 1 0 0 ) 2 - ^ ( 2 1 0 0 ) + 5 0 0 = 10
T h e c a b le is 10 feet a b o v e th e road.
W o rk ed -O u t S o iu tio n s
WS7
Lesson 4.2
\ y = ( x + 1) { x + 2)
7
\
!
/
\
19
63. 9 6 = (2 x + 8 ) ( 2 x + 1 2) - 9 6
( p p . 249 - 2 5 1 )
% = 1, p = - 1 , a n d p = - 2
0 = 4x2 + 4 0 x - 96
x - in t .: x = - 2 a n d x = - 1
0 = (4 x - 8 ) ( x + 12)
A x is o f s y m .:
! ^
( - 2, 0)Î
).3
7^7
-0 5
10
(- , )
2 + (-l)
x =
x=-1.5
x = 2or
V2
160)
b. x
P + <7
2
33.
z -9
n -3
(z - 9 )( z + 6) = 0
(x + 10) (x - 3)
T h e z e ro s a re - 1 0 a n d 3.
67. a. A = (3 0 ) (2 0 ) = 6 0 0 ft^
N ew a re a
(feet)
6z
^
3 * f
9 + 3z 3z
^ - 6 + 1 8 z _
18. _ _ 3
10
10
10^
27.
x^ + 5 0 x + 6 0 0 = 1 0 6 4
x = - 5 8 or x =
2 7 . 2 0x 2 + ^ 4 x + 2 4 = 4 (5 x 2 + 3 1 x + 6)
x 2 -2 x = -2 5
-2 4
y = x 2 -3 x + 4
y' ++ = (x2 - 3 x + ^ ) + 4
= 4 ( 5 x + l ) ( x + 6)
W S8
W orked -O ut S o iu tio n s
lO i = 12 - 8 ;
x - 1 = V ^ 2 4 -+ x = 1 2(V6
45.
(3 r - 5 ) ( 2 r + 1) = 0
or
9.
*
(p p . 288 - 2 9 1 )
( x - 1)
(pp . 2 6 3 - 2 6 5 )
5
.2
r = = 1
3
^3
x2 - 2 x + 1 = - 2 5 + 1
E x p a n d th e le n g t h a n d w id th b y 8 fe e t.
39. 6 r^ - 7 r - 5 = 0 ^
ohm s
New width
(feet)
1 0 6 4 = (x + 3 0 ) (x + 2 0 )
Lesson 4.4
18; + 6;2
3 + f
3 + z
67. I m p e d a n c e : 12 + 8z - 6 : -
New length
(feet)
(x - 5 8 )( x - 8) = 0
(n - 3)2 = - 2
= V ^ 2 -+ n = 3 :V 2
Lesson 4.7
c.
-+ r = 5 .6 fe e t
(pp. 2 7 9 - 2 8 2 )
11. - 5 ( n - 3 )2 = 10 ^
29.
b.
r2 =
7rr2 = 32 ^ r2 = 5
7T
Lesson 4.6
= 0 > z = 9 o r z + 6 = 0 - + z = - 6
47. y = x^ + 7 x - 3 0
y 1 ^ -S _ V 77 _ ^ /lr
'77
77
77
V 77
1 6 0 ) = 1.5
(pp . 2 5 5 - 2 5 8 )
- 3z - 54 = 0 ^
4 -V 5
4 + V5
b. 7rr2 = 100
T h e m a x im u m h e ig h t is a b o u t 1.5 fe e t.
Lesson 4.3
_ 4 - V5 ^ 4V2 - Vlo
4 1. a. ?rr2 = 102 = 100

160)
80
y = - 0 .0 0 0 2 3 4 ( 8 0 ) ( 8 0 -
V2
* 4 + V5
c.
0 + 160
2
(p p . 2 6 9 - 2 7 1 )
27. - 3 ^ 2 = - 2 1 3 -+ m2 = 71 ^ m = i V n
p = 0, p = 1 6 0 ; t h e fie id is 1 6 0 fe e t w id e .
WORKED
OUT SOLUTtONS
= (x^ - 3 x - 3 x + 9) + 6 = x ^ - 6 x + 15
= - 0 . 0 0 0 2 3 4 ( x - 0 )( x -
Lesson 4.5
^
29. y = (x - 3)2 + 6 = (x - 3 ) ( x - 3 ) + 6
53. a. y = - 0 . 0 0 0 2 3 4 x ( x -
T h e b o r d e r 's w id th s h o u ld b e 2 fe e t.
= -1 .5
V e rte x : ( - 1 . 5 , - 0 . 2 5 )
x = -1 2
r = - ^
T h e v e r te x is
^)-
65.
y = (2 0 0 + 10%) ( 4 0 - % )
y = 8 0 0 0 + 200% -
73. 0.0017%2 + 0.145% + 2 .3 5 > 10

0.0017%2 + 0.145% - 7.65 > 0
10%2
y - 8 0 0 0 = - 1 0 ( F - 20%)
- 0 . 145 V 0 .0 7 3 0 4 5 ^
3 6 .8 4 , - 1 2 2 .1 3
0 .0 0 3 4
%=
y - 8 0 0 0 + ( - 1 0 ) ( 1 0 0 ) = -1 0 (% 2 - 20% + 100)
36.84
y - 9 0 0 0 = - 1 0 ( % - 10)2
20
)
30
40
y = -1 0 (% - lO f + 9 0 0 0
T h e reven u e is m a x im iz e d w h e n th e p rice is
in c re a s e d 10 tim e s ; 10($10) = $100.
(pp . 2 9 6 - 2 9 9 )
19. 4%^ + 3 = %2 - 7% > 3%^ + 7% + 3 = 0

- 7 \ 13
2 (3 )
Lesson 4.10
(pp. 3 1 2 -3 1 5 )
19. y = a(% - p)(% - <y) - > y = a(% + 3)(% - 3)
39. 7r^ - s = 2 r + 9r^ -> - 2 r ^ - 2 r - 5 = 0
- 4 = a ( l + 3)(1 - 3)
= a
- 4 a c = (-2 )2 - 4 ( - 2 ) ( - 5 ) = - 3 6 < 0
.
.
-(-2 ) V ^ 3 6
Two im a g in a r y :------- = " 2
A q u a d ra tic fu n c tio n i s y =
1,3,-
+ 3)(% - 3 ).
71. S = - 0 .0 0 0 0 1 3 E ^ + 0 .0 4 2 F - 21
35. y = a%2 + h% + c
a (-l)2
h (-l)
OUT SOLUTtONS
%=
- 7 V7^ - 4 (3 )(3 )
WORKED
Lesson 4.8
T est v a lu es % = 0 a n d % = 3 7 to d e te rm in e th a t
% > 3 6 .8 4 . T h e d o m a in is 0 < % < 4 0. So, th e
larv a e's le n g th te n d s to b e g rea ter th a n 10 m m
b e tw e e n a ro u n d 37 to 4 0 days.
10 = - 0 .0 0 0 0 1 3 ^ 2 + 0 .0 4 2 F - 21
1 = a (l)2 + h (l) + c ^ a + h + c = l
0 = - 0 .0 0 0 0 1 3 ^ 2
F
F =
o .0 4 2 E - 31
17 = a (3 ) 2 + h (3 ) + c ^
-0 .0 4 2 + V (0 042)2 _ 4 ( - Q .0 0 0 0 1 3 ) ( - 3 1 )
U s in g s u b s t it u t io n a n d c = 9 - a + h:
2 ( - 0 .0 0 0 0 1 3 )
a + h + ( 9 - a + h) = l ^ & = - 4
-0 .0 4 2 + \ 0 .0 0 0 1 5 2
- 0 .0 0 0 0 2 6
9 a + 3 ( - 4 ) + (9 - a - 4) = 17
F = 1141 m e te rs o r F = 2 0 9 0 m e te rs
a = 3
(-4 ) + c = 9 ^ c = 2
3 -
A q u a d r a tic f u n c t i o n is y = 3%2 - 4% + 2.
Lesson 4.9 (pp. 3 0 4 - 3 0 7 )

17. y < -^ % 2 + 3% + 1
9 a + 3& + c = 17
49. a.
a=^0ll 9047619
b=-.3085714286
c=-4.761905E-4
R2=.9999912262
y = 0.01190% 2 - 0.3 09 % - 0 .0 0 0 4 8
b.
39. 3%2 + 2% - 8 < 0
W h e n % = 10, y = - 1 . 9 0 s e c o n d s
(3% - 4)(% + 2) =
Chapter 5
% = ^ or % =
Lesson 5.1 (pp. 33 3 - 33 5 )
T h e so iu tio n is
17.
-2 < x < I.
(6 .3
1 0 S )(8 .9
10 " ^ )
56.07
1 0 "?
= 5 .6 0 7 x 10* X IQ*? = g_gQ7 ^ 1 0 '^
W o rk ed -O u t S olu tio n s
W S9
3c^
31
_ 3 3 - 1 ,1 - (-1, _ 1 2 ,2
61. P = 0 .0 0 2 6 7 sF = 0.00267s(0.0116<;3 + 0.789)
= 0 .0 0 0 0 3 0 9 7 2 ^ 3 + 0 .0 0 2 1 0 6 6 3 s
Q u o tie n t o f p o w e rs p r o p e r ty
W h e n s = 10, P (1 0 ) = 0 .0 5 2 0 3 8 3 .
5 1. B e a d : rf = 6 m m , r = 3 m m
^ = ^ P
A b o u t 0 .0 5 2 h o rsep o w e r is n ee d ed .
= ^ ( 3 ) ^ = 367r
Lesson 5.4 (pp. 356 - 359 )
P e a r i: rf = 9 m m , r = 2
WORKED-OUT SOLUTIONS
4 3 4 / 9
7.
243 v
3 /
48y3 = 3 / ( y 2
4c3 + 8 c^ - 9 c -
23.
18 = 4c^ (c + 2) - 9 (c + 2)
= (c + 2 )(2 c + 3 )(2 c - 3)
2 4 3 n-
V olum e o f pearl
243
V olum e o f b e a d
^ ^ 3^ + 4 ) ^ _
3 6 7r
= 3 .3 7 5
72
61. i = x ; / t = x - 5 ; t c = x - 5
r* = itafz
A b o u t 3 .4 tim e s g r e a te r
2 5 0 = (x)(x - 5 )(x - 5)
2 5 0 = x(x3 - 10x + 25)
Lesson 5.2
(pp. 341 - 344 )
21. 3
11
-7
0 = F
0 = F ( x - 10) + 2 5 (x - 10)
-2 1
-3 0
-7 8
0 =
-1 0
-2 6
-7 8
f = 10 in ., 1: = 5 in ., w = 5 in .
/(3 ) = -7 8
Lesson 5.5
27. T h e d e g r e e is e v e n a n d th e le a d in g
(pp. 3 6 6 - 3 6 8 )
6
f
10
12
1.2
1.46
1.68
1.59
1.44
1.97
4.41
+ 2 5 )(x - 10) ^ x = 10
6 1 - 5 - 8
17.
c o e f f ic i e n t is n e g a tiv e .
57.
- lOx^ + 2 5 x - 2 5 0
13
6 -1 2
6
1 - 6
6
x3 + X^ - 2 x + 1 -
The num ber of
-12
x 6
sn o w b o ard ers w as
g r e a te r t h a n 2 m illio n
25. - 9
in 2 0 0 2 (w h e n f = 10).
1
/M
0 2 4
- -51
108
-9
63
-1 0 8
-7
12
= (x + 9 ) (x3 - 7x + 12)
= (x + 9 ) ( x - 4 ) ( x - 3 )
6 8 10 12 '
43.
- 0 . 1 3 x 3 + 1 1 .2 x - 5 6 0 .9
1 4 .8 x
Lesson 5.3 (pp. 349 - 352 )
7 2 5 ) - 1 .9 5 x " + 7 0 . l F - 1 . 9 5 F - 9 5 .5 F
11. (5h - 6&3 + 2&") - ( 9&3 + 4^4 - 7 )

=
2b" -
= (2 a - 3 ) M
-8 3 0 1 .3 x + 2150
- 8 3 0 1 . 3 x - 4 0 6 ,6 5 2 .5
10a - 2)
-
(2 a - 3 )( 1 0 a ) -
= 2a3 23a^ + 2 6 a + 6
188x
1 6 5 . 6 F + 8 1 1 3 .3 x
15&3 + 5& + 7
2 1 . (2 a - 3) (a'
W S10
1 6 5 .6 F -
4M - 6&3 - g&s + 5 ^ + y
= -2 b " -
188x + 2150
4 0 8 ,8 0 2 .5
( 2 a - 3 )(2 )
/M
-0.13x3 +
560.9
408,802.5
14.8x + 725
P o s s ib le n u m b e r s o f z e r o s :
Lesson 5.6 (pp. 374- 377 )

7. g (x ) = 4%^ + 3 * 3 - 2% -
14
Positive
Negative
imaginary
Totai
F a c to r s o f th e c o n s t a n t te r m : 1 , 2 , 7 , 1 4
F a c to r s o f t h e le a d in g c o e f f ic i e n t : 1 , 2 , 4
1
14
P o s s ib le r a t io n a l z e r o s : y , y , y , * p .
-2 +Z
-M + 1 + 2
2' * 2 '
2 ' * 4 ' "4 *
= 1, 2 , 7, 14,
l
-2'
61. S = - 0 .0 1 5 x 3
-Z + 1 4
-4 ' - 4
1 7
,
0 = - 0 .0 1 5 x 3 + 0 .6 x 3 _ 2 .4 X - 55
1 7
-15 + 1
.
, -
3,
+5
-
3,
z e r o s o f t h i s fu n c t io n ,
x 1 6 .4 a n d x = 3 0 .9 ,
\
X=15.428642 Y=0
+ i
-g ,
T h e r e a r e tw o p o s itiv e
21. P o s s ib le r a tio n a l z e r o s : 1 , 3 , 5 , 1 5 , y ,
-3 + 5
-2' " 2 *
_ 2 .4 % + 19
Q g ^ .2
b u t x = 1 6 .4 is th e m o s t
lik e ly a m o u n t.
R e a s o n a b le z e r o s : x = - 3 , % = - y , x = y
Lesson 5 .8 (pp. 390 - 392 )

25
16
-15
-1 8
-2 1
15
-5
T e s t x = - 3 : 3
3.
i [(0,4)
(-1,0)
/
/M
(-2,-1
= (x + 3 )(6 x ^ + 7 x - 5)
= (x + 3 ) ( 2 x -
(2, 0)
6)
l ) ( x - 2) ^
19. T u r n in g p ts : ( - 2 . 2 , - 3 8 ) , l o c a l m in im u m ;
( - 1 .1 , 0 .8 ), l o c a l m a x im u m ; (0 .3 , - 4 0 ) , lo c a l
m i n i m u m ; (1 .9 , 8 ), l o c a l m a x im u m ;
2 4 = x(x^ - 3 x + 2 )
(2 .7 5 , - 1 0 . 5 ) , l o c a l m i n i m u m
0 = x^ - 3x^ + 2 x - 2 4
Z ero s: x - 2 .6 , x = - 1 .4 , x
-1, x = 1 .5 ,
x 2 .2 , x = 3
P o s s ib le r a tio n a l z e r o s : 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 ,
8, 12, 24
It m u s t b e a t le a s t a d e g r e e 6 f u n c t io n .
41.
Lesson 5.7 (pp. 3 8 3 - 3 8 6 )
A t a b o u t 0 .9 5 s e c o n d s
in to t h e s tr o k e t h e
s w im m e r is g o in g th e
15. P o s s ib le r a tio n a l z e r o s : 1 , 2 , 4 , 8
/( x ) = x** +
1)
/ f ( * ) = (x - 2 ) 2 ( x +
l ) ( 3 x + 5)
1
5
R e al ze ro s a re - 3 , - , - 3.
47. V = x ( x -
) F i
/(3,4)
1,
+ 2%2 + 4 x - 8
X=^94826843 Y=3.6292599
f a s te s t.
= (x + 2)(x3 - F + 4 x - 4)
= (jr +
2 )( x -
= (x + 2 )( x -
l)(x ^
+ 4)
l ) ( x - 2 i)(x + 2 :)
T h e z e r o s a r e - 2 , 1, 2 :, a n d - 2 :'.
37. M x ) = x^ - 2x^ -
Lesson 5 .9 (pp. 397 - 399 )

9. / ( x ) = a ( x + 5 )( x )( x - 6 )
- 1 2 = a ( l + 5 )(1 )(1
+ 6x + 5
2 s ig n c h a n g e s ; 2 o r 0 p o s itiv e r e a l z e r o s
h (-x ) = (-x )^ - 2 ( - x f -
(-x )^ + 6 (-x ) + 5
= - x ^ + 2x^ - x^ - 6 x + 5
3 s ig n c h a n g e s ; 3 o r 1 p o s itiv e r e a l z e r o s .
/ ( x ) = g X (x + 5 )( x - 6)
15. / ( I ) / ( 2 ) / ( 3 ) f ( 4 ) / ( 5 )
-3
11
\ / \ /
3
11
8
30
\ / \ /
19
57
27
8
/(6 )
92
3 5 F irst-ord er d ifferen ces

8
Seco n d -o rd er d ifferen ces
W o rk ed -O u t S o iu tio n s
W S11
27. a.
m = 0 . 0 0 0 8 1 7 4 2 ^ - 0 . 0 2 1 5 4 ^ + 0 . 2 4 9 f + 3 .1 7
4 5 . F o r $ 1 5 d i s c o u n t :/ ( x ) = x - 15
F o r 10 % d is c o u n t : g (x ) = x - O .lx = 0 .9 x
a. g ( / ( x ) ) = g ( x -
15) = 0 .9 (x -
x = 8 5 : 0 .9 ( 8 5 -
15)
15) = 0 .9 (7 0 ) = $ 6 3 .0 0
b. / ( g ( x ) ) = / ( 0 . 9 x ) = 0 .9 x - 15
A b o u t $ 1 0 .3 0
x = 8 5 : 0 .9 ( 8 5 ) -
In 1 9 9 5 (f = 12.4 )
15 = 7 6 .5 -
15 = $ 6 1 .5 0
c. T h e 1 0 % d is c o u n t b e fo r e th e $ 1 5 d is c o u n t.
Lesson 6.4 (pp. 442 - 445 )
Lesson 6.1 (pp. 417- 419 )
7. y =
9. ( V ^ r = a " " " - > ( W = 1 0 7 ' 3
25. 2 7 ^ = (27*'3)2 = (3) 2 = 9

63. p = ^
1 2 = A;(1700)3
A; =
3
P "
WORKED
OUT SOLUTIONS
Chapter 6
6 ,1 4 1 ,2 5 0 ,0 0 0
g ( / M ) = g (x + 4) = (x + 4) - 4 = x /
1 2 ,2 8 2 .5 0 0 ,0 0 0
3
"
= y
15. / ( g ( x ) ) = / ( x - 4) = (x - 4) + 4 = x /
3 . i r-
1 2 ,2 8 2 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0 ^
1 2 x + 7 ^ x = 1 2 y + 7 ^ - ^
49. f = 1.3 4 V f
7.5 \2
^3
1 2 ,2 8 2 ,5 0 0 ,0 0 0
= s3 - > <; = 1831
T h e w a t e r ie n g th s h o u id b e
1 .3 4 /
1.34
3 1 .3
fe e t.
Lesson 6.5 (pp. 4 4 9 - 451 )
A b o u t 1 8 0 0 re v o lu tio n s p e r m in u te
11.
Lesson 6.2 (pp. 4 2 4 - 427 )

5. 3 1/4 2 7 I/4 = 2 ^^ g l / 4 . g l / 4
T h e d o m a in a n d r a n g e a r e
a ll r e a i n u m b e r s .
. g l/4
^(1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4 + 1/4) _ ^1 _ ^
27. 5A/64 * 2 ^ 8 = 10^^512 = 4 0 ^ 2

85. rf = 1.9[(5.5 X 1 0 * ^ ] ^ 3
f = 10 c m = 1 0 0 m m
rl = 1.9[(5.5 X 1 0 '4 ) ( l 0 0 ) ] ^ ^ 0 .4 4 5 6
T h e o p tim u m d ia m e te r is a b o u t 0.45 m m .
Lesson 6.3 (pp. 432 - 4 3 4 )
3.
/ ( x ) + g (x ) = - 3 x ^ 3 +
+ 5 x *'3 + 4 x ^ 3
U/2
= 2 x ^ 3 + 8%'
D o m a in o f / : a ii n o n n e g a t iv e r e a is
37. a.
u = 3 3 1 .5
b.
(2 7 3 .1 5 + Q
2 7 3 .1 5
3 3 1 .5 J 1 +
C
273. 15
D o m a in : C > 2 7 3 .1 5 ; r a n g e : r / > 0
D o m a in o f g : a ii n o n n e g a t iv e r e a is
D o m a in o f / + g : a ii n o n n e g a t iv e r e a ls
13.
g (x ) * / ( x ) = (5 j / ^ ) (4^ 2/ 3) = 2 0 x ^ 3
D o m a in o f / : a ii r e a ls
D o m a in o f g : a ii n o n n e g a t iv e r e a is
D o m a in o f g - / : a ii n o n n e g a t iv e r e a is
Lesson 6.6
5. V9x
(p p . 4 5 6 - 4 5 9 )
11 = 14
C h e c k : \ 9 (1 / + 11
14
V9x = 3
V9 + 1 1 T 14
9x = 9 ^ x = 1
14 = 14 y
13. / /x - 1 0 = - 3
C h e c k : ^ 3 4 3 - 10 ^ - 3
+
^x = 7
(^ x )^ = (7)3 ^ X = 343
W S12
W ork ed -O u t S o iu tio n s
7 -
10
-3
-3 = -3 ^
59.
1 5 0 = 6 2 . 5 W + 7 5 .8
h = 150:
33. a.
1.7 = f
250 = 6 2 5 W
h = 250:
+ 7 5 .8
2 1 .7 = f
T h e e le p h a n t w ith a s h o u ld e r h e ig h t o f
2 5 0 c m is a b o u t 2 0 y e a r s o ld e r t h a n th e
e le p h a n t w ith t h e s h o u ld e r h e ig h t o f 1 5 0 c m .
Lesson 7.1
(pp . 4 8 2 - 4 8 5 )
17.
A b o u t 5 y e a r s a f t e r it w a s p u r c h a s e d
T h e d o m a in is a ll r e a l
(1,7)
isy>3.
35. / M
(0,1)
29. A = P 1 + -M
800 1 +
0.02
365f
0 03^4*4
A = 2 2 0 0 (1 + ^ )
= 2 4 7 9 .3 8
T h e b a la n c e is $ 2 4 7 9 .3 8 .
= 2 0 0 0 e ^ " 3 ) = $ 2 4 4 2 .8 1
Lesson 7.4
13.
(p p . 5 0 3 - 5 0 5 )
= 8, so lo g ^ 8
61. a.
-3 .
P = 2 .5 X 10^4
M = 0 .2 9 ( l n ( 2 .5 x 10 ^ ) ) - 9 .9 = 6 .3 9
b.
T h e b a la n c e is $ 2 4 0 6 .9 8 .
M = 0 . 2 9 ( l n P ) - 9 .9
M + 9 .9 _
P = 2 2 0 0 ; r = 0 .0 2 ; n = 3 6 5 ; f = 4
e x p o n e n t ia l d e c a y
0 .0 2 2 5 )^ -4
= 2 4 0 6 .9 8
12
0 .2 9
0 0 2 )3 ^ *4
A = 2200) 1 + ^
33. lo g . 81^ = l o g . M * = Iogg 34^ = 4 x
P = 2 2 0 0 ; r = 0 .0 2 2 5 ; n = 1 2 ; f = 4
2l = 2 2 0 0 1
(p p . 4 9 5 - 4 9 8 )
57. P = 2 0 0 0 ; r = 0 .0 4 ; f = 5
365
3 7. a. P = 2 2 0 0 ; r = 0 .0 3 ; n = 4 ; f = 4
c.
2 9 ; to o low
5 . (2e''*)3 = 2'3 (e '^ )3 =
nt
b.
y = 2 4 ,0 0 0 ( 0 .8 4 5 ) 3 ^
Lesson 7.3
(2, 4)
y= 2*
b.
n u m b e rs a n d th e ra n g e
Chapter 7
c
m
. ^(M+9.9)/0.29 _ c
^
T h is r e p r e s e n t s t h e a m o u n t o f e n e r g y
= 2 3 8 3 .2 3
r e le a s e d a s a f u n c t i o n o f t h e e n e r g y
m a g n itu d e .
T h e b a la n c e is $ 2 3 8 3 .2 3 .
Lesson 7.2
Lesson 7.5 (pp. 510 - 513 )
(pp . 4 8 9 - 4 9 1 )
9.
11.
lo g 1 4 4 = lo g 12^ = 2 lo g 1 2 = 2 .1 5 8
17.
lo g 3 ^ 4 = lo g 3 + lo g x 4 = lo g 3 + 4 lo g x
71.
P (1 0 f) - P(P) = 10 lo g ^
(0, 2)
-
10 lo g ^
= 1 0 (lo g ^ -lo g I
D o m a in : a ll r e a l
n u m b ers
R ange: y > - 1
= loflog 10 + log^ - log I

= 10 lo g 10 = 10 d e c ib e ls
W S13
Lesson 7.6 (pp. 519 - 522 )

15.
Chapter 8
11^* = 3 3
Lesson 8.1 (pp. 554 - 557 )
lo g ^ llS * = (o g ^ 3 3
15. y = ^ 2
= y ^ l4 = a
Io g 3 3
5 x = lo g ^ 33 =
^ x = 0 .2 9 1 6
tog 11
3 5 . 5 .2 log 2 x = 16
14
C h eck:
21.
log^ 2% = 3 .0 7 6 9
x - y : 1 2 (1 3 2 ) =
1584
y / x : 1 3 2 /1 2 = 11
1 8 (1 9 8 ) =
3564
1 9 8 /1 8 = 11
2 3 (2 5 3 ) =
5819
2 5 3 / 2 3 = 11
2 9 (3 1 9 ) =
9251
3 1 9 / 2 9 = 11
3 4 (3 7 4 ) =
1 2 ,7 1 6
3 7 4 / 3 4 = 11
OUT SOLUT!ONS
4 (tog4 2x) ^ ^3.0769

2 x ^ 7 1 .2 0 2 0
X=35^60100" Y=16
x = 3 5 .6 0 1 0
57. P = lOOe -0.000437
5 = lOOe
-0.000437
x a n d y s h o w d ir e c t v a r ia tio n b e c a u s e th e
r a tio s y / x a r e e q u a l.
^-0.000437
0 .0 5 = <?
In 0 .0 5 = In <?-" 0MM3f
WORKED
14
3
39.
Snow sh o es: P = ^
0 .4 3 = ^
- + 172 = a
- 2 .9 9 5 7 = - 0 .0 0 0 4 3 1
A n e q u a t io n is P =
1 6 9 6 7 y ears
Lesson 7.7 (pp. 533 - 536 )

11.
5 .6 6 -2 .8 9
5 - 1
771 =
I n y - 2 .8 9 = 0 .6 9 (x -
172
- > P = 2 .8 7 l b / i n .2
60
B o o ts: P =
/ny
0 .6 9
I I
(5 ,5 .6 6 ),
(3, 4 .2 8 )1 /1 (4 , 5.00)
1)
<12, 3.58)
(1 ,2 .8 9 )
I n y = 0 .6 9 x + 2 .2
Lesson 8 .2
5.
(p p . 5 6 1 - 5 6 3 )
y
t-1,5)j
<
V*
-t
y g0.69x + 2.2
172
T h e g rap h o f y
2, 5:
lie s f a r t h e r fr o m th e
a x e s t h a n th e g ra p h
y
*
^ 9 (2 )*
( - 5,
)
(5
23.
In x
0.693
1.099
1.386
1.609
In y
-0.511
1.411
2.518
3.296
3.902
-5
!)
o f y = ^ , a n d it lie s
in Q u a d r a n t s II
a n d IV i n s te a d o f
Q u a d r a n t s I a n d III.
3 .9 0 2 - ( - 0 .5 1 1 )
77! =
in y -
1.609 - 0
(1,-5)
2 .7 4 3
/7! y
4/
<7
_ Q.511
y ^ ^tn *2.743 - 0 511
y (3, 2)
-i
( 1 ,0 )
7
th e r a n g e is a ll r e a l
n u m b ers excep t - 1 .
2)
/
( 5 ,- 4 )
is y = 0 .4 8 ( 2 .0 8 ) * .
b. L in e a r i f a g r a p h o f (x, y) a p p e a r s lin e a r ;
W S14
n u m b e rs e x c e p t 4, a n d
X
y = g-0.511 . ^ln *2 743 ^ ^ g ^ .7 4 3
33. a. A m o d e l
T h e d o m a in is a ll r e a l
( - 0 .5 1 1 ) = 2 . 7 4 3 ( l n x - 0)
I n y = In
21.
39. a. / =
-3
x-4
1000
1000
0 .6 T + 3 3 1
0 . 6 ( 2 5 ) + 331
2 .8 9
e x p o n e n tia l i f a g ra p h o f (x, I n y ) a p p e a r s
lin e a r ; p o w e r i f a g r a p h o f (In x , In y)
2 .8 9 s e c o n d s to tr a v e l 1 k ilo m e t e r ;
a p p e a r s lin e a r . T h e g ra p h o f (x, y) a p p e a r s
lin e a r , s o a m o d e l i s y = 3 3 .8 x + 2 8 .
2 .8 9 ( 5 ) = 1 4 .4 5 s e c o n d s to tr a v e l 5
k ilo m e t e r s
W ork ed -O u t S o lu tion s
39. b.
3.02
3.01
F r o m th e g ra p h ,
Lesson 8.5
y o u c a n e s t im a t e
t h e t e m p e r a tu r e to
^
2.99
5.
(p p . 5 8 6 - 5 8 8 )
2x
x+1
x+1
b e 3 .9 C .
E 2.98
^ 2.97^
17.
1 2 3
5 6 7
Pi
1
(1 + i)^ '
12f
P f(l + f)
](1 + i ) ^ - 1
(1 + ;f 2 ' - 1
(1 + i ) ^
(x + l)(x - 1)
b. P = 1 5 ,5 0 0 ;i = 0 .0 0 5 ; 1 = 4
N o x - in te r c e p t ; x = - 1 a n d x = 1 a r e v e r t ic a l
15,500(0.005)(1 + 0.005)43
a s y m p to te s .
! + 0.005)43 _
! 2x
,
)-
4
3
3. ! )
$ 3 6 4 .0 2
Lesson 8.6 (pp. 593-595)

9 -
5.
3x
C h eck:
x + 2
4
(6) + 2
4
3(6)
(0, 0)
4 (3 x ) = 9 (x + 2)
-2
(- 3. - ^
!
Depth
18
x = 6
tj
33. a.
OUT SOLUTIONS
15.
WORKED
7-
'
Pi
(pp . 5 6 8 - 5 7 1 )
12x^
Pi
43. a. M =
-d P if
Lesson 8.3
32 - 15x
15x
12x2
32
12x2
^*
3x"
9 - 2x
x+1
Temp. b.
Check*
unecK. 3 ^(4) + 1g ^ -A3 (4 )
A + i = A
3x
6
3x
15.
2"
1000
4.7634
1050
4.5796
6 x l# - + ^ ) = 6 x [ ^
3x/
\3x
1100
4.4094
2 (2 ) + l (x )
1150
4.2515
1200
4.1044
1250
3.9672
1300
3.8389
4 (2 ) ^
12
12
x = 4
A = A y
12
12"
6 3 5 P - 73501 + 27,200
35.
2 - 1 1 .5 1 + 3 9 .4
T h e m e a n t e m p e r a tu r e is
720 =
4C a t a b o u t 1 2 3 8 m e te r s .
635f2 - 73501 + 27,200

P - 11 .5 1 + 39.4
7 2 0 1 ^ - 8 2 8 0 1 + 2 8 ,3 6 8 = 6 3 5 P - 7 3 5 0 1 + 2 7 ,2 0 0
Lesson 8.4
(pp. 5 7 7 - 5 8 0 )
8 5 P - 9 3 0 + 1168 = 0
(x - 5) (x + 4)
7. (x + 5)(x - 3) C a n n o t b e s im p lifie d
25.
4 8 x '/
% -8 ./3 .x 4
9 3 0 + V (930)2 _
1=
2(85)
8x'
..2
4(1 l e g ) ( 35 )
1 .4 5 , 9 .4 5
B e c a u s e 9 .4 5 is n o t in th e d o m a in (0 < 1 < 9),

1 = 1 .4 5 - > 1 9 9 5 .
49.
-6 4 2 0 1 + 292,000
6.02P - i2 5 f + 1000
-4 0 7 1 + 7220
5 .9 2 ^ - 1311 + 1000
-6 4201 + 292,000
5.921^ - 1311 + 1000
6.02P - 1251 + 1000 *
- 4 0 7 f + 7220
F o r 1 9 9 9 , 1 = 7: S + 7i =
247,060
419.98
373.08
4371
Chapter 9
Lesson 9.1
(p p . 6 1 7 -6 1 9 )
7. d = V (6 - 2)2 + ( - 5 - ( - l ) f = 4V2
$ 5 0 .2 1
M id p o in t
(2 + 6 - 1 + (-5 )
= (4, - 3 )
W o rk ed -O u t S olu tio n s
W S15
27.
A(-4, l),B(-2, 6), C(0, -1)

A B =V (-2-(-4))2 + (6 - 1)2
V 29
L e sso n 9 .3 (pp
6 2 9 -6 3 2 )
17. 15x2 + 15y2 =
60
B C = V (0 - ( - 2 ) ) 2 + ( - 1 - 6)2 = V53
x 2 + y2 = 4
ylC = V (0 - ( - 4 ) ) 2 + ( - 1 - l)^ = ^ 2 0 = 2 V 5
r - V4 - 2
A B B C AC, s o A A BC is s c a ie n e .
39 .
r = V ( - 8 - 0)2 + (1 4 - 0)2 = V 260
WORKED-OUT SOLUT!ONS
SM =
^2 ^ 2 6 0
+ y2 = (V260 P
b. VS = V ( - 6 - O)^ + (5 - O)^ = V61

( - 6 ) ) ^ + (8 - 5)2 =
VS + SM = V61 +
- 13.2 u n i t ? -
c. MP =
1 q u it
= 1.32 m i
V I17
A :x 2 + ( - 4 f = 2 2 5 -4 x = 1 4 . 5 ^ ( - 1 4 .5 , - 4 )
P V = V (0 - 3)2 + (0 -
11)2 ^
B : x 2 + ( - 4 ) 2 = 100
C: x 2 + ( - 4 ) 2 = 2 5 - > x = 3 - > ( - 3 , - 4 )
M P + P V = ^ p + V l3 0
= 1 6 .8 r in it? -
x ^ 9 .2 - > ( - 9 . 2 , - 4 )
D : x 2 + ( - 4 ) 2 = 25 ^
= 168 mi
x = 3 - 4 (3, - 4 )
B : x2 + ( - 4 ) 2 = io o - > x == 9 .2 -A (9.2, - 4 )
Lesson 9.2
15.
5.x2
(pp. 6 2 3 - 6 2 5 )
-1 5 y
^2
P: x 2 + ( - 4 ) 2 = 2 2 5 - > x == 1 4 .5 -4 (14.5, - 4 )
-3 y
4p = - 3 ^ p = - ^
a .A B =
I l4 .5 - ( - 1 4 .5 ) [ = 2 9 m i
b.
19 .2 -
BB =
c . C D 13 -
( - 9 .2 ) [ = 18.4 m i
(-3 ) I = 6 m i
F o c u s : (0,
Lesson 9.4
D ir e c tr ix : y = ^
27.
F o c u s : ( - 5 , 0) ^
A x is o f s y m m e tr y : x = 0
(pp. 6 3 7 -6 3 9 )
11. 16x2 + 9y2 = 144
p = - 5 -> y 2 = - 2 0 x
,,2
y'
^ - Y g = l ; a = 4 ,h = 3
57. a.
(0, -48)
48 in.
-146 in.-
b. x^ = 4 ( 4 8 ) y ^ x 2 = 192y
y2 = 4 ( - 4 8 ) x - > y 2 = - I 9 2 x
(0, 4)
(0, V 7 )
/
\
(3, 0)
X
V e r t ic e s : (0, 4 ) ;
( - 3 , 0)
C o - v e r tic e s : ( 3 , 0 );
F o c i: (o, V 7 )
(0, -4) ! o , -V 7)
A.
\A
29. b = V 7; c = 3 ; ^ = b2 + c2 ^ a = 4
X^
^ - = 1 o r^ + ^ = l
^42 + -(V?)2
16 + 7
c . U s in g x 2 = 1 9 2 y a n d x = 7 3 , y = 2 7 .8
U s in g y2 = - 1 9 2 x a n d y = 7 3 , x = - 2 7 . 8 .
T h e d is h is a b o u t 2 7 .8 in c h e s d e e p .
49.
L a r g e s t fie ld :
2 a = 185 - > a = 9 2 .5 ; 2 b = 155 - > b = 77.5

.2 , y^
2
y^
X^
X
_ ,
= 1, o r
= 1
77. 5^ ' 92.52
6006.25 ' 8556.25
A = rr (9 2 .5 ) (7 7 .5 ) 2 2 ,5 2 1 s q u a r e m e te r s
W S16
.
rX,
32+1
Center:
(a,
A:) = (6t + 6 <
Distance between vertex (6, -3) and (h, A:):
a= ]-3 - Ar) = 1-3 - (-1)1 = 2
Distance between focus (6, -6) and (h, A:):
c = I-6 - A:l = I-6 - (-1) I = 5
- a^ = 25 - 4 = 21 -> &= V21
Smallest field:
2a = 135 -> a = 67.5; 2h = 110 -* &= 55
55"
y
= 1
4556.25
3025
67.5
A = rr(67.5)(55) = 11,663 square meters

11,663 <A< 22,521
Lesson 9.5
(pp. 645-648)
2
-16
81
49.
/
/
A 7, 0)
/
V97,0)
a = 4; h = 9; c = V 97 (- '(-4
,0 )
(4,0)
x
\
7
\
Vertices: (4, 0)
40,-9)
/
Foci: (+ V 9 7 , o)
/ /
/
\
9
\
/
Asymptotes: y = ^x
c = 4V5; a = 4;
- a^ - a -> &=
42
41. a.
b.
32
(B, A;) = [5, y); height = y = 6.25 feet

Wheny = 0, the x-intercepts are 0 and 10, so
the distance of the jump is 10 feet.
l o r ^ - ^
'
16
64
A(30.5, 0);B(85, -40)

Vertices: (30.5, 0); horizontal trans. axis
Lesson 9 .7
OUT SOLUTtONS
23.
\
\
WORKED
13. 81*2 - I6y2 = 1296
+An equation
is- ( y +4 n ' ( x -216 ) 2 = 1.
- lOx + 4y = 0; A = 1, B = 0, C = 0
- 4^4C = 0 - 4(1)(0) = 0 ^ Parabola
%2 - lOx + 4y = 0
- 10.x + 25) = -4y + 25
(x - 5)' = -4(y - ^
(pp. 661-664)
5.
*2
3Q_g2
a2
85"
30.52
(-4 0 )2
r.2
l-^&2
^2
So, an equation is 930.25

2
/ /
236.5
y'
236.5
y
42"
c. %= 42: 930.25
236.5 = i - y
h = 40 + 14.6 = 54.6 feet
Lesson 9 .6 (pp. 655-657)
=.47247477
= 1.
14.6
15.
3. (x + 4 f = - 8 ( y - 2)
19.
Parabola; vertical axis;

vertex at (h, A;) = (-4, 2).
4p = -8 -> p = -2
Focus: (h, A; + p) = (-4, 0)
Directrix: y = A : - p ^ y = 4
Vertices: (6, -3), (6, 1); Focus: (6, -6), (6, 4)
(y - A;)2
V ertica l tran sverse axis;
(x - /:)2
= 1
Y=-
2.582576
3.5275252
X=
<=
6.5825757
The solutions are approximately (0.5, -2.6)

and (3.5, 6.6).
4x2 _ gy2 = _yg
2x + y = -6 -> y = -2x - 6
Substitute -2x 6 fory in Equation 1.
4x2 _ g (_ 2 ^ _ 6)2 = _yg
4x2 _ 20^2 _ ôx - iso = -76
- 16x 2 _ ôx - 104 = 0
2x2 ^ ^6^. + 13 = Q
(2x + 2)(x + y ) = 0->x= - l , x = - y
When x = -1: y = -2(-l) - 6 = -4
When x = - y : y = -2( - y ) - 6 = 7
T h e so lu tio n s are ( - 1 , - 4 ) an d ( - y , 7).
W o rk ed -O u t Sotu tion s
W S17
41. a.
O ak L a n e: m
y -
- y , (x ^ ,y ^
( - 2 . 1)
29. (2^4 + 5p = ^ (2^ )55 + S C O T S '
y = - -?%
yI x +, 5
^
1 = - y ( x + 2)
+ ^ 2 (2^)352 +
+
C ir d e : x ^ + y^ = i
25
49
+ 5 0 0 0 s^ + 6250^4 + 31 2 5
49.
WORKED-OUT SOLUHONS
5 0 * 2 -- lOx - 2 4 = 0
Y o u c a n c h o o s e 3 o f th e 18 ty p e s o f fio w e rs .
18! _ 18 . 17 . 16 -T e f
= 816
15(3!
T 5 f - 3!
18^3
(5 x - 4)(10% + 6 ) = 0 - > x = y, x = - y
7 )5)
5 (l6 s^ ) ( )
+ 1(1) (3 1 2 5 ) = 3 2 s ^ + 4 0 0 s ^ + 2000 ^
+ * 2 - - lOx + 25 = 49
l(32s^) +
+ 1 0 ( 8 ^ ( 2 5 ) + 1 0 (4 s 3 )(i2 5 ) + 5 (2 s 4 )(6 2 5 )
!t
10
1 2
4 9 * *" 4 9 *
LoTr^
X ^ + (-y X +
b.
gCg (2 ^ 4 )0 5 3 =
+ g C ^ )^
5 - y - - y ( - 5/
^
7
^
5
L essom o.3
(p p . 7 0 2 - 7 0 4 )
7. F a c to r s o f 1 5 0 fr o m 1 to 5 0 : 1, 2 , 3 , 5, 6 , 10, 15,
25, 30, 50
T h e s o iu tio n s a r e fy, y j a n d ! - y , y).
P =
17.
Factors of 150_______10
Integers from 1 to 50
50
1
5
T h e r e a r e ^gCg d if fe r e n t c o m b i n a t i o n s o f 6
n u m b e r s . O n ly 1 is th e c o r r e c t c o m b in a t io n .
Chapter 10
^ Lesson 10.1
P (c o rre c t n u m b ers) =
(p p . 6 8 6 - 6 8 9 )
39.
13. a. 2 6 - 2 6 * 2 6 . 2 6 * 10 - 10 = 4 5 ,6 9 7 ,6 0 0
b. 2 6 * 2 5 - 2 4 - 2 3 - 10 . 9 = 3 2 ,2 9 2 ,0 0 0
35
^-9^2
9!
(9-2)!
9! =
7!
362,880
5040
L esson !0.2
9'
6!
362,880
y2 Q
7r - 8^
^ - 40^ ' A
4^*1 * 48^4 " 3 !i; * 44I 4! ** 7 7 8 ,3 2 0

N o q u e e n : C h o o s e 5 c a r d s fr o m t h e 4 8 i n a
d eck th a t a re n o t q u e en s.
;
= 1 -7 1 2 ,3 0 4
T h e to ta i n u m b e r o f p o s s ib ie h a n d s is
7 7 8 ,3 2 0 + 1 ,7 1 2 ,3 0 4 = 2 ,4 9 0 ,6 2 4 .
0 .7 1 = 0 .2 8 + 0 .6 4 - P (A a n d B )
21.
P (A a n d B ) = 0 .2 1
P ( K o r 4 ) = P (K ) + P ( 4 ) - P ( K a n d 4 )
13
45.
T h e n u m b e r o f c o m b i n a t i o n s o f 6 fo o d ite m s
is 10 ^. T h e n u m b e r o f c o m b in a t io n s o f 6
d if fe r e n t fo o d ite m s is 10 - 9 * 8 - 7 - 6 - 5. S o ,
t h e p r o b a b ilit y t h a t a t le a s t 2 b r in g t h e s a m e
i te m is P = 1 - P ( n o n e a r e th e s a m e ) =
10-9-8-7-6-5
1 s
= 0 .8 4 8 8 .
10*4
Lesson 10.5
(p p . 72 1 - 7 2 3 )
13. P = P (b iu e ) * P (g r e e n ) - P (r e d )
U 6j
- ' 4
11. P (A o r B ) = P (A ) + P (B ) - P ( d a n d B )
(p p .6 9 4 -6 9 7 )
a n d 4 o f th e 4 8 t h a t a r e n o t q u e e n s .
W S18
1
12,271,512
(pp . 710 - 7 1 3 )
-0 .2 1 = -P (A and B )
= 5 0 4 w ays
17. E x u cf/y o n e q u e e n : C h o o s e 1 o f th e 4 q u e e n s
48^5 = ^
Area of smallest circie

Area of entire target
Lesson 10.4
6 5 . P e r m u ta tio n s o f 9 o b je c t s t a k e n 3 a t a tim e :
9!
9P 3 = (9 - 3)t
P =
1
r
48^6
( l6 )
U 6)
60
4096
0 .0 1 5
d.
25. P rim e s fro m 1 to 2 0 : 2, 3, 5, 7, 1 1 ,1 3 , 17, 19.

7
P(number of odd primes)

P (o d d lp r im e ) =
p = P ( R h + ) = P ( 0 + ) + P (A +) + P ( B + )
p lu m b e r of p r im e s )" = 8
+ P (A B + ) = 0.8 5
P(A: =
5)
^ ( 0 . 8 5 ) 3 ( 1 - 0 .8 5 )i
* ^
0.008
P (^ =
6)
^ ( 0 . 8 5 ) 6 ( 1 - 0.85)1
- e^
Q Q ^Q
P (^
7)
^ q ( 0 . 8 5 ) ^ ( l - 0.85)1
7 ^
Q i 3Q
P (^ =
8)
^ C g (0 .8 5 ) (l - 0 .8 5 )i
- s ^
o .2 7 6
P(A; = 9 ) = ^ C g (0 .8 5 ) (l - 0 .8 5 ) 1 " - 0 .3 4 7
P(A: = 10) = m q ( 0 .8 5 ) i ( l - 0 .8 5 ) i " 1 ^ Q
WORKED
P(R; > 5) = P(A: = 5) + P ( ^ = 6) + P(R; = 7)

P (C ) = P (A a n d C) + P ( B a n d C)
+ P(R: = 8) + P(i(: = 9) + P(A; = 10) -
0 .9 9 8
= P (A ) . P (C ]A ) + P (B ) ' P (C lB )
Lesson 10.6
Lesson 11.1
(pp. 7 2 7 -7 3 0 )
Outcomes
10
90
1000
900
1000
(pp.
747- 749 )
5. M ean:
PV)
69 + 70 + 75 + 84 + 73 + 78 + 74 + 73 + 78 + 71
10
)]
Chapter 11
90 _ 9
OUT SOLUTIONS
= (0.50) * (0, 55) + (0, 50) (0.47) = 0.51
= 7 4 .5
100
900 _ A
M e d ia n : 6 3 , 7 3 , 7 ^ , 7 3 , 7 3 , 7 4 , 7 5 ,7 8 ,7 % ,
10
+ 74
y g
M o d e : 7 3 a n d 78
21.
E a c h q u e s tio n h a s 4 p o s s ib le a n s w e r s , so
th e p r o b a b ilit y o f g u e s s in g a c o r r e c t a n s w e r
15 . R a n g e : 1 5 8 -
135 + 142 + 148 + 136 + 152 + 140 + 158 + 154

x g
is p = 0 .2 5 . T h e r e a r e 3 0 q u e s tio n s , so
n = 3 0 . T h e p r o b a b ilit y o f r a n d o m ly
g u e s s in g 11 c o r r e c t a n s w e r s is P ( ^ = 11) 3 o C ^ (0 .2 5 )H (l - 0 .2 5 )3 " " = 0 .0 5 5 .
= 1 4 5 .6 2 5
0* =
4 5 . a. p = 0 .3 4 ;
P ( ^ = 5) = 3Q C g (0.34)(l - 0 .3 4 )* -
135 = 23
j'(135 - 1 4 5 .6 2 5 7 + (142 _ 145.6 2 5 7 + . - - + (154 - 145.625)2

8
5 ^
b. p = P (R h " ) = P ( c r ) + P (A ") + P ( B * ) + P (A B )
= js E p
s .;
= 0.15
P(A: = 2) = ^ q ( 0 . 1 5 ) 3 ( l - 0.1 5 )1 -
2 ^
Q^ 8
29. a.
T h e o u tlie r is 5.
b. !4% h OMfPer:
c. p = P (O ) = P ( 0 + ) + P ( 0 ) = 0 .4 3
P(A; = 0) = ^ C o ( 0 .4 3 ) ( l - 0 .4 3 )1 - 0 ^ Q QQ^
20 + 23 +
- - + 23
M e a n : x = ------------- ---------------- = 2 0 .2
P(<(: = 1) = ^ q ( 0 . 4 3 ) i ( l - 0 .4 3 )i " 1 = 0 .0 2 7
P ( ^ = 2) = ^ ( 0 . 4 3 ) 2 ( 1 - 0 .4 3 )1 -
2 ^
M e d ia n : 2 2 M o d e : 2 3 R a n g e : 2 5 - 5 = 2 0
Q egg
S td . D ev .:
P (E < 2) = P(A; = 0 ) + P(R; = 1) + P(A; = 2)

= 0.124
^ "
(20 - 20.2)2 + ^ 3 - 20.2)2 + . . . + (23 - 20.2)2

10
= 5 .4
W o rk ed -O u t So lu tion s
W S19
M fhoM f ont/icr:
33. a. 19.4 o u n c e s : z =
n/r
20 + 23 + - - - + 23
^
M ean : % = --------------- ^------------- = 21.9
on 2.
2 0 .4
M ed ian : 2 3 M o d e: 23 R an g e: 25 - 19 = 6
U.Zb
=- 2 . 4
20.4-20
o u n c e s : z = 77-7^ = 1.6
U.Zb
b. T h e ta b le sh ow s th a t P (x < - 2 .4 ) = 0 .0 0 8 2
So, th e p ro b a b ility is 0 .0 0 8 2 .
Std. Dev.:
c. P ( x < 20.4) = 0 .9 4 5 2 ; P ( x < 19.4) = 0 .0 0 8 2
/(20 - 20.2)^ + (23 - 2 0 .2 f + . . . + ^ 3 - 20.2)^

c = ^ ----------------------------------9----------------------------------
P (x < 20.4) - P (x < 19.4) = 0 .9 3 7
= 2.1
WORKED-OUT SOLUTtONS
c.
T h e o u tlie r c a u se s th e m e a n an d m e d ia n
to d e c re a se , an d th e ra n g e an d sta n d a rd
d ev ia tio n to in c re a s e . T h e m o d e stay s th e
sam e.
Lesson 11.2
7. M a rg in o f e rro r = + = +
Vn V1000
= 0 .0 3 2
T h e m a rg in o f erro r is a b o u t 3 .2 % .
V7t
Adding 17to
data values
0 .0 5 6 = ^
Vn
Mean
78
78 + 17 = 95
Median
77
77 + 17 = 94
Mode
77
77 + 17 = 94
Range
Standard
deviation
2.8
2.8
Original
dataset
Multiplying
data values by 4
Mean
61.9
61.9(4) = 247.6
Median
62
Mode
58
H !)
Range
!!
Standard
deviation
3.4
3.4(4) = 13.6
0 .0 0 3 1 3 6 = - - + n = 319
n
2 9 . S a m p /e ansm er: It is n o t re a so n a b le to
a s s u m e th a t K o sta is g oin g to w in th e
e le c tio n , b e c a u s e th e m a rg in o f e rro r is
5 % . If th e m a rg in o f e rro r w orks in favor o f
M u rd o ck, K o sta w ill h av e 4 9 % (54% - 5%)
a n d M u rd o ck w ill h av e 51% (46% 5% ).
Lesson 11.5
Heights
without stilts
Heights
with stilts
Mean
70.8
70.8 + 28 = 98.8
Median
72
72 + 28 = 100
Mode
72
72 + 28 = 100
Range
Standard
deviation
2.4
2.4
11. A m o d el fo r th e d a ta is y = 0 .00211x3 -
0.0766x2 + 1.26x - 0.0664.
C h a p te r 1 2
Lesson 12.1 (pp. 798-800)
.q
(pp. 7 6 0 -7 6 2 )
11. 29 an d 37 are o n e sta n d a rd d e v ia tio n on

e ith e r side o f th e m e a n , w h ic h a c c o u n ts for
6 8 % o f th e d ata. So, th e p ro b a b ility is 0.68.
(pp. 7 7 8 -7 8 0 )
3. M o d el: y = - 0 .3 8 x 3 + T l x + 16
3. P ( x < x - a) = 0.0015 + 0 .0 2 3 5 + 0.135 = 0.16
W S20
(pp. 7 6 9 -7 7 1 )
19. M a rg in o f e rro r = +
(p p . 75 3 - 7 5 5 )
Original
dataset
Lesson 11.3
Lesson 11.4
2____ 2____ 2____ 2 _

' 3 - 1' 3 - 2' 3 . 3' 3 . 4 " ' '
2
2
N ext te rm : - - ^ 15' A ru le is <2^ =
47. E ^3 = 03 + l3 + 23 + 33 + 43
n= 0
= 0 + 1 8 + 27 64 = 100
65.
a.
15
31
A fo rm u la
%g =
2^
2**
<3g =
2^
L e s so n 1 2 .4
for th e s e q u e n c e is a^ = 2 " - 1.
-
L esson !2.2
1
1
= 63 m o v es for 6 rin gs
^l
- -7.
9' ^
1- r
63
17
= 127 m o v es fo r 7 rin g s
27. 6 2 5 (0 .0 0 1 ) + 6 2 5 ( 0 . 0 0 l f + 6 2 5 (0 .0 0 1 )^ +
= 2 55 m o v es for 8 rin g s
%i
625(0.001)
0.625
625
1 - r " 1 - 0.001 " 0.999 " 999
( p p .8 0 6 - 8 0 9 )
39. D;
15. A rith m e tic se q u e n c e
n = 3 4 5 + 3 4 5 (0 .7 8 3 ) + 3 4 5 (0 .7 8 3 )^
= - 3 ; d = -1 - (-3 ) = 2
+ 3 4 5 (0 .7 8 3 )^ +
A ru le for th e n th te rm is
= %i + (n - l) d = - 3 + (n - 1)2 = 2n - 5
a ^ = 2 (2 0 ) - 5 = 35
1- r
Lesson 12.5
345
1 - 0.783
1.59 b illio n
(pp. 8 3 0 - 8 3 3 )
15. G e o m e tric se q u e n c e ; a^ = 4 ; r = - 3
41. X ( - 3 - 2t)
a^ = r * a^ ^
ag = - 3 - 2(1) = - 5 ; ag = - 3 - 2 (8 ) = - 1 9
= 8
(pp. 823-825)
^ - 5 + (-1 9 ))
= *3a^ _ g
A re cu rsiv e ru le is ag = 4, a^ = " 3 a ^ _ g.
= -9 6
27. /( x ) = y x - 3,
= 2
65. a. ag 4; d 8
2 = /(*i)
a^ = a i + (n - l)rf = 4 + (n - 1)8 = - 4 + 8n
= /(2 )
Xg = /(Xg)
= /(-2 )
= /(-4 )
= ^ (-2 ) - 3
= ^ (-4 )
= -4
= -5
b. n ,2 + a ^ + - - - + a^ + ag = 576 b lo ck s
Lesson 12.3
t(2)
2
(pp. 8 1 4 -8 1 7 )
= -2
19.
G e o m e tr ic s e q u e n c e ; <2^ = 2 ; r = ^ = 4
45. R ecu rsiv e ru le:

ag = 2 0 0 0 , a^ = 1.014a^ _ g - 100.
^7
B e c a u s e a^^ = 62.14, th e b a la n c e at th e
b e g in n in g o f th e 2 4 th m o n th is $ 6 2 .1 4 . So,
sh e w ill b e a b le to pay o ff th e b a la n c e at th e
en d o f th e 2 4 th m o n th .
V " ' = 1458 ^ J2 9 ^

^ (4 ^
4096
2048
49. X 6 (4 )''- i
Chapter 13
i= 1
a , = 6 ( 4 ) i - 1 = g . ,. = 4
Lesson 13.1
S = ^ [ l = ^ ) = 6 ( L ^ ;- ]3 I .0 7 0
5.
(pp. 8 5 6 - 8 5 8 )
U sin g th e P y th a g o re a n th e o re m :
x = V l f - 8^ = V57
59. a. ag = 1024 ^ 2 = 512; r = ^

H- 1
" * i = 5121^
b. n = 10; a fte r 10 p a sse s, th e n u m b e r o f
.1 0 - 1
item s re m a in in g is a.g = 512 =1.
V57
11
sin 0 =
cos 0 =
^
U
esc 0 =
11V57
^
sec 0 =
57
ta n 0
cot 0
8\57
57
V57
WS21
11 . t a n 0 =
opp
adj
.x = V 72 + 3^ = V 5 8
s in 0 =
esc 0 =
7\^58
58
V58
3V58
58
cos 0 =
V58
sec 0 =
ta n 0 =
co t <7 = y
WORKED
OUT SOLUT!ONS
t a n 15 =
%' - 2 7 0 - 2 5 5 -
15
1500
s in 15 = ^
/o
d = 402
1 500 ft
1 9 .4 = h
T h e t o t a l d e p th is 4 0 2 + 2 5 0 = 6 5 2 fe e t.
W h e n t h e r id e s to p s , y o u a r e a b o u t 10 + 75
A s t h e a n g le o f th e d iv e i n c r e a s e s , th e d e p th
in c re a se s.
Lesson 13.2
11.
g r o u n d is d o u b le d o n ly i f y o u r s t a r t i n g h e ig h t
a b o v e th e g r o u n d is a ls o d o u b le d .
(pp. 8 6 2 - 8 6 5 )
5 77 _ 5^nadiaHs (
18
18
+ 1 9 .4 = 1 0 4 .4 f e e t a b o v e th e g r o u n d . I f th e
r a d iu s is d o u b le d , y o u r h e ig h t a b o v e th e
180
= 50
^ r a d ia n s '
Lesson 13.4
(p p . 8 7 8 - 8 8 0 )
7. W h e n - y < 0 < y , o r - 9 0 < 0 < 9 0 , th e

^50
a n g ie w h o s e s in e is y ^ is 0 = s in "^
= y<
o r <7 = s i n ^ ^ y = 60.
2 3 . 40 = 40 (
r a d ia n s
23.
51- a- ^ } ^ ) ( ^ )
= y ra d /s e c
1 m m \60 sec/\ 1 rev /
2
b. A rc le n g t h : s = r 0 = 2 9 ( y j 4 5 .6 fe e t
Lesson 13.3
-7
COS 0 = ^ nc
7
25
.
r
-25
3 = y =
^
.
y
-2 4
24
tan0 = - = ^ y = y
r
x
sec 0 = - =
-25
7
17.
t a n " i ( 3 . 2 ) = 7 2 .6 , w h ic h is in
Q u a d r a n t I. To fin d t h e a n g le
in Q u a d r a n t I I I (1 8 0 < 0 <
2 7 0 ): 0 = = 1 8 0 + 7 2 .6 = 2 5 2 .6
= t a n - ( V ) = 33"
B e c a u s e th e a n g le o f r e p o s e r e m a in s th e
s a m e , y o u c a n u s e 0 = 3 3 to fin d th e r a d iu s
o f th e 15 fo o t h ig h p ile :
C O ^ = y = 24
h = 180 -
= 150
9' = 30
WS22
^72.6
(p p . 8 7 0 - 8 7 2 )
5. r = y % 2 + y2 = \ / ( - 7 ) 2 + ( - 2 4 ) ^ = V 625 = 25
t a n 0 = 3 .2 ; 18 0 < <9 < 2 7 0
150 = 30
23
T h e d ia m e t e r is a b o u t d = 2 r = 2 ( 2 3 ) = 4 6 ft.
45. A A D B; s = ^ (7 4 3 + 1210 + 1480) = 1716.5
Lesson 13.5 (pp. 886-888)

13.
si nB
16
sin 104
25
sinB =
A rea =
16 sin 104
25
V l7 1 6 .5 (1 7 1 6 .5 - 7 4 3 )(1 7 1 6 .5 - 1 2 1 0 )(1 7 1 6 .5 - 1480)

0.6210
B = 38.4
A = 180 - 104 - 38.4 = 37.6

25
25sin 3 7 .6
-><3=
15.7
sin 104
sin 104
a
sin 37.6
31. A rea = ^ Be sin A
A C D B ; s = ^ (1 0 0 0 + 8 5 8 + 1480) = 1669
A rea =
V l6 6 9 (1 6 6 9 - 1 0 0 0 )(1 6 6 9 - 8 5 8 )(1 6 6 9 - 1480) i
WORKED
= 4 1 3 ,6 9 7
= ^ ( 2 9 ) (36) (sin 34
292 units^
A rea = (4 4 7 ,3 9 9 + 4 1 3 ,6 9 7 )X r i
^43,56(pft)
= 20 a c re s
If y ou fir s t fo u n d th e le n g th o f AC, you co u ld
re p e a t th e sa m e p ro c e ss u sin g A A BC an d
AADC.
b.
Chapter 14
0 .7 3 8 6
C = 47.6
A = 180 - 58 - 47.6 = 74.4

62
62 sin 74.4
.
- > a = -----: r - ^ - 70.4
sin 58
sin 58
sin 74.4
c.
A rea = ^ Be sin A = ^ (6 2 ) (54) (sin 74.4
2 0 0 ft^ /b a g = 8.1 bag s
You w iii n e e d 9 b ag s o f fe rtiliz e r.
L e s s o n l3 .6
( p p .8 9 2 -8 9 4 )
17. a^ = B^ +
- 2B c co s A
o2 + 12^ - 2 (3 )(1 2 )c o s A
10,2 - 3^
53
^ = co s A ^ A = 43
10
sin 43
si nB
Lesson 14.1 (pp. 912 - 914)

5. A m p litu d e : 1; p e rio d : 2
17. / ( x ) = 4 ta n x
P erio d : n; in te rc e p t: (0, 0)
A sy m p to tes: x = y
= 1612
1612 ft^
OUT SOLUTIONS
45. a.
= 4 4 7 ,3 9 9
3 (sin 43)
= sin B
10
B = 12; C = 180 - 43 - 12 = 125

In AABC, A = 43, B = 12, an d C = 125.
31. a. E q u a tio n h a s th e fo rm y = a co s Bf.
a = ^ (3 .5 ) = 1.75
P erio d is 6, so 6 = ^
B = i?-.
3
E q u a tio n i s y = 1.75 c o s Â.

b. C h o o se y = a co s Bf b e c a u s e at f = 0, th e
b u o y is a t its h ig h e st p o in t.
Lesson 14.2 (pp. 919 - 922 )

11. y = 2 c o s x + 1
(27r,3)
A m p litu d e: a = 2
25. s =
+ B + c) = 2^5 + 11 + 10) = 13
P erio d : ^
A rea = V^(^ * a)(sB )(s - c)

= V l3 (1 3 - 5)(13 - 11)(13 - 10) = V 624
= 2rr
+, - 1)
H o riz o n ta l s h ift: B = 0 ; V e rtic a l sh ift: B = 1
= 2 5 sq u a re u n its
WS23
23. y = - s i n ^ x + 3
C lo se st d is ta n c e :
93,000,000 mi
0 .5 4 3 a.u . * --------------------- = 5 0 .5 m illio n m i
A m p litu d e: la] = 1
P eriod: ^
= 4 ?r
F a rth e s t d is ta n c e :
93,000,000 mi
,
3 5 .6 a.u. * ------------= 3.31 b illio n m i
Ai = 0 ; A: = 3; a < 0 , so g rap h is re fle c te d .
Lesson 14.4
(pp. 935 - 9 3 7 )
5. 1 2 s i n ^ y ) - 3 ^ 0
12(1)^ - 3 ^ 0 ^ 3 - 3
= 0^
13. 4 cos^ x - 3 = 0 > cos^ x = ^
co s x =
I n 0 < x < ? r , x = -^- a n d x = ^ 7- .

6
6
c. 100 = - 3 0 0 ta n
Lesson 14.3
5. co s # =
2 00
TT ,
5 7T ,
x = - ^ + nrr o r x =
+ nir
6
6
18.4
3 . ^^, 2( V3 - cos
4 3 . a. S = 6 (1 .5 )(0 .7 5 ) + ^ (0 .7 5 )
sm I
(p p . 927 - 930 )
3ir < # < 2ir
= 6.75 + 0 .8 4 3 7 5
sin^ # + cos^ # = 1
b.
sm.2*
.
V lT
6
ta n # =
sin #
cos 0
e sc # =
1
sin#
Negative because # is
m Quadrant III
y rr
5
-6
\n
cot # =
cos # _
sin #
sec # =
1 ^ 6
cos #
5
y.
119
120
121
123
124
X=122
\3 -
COS #
sin #
W h en # = 122,
S = 9 inV
Yi
8.8886
8.9246
8.9619
9.0005
9.0405
9.0819
A v a lu e o f d = 54.7
m in im iz e s th e su rfa c e
a re a .
VIT
'H
"W735619 Y=7.9442427
H . iM V z 4 = y s i n # = - t a n d
COS
co s(-# )
1.069
1.069
1 0.97 cos #
Lesson 14.5
(p p . 944 - 94 7 )
5. M = 6, m = 2
..
.
;
M + 777 6 + 2
.
V e rtic a l s h ift: A; = ^ = - y = 4
T h e g rap h is a c o s in e cu rv e w ith h = 0.
P erio d = 4 =
c.
35.6
3.4
1.1
0.6
3 77*
2
777
4
277
T h e g rap h is a re fle c tio n , so a = 2.
0.6
1.1
35.6
T h e fu n c tio n is y = - 2 c o s y x + 4.
WS24
3.4
3 77*
4
77*
0.5
> b = iy2
77*
2
77*
4
4 3 . a.
9. Ai = 6, m = - 6
V erticai sh ift: ^ =
A i + m _ 6 + (6)
= 0
p?Q
/ta n (0 - l) + / t a n t
AM
b tan 0
T h e g rap h is a sin e cu rv e w ith h = 0
-^(tan(0-t) + ta n < )(^ )
Period = 2(37? - 77) = 47? = y
^ M tan 0 - tan f , tan r(l + tan 0tan 1)

1
/t 1 + tan 0 tan 7
1 + tan 0tan Q ((tan
A i at
> h = ^
6 - (-6 )
m l * 2 " ----- 2-------*

T h e g rap h is n o t a re fle c tio n , so a = 6.
25 . W h en f = 0, m = 4; w h en 1 = 1, Ai = 9.
^ _ A i + at _ 9 + 4 _
13
/ j' tan 0(1 + taM f)

1
M 1 + tan 0 tan f /\tan
WORKED
T h e fu n c tio n is y = 6 sin ^ x .
/ ( tan 0 + tan 0 taM 1 ^ 1

tan 0
7t ( 1 + tan 0 tan t
seM 1
/
/t \1 + tan 0 tan f/
0.
M i + o(
t= i
-+ h = 77
P eriod = 2 =
WQ ^ / l
sec^(0)
j
W
ft) 1 + tan 0 tan(0) j
OUT SOLUT!ONS
b. W h en 1 = 0 :
(f * i 5ft
A i - ra
Lesson 14.7
(pp. 9 5 9 - 9 6 2 )
t?or
4ft
_______ L _
5
Ground
T h e g rap h is a re fle c tio n , so a = - y
% =
2 + V2 _ \2 + V2
4
* 2
^ 5
,1 3
A m o d el is y = y c o s 77x +
2 '
1 3
13. co s a = y y
Lesson 14.6 (pp. 952 - 95 4 )

( 5 7?)
/ 7T
3 77)
9. C O S ^ - y j = CO S^y - y j
COS y COS
77 <
y < ^ < 7 7 - + ^ i s i n Q u a d ra n t II.

+ sin y sin y
6 - \2
a _
^r,â_
,1 + cosa
V6
^ 2 *
cos
- c o s x sin y
= ( s in x )(0 ) - ( c o s x ) ( - l ) = c o s x
s in
) = sin x co s y
V3
T - cos a
s^2 " \
tan
2 3 . sin] x - y
a < 277
V3
_Y.
5 3. W h e n Ai = 2 .5 : sin ? y y y
^ y 3
V6
^ y /2
V6
^5
U sin g th e P y th a g o re a n T h e o re m :
\5(25
2
2.5
0.7332
0 = 47
WS25
Chapter 1
1.1
-1h
3.
5.
5 5. b
Skill P ractice (pp. 6-7) 1. re cip ro cal
= v *b c
D efin itio n o f division
= ^
D efin itio n o f m u ltip lica tio n

o f fra ctio n s
)*+ !
^
ad
cb
1* 1*1 ! t + l *+ I
11. A ssociative property o f ad d ition 13. C om m utative

property o f m u ltiplication 15. D istributive property
17. 6 * (a
3) = 6 * [ a * y j
- -^
^ ^
C o m m u tativ e p ro p erty o f
m u ltip lica tio n
D efin itio n o f m u ltip lica tio n
o f fra ctio n s
a)
= 6
1
'a
C o m m u tativ e p ro p erty
o f m u ltip lica tio n
A ssociative p ro p erty
o f m u ltip lica tio n
SELECTED ANSWERS
= 2a
M u ltip licatio n
19. (c - 3) + 3 = (c + ( - 3 ) ) + 3
D efin itio n o f
su b tra ctio n
= c + ( ( - 3 ) + 3) A ssociative
p ro p erty o f
ad d itio n
= c + 0
In verse p ro p erty
o f ad d itio n
= c
Id en tity p ro p erty
o f ad d itio n
2 1 . 7 a + (4 + 5a) = 7 a + (5a + 4)
C om m u tativ e
p ro p erty o f
ad d itio n
= (7 a + 5a) + 4 A ssociative
p ro p erty o f
ad d itio n
= 12a + 4
C o m b in e like
term s.
1.1 Problem Solving (pp. 8-9) 57. a. L an ce: 6, D arcy: 2,

Javier: 3, San d ra: - 2 b. San d ra, Darcy, Javier, L an ce
59. a. Pluto, N eptu n e, U ranu s, Satu rn , Jupiter, M ars,
Earth, M ercury, Venus b. M ercury, Venus, Earth, Mars,
Jupiter, Satu rn , U ranu s, N ep tu n e, Pluto c. Sam p/e
answ er; T h e p la n ets are in o p p o site ord ers in p arts
(a) an d (b) w ith th e ex c e p tio n o f M ercu ry an d
Venus, d. M ercu ry or V enus 6 1 .a . ch e e ta h : 102.67;
th re e -to e d sloth : 0 .1 5 ; squ irrel: 17.6; grizzly b ear: 30
b. Sam p /e answ er/ T h e c h e e ta h is a b o u t 4 6 7 tim es
faster th a n th e th re e -to e d sloth.
1.2 Skill Practice (pp. 13-15) 1. b a se : 12, ex p o n e n t: 7
3. T h e n eg ativ e sign sh o u ld b e a p p lied after
e v a l u a t i n g t h e p o w e r ,- 3 ^ = - 8 1 . 5 . 8 1 7 . 4 9 9 . - 3 2
1 1 . - 1 0 ,0 0 0 1 3 . - 6 4 1 5 .6 4 1 7 . - 5 1 9 . - 1 0 0 2 1 .7 5
2 3 . 6 2 5. 5 x + 5 2 7. 13z^ - 2z + 10 2 9. 11m - 1
3 1 . - 5 p 2 + 21 3 5 . 10n + 2 4 ; 4 4 3 7 .2 6 3 9 .4 9 4 1 .1
43. - 7 d + l i e 45. 2m ^ + n^ - 8m 4 7 . 13m * - 5
49. - 8 s + 8 f 5 1. Sam p /e a n sw e r/3 b + 4 b + ( - 8 ) - 2j';
7 b - 8 - 2 j 53. (4 + 3) < (5 - 2) = 21
55. (3 * 4)2 - (23 + 3)2 = 23
23. Sam p le answ er: a = 2, b = - ^ 25. $ 8 .5 0 p e r h

27. $3 6 .2 5 2 9 . 195 m i 3 1. 1 1 6 ^ yd 33. 2 2 0 0 g
3 5 . 1.75 gal 3 7 . 0 .0 0 1 7 5 to n 39. T h e u n it m u ltip lier
should b e
25 dollars .
= 20.5 euros.
1 dollar
ld o llar
4 1 . 29 .3 ft/s e c 4 3 .31.1 m i/h 45. 0 .0 4 o z / s e c
4 7 . 1800 m i/h 49. Always; th is re p rese n ts th e
a sso ciativ e p ro p erty o f ad d ition, w h ich is tru e fo r all
real n u m b ers. 5 1. S o m e tim es; it is tru e w h en c = 0.
53. Always; th is rep resen ts th e d istribu tive property,
w h ich is tru e for all real n u m b ers.
1.2 Problem Solving (pp. 15-16) 57. 0, 10, 20, 30;

$ 1 .8 9 , $ 3 .2 0 , $ 4 .5 1 , $ 5 .8 2 59. 2 7 0 4.5x; n o; w hen
x > 60 th ere will b e a n eg ativ e b a la n c e o n th e card,
w h ich m e a n s you will h av e sp e n t m o re th a n w h at
you h ad on th e card. 63. - 6 . 5 x - 6y + 2 0 0 ; $88
1 3 Skill Practice (pp. 21-23) 1. so lu tio n 3 . 3 5 . 1 2
7.6 9 . - ^
11.4 1 3 . - 1
25.-7 27.- l l
1 5 . 1 8 1 7 . - 9 2 1 . 1 2 3 .4
2 9 .4 3 1 . - 2 ^ 3 3 . 4 3 5 . - 7 3 7 . - 2
3 9 .2 8 4 1 . B o th sid es o f th e eq u a tio n s sh ould b e

divided by y in stea d o f su b tra ctin g y from e a c h side;
y X = 15, x = 15 - y, x = 3 5 . 4 3 . 12 45. 60 47. - 2 3
S e le cted A nsw ers
SA 1
49. 1^ 51. 6 ; 15, 8 , 15, 8 5 3 . 2; 6 , 6 , 3 55. 4 57. 2
29.
3x + 18 = 72,
18 in., 24 in., 3 0 in.
5 9 . 4 61. 2.9 63. no so lu tio n 6 5. all real n u m b ers

67. x = - - ; a = c an d b ^ d; a = c an d b = d
a - c
1 3 Problem Solving (pp. 23-24) 69. 3 h 71. 9 h
73. a. 3 c + 2 g = 8 b. 2 1;
A.
1.6 Skill Practice
n .y = ^ - ^ L ; - 3
3.
i !I
6 17. T h e v ariable y shou ld only
5. - !
I !
!+ ! I
Ii
ap p ear on o n e side o f th e eq u atio n , n o t b o th ;

4y - xy = 9, y(4 - x) = 9, y =
19. b = - b;
4 - x
77-r
a b o u t 4.9 6 cm 21. y = 4 + 3x. ^ ^3 y = 16x + 28.
3x
^
; 5 27. M ethod 1: y = j j x - 3,
^ = l - 2 x
0
-6
- 4 - 2
- 4 - 2
19.
) )
!'
-O -+-O
0
2
i
4
I
6
- < t t # I ! t t ! !
2 5 .x < 4 -! 1 ! ! I I I 0 I ) -2
SELECTED ANSWERS
!-
l l . - 3 < x < l 1 3 .x < - 2 o r x > 4

1 7 .- + - 0 I I i t ! )
2 3 .x < - 2
y = ^ - 2 - 3 , y = I ; M eth od 2: 15 * 2 - 9y = 27,
30 - 9y = 27, - 9 y = - 3 , T =
(pp. 44-45)1. graph
t0
-2
13. y = ^ x -
x+ 6
3 1 . 4 0 x + 7 (2 0 - x ) = 4 04; 8 bo xes o f books,

12 b o x es o f clo th e s 3 3. a b o u t 4 .0 7 in.
2A
; 6 cm 7. y = 26 - 3x; 5
b^ + b^
9 .y - - x + ^ ;l l
x + 12
2 ^ ; ^ 75. 18 m in
1.4 Skill Practice (pp. 30-31) 1. fo rm u ia 3. f

5 m m 5.1:
3 5 . T h e in e q u a lity sy m b o l sh ould n o t b e reversed

w h en su b tra ctin g ; 10 > 2x, 5 > x.
1
! i lot t ! 3 7. - 6 < x < 3
Sam p le answ er;
M ethod 1 is m o re e fficien t b e c a u se it is alread y

xy
solved fo ry . 2 9. z = ^ ^
31. z
xy- 1
x y - y x
3 9 .1 < x < 7
C.
1A Problem Solving (pp. 31-32) 33. d = ^; ab o u t 3 6 in.

35. C =
d = ^
(F - 32); 10C 37. F = 8 0 c + 150d;
477*
V=
1 - 1- ! 1
4 - 2
4 5. x < ^ o r x > l
! ! 4 I ! * - ")()-*
2
-2 - 1 0 1 2
4 9. n o so lu tio n 51. n o so lu tio n
80 d esign er tu xed os; 160 d esigner
tuxedos; 24 0 d esigner tu xed os 3 9 . V =
4 3 .x < - 4 o r x > 2
47T
13 Skill Practice (pp. 37-38) 1. verbal m o d el

3. 0.5 h 5. 90 m i 7. 54 ft 9. 20 m l l . y = 4 x + 11
13. y = 4 6 - lOx 1 7 .4 x + 9 = 12, 0.75 ft 19. T h e
p a ttern show s th e o u tp u t is d ecreased by 10 each
tim e; an eq u atio n th at rep resen ts th e ta b le is
y = 75 - lOx. 2 3 .y = 7 x - 16
13 Problem Solving (pp. 38-39) 2 5 . 3 .7 5 k m /m in

27. y = 1.5x + 15; no; th e b a m b o o sh o o t will
even tu ally slow its grow th rate and stop growing.
1.6 Problem Solving (pp. 46-47) 53. 4 5 x + 35 < 250,

x < 4 ^ days; 4 or few er days 5 5. a. 0 < e < 500
b. 1400 < e < 2 4 2 9 c. 0 < e < 5 0 0 or 1400 < e < 2 4 2 9
5 7 .5 0 < F < 9 5 ; 1 0 < C < 3 5
5 9 .a. Amy: 0.65(84) + 0.15(80) + 0 .2 w > 8 5 ,
B rian : 0 .6 5 (8 0 ) + 0 .1 5 (1 0 0 ) + 0 .2 x > 8 5 , Clara:
0 .6 5 (7 5 ) + 0 .1 5 (9 5 ) + 0 .2 y > 8 5 , D an: 0 .6 5 (8 0 ) +
0 .1 5 (9 0 ) + 0 .2 z > 8 5 b. w > 9 2 ; x > 9 0 ; y > 1 1 0 ;z > 9 7 .5
c. Amy, B rian , an d D an. S a m p le an sw er; It is
im possible to score over 100 p oin ts on a test, so Clara
will n o t b e ab le to ach ieve a grade o f 85 or better.
1.6 Problem Solving Workshop (p. 49)

1. y = - 3 5 x + 20 0 ; x > 20 3. x > $ 7 0 0 0
1.7 Skill Practice (pp. 55-56) 1. An a p p a ren t so lu tio n

th a t m u st b e re je cte d b e c a u se it d o es n o t satisfy
th e orig in al eq u a tio n . 3. so lu tio n 5. n o t a so lu tio n
7. so lu tio n
SA2
Selected Answers
9.
9 ,9
5. d o m a in : - 2 , 1 , 6, range: - 3 , - 1 , 5 ,!
- I + I i ( ) t 4 -d -12 -6
0
6
12
Input
I ! I I + ! I I I I
1 1 .0
- ^ , - 3 ^ 41. W h en w riting
th e seco n d eq u atio n , th e right side o f th e eq u atio n

should b e - x - 3; 5 x - 9 = - x - 3, 6 x - 9 = - 3,
6 x = 6, x = 1, th e so lu tio n s are 3 and 1.
43. - 5 < / < 5
^
s
I 1*1 !
-6 -2
5
I I !* l ! i 2
6 10
45. 5 < m < 9
-*-Kdti ) I I K8)
-6 -2
2
6 10
7 1 .x <
-c - -
27.
12
^ 7 3 .x < - - o r x >
o rx >
( sj
11. Yes; ea ch in p u t h as exactly o n e output. 13. Yes;

e a ch in p u t h as exactly o n e output. 15. x is th e in p u t
an d y is th e output, so th ere sh ould b e o n e value o f y
for ea ch value o f x; th e relatio n given by th e tab le is
n o t a fu n ctio n b ec a u se th e in p u ts 1 an d 0 e a c h have
m ore th an o n e output. 17. No; th e in p u t - 2 has m ore
th a n on e output. 19. No; th e inp ut - 1 h as m ore than
o n e output. 21. fu n ctio n 2 3 . n o t a fu n ctio n
25.
6 5 . c > 0, c = 0, c < 0 67. n o so lu tio n

! I I I I (- 0 - + - + 6 9 .x < 9 o r x > 9
3 )
* 5
^ 6^
3 1 . - 2 0 , 4 33. No; th e e q u a tio n h a s n o so lu tio n s

b ec a u se an ab so lu te value will n ev er b e negative.
39.
1^
2 1 . - 4 , 9 23. y, 2 2 5 . - 7 , 4 2 7 . - 7 , 2 2 9 . 1 ^ ; 3
35. -3 3 7 . - l l , - I ,
O utput
-c b
3 5. n o t lin ea r; 10 3 7 . lin ear; 6 3 9 . lin ear; - 3
8 1 . I e - 6008 I < 5992, I m - 4 6 ,0 0 0 I < 4 5 ,0 0 0
2.1 Prob)emSo!ving (pp. 78-79) 4 3 . Yes; ea ch input has
Chapter Review (pp. 61-64) 1. ex p o n e n t, b a se
exactly o n e output. 45. A bout 905; V(6) represents the

volum e o f a sphere w ith radius 6.
3. ex tran eo u s so lu tio n 5. Snm p/e answer.' 3 (x - 4)

an d 3x - 12 7. In verse p ro p erty o f m u ltip lica tio n
9. D istribu tive prop erty 11. 3 x - 6y 13. 18h - 3 3
15 . - 2 f 4 + 5f2 17 . - I
9 .9
2 1 .-1
23.
2 5 .y - - 1 0 x + 7 ;-2 3 2 7 .y - x ' t = ' 5

- 2 0 31. h =
4 7. a.
$ 7 4 .9 9
2 9 .y -^ x
5;
ab o u t 7.73 c m 33. 6 02 m i
27rr
I ! ) -)' +
3 5 .x < 6
3 7 .x < - ^
2
3 9 .- 3 < x < 3
0 15
19
21
23 7
11 .3 5 0 .0 0 0 , 1 2 ,2 8 0 ,0 0 0 , 1 2 ,4 2 0 ,0 0 0 , 1 5 ,9 8 0 ,0 0 0 ,
1 8 .9 8 0 .0 0 0 , 2 0 ,8 5 0 ,0 0 0 , 3 3 ,8 7 0 ,0 0 0 , range: 20, 21, 27,
31, 34, 55 b. Yes; e a c h in p u t p h as exactly o n e output.
c. No; th e in p u t 21 h as m o re th a n o n e output.
' ! + 1" " )' I

-2
4 1 . - 3 , l y 43. no so lu tio n
4 5 . y < l o r v > 6
17
b. 59 in. or 4 ft 11 in. c. 2 1 .7 in. 4 9. a. d om ain :
I i
-2
-4
d om ain :
15<^ <24,
range:
5 7 .9 5 < h ( f ) < 75.5
SELECTED ANSWERS
75. I p - 6.5 I < 1 77. I h - 2 1 1 > 1 79. I x - 45 I < 15
*!
I hdI H > -li t-*
-4
12
4 7 . I y - 2 6 1 < 0 .5 ,2 5 .5 in. < f < 26 .5 in.
Extension (p. 81)

1
d iscrete; - 1 , 1 ,3 , 5, 7
Chapter 2
2.1 Skit) Practice (pp. 76-78) 1. independent, d epend ent
3. d om ain : - 4 , 2, 1, 3, range: - 3 , - 1 , 2, 3
y!
Input
O u tput
f
'
11
-2x
f 3 )
*-1
X
3^
* 3
Setected Answers
SA3
co n tin u o u s; y > - 6
2.3 Skii! P ractice (pp. 93-94) 1. s lo p e -in te rce p t

,
B o th g raph s h ave a
y -in te rce p t o f 0, b u t th e
graph o f y = 3 x h a s a siop e
o f 3 in stea d o f 1.
B o th graphs h ave a siop e
o f 1, b u t th e graph o f
y = x + 5 h a s a y -in te rce p t
o f 5 in stea d o f 0.
V
'
r
SELECTED ANSWERS
d om ain: x > 0, range: rf (x) > 0; co n tin u o u s
2 1 . T h e slo p e an d y -in tercep t

w ere sw itch ed arou n d .
d o m ain : w hoie n u m bers, range: m u itip ies o f 3;

d iscrete
25. x-in tercep t: - 1 5 , y -intercep t: - 3 27. x-in tercep t: 5,

y-in tercep t: - 1 0 29. x-in tercep t: 6, y -intercep t: - 4 . 5
2.2 Skii! Practice (pp. 86-87) 1. siop e 3. p r i s e s

5. -
fails 7. - 4 ; fails 9.
rises 11. u nd efined ;
is verticai 13. 0; is h o rizo n tal 15. T h e x and y

co o rd in ates w ere n o t su b tracte d in th e co rrect
order;
2 -(-4 )
- . 19. n eith e r 21. p e rp en d icu la r
23. paraiiei 2 5 . 1 3 m i/g a i 27. 2 m /s e c 2 9 .2 3 1 . ^

Q
33. - - 35. No; no. Sam pfe om m er; T h e slop e o f
PQ =
-
2 - 1
( -1 )
T h e siop e o f QP =
T h e slop e o f S T =
3 5
2.2 Probiem Soiving (pp. 87-88) 4 1 . 4 3 .6 .5 %

47. a. b .y e s c . I
SA4
Se!ected Answers
55. SampFe answ er; x = 3, y = - 2

y -in tercep t:
57. slop e: -
2 7 .y = -2 % + 6 2 9 . y = - ^
2.3 Problem Solving (pp. 94-96)

$480
3 1 . y = - 3 % + 11
3 3 .y = - * + 7 3 5 . y = 5x + 23 3 7 . y = - 3 x + 17.5
4 1. - 4 x + y = - 3
4 3 .4 x - 5y = - 7 4 5 . 4 x + 3y = 32
47. Sam p /e a a sm e r.y = - ^ x + 8
2.4 Problem Solving (pp. 103-104) 5 1 . a = 151 + 50

5 3 . 15x + 9y = 4 5 0 0
$1.5 0 ; $3
b.
SELECTED
6 3 .3 0 ; fail; th e vaiue o f th e card wiii d e cre a se after

you bu y ea ch sm o o th ie, so th e iin e w ill fail fro m ieft
to right.
F in d th e p o in t o n th e iin e w h ere x is 2 0 0 th e n the

co rresp o n d in g y -co o rd in a te is how m an y stu d en t
tick ets w ere soid. 5 5 . y = 1.66x + 2 1 .6 2 ; $ 4 8 .1 8
5 7. a. 2^ + 2w = 24
Sample aasa/en
r = 0 an d m = 4,
r = 1.75 an d a/ = 1,
r = 0 .8 7 5 an d a/ = 2.5
0
67. a.
c.
12
ANSWERS
c. S am p le ansa/er;
16
1
tv
10
f
(minutes)
A
(leet)
200
350
500
650
2.4 Problem Solving Workshop (p 105) 1. y = 4 x + '
800
3 .y = -Ix + 1 6
950
h (l) = 1501 + 200
2.4 Skill Practice (pp. 101-103) 1. stand ard 3. y = 2

5 . y = 6 x 7 . y = - ^ x + 7 9 . y = 4 x - 2 11. y = 2x + 11
5 . y = 3 2 .1 4 x + 1 7 6 4 .3 6
2.5 Skill Practice (pp. 109-110) 1. Sam p le aasmer.If y = ax, th e n a is th e c o n s ta n t o f v ariation , a is a

co n s ta n t ratio o f y to x fo r aii ord ered pairs (x, y ) .
3. y = 3x
1 3 . y = - 9 x + 85 1 5 . y = - y X + l 1 7 . y = - ^ x - 2
19. T h e x- an d y -co o rd in a te s w ere tran sp o sed ;
y - 1 = - 2 ( x - 5 ) ,y - 1 = - 2 x + 10, y = - 2 x + 11.
21. y = - x + 8 23. y = - 3 x + 13 25. y = ^ x - ^
Seiected Answers
SA5
5 . y = - 3 .5 .x
ll.y = 2 x ;2 4
1 3 .y = - 0 .2 x ;- 2 .4
1 5 .y = ^ x ; 4
19. n o t d irect v ariation 21. d irect variation ; 2.5

23. direct variation ; ^ 25. y = - ^ x ; 3 27. y = - 7 x ; y
29. y = - 7 . 2 x ; ^ 31. d irect v ariation ; y = - ^ x
"
O
33. d irect variation ; y = - 4 x 35. T h e q u o tie n ts n eed
to b e co m p ared to e a c h other, n o t th e p rod u cts;
^
= 24, ^
= 6, ^ ^ 2.7, ^ = 1.5, b e c a u se th e ratios
are n ot equal, the data do n o t show direct variation.
SELECTED ANSWERS
2.5 Problem Soiving (pp. 110-111) 39. w = 3600d ;

6300 lb 41. d irect v ariation ; t = 5.1$ 43. a. d irect
variation; P = 4.s b. N ot a d irect variation ; th e ratios
o f A to s are n o t equal, c. Not a d irect variation ; th e
ratios o f A to P are n o t equal.
2 1. a. 5a m p /e answ er; M easu rin g th e d ep th o f w ater

at d ifferen t tim es w h ile filling a sw im m in g pool.
T h e n u m b e r o f gallon s o f m ilk you b u y an d th e
to ta l co st. b. Sam p /e answ er; T h e age o f a ca r an d its
cu rre n t value. T h e n u m b e r o f m iles you h av e driven
sin c e you last p u t gas in th e tan k and th e a m o u n t o f
gas left in th e tan k. c. Sam p /e answ er; T h e h eig h t o f
a p e rso n an d th e m o n th th ey w ere b o rn . T h e age
o f a p erso n an d th e n u m b e r o f v eh icles th ey own.
2.6 Probiem Soiving (pp. 119-120) 25. Sam p /e answ er,
y = 1 0 1 .3 x + 2 2 3 6 .6 2 7. a. (0, 3 7), (4, 4 9), (8, 57),
(12, 64), (14, 67), (18, 7 2), (22, 77)
b.
2.6 Skit! Practice (pp. 117-118) 1. b e st-fittin g line

3. negative co rrelatio n 5. ap p rox im ately no
co rrelatio n 7 . 0 9 . - 1
11. a.
c. Sam p /e answ er;

y = 1.8x + 4 0 .7 ;
102 co u n tries
40
b. Snrnpie ansa;er;
y = - 2 0 x + 141
c. a b o u t - 2 5 9
12
18
24
Years since 1980

2.7 Skiii Practice (pp. 127-128) 1. vertex
tra n sla ted dow n 7 u n its
5 ^
tra n sla ted left 4 u n its and

dow n 2 u nits
1 5 .y = - 3 jx j
21.
1 7 .y = I [ x )
1 9 .y = I l x + 2 l - l
23. "1 I ! *
(- 2,1o)
-4 m
(-1, -1)
(0, - 3 )
2 9 . T h e graph sh ou ld b e
tra n sla ted left 3 units.
.V
(1 1)
(2, 0)
-xi
].V
1
X
3 3. No. Sanrp/e answ er; It d o es n o t pass th e vertical

lin e test.
SA6
Selected Answers
25.
23.
29. solution, n o t a solution 31. solution, n ot a solution

<,
y!
3 5.
33.
3 9 . y = - ^ l x - 6 9 ) + 140
4 1 . a.
0.5
</
90
60
'
-2
- !
1.5
2.5
30
30
60
90
-1
3 9 . S a m p le afMM7er.'y> x + 3 4 1 . y > - - x + 3; pick
2.8 Problem Solving (pp. 137-138) 4 3 . 0 .03x + 0 .0 6 y < 20

-
4 5. 1.5x + 2.5y < 75
-i
<
i
-i
SELECTED ANSWERS
two p o in ts on th e b o u n d ary lin e to find th e slope

an d th e n u se th e p o in t-slo p e fo rm o f a n eq u a tio n to
find th e eq u atio n . T h e b o u n d ary lin e is dotted, so the
inequ ality dos n o t in clu d e p o in ts on th e boundary.
T h e n ch o o se a p o in t to d eterm in e w h ich inequ ality
sign to use. Sam p /e answer.* You an d y our sister w ant
to spen d at least $15 on your little b roth er's birthday.
You w an t to buy h im so m e ra ceca rs th at co st $3 each
an d so m e building b lo ck sets th a t co st $5 each .
9.
y < 15.6 yd
47. a. l l x - t - 2 6 y < 120
1?
2.8 Skill Practice (pp. 135-136) 1. h alf-plane 3. solution,
n o t a so lu tio n 5. so lu tio n , so lu tio n
y
t
!
j
'
*
!
t
0 2 4
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 *
b. Sa m p ie answ er; 2 days ca n o e in g an d 5 days biking,

3 days ca n o e in g and 2 days biking, 2 days can o ein g
and 2 days biking
c. l l x + 2 6 y < 9 6
S a m p ie an sw er; 1 day
ca n o e in g an d 3 days biking,
4 days c a n o e in g an d 2 days
biking, 2 days c a n o e in g an d
2 days biking
19. T h e b o u n d ary lin e should

b e a d a s h e d lin e .
Selected Answers
SA7
Chapter Review (pp. 141-144) 1. stand ard 3. d irect

variation 5. d om ain : - 2 , - 1 , 2 , 3, range: - 2 , 0, 6, 8;
fu n ctio n 7. iin ear fu n ctio n ; 51 9. u n d efin ed 1 1 .0
13.
'
15.
'
1-1
! -i!
[
/
1 7 .y = - ^ x + 2 1 9 .y = - 8 x ;- 2 4 2 1 .y = - 0 .8 x ;- 2 .4
23. Sam p Je answ er; y = - x + 2.3
^ sh ru n k v ertically by
Skill Practice (pp. 164-165) 1. su b stitu tio n 3. ( 6 , - 1 )

2 j 9. (0 ,3 ) 11. ( - 3 , 8)
5. n o so lu tio n 7.
1 3 . ( 4 4 , - 1 7 ) 15. 7 , 1 ) 17. ( - 6 , - 2 ) 19.

2 1 . ( - 8 , 6) 2 3 . n o so lu tio n 2 5. (7, 3)
2 7 . Failed to m u ltip ly th e co n sta n t by - 2 .
- 6 x - 4y = - 1 4
5 x + 4y =
15
-x =
1
x = -1
29. ( - 5 , - 6 ) 3 1 . infinitely m any solu tions 3 3. ( - 8 , 0 )
3 5 . ( 7 , - 6 ) 3 7. ( - ^ , 4 ) 39. ( - ^ , I ) 41. (2, 3) 4 3 . (3, 2)
5 1 - 1- ^ . 6
5 3. (5, 4)
3.2 Probiem Soiving (pp. 165-166) 5 5 . 5 a co u stic,

4 e le c tric 5 7. T h e co m p a n y c a n fill its ord ers by
o p era tin g F a cto ry A for 5 w eeks an d F a cto ry B for
3 w eeks. 5 9 .1 2 d o u b les g am es, 14 sing les g am es
6 1 .8 0 p o u n d s o f p ea n u ts, 20 p o u n d s o f cash ew s
$1.75, $ 1.25
3.3 Skiii Practice (pp. 171-172) 1. T h e ord ered pair

31.
33.
m u st satisfy e a c h in eq u a lity o f th e system .
) 1y
-!
/
//
5.
7. n o so lu tio n
: ':
Chapter 3
3.1 Skii! Practice (pp. 156-157) 1. in d e p en d e n t
3. ( 1 , - 1 ) 5 . ( 4 , - 1 ) 7. (5 ,0 ) 9. ( - 2 , 4)
11. in finitely m any so iu tio n s 13. (3, 3) 17. ( 2 , - 1 ) ;
co n siste n t and in d e p en d e n t 19. no solu tion;
in c o n siste n t 21. in fin itely m an y so lu tio n s;
co n siste n t an d d ep e n d en t 23. (2, 0); c o n siste n t
and in d e p en d e n t 25. (3, - 1 ) ; co n siste n t and
in d e p en d e n t 27. in fin itely m an y solu tio n s;
co n siste n t an d d ep e n d en t 31. n o so lu tio n
33. ( - 4 , 2) and ( - 4 , 2)
3.1 Problem Solving (pp. 157-158) 35. lifeguard; 6 h,

cash ier: 8 h 3 7 .1 1 days; th e n u m b e r o f days will
d ecrease; th e n u m b e r o f days w ill b e divided by a
larger n u m ber, w h ich will d ecrease th e q u o tien t,
w h ich is th e n u m b er o f days. 39. a. m = - 0 .0 9 5 8 x +
50.8 b. w = - 0 . 1 2 4 x + 57.1 c. in th e y ear 2 195
d. No. 5'anip/e answer.' It is n o t likely th a t th e sam e
lin ear m o d els will apply indefinitely.
.V
\
/
/
' /
\
/
Selected Answers
*
t j
7.
k
2 7 . Sam p /e answ er; y < x - 1, y < - - x + 4
2 9 . [................
.\ .V
\
\
'
\
X
SA8
1 y
2' 6
4 5. a b o u t ( 2 .9 0 ,- 2 .1 6 ) 4 7 . ( - 1 , 2 ) 4 9. (7 ,1 )
a fa cto r o f y
4
SELECTED ANSWERS
3.2
3.3 Probiem Soiving (pp. 172-173) 35. x > 20, x < 50,
y > 0.3x, y < 0.7x, w here x rep rese n ts th e regular
p rice a n d y rep resen ts th e sale p rice ; 6 < y < 14
3 7 .a . x > 2 , y > 2 , x + y < 8 , x + y > 5
c. S a m p ie answ er;
3 ju n io rs, 4 sen io rs;
4 ju n io rs, 4 sen io rs
3.5 Ski!) Practice (pp. 190-193) 1. d im e n sio n s 3. T h e

co rresp o n d in g en trie s w ere n o t ad d ed to g e th e r to
* 13.11 g [ - 2 - 5 ^
- 1 .2 ]
[ 2
1
cre a te a 2 x 1 m atrix;
7.
4.7
3.6
6.2
7.5
14.3 - 1 .2
-2 -5
14 - 1
6
-1 0
9.
-1 3 .2
2.2
-12.1
^ [ - 3 5.1
2.4]
* 3 ' [ 8.1
0 - 4 .5 J *53 9 .a. x > 20, x < 65, y > 0 .5 (2 2 0 - x ) , y < 0 .7 5 (2 2 0 - x )
b. -
S 225
.E 200
^175
S ' 150
g 125
^ 100
S 75
t
50
25
c. No; th e person's
h e a rt rate is ab o v e th e
targ et zo n e. A 4 0 -y e a r
old person's h e a rt rate
sh o u ld b e b etw ee n
90 and 135 h ea rtb e a ts
p e r m inu te.
0
23.
3.4 Skit) Practice (pp. 182-183) 1. Sam p /e answ er;

2 x - 3y + z = 6; a p lan e 3. no 5. yes 7. n o
9. ( 1 ,5 ,6 ) 11. n o solu tion 13. ( 0 , 4 , - 2 ) 15. ( 3 , 2 , 1)
17. ( - 6 , 4 , - 4 ) 19. (0 ,0 , - 2 ) 21. In th e 2n d eq u a tio n ,
th e co e ffic ie n t o f y w as n o t m u ltip lied by 2;
2 x + y - 2z = 23
6 x + 4y + 2z = 22
8 x + 5y
= 45
25. in finitely m an y so lu tio n s 2 7 . ( - 1 , 4 , 0)
29. ( - 4 , 5, - 4 ) 31. (0,- 2 , 6) 3 3 . (2, 6, - 5 )
3 5 . (2, 1 ,0 ) 37. a = 12, & = - 4 , c = 10; w h en you
su b stitu te - 1 for x, 2 fo r y, and - 3 for z in to ea ch
o f th e eq u atio n s, you get th e resu lts for a, &, an d c.
3.4 Probiem Soiving (pp. 184-185) 43. 1st delivery:

3 0 0 gal; 2nd delivery: 7 50 gal; 3rd delivery: 2 0 5 0 gal
4 5 . a . / + s + f = 20, 5 / + 3s + f = 68, s = / + t,
w h e re /re p re se n ts th e n u m b er o f first-p lace finishes,
s rep resen ts th e n u m b e r o f se c o n d -p la ce fin ish es,
and f rep resen ts th e n u m b e r o f th ird -p la ce fin ish es;
7 first-p lace fin ishes, 10 se c o n d -p la ce fin ishes,
3 th ird -p lace fin ish e s b. W h en y ou solve f o r / a n d
f, you get a fractio n al an sw er an d y ou c a n n o t have
fra ctio n s o f a p erso n . 4 7. a. 2 .5 r + 4 i + 21 = 3 2 ,
r + f + : = 12, r = 2(1! + i) w h ere r re p rese n ts th e
n u m b er o f roses, 1! rep rese n ts th e n u m b e r o f lilies,
and 1 rep resen ts th e n u m b e r o f irises b. 8 roses,
2 lilies, 2 irises c. yes; 8 roses, 2 lilies, 2 irises
-0 .7 5 10.7
3.6 - 3 .3
-6 .8 2
0
3.96
23.4 -1 .5
- 2 .5 - 2 .3
2 1.
19
2 5. x
B =
-9 .9
-5 .5
-14.08
-5 .6 *
9.9
, y = 4 2 7 .x = - 2 ,
5.5 - 3
-8
7
2 -2
-5
4
3.5 Probiem Soiving (pp. 192-193)

3 1.
0
1 -1
5
- 7 -1 - 5 - 2
1 -1
4 10
Model A
/ = Model B
Model C
25 38
36 32
12 15
Model A
3 3 .a . M = Model B
Model C
31 22
42 25
18 11
56 60
78 57 ; th e su m rep resen ts
30 26
b.
th e to ta l sales for M ay an d Jun e. c.
28
30
39 28.5
15
13
SELECTED ANSWERS
7 . 6 m ini pinatas, 6 regular-sized pinatas

9 . 12 ja rs o f to m ato sauce, 4 ja rs o f salsa
-6.3
-6.5
c
n
u
U 15'
9
1
2
21
1
y = - 1 6 2 9 . Sam p /e answ er; A =
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 ^
Extension (p. 176) 1 .1 ; 14 3 . 170; 5 80 5 . 5; 55
,1 r 12 - 8
r
11.
3.6 Skiii Practice (pp. 199-200) 1. co lu m n s; rows

3. d efin ed ; 2 X 2 5 . n o t d efin ed 7. n o t d efin ed
11.
17.
-2 1
-8 4
21 - " I
74 - 5 0 ]
12 15
8 -4
"]
15. '
11 35'
8 0
-9
7
,9 T h e m u ltip lica tio n sh ou ld b e
row 1 o f le ft m a trix by co lu m n 1 o f th e righ t m atrix;

3(7) + ( - 1 ) ( 1 ) = 20. 23.
27.
-2
4 0
5 15 8
- 1 6 17 36
29.
33.
18 - 5
-1 0
3
-82
23
46 - 1 3
3 5 . Sam ple answer;
21
-1 4
-6
1
-2 0 4
81
160 - 3 8
25.
-1 0
-8
7
10
3 1 . x = 3 ,y = 35
1 0
0 1
Selected Answers
SA9
Balls
45
Uniforms
15
37.
Bat
202)
Ball
Uniform
30
'C o s t [ 21
Cost
] 't t e m [ 8 8 2 ]
*3950*
,M ,=
9050
c.M ^ =
*3612.5
-M ,=
9387.5
0.2 095
*3359.375
; the
9640.625
SELECTED ANSWERS
3.8 Skiii Practice (pp. 214-215)
-4
-1
5.
J_ 1
12 6
J_ JL
60
3.
11. T h e scalar should be
-4*
2
-3
6
*
1
4
_F
11
2
3
19.
17.
11
.1 3 .
18
19
-3
-4
-9
1
5
3*
10
b.
*2
* 8*
_y_
11
9
10
3
5
1
10
1
5
1
5
1
5
21.
17
Selected Answers
c. 3 b a tc h e s o f roils,
4 9 . a.
-1
-3
-5
'
-1
-4
-2
; 90 clo ck w ise
ro ta tio n b. m u ltip ly A 4 T by 71 an d th e n ag ain byxl

3.8 ProM em Soiving W orkshop (p. 219) 1. DVD: $15,
p o p co rn : $1.75, m ovie pass: $8 3 . 11 lb s o f sunflow er
seed , 9 lb s o f th istle seed
Chapter Review (pp. 222- 226) 1. consistent, inconsistent
3. T he n u m b er o f colum ns in the left hand m atrix is the
sam e as th e n u m b er o f rows in th e right hand matrix.
-2
det
11.
1 y
X
9*
i -ri
-6
15. ( - 3 , - 8 , 4) 17. 10 w ind in stru m en ts, 3 string

in stru m en ts, 2 p e rcu ssio n in stru m en ts
10*
2 b a tc h e s o f m u ffin s 4 7 . B ran C ru n ch ies: 2 .3 oz,

T oasted O ats: 0 .8 oz, W h o le W h eat Flakes: 1.2 oz
-2
1
2
3.8 ProM em Soiving (pp. 215-217) 4 3. sin g le -en g in e:

150 h, tw in -en gin e: 50 h 45. a. 2 x + y = 8, 3 x + y = 11
w here x re p rese n ts rolls an d y rep resen ts m u ffin s
19.
10
2 5. (3, 2) 27. ( - 1 , - 4 )
2 3*
4 1 . Sam p/e ansmer;
1
2
7
16
1
8
16
7
32
1
16
1
32
25.
6
8
4*
-4
21.
28 - 7 6
-2 0
10
*2
-4
7
27.
0*
6 7
-2
23.
-15
6 0
-3
64 32
-8
48
40
-16
2 9 . - 4 2 31. 18
3 3. (7, 1) 3 5 . ( - 1 , - 4 )
Cumuiative Review (pp. 232- 233) 1. - 2 x ^ + 7x
3 .-T V
SA10
7
40
15
-1
15.
7.
1
20
3*
2
1
7
4
1
1 -1 *
-5
-1
160
C^J
3.7 ProM em Soiving (pp. 208-209) 4 1 . 12ft^

43. a. 60 single scoop, 40 double scoop, 20 triple scoop
b. $140 .0 3 45. a. 4 7 8 6 m f b. 3201 m f c. 7 9 8 7 m f
d. C o n n e ct Vernal, UT, to M oab, UT.
3.
9
80
3.7 Ski!) Practice (pp. 207-208) 1. d eterm in a n t 3 . - 6

5 .2 5 7 .8 9 .3 9 1 1 . - 2 0 6 1 3 . - 3 4 1 5 .1 1 6 0 1 7 . - 4 8 0
19. T h e su m o f th e prod u cts for th e d iag on als th at
go up should be su b tracted from th e su m o f th e
p ro d u cts for th e diag onals th a t go dow n; 1 0 + 0 +
( - 8 ) - (3 + 24 + 0) = - 2 5 23. 12 2 5 .2 1 2 7 .2 5
29. ( - 4 , 3 ) 31. ( - 7 , - 5 ) 33. (6, - 3 , - 7 ) 35. (0, 4, 1)
37. (8, 6, 7)
, m atrix o f co n sta n ts
11
160
2 9 . (10, - 2 ) 3 1 . (1, - 8 ) 3 3 . ( - 3 , 5) 3 5. ( - 9 , 19, - 1 0 )

37 . ( - l , - 2 , 3 ) 3 9 . ( - 2 , 1 0 , 0)
0.8 0.05
n u m b er o f co m m u te rs after 2, 3, anc 4 years
1. m atrix o f variables
1
20
40
4400
; the nu m ber o f co m m u ters after 1 year
8600
b .M i =
10
39. Friday: $1150, Saturday: $1675

4 1. PS; [ 62,400 57,575 ], it show s th e profit for aii
o f th e cars sold by e a c h dealer. 43. a.
23.
3
20
12
i
OJ
Bats
3 .6 P ro M em S o iv in g (pp. 200-
6.x
15 5 .
7. - 8 , 2
9. - 1 6 , 2 5
11.5sxsl0
'i
-1
1 3 .-l < x < 9
't ^ i ^
-2
11
1 5 .-4 < % < 4 r
3
D i
I !
-4
-2
19. T h e fo rm u ia for th e x -c o o rd in a te o f th e v ertex is
11
-A 2a'
21.
) H 0 t
8 10
11
] i 3 I I I I I!
-6
17. -
24
2(4)
3.
/
/
tel ! I-
fails 19. 0; is h o rizo n tai
(--1, 0)
X -1
3 3.
37.
43.
y =
m a x im u m vaiue; - 1 3 5 . m in im u m value; - 1
m in im u m value; - 2 4 1 . a = - 0 .0 2 , & = 1, c = 6
Sam p /e answer.* y = - A + 8 x + 3,
2x^ - 16x - 1, y = x^ - 8 x - 6
r !
X=0
47. (
(0 2)
-t
53. T h e axis o f sy m m etry h as to iie h a lf w ay b etw een
th e two x -c o o rd in a te s; x = - 1 .
31. (5, - 4 ) 33. ( - 2 . 4 , 1) 35.
37.
-1 5
-3 0
43. a. iV =
21 - 3
42 - 6
R2 + ^ 2
39.
_4
3
1
by $ 0 .7 5 to in cre a se rev en u e to $ 4 9 0 0 p er day.

57. abou t 10 ft 59. a. profit = p rice - sales - expenses;
P (x ) = (20 - x )(1 5 0 + lO x) - 1500
6 2
19 0
-3
2
b.
41.
1
3
1
12
1
3
5
24
b. A bout 98 gam es; it's th e sam e.
45. c = y L p ;$ 6 2 5 0 4 7 . s > 2 1 3 , j < : 2 6 3 , s + j > 4 7 2 .5
Chapter 4
P(*)
1500
1540
1560
1560
1540
1500
R ed u ce th e p rice
by $ 2 .5 0 to in crea se
p ro fits to $ 1 5 6 2 .5 0 per
w eek.
1580
4.1 Skiii Practice (pp. 240-241) 1. p arab o ia 3. 16, 4, 0,

4, 16 5 .8 , 2, 0 ,2 , 8
sam e axis o f sy m m etry

an d v ertex, o p en s up, and
is n arrow er
1520
9.
sam e axis o f sy m m etry

an d vertex, o p en s down,
and is n arrow er
SELECTED ANSWERS
4.1 Probiem Soiving (pp. 242-243) 5 5 . R aise th e p rice
4.2 Skiii Practice (pp. 249-250) 1. v ertex

3.
"x = 3
'
-i
(3, 0)
Seiected Answers
SA 11
23. p = 2 a n d p = - 3 ; th e x -in te rce p ts are 2 and

- 3 . 25. y = x^ - 2 x - 15 27. y = - 3 x ^ + 18x - 24
2 9 .y = x ^ - 6 x + 15 3 1 . y = 5x^ + 30x + 41
33. m inim um : - 4 35. m in im u m : 130 37. m axim u m :
729 39. m in im u m :- 4 5 0 41. m axim u m : 211.25
SELECTED ANSWERS
4 9. Sam p /e an sw er; y = (x - 8 )(x + 2),

y = (x - 4 )(x - 2 ) ,y = (x + 3 )(x - 9)
4.2 Problem Solving (pp. 250-251) 51. 6 ft; a b o u t 28 ft

53. a. 160 ft b. a b o u t 1.5 ft 55. a. a b o u t 14% ; ab o u t
55.5 cm ^ b. a b o u t 13.6% ; a b o u t 44.1 cm ^ c. h o t-a ir:
d o m ain : 5.52 < x < 22.6, range: 0 < y < 55 .5 ; h o t oii:
d o m ain : 5.35 < x < 21.8, range: 0 < y < 44.1; sin ce
m o istu re c o n te n t and p o p p in g v o iu m e ca n n o t
b e negative, th e d o m ain an d ran g e m u st e a c h b e
positive n um bers. A positive d o m ain o ccu rs betw een
th e x-in tercep ts and the greatest n u m b er in th e range
o ccu rs at th e m axim u m point, w hich is th e vertex.
4.3 Skill Practice (pp. 255-257) 1. an x vaiue th at
m ak es th e fu n ctio n eq u ai to zero 3. (x + 1) (x + 5)
5. (a 11)(<2 - 2) 7. can n o t be factored
9. (h + 8)(h - 5) 11. (x - 9)(x + 2) 13. (x + 12)(x - 3)
15. (x + 6 )(x - 6) 17. (x - 1 2 f ^ ^ + ^ 2
2 1.(H + 7)2 2 3. ( z - l l ) ( z + 11) 2 5 . 5 , 6 2 7 . - 7 , 7
2 9 . - 4 , - 1 3 1 . - 5 3 3 . - 6 , 9 35. 0 , - 9 3 7 . 7 39. T h e
eq u atio n w as n o t facto red co rrectiy ; x2 - x - 6 = 0,
(x - 3 )(x + 2) = 0, x = 3 o r x = - 2 . 4 3. 3 (10 )(1 2 ) =
(10 + x )(1 2 + x ) 4 5 .4 4 7 . - 1 0 , 3 4 9 . 0 , 8 5 1 . - 5 ,
5 53. - 1 2 , - 7 55. - 1 5 7. x2 - 19x + 88 = 0 5 9 . 4
6 1 . 3 63. Sa7np/en7MMier.'x2 - 2 0 x + 91 = 0
4.3 Problem Solving (pp. 257-258) 65. 3 (50) (100) =

(50 + x )(1 0 0 + x), - 2 0 0 , 5 0 ; 100 ft by 150 ft
67. a. 600 &2 b. area o f n ew p atio = area o f existing
patio + area o f exp an sio n , (30 + x )(2 0 + x ) = 6 0 0 +
4 6 4 c. - 5 8 , 8; 8 ft 6 9 . 3 (18 )(1 5 ) = (18 + x )(1 5 + x ),
- 4 5 , 12; 114 ft 71. 2(100) = (10 + x )(1 0 + x );
no; th ere are n o real n u m b ers a and h su ch th at
a h = - 1 0 0 and a + h = 20.
SA 12
Selected Answers
4.4 Skill Practice (pp. 263-264) 1 .4 3. (2x + 3 )(x + 1)

5. ( 4 r + l ) ( r + l ) 7. ( l l z - 9 ) ( z + l ) 9. c a n n o t b e
fa cto red 11. (9r? + 5 )(d - 2) 13. (3x + l) ( 3 x - 1)
15. (7/r - 4) (7n + 4) 17. (7x + 5)2 19. (3p - 2)2
21. (6 x - 7)2 2 3 . 2 (3 z + 4 )(3 z + 2) 25. 6 tt(n - 4)
2 7 . 4 ( 5 x + l) ( x + 6 ) 2 9. - 3 ( 6 n - 5 )(2 n - 1)
3 1 . 4 sh o u ld b e fa cto re d o u t o f e a c h te rm in th e
b in o m ia i; 4x2 _ 35 = 4(^2 - 9 ) = 4 (x + 3 )(x - 3).
3 3 . - 2 , 2 3 5 . 0 , 3 7 . - 1 ^ 3 9 . - 1 1^ 4 1 .- ^ , 5
4 3 . - , 6 4 5 .- - ^ - , 2 4 7 . - l , l l 4 9 . - 1 , - L 5 1 . 3
5
11
12
53 . - 1 . 2 ^ 55 . - ^ , 2 57 . 0 ,4
4.4 Problem Solving (pp. 264-265) 63. 2 ft 65. $ 5 .7 5 ;

lettin g x re p rese n t th e n u m b er o f $ .25 decreased in
th e san d w ich p rice, th e reven u e 7? is given by the
fu n c tio n R = (330 + 1 5 x )(6 - 0 .2 5 x ). T h e zeros o f
th is fu n c tio n are - 2 2 an d 24, an d th e ir average is 1.
So, to m ax im ize th e daily revenu e, e a c h san d w ich
sh ou id b e soid for 6 0 .2 5 (1 ), or $5 .7 5 . T h e
m axim u m daily revenue is th e n ( 3 3 0 + 15(1))(5.75) =
(345)(5.75) = $ 1 983.75. 6 7 . a. 72 in. b. Mi = 32 - h;
V = 3 6 (3 6 - h)(h) c. 18 in., 18 in ., 1 1,664 in.^; find
th e ro o ts o f th e e q u a tio n in p a rt (b) to b e 0 an d 36,
so th e lin e o f sy m m etry is a t x =
"
= 18. To find
th e m a x im u m volu m e, su b stitu te 18 for h in to th e

eq u a tio n from p a rt (b).
4.5 Skill Practice (pp. 269-270) l.r a d ic a n d 3. 2V7

5 .5 V 6 7 .2 4 9 . ^
17. ^ ^
13.
15. - V 3 - 1
e q u a tio n h a s tw o so lu tio n s;
x2 = 81, x = 9 . 23. + 5 V 2 25. 5 27. + V7 1
29. 1 0 3 1 . 1 \ 2 33. - 2 ^
35. Facto r:
x^ - 4 = 0, (x + 2 )(x - 2) = 0, x = - 2 o r x = 2;
Solve th e e q u a tio n x ^ - 4 = 0, x ^ = 4, x = 2 .
4.5 Problem Solving (pp. 270-271) 39. E arth : a b o u t

3.1 sec, M ars: 5 sec, Jupiter: a b o u t 2 .0 sec, Satu rn :
a b o u t 3 .2 sec, Plu to: a b o u t 12.2 s e c 41. a. 771*^ = 100
b.
a b o u t 5 .6 ft c.
V77"
= 7rr^, = 7*^,-J^- =F 7*
77
Y 77*
4.5 Problem Solving Workshop (p. 273) 1 . 1, 5 3. 1 ^

5. ab o u t - 4 . 4 , a b o u t 1.4 7. ab o u t 108 m ph 9 . 1.25 sec
4.6 Skill Practice (pp. 279-280) 1. a + hi 3. 2 ;'V 7

5. 2 i 7. + 1VYY 9. i 1 1. 3 i\ 2 1 3 . 17 - i
15. - 8 + 6 ; 1 7 . 19 - 9 ; 19. 21 + 9 i 23. - 8 - 4 :
2 5 . - 1 8 - 13; 27. 73 2 9 . - ^ +
5
^1
3 1 .y -I;
4
3 3 . - - - ^ L ; 4 3 . V l0 9 45. V 37 4 7 . 4 4 9 . 7 V 2
106
106
_ 4.8 Skill Practice (pp. 296-297) 1. d iscrim in an t 3. - 1 , 5

5 .- 4 ;V 3
51. - 2 0 + 2;' 53. - 1 2 5 + 90;' 55.
z6
zb
57. ;2 = - 1 , so - 2 ; 2 = 2; 4 - ; + 8 ; - 2 ;2 = 6 + 7:.
2
1
59. a. additive: - 2 - ;, m u itip iicativ e: ^ ^ ^ f
5
1
b. additive: - 5 + ;, m u itip iicativ e: + ;
1
c. additive: 1 - 3 ;, m u itip iicativ e: - -
7 . 1 9. ^ ^ 3
1 ^ 4 V 43 ^
. ^ - 3 :V47
5 2 10 , ^ - 7 + V l3
1 5 .-----1 7 . -------------- 19.
5
6
2
5 + V31
2 3 . 2, 3 2 5 . - 1, 3 2 7 . - 2 , 4 2 9. - 5 , - 3
21.
3 1 . 0; o n e real so lu tio n 3 3 . - 3 2 ; tw o im agin ary
so lu tio n s 3 5. - 2 0 ; tw o im a g in a ry so lu tio n s
3 7 . - 3 3 5 ; tw o im ag in ary so lu tio n s 3 9 . - 3 6 ; two
'
4.6 Problem Solving (pp. 281- 282) 6 5 . 4 - 3 ; o h m s
im ag in ary so lu tio n s 4 1 . 1 - ^ 6?
^ 2' L l
67. 12 - 8 : o h m s
69. Powers of r
Simplified
/2
/3
-1
-/
/5
/6
<
-1
45. ^
1
T h e p atte rn rep eats every fou r pow ers o f ;;

;9 = ;,
=
=
71. d oes n o t b elo n g to th e M an d elb ro t set
73. b elo n gs to th e M an d elb ro t set
-7c 519 , 1 6 7 . 2326 , 668 98 4
^ ' ^ 125 + 1 2 5 '
^ 265'
'- 3 7 - 3 7 '
9 . - 4 + 3V 5 n . 2 j i 3
-21?
2a
2
2a'
w h ich is th e fo rm u la for th e axis o f sym m etry.
53. neg ative 5 7 . a. c < 16 b. c = 16 c. c > 16
59. a. c < 4 8 b. c = 48 c. c > 4 8 6 1 .a . c < 0 . 2 5
4 = 0
b. c = 0 . 2 5 c. c > 0 . 2 5 6 3 . 1 -^2
x
-& +
- 4ac
- & - V&2 - 4ac
2a
51.
6 5 . 2x2 + 4 x + 4 = 0
5. - 1 4 , 2 7 .1 1 V l3
^ . 9 . (x + 3)2 ^ . 144 ;
(x -1 2 )2 1 7 . 1 ; ( x - l f 1 9 .^ ;( x + ^
4.8 Problem Solving (pp. 298-299) 7 1 .1 1 4 1 m , 2 0 9 0 m

7 3 . a.
21 . L ' [ x - I ) ^
23. - 4 + V l5 25. - 6 3 V 2 2 7 .1 2;'\ 6
0.25
.05
0.75
(*.y)
(0,6)
(5,10.25)
(10,12.5)
(15,12.75)
(20,11)
c. No; th e height o f the ball

w h e n x = 15 is 12.75 feet,
w hich is above the
backboard , so th e free
throw w ould n o t b e m ade.
29. - 7 V41 31. - 1 ;V 2 33. - I ^

35. - 5 + 5V3 3 7 . - 2 + 2V 21 3 9 . (2.8, 125.44); at
2.8 seco n d s th e w ater w ill re a ch a m a x im u m h eig h t
o f 125.44 feet. 41. y = (x - 4)2 + 3; (4, 3)
SELECTED ANSWERS
4.7 Skill P ractice (pp. 288-289) 1. A b in o m ia l is th e

su m o f tw o m o n o m ia ls an d a trin o m ia l is th e su m o f
th ree m o n o m ials. 3. - 5 , 1
4 7 . 0.875 0 .7 5 2 ; 49. V - 1 4 4 = 12;;
4 3 . y = ( x + 6)2 + l ; ( - 6 , 1) 4 5 . y = ( x - - ^ + I ;
(^, I ) 4 7 . y = 2 (x + 6)2 - 47; ( - 6 , - 4 7 )
4 9. y = 2 (x - 7)2 + 1; (7, 1) 51. 36 sh o u ld b e added
to ea ch side in stead o f 9; 4(x^ + 6 x + 9) = 11 + 36;
4 (x + 3)2 = 47; (x + 3 f = 4j7; x + 3 =
4.9 Skill Practice (pp. 304-305)

1.
Sam p /e answ er; 3x2 - 2 x + 5 > 0, y s x2 + 4 x - 8
5 7. - 0 . 5 0 .5 ;V l9
4.7 Problem Solving (pp. 290-291) 63. 40 ft 65. Selling
system s for $ 3 0 0 w ould m axim ize m o n th ly reven u e
at $9000. 6 7 .a. 1500 = (120 - 2 x )(x ) b. ab o u t 17.75,
abou t 42.25; 17.75 m ust b e rejected b eca u se it gives
a length for th e eating sectio n th at is greater th an the
length o f th e side o fth e sch o o l, c. ab o u t 4 2.25 ft by
35.5 ft
T h e in sid e o f th e p a ra b o la
sh o u ld b e sh ad ed .
Selected Answers
SA 13
21.
4 .1 0 Problem Solving (pp.314-315)

4 7 . y = - ^ (x - 20)2 + 15 49. a. y = 0.012x2 _
0 .3 0 9 x - 0 .0 0 0 4 8 b. ab o u t - 1 . 9 0 sec
2 7 .x < - 3 o r x > l 2 9 .x < - 2 o r x > 4 3 1 .2 < x < 8

3 3 . - l < x < 3 3 5 .0 < x < 6 3 7 .x < 0 .5 9 o r x > 3 .4
3 9 .- 2 < x < 1 . 3 4 1 .0 .6 7 < x < 2 .5 4 3 . - 1 . 2 < x < 3 . 7
Chapter Review (pp. 318-322) l . l f n < 0 , th e fu n ctio n

h as a m a x im u m value an d if a > 0 , th e n th e fu n ctio n
h a s a m in im u m value. 3. vertex form
47. - 9 < x < - l 4 9 . x < - - o r x > 5 5 1 . x < - 3 . 5 o r

x > 1 .5 5 3 . - 0 . 2 7 < x < 1.5 5 5 . - 2 . 8 < x < - 0 . 7 2
57. x < - 0 . 4 6 o r x > 1 . 8 5 9 . - 0 . 8 9 < x < 1.3 6 1 .n o
so lu tio n 63. x < 0.52 o r x > 11.5 65. 0 < x < 0 . 5
67. no so lu tio n
1
-i
) xi
_ 1
*
z
!
(2 . 3 )
SELECTED ANSWERS
x= 2
7 3 .3 7 < x < 40; th e d o m ain restricts th e n u m b e r o f

days to less th an or eq u al to 40. 75. a. - 0 .0 5 4 x 2
1.43x - 8 < 0; x < 8.0 o r x > 18.5 b. No; th e ball will
go over th e goal by 1.3 feet.
15. - 5 , 0 17. - 3 , 9 19. - 9
4.10SkiH Practice (pp.312-313) 1. best-fitting quadratic
2 1. (72 + x )(4 8 + x) =
2 (7 2 )(4 8 ); 24 ft 2 3. 4 4V 2 2 5. 6 2 7. - 1 3V 3
m o d el 3. y = (x - 3)2 + 2 5. y = ^ (x + 1)2 - 3
2 9. - 9 - 181 3 1. 29 3 3. - 4 + 21 3 5 . 3 2 V 6
7 . y = - ( x - 1)2 + 6 9 . y = - I ( x + 3 f + 3
2 1 3 .y = I ( x + i f
l l . y = 2 (x + 4)
1 7 . y = - ( x - 3 ) ( x + 2) 1 9 .y = ^ ( x
2 1 .y
4
3 ) ( x - 3)
3 7. " 3 V13 3 9 . - 1 4 1 . a b o u t 0.2 sec

4 3 . - 0 . 6 5 < x < 4 .6 4 5 .y = 2 (x + 3 ) ( x - 2 )
4 7 .y = - ^ ( x - 2 ) 2 + 7
x (x + 3) 2 3 .y = 3 (x - 3 ) (x - 7)
2 5. y = ^ (x + 6 ) (x - 3) 27. T h e v ertex form o f th e
Chapter 5
eq u atio n should be u sed in stead o f th e in tercep t

fo rm ;y = a (x - 2 f
3; 5 = a ( l - 2) + 3; 5 = n + 3;
2)2
+ 3. 29. y = 2x2 + 2 g^- + 4 g
a = 2 , s o y = 2 (x
5.1 Ski)) Practice (pp. 333-334) 1. a. P ro d u ct o f pow ers

property b. Negative exp o n en t property c. Power o f a
prod uct property 3 .2 4 3 ; p rod uct o f pow ers property
3 1 .y = y x 2 + ^ x - 2 33. y = - ^ x 2 - ^ x
*^ 4
4
- ^ 2
2
5. - 3 1 2 5 ; p ro d u ct o f pow ers p ro p erty 7.
35. y = 3x2 - 4 x + 2 37. y = - 1 ^ ^ + 4 x - 3
q u o tie n t o f pow ers p ro p erty 9.
3 9 .y = - ^ x 2
2x + 10 41. y = 8x2 ^ g ^ _ 2 g^
43. Sam p le answ er; y = jjx ^
SA14
Selected Answers
1 25'
pow er o f a
q u o tie n t property, n eg ativ e e x p o n e n t p ro p erty

11. 729; q u o tie n t o f pow ers p ro p erty 13.
p ro d u ct
o f pow ers property, n eg ativ e e x p o n e n t p ro p erty

15. 6.3 X 10^ 17. 5 .6 0 7 X 10 ^ 19. 9 .261 X 10 " ^
2 1 . 1.5 X 1Q3 2 3 .2 .2 5 X 10*2
2 5 . 1024 y ^ ; pow er o f a p ro d u ct property, pow er o f a
pow er prop erty 27.
55.
p ro d u ct o f pow ers property,
negative ex p o n e n t p ro p erty 29. ^
1998
pow er o f a
prod uct property, pow er o f a pow er property, negative

-2^2
e x p o n en t p ro p erty 31.
; q u o tie n t o f pow ers
a) o
-x
p rop erty 33. ^ ^ 2' q u o tie n t o f pow ers property,
Years since 1992

2002
p ro d u ct o f
3y3
pow ers property, q u o tie n t o f pow ers property,
negative ex p o n e n t p ro p erty 37. T h e e x p o n e n ts
should b e su b tracted , n o t divided; x^. 39. T h e b a se
negative exp o n ent property 35.
should n o t ch an g e; ( - 3 ) ^ . 4 1 . ^ - 4 3 . x ^ y ^ z " 3
4 5. a
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10
Years since 1992
5.1 Problem Solving (pp. 334-335) 4 9 . P acific:

6 .2 8 68 X 1 0 ^ m3, A tlantic: 3 .0 1 8 2 4 X 1 0 ^ m3,
Ind ian: 2 .7 1 6 5 6 x l o ' ^ , A rctic: 1.7061 x 1 0 ^
59. a. 3 5 .6 2 5 g
51. Sam ple answ er; T h e volum e o f th e pearl is ^ tim es
5.2 Skill Practice (pp. 341-343) 1. degree: 4, type:

qu artic, lead ing co e fficie n t: - 5 , c o n sta n t term : 6
3. p o ly n o m ial f u n c tio n ;/(x ) = - x ^ + 8, degree: 2,
type: qu ad ratic, lead in g co e fficie n t: - 1
5. p o ly n o m ial fu n ctio n ; g (x ) = 7rx^ + V 6, d egree: 4,
type: qu artic, lead in g co e fficie n t: ir 7. p o ly n o m ia l
fu n ctio n ; /:(x) = -
+ 3 x - 10, d egree: 3,
type: cu b ic, lead in g co e ffic ie n t: * ^
9- - 3 2
-4
0
9-21
8 -16
14
7
14
21
-7
5.3 Skill Practice (pp. 349-350) 1. like term s

3. 10x^ - 8 5 . 14y - 8 7. 7s^ - 2s^ + 8 s + 10
9 .2 c ^ + 5c^ + c + 9 11. - 2 & 4 - 1 5 & 3 + 5 & + 7
13. 2 x " - x3 17. 30x 3
iQ^.2 ^ 3^2 - 8 z - 3
2 1 . 2 a 3 - 2 3 a ^ + 2 6 a + 6 23 . - x ^ + 12x3 _ 3 ^ 2
-7
2 5. degree: even, lead in g co e fficie n t: p ositive

27. degree: even, lead in g co e fficie n t: negative
2 9. 00, 00 3 1 . co, +00 33 . + 00, 00 35 . + 00, +oc
3 7. Sam p le a n s w e r;/(x ) = - x ^ - 2x^ + 1
y
39.
**
-2
j
41.
) j -
..
c. Sarus. S am p le answer.* Su b stitu tin g 3 in to ea ch

e q u a tio n gives th e Saru s ch ick w eigh in g a b o u t
120 gram s an d th e h o o d e d ch ick w eigh in g a b o u t
92 gram s. T h e w eight o f th e Saru s ch ick is clo se r to
130 gram s th a n th e w eigh t o f th e h o o d e d ch ick is.
1 1 .3 7 8
1 3 .1 8 2 1 5 .1 0 9 1 7 .1 4 9 1 9 . - 1 1 2 1 . - 7 8
2 3. T h e co e ffic ie n t o f x3 -2 j -4
w as left out.
SELECTED ANSWERS
as large as th e v o lu m e o f th e b ead . 53. a. a b o u t

4 .4 2 2 5 X 10*7 m3
X
.......... i
J
4 x + 3 2 5 . 12y" - 9y3 - 85y^ - 19y + 5 27. T h e cu b e

o f a b in o m ia l (a - &)3 is fou n d by a 3 - Sa ^ b + 3 a &3 f?*"; (2x - 7 f = (2x)*" - 3(2x)'(7) + 3(2x)(7)3 - (7)3 =
8x3 _ 3 ^ 2
294x - 343 . 29. x3 - 3x^ - 25x - 21
3 1. 2a3 - 5a^ - 3 7 a - 30 33. - 2&3 +
_ 7^ + 3
35. - 1 2 w 3 + 95w^ - 143w + 30 37. -2 7 ^ 3 + 132^^ 172^ + 32 39. w^ - 18 w + 81 4 1. 4c^ + 20c + 25
43. 25p3 - 9 45. 4a^ - Sll?^ 49. 27rx3 137rx3 +
87rx + 4877 5 1 .4 x 3 - ^ x ^ - 7 x + 12 53. (a + li)^ =
..... t
51. g (x ) - > -00 as x - > -00 an d g (x ) - > + as x
(a + h) (a + b) = a^ + a h + a b +
+00
= a^ + 2a h +
55. (a - &)3 = (a - l?)(a - i?)(a - &) =

(a - ^ (a ^ - 2 a& +
= ^3 - 2 a 3p + ah^ - a^f; +
Selected Answers
SA 15
57. a. (x - 1) (x^ +
5.5 Problem Solving (pp. 367-368) 4 1 .1 m illion T-shirts
+ x +
(x - l)(x ^ + x ^ + x^ + x^ + x + 1)
b. (x l ) ( x " * ' + x " * ^ + x " * 3 + ... + i)
5.3 Problem Solving (pp. 351-352) 59 . 0 . 2 8 1 ^ 1 6 .8 ^ + 4 6 0 f + 8600 61. P = 0 .0 0 0 0 3 1 ^ + 0.002107s;

a b o u tO .0 5 h orsep ow er 63. Af = - 1 . 5 1 5 0 3 ^ 2 5 .4 5 1 0 6 ^ + 2 1 5 .9 2 2 6 ^ + 1 2 7 .7 5 1 + 9858.5;
ca lcu late t . , <S + L '
5.4 Skill Practice (pp. 356-357) 1. q u ad ratic

3 . 7 x (2x - 3) 5. c(c + 3 )(c + 6)
7 . 3 y 3 ( y - 4 ) ( y + 4) l l . ( y - 4 ) ( y ^ + 4 y + 16)
13. (5u + 6 ) ( 2 5 u ^ - 3 0 u + 36)
15. (2c + 7)(4c^ + 14c + 49)
1 7 . - 5 ( z - 4 ) ( z 2 + 4 z + 16) 19. ( y - 7 ) ( y ^ + 4)
2 1 . (3m - l)(m 2 + 3) 23. (c + 2 ) (2c - 3 ) (2c + 3)
25. (%2 + i)(g 2 + e) 27. 2z(2z - l)(2 z + l)(4 z ^ + i)
2 9 . 3x(x^ - 6)(5x ^ + 6) 31. T h e fa cto r 3 x should
also b e se t eq u al to 0 ; x = 0 o r x = - 4 o r x = 4.
SELECTED ANSWERS
3 3. 0, - 1 ^ , 1 ^ 35. 2, - 2 , - 6
37. 0, - V 2 l , V21
3 9. - V 3 , \ 3, 2, - 2 43. (n^ - 1 0 ) + 6)
4 5. (12a - 5)(3%2 + ) 47. (<%+ 3)(d - 3)(2d ^ + 5)
4 9 . 2 y 2 ( y 2 - 5 ) ( 4 y 2 + l ) 5 1 .2 5 3 .5
55. (c + d )(c - d )(7 a + &)
5.4 Probiem Soiving (pp. 358-359) 59. 3 cm by 9 cm

by 18 cm 61. length: 10 in., w idth: 5 in., h eigh t: 5 in.
63. T h e volu m e ca n n o t be ^ b e c a u se th e on ly x value
th a t co rresp o n d s to th at volu m e is ab o u t - 1 .3 7 ,
w h ich w ould yield a negative side length .
5.4 Probiem Soiving Workshop (p. 361) 1 .4 3 . 6

5. a b o u t 1 .4 ,4 7 . 2 .5 9. heigh t: 12 in., w idth: 8 in.,
length: 18 in.
5.5 Skii) Practice (pp. 366-367) 1. If a p o ly n o m ia l/(x )

is divided by x - A:, th e n th e rem ain d er is /* = /(A ).
3. x + 5 +
x -4
7 .3 x
8 +
1 1 .2 x + 3 +
5. x^ + 4 x + 7 +
^ 9. 5x^ - 12x
37 +
x^ + x
x -1
1 3 .x + 4 + ^ ^ x+4
- 1 2 2 x + 109
x^ + 2 x - 4
x -5
-6
2x + 1 +
4 + ^ 4 1 7 .x ^ + x^
x -4
x -6
19. T h e degree o f th e answ er should b e redu ced by 1;
. 2 +, n 2.x. - 1i +, 1^ 7. 2 1 . (x - 6 )(x - 5 )(x + 1)
x^
x -2
4) 25. ( x - 4 ) ( x - 3 ) ( x + 9)
23. ( x - 8 )(x + 2)(x
27 . ( 2 x - 7 ) ( x - 3 ) ( x - 1) 29. - 1 , 6 31. - 0 . 4 , 1.5
1 5 .x
33.
SA 16
-4 V14
37. x + 8
Selected Answers
4 3 ./ ( x ) = - 0 .1 3 2 x ^ + 1 1 . 2 x - 5 6 0 .9 +
1 4 . + 725
45. - 0 . 0 0 2 3 3 F + 0 .2 4 9 F - 2 1 .0 x + 1740
-4 4 5 ,0 0 0
,. . , , ,
+
; divided th e overnight stays fu n ctio n
3.10x + 256
by th e to ta l visits fu n ctio n
5.6 Skii! Practice (pp. 374-375) 1. co n sta n t, lead in g

co e ffic ie n t 3. 1 , 2 , 4 , 7 , 1 4 , 2 8 5. 1 , 3 ,
+ q + l + 1 + 9 -_ ^ T
+ 7 + y
' *2 ' *2 ' "2
'
'
'
' *2 ' "2 ' *4 '
1 9. 1 , 3 , 5 , 1 5 , 1 , ^ , ^ , ^ , 1 1
5
15
15
^ , ^ , ^ , , , 1 1
15. - 2 , - 1
1 1 .1 ,3 ,8 1 3 . - 5 , - 1 , 6
17. - 4 , - 1 , 1 ,2 1 9 .1 ,
-l V l7
2 1 . - 3 , - ^ , ! 2 5 .- 1 ,^ ,3 2 7 .- 4 ,- 1 ,3
2 9. - 3 . 5 , - 1 , 2 3 1 . - 2 , 2 3 3 . - 2 , 1 ,
3 35. - 3 , 1 , 1
37. p should b e facto rs o f 5 and r? should b e facto rs o f
6 ; p o ssib le zeros: 1 , 5 , 1 ^ , 1 ^ , 1 ^ .
4 1 . - 1 , 1 , 2 ;B 4 3. - 2 ; A
5.6 Probiem Soiving (pp. 376-377) 4 5 . len gth : 3 in.,

w idth: 3 in., h eigh t: 7 in. 4 7 . x^ - 3x^ + 2 x - 24 = 0;
1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 6 , 8 , 1 2 , 2 4 4 9 . a. 10t^ +
140f2 - 2 0 f - 2 1 5 0 = 0 b. 1, 2, 5 c. 5; 1999
5.7 Skiii Practice (pp. 383-385) 1. rep eated 3 . 4 5 .6
7. 7 11. - 5 , - 3 , 1, 2 13. - 5 , - 2 , 2 15. - 2 , 1, 2:', - 2 i
17. 1, - 1 , 1 + V 3, 1 - V3 19. - 4 , - 2 ,
2 1 ./ ( x ) =
15x + 18
2 7 ./ ( x ) =
2 9 ./ ( x ) =
3 1 ./ ( x ) =
x^ - 2x^ - 5x + 6 2 3 ./ ( x ) = x^ - 4x^ 2 5 ./ ( x ) = x^ - 4x^ + 14x^ - 3 6 x + 45

x^ - 18x^ + 122x^ - 3 7 0 x + 425
x^ - x^ - 18x^ + lOx + 8
x^ - 13x"* + 60x3 _ g 2^2 _ 144 X + ggg
3 3 . Sam p /e an.sicer.'/(x) = x^ - 4x^ + 6x3 _ g^.2

5 x - 2 3 5 . positiv e: 1, n eg ativ e: 0, im agin ary: 2
37 . positive: 2 o r 0, n egative: 3 or 1, im agin ary: 4, 2,
or 0 3 9 . p o sitiv e: 3 or 1, n eg ativ e: 2 or 0, im agin ary:
4, 2, or 0 4 1 . p o sitiv e: 2 o r 0, n eg ativ e: 1, im agin ary:
6 o r 4 4 3 . x - 1 . 1 , x 1.3 4 5 . x - 0 . 5 8 , x 1.9
4 7 . x = - 0 . 4 2 , x = 2 .0 4 9 . x - 3 . 5 , x - 1 . 1 , x = - 1 ,
x 2.1, x 3 .6 51. T h ere co u ld b e 3 ,2 , 1, or 0
p o sitive zeros, 3, 2 ,1 , or 0 n eg ative zeros, an d 2 or
0 im ag in ary zeros. 53. Positive real zeros: 1,
neg ativ e real zeros: 2 , im ag in ary zeros: 0 ; th e graph
cro sses th e p o sitive x -a x is o n ce an d th e n egative
x -a x is tw ice. 5 5. P ositive real zeros: 0, n eg ative real
zeros: 1, im a g in a ry zeros: 4; th e graph d o es n o t cross
th e p ositiv e x -a x is an d it cro sses th e n eg ativ e x -axis
o n ce . S in ce th e fu n c tio n h as d egree 5, th e rem ain in g
4 zeros m u st b e im aginary.
5.7 Probiem Sotving (pp. 385-386) 59. year 3 an d y ear

9 6 1 . ab o u t 16.4 g p er m L 6 3 .0 in., a b o u t 59 in.; th e
b o o k sh e lf w ould have n early 0 in c h e s o f d eflectio n
n ear ea ch en d b e c a u se o f th e su p p o rts h o ld in g th e
b ooksh elf, so th e answ ers m ak e se n se b e c a u se th ey
rep resen t e a c h en d o f a 60 in c h b o o k sh elf.
5.8 SkiM Practice (pp. 390-391) 1. tu rn ing
5.8 Probiem Soiving (pp. 391-392) 3 9 . m axim u m :
a b o u t 5 .8 in. by 13.8 in. by 2.1 in .; a b o u t 168 in.^
yy
13. T h e x -in te rce p ts should

b e a t - 2 an d 1.
-1
b. M axim u m : (1 1 .7 ,4 4 ,9 7 1 ), m in im u m :
(29.8, 4 0 ,0 7 8 ). Sam p /e answ er; T h e m ax im u m
in d ica te s th a t in 1972 th e n u m b e r o f stu d en ts
en ro lled w as a b o u t 4 4 ,9 7 1 ,0 0 0 . T h e m in im u m
in d ica tes th a t in 1990 th e re w ere a b o u t 4 0 ,0 7 8 ,0 0 0
stu d en ts en rolled , c. 3 6 ,3 0 0 < y < 4 7 ,9 7 8
SELECTED ANSWERS
1 5 -1 9. Sam ple answ ers are given. 15. lo cal m axim u m :

( - 0 . 3 , 0.3), lo cal m in im u m : (0.9, - 1 .3 ) ; zeros: - 0 .7 5 ,
0 ,1 .4 , le a st d egree: 3 17. lo ca l m ax im u m s: (1, 0),
(3 ,0 ), lo cal m in im u m : (2, - 2 ) ; zeros: 1 ,3 , le ast
degree: 4 19. lo ca l m ax im u m s: ( - 1 . 1 , 0.8), (1.9, 8),
lo cal m in im u m s: ( - 2 . 2 , - 3 8 ) , (0.3, - 4 1 ) , (2.8, - 1 3 ) ;
zeros: - 2 . 6 , - 1 . 2 , - 1 , 1 .5 ,2 .2 ,3 , le a st d egree: 6
2 3. x -in te rce p t: - 2 . 5 ; lo c a l m ax im u m : ( - 1 . 2 ,4 . 0 ) ;
local m inim u m : (1.2, 0.96) 25. x -in tercep ts: - 2 . 2 , 1,
1.7; lo cal m axim u m s: ( - 1 . 6 ,1 0 . 5 ) , (0.17, 2.0); lo ca l
m in im u m s: (0, 2), (1.5, - 1 .7 ) 27. x -in te rce p ts: - 0 .7 7 ,
4.5; lo cal m axim u m : (0.47, - 2 . 6 ) ; lo cal m in im u m s:
( - 0 .1 6 , - 3 .1 ) , (3.4, - 3 9 .4 ) 29. x -in te rce p ts: - 0 .7 7 ,
0, 0.82; lo ca l m axim u m : (0.47, 1.6); lo cal m in im u m :
( - 0 .4 6 , - 1 . 5 ) 3 1 . Sam p /e answer.* Q u ad ratic
fu n ction s only have o n e tu rning point, therefore on e
m axim u m or m inim u m value. C ubic fu n ctio n s ca n
have two tu rning points, therefore o n e m axim u m
an d o n e m inim u m , and th e end b eh av io r is to
infinity, so th ere is no reai m ax im u m or m in im u m
value. 3 3. Sam p /e answ er; y = x (x + 2 )(x - 4),
y = x (x + 2 )(x - 4)^, y = x*^(x + 2 )(x - 4)
5.9 Skiii Practice(pp. 397-398) 1. fin ite d ifferen ces

3. y = 0.5x^ - 2x^ +
0 .5 x + 3 5. y = ^ x ^ - ^ x ^ 6
3
^ x + 2 7 .y = 2x3 + 2 x 2 - 8 x - 8
6
*^
9 .y = x ^ *^ 5
^ x ^ - 12x 1 1 .1 sh o u ld h ave b e e n su b stitu ted for x

5
an d 3 fo r y ; 3 = a ( l + 1)(1 - 2)(1 5), 3 = 8a, % =
13. 01)
3
f(2)
2
-1
03)
-3
-5
-4
04) 05)
06)
07)
-12 -25
-42
-63
-4
-13
-4
-21
-17
-4
-4
Selected Answers
SA 17
15. f(i)
3
f(2)
f(3)
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
11
30
57
92
/\
/\
\ /
3
11
\ /\
\ /
8
\ /\
\ / \
\/
\
/
27
19
\ /
35
\ /
43
/\ /\
/
\ / \/
1(7)
135
9 .1 0 ^
1 9 . / M = -4 % ^ + 15% 2 1 ./(% ) = -0 .5 % ^ + 5%2 2.5% + 3 2 3 .5 ; 6 ; th ere m u st b e o n e m o re d ata p o in t

th a n th e d egree o f th e eq u atio n .
5.9 Probiem Soiving (pp. 398-399) 25. d = 0.5n ^ - 1.5n

27. a. m = 0.00 0 8 1 7 f3 - 0 .0 2 1 5 f^ + 0.2497 + 3 .1 7
b. a b o u t $ 1 0 .3 0 c. 1995
1(4)
1(5)
1(6)
7(7)
16
/ \
8
30
/ \
84
/ \
/ \
\ / \ /^ \ /
14
22
32
\
1
\ /
6
52
\ /
\ /
10
\ /
8
/ \
/
\ /
2
2
^\
Chapter Review (pp. 402-406) 1. io cai m axim u m ,

SELECTED ANSWERS
13. ( ^ I i4 ) 2 15. 8 1 7 .0 19. n o reai
1 1 .^ 5
roots 2 1 .2 2 3 .6 4 2 5 .9 2 7 . 1 2 9 . ^
\/
Chapter 6
6.1 Skiii Practice (pp.417-418) 1. in d ex 7 . 12 ^
io cai m in im u m 3. If it is in th e fo rm c X 1 0 " w here

1 < c < 10 and n is an integer. 5 .1 2 8 ; p ro d u ct o f
10
pow ers p ro p erty 7. ; pow er o f a pow er property,
x
negative exp o n ent property 9.
q u o tien t o f pow ers
property, negative exp o n ent property 11 .
pow er
x y
o f a q u o tie n t property, neg ative ex p o n e n t prop erty
15.
31. ^
3 5 .2 .8 9 3 7 .2 .1 0 3 9 .1 2 4 1 .0 .0 1 4 3 .0 .0 2 4 5 . - 0 . 1 8
4 7. & 777!p/e 777MM+r.' 27* ''\ 8 1 '
4 9. T h ere are tw o reai
so iu tio n s;% = 3 . 5 1 .6 5 3 .1 ,9 55. 1 .6 8 5 7 . - 7 . 6 6
6.1 Probiem Soiving (pp. 418-419) 6 1 . a b o u t 4 .3 0 in.

a b o u t 1800 RPM 6 5 . a. 4 0 9 6 m m ^
12,282,500,000'
b. tetra h ed ro n : a b o u t 3 2 .6 m m , o cta h ed ro n :
a b o u t 20.6 m m , d o d eca h ed ro n : a b o u t 8.12 m m ,
ico sa h e d ro n : a b o u t 12.3 m m c. No. &?rr;p/e mrs'M'gr.'
T h e ico sah ed ro n h a s th e greatest n u m b er o f faces, 20,
an d an ed ge ien g th o f 12.3 m iiiim eters w h ich is
g reater th a n th e edge ien g th o f th e d o d eca h ed ro n ,
w h ich h as 12 faces.
6.2 Skiii Practice (pp. 424-425) 1. No; th ey do n o t

h ave th e sa m e ind ex. 3. 25 5 .3 7 . 2 - 5
1/2
'
^1 3 3 1
11
1 1 .7 ^ 4 1 3 . - ^
1 5 .1 0 1 7 .2 V 2 1 9 .2 2 1 .3
16,000
2 5 . 2 ^ 2 2 7 .4 0 A /2 2 9 . ^
2
35. ^ ^ 7
3 7 .-2 ^ 2
3 1 .^ 3
3 9 .-6 ^ 2
33.
4 1 .T h e r a d ic a n d s
are n o t th e sam e, so th ey ca n n o t b e co m b in ed ;
2^10
6^
43 . %
,,4/3
45 , 3 x 47 . ^3/5
^
1
4^9
' ^4
5 1. Sam p lean sw er.*x ^^ an d %*^ 5 3 .yz^ ^ 1 2 % 2,

'y.2
2 4 /"
x " 6 1. I y ^
5 5 .% ^ 4 \ /x y 5 7 . - ^ - 59.
y
.
1/4
6 3 . 2%^y^^ 65. (2%y + 3y)V z% ^ 67. p erim eter: 24%
area: 3 5 % ^ 71.
1 7 . 6% 3- 9%2
3% + 3 19. 5%3 - 29%2 - 14% + 48
21. 8(2% - 1)(4%2 + 2% + 1) 23. (% - 2)(% + 2) (2% - 7)
25. % - 6 +
^
27 .2 ^ 2 - % + 8 +
x^ + 3% - 1
^ -5
2 9. (% + 2)(% - 3)(% - 4) 3 1 . (% - 1)(3% - 2) (3% + 2)
33. - 3 , 2, 5 35. %^ - 2%^ - 19% 20
3 7 . % 4- 15%^
72% 2- 120% + 56
39. % -intercept: - 1 . 7 ; io cai m axim u m : (0, - 1 ) ;
lo cal m in im u m : ( - 1 , - 2 ) 41. y = x^ 8 %^ + 2 % - 1
.,6.6
73.
.1.2
75.
,1.3
77. 7z
0.3
7 9 . % ^ 81.4% ^y^^
6.2 Probiem Soiving (pp. 426-427) 83. a. ab o u t 580 cm^

b. a b o u t 16,671 cm ^ 8 5 . a b o u t 0 .4 5 m m 8 7 . a. a b o u t
2 tim es fa in te r b. a b o u t 1.6 tim es fa in te r c. a b o u t
3 tim es fa in te r 8 9 . a. r = 7/ ^
\ 477
4 ? r ( ^ '3 =
477)
b. 5 = 47rt 7 ^
\ \ 477/
I =
(4 ^ .)i^
(3 ^ )
1/3701712/3
c. T h e baiioon
(477)^^
w ith tw ice as m u ch w ater wiii have \' 4 , or ab o u t 1.59,

tim es th e su rfa ce area o f th e b a iio o n w ith iess w ater.
6.3 Skiii Practice (pp. 432-433) 1. co m p o sitio n

3 . 2 x ^ + 8 %. 1/2
"^, aii n o n n eg a tiv e reai n u m b ers
5. - 6% '^ + 8x. 1/2

^*3 aii nonnegative reai numbers
SA 18
Seiected Answers
7. - 8 x ' ^ , all n o n n eg ativ e reai n u m b ers 9 .0 , ail

n o n n eg ativ e real n u m b ers 1 3 . 2 0 x ^ , n o n n eg ativ e
5.
.V
d o m ain : x > 0, range: y < 0
'
X
reai n u m b ers 1 5 .25x, ail n o n n eg ativ e reai n u m b ers

positive real n u m b ers 1 9 .1 , p o sitive real
4x
36
n u m b ers 2 1 . - 6 4 2 3 . - 2 5 .7 1 2 7 . - 6 2 5
25
1 !
17.
11.
d o m a in : all real n u m b ers,

ran g e: all real n u m b ers
29. ^ * 7, aii real n u m b ers ex cep t x = 0 31. ^ ^

all real n u m b ers 33. x, all real n u m b ers ex cep t x = 0
3 5 . 4 x - 21, all real n u m b ers 3 7 .4 should be
d istribu ted to ea ch term , n o t ju s t th e first term ;
4x^ - 12. 3 9 . Sam p/e a n s w e r;/(x ) = 3x, g (x ) = 2 x
63 Problemsolving (pp.433-434) 43. r(w) = 2 20 w * ^ ;
13.
a b o u t 134 b re ath s p er m in u te, ab o u t 48 .3 b re ath s

per m inute, ab o u t 11.3 breath s per m in u te 45. a. $63
b. $ 6 1.50 c. Apply th e 10% d isco u n t b efo re th e
$15 d isco u n t; you pay $ 6 1 .5 0 u sin g th is m e th o d and
$63 using th e o th e r m eth o d .

range: all real n u m b ers
^1.2
6.4 Skill Practice (pp. 442-443) 1. An in verse relatio n

in terch an g es th e in p u t an d o u tp u t values o f th e
7 .y = ^ 9 . y
= ^ - ^ l l .y
= I ^
SELECTED ANSWERS
d o m a in : x > - 1 ,
range: y > 8
original relatio n . 3. y = * ^ ^ 5. y = * ^ ^
5x
13. Sw itching th e roles o f x and y d o es n o t in clu d e

sw itching th e sign o f the variables;
x = - y + 3 , x - 3 = - y , 3 - x = y.
1 5 ./( g ( x ) j = x - 4 + 4 = x, g (/(x )) = x + 4 - 4 = x
19.
'

1 7 ./( g ( x ) ) = l ( ( 4 x ) " T = i (4x) = x, g (f(x )) =

4 l^ x
9 = x - 9 + 9 = x, g (/(x )) = I ( 4 x + 9 ) - ^ = x + ^ ^ = x 2 3 . / " '( x ) = ^
2 5 . / - '( x ) = ^
27. f " * ( x ) = - y V x 29. fu n ctio n 31. n o t a fu n ctio n

**
4
33. fu n ctio n 35. n o t a fu n c tio n 37. n o t a fu n ctio n
3 9 . / ^(x) = ^ x + 2 4 1 . /
\x ) =
40 - 5x
4 3 ./ * ^ ( x ) = ^ x + 9
6.4 Problem Solving (pp. 444-445) 47. a. w = 2 1 - 6

b. 7 lb 49. f
a b o u t 31.3 ft
6.5 Skill Practice (pp. 449-450) 1. rad ical

d o m ain : x > 0, rang e: y < 0
2 5. T h e d o m a in is lim ited b e c a u se th e sq u are root

o f a n eg ativ e n u m b e r is n o t a real nu m b er. S in ce th e
d o m a in is restricted , th e ran g e is also affected .
29. D om ain : x > 12, range: y > 0; th e exp ression u nd er
th e rad ical sign m u st b e greater th a n or eq u al to 0, so
su b stitu te th e le a st value o f x in to th e eq u a tio n and
fin d y . 3 1. D o m ain : all real n u m b ers, range: all real
n u m b ers; th ere are n o re strictio n s o n fin d in g th e
cu b e ro o t o f a n u m b e r an d th e refo re n o re strictio n s
o n th e range. 3 3 . D o m a in : x > 3, ran g e: y > 6; th e
ex p ressio n u n d er th e rad ical sign m u st b e greater
th a n or eq u a l to 0, so su b stitu te th e le a st value o f x
in to th e e q u a tio n an d find y.
6.5 Problem Solving (pp. 450-451) 35. ab o u t 43 ft above

sea level 3 7 . a. n = 3 3 1 .5 c 1 +
273.15
b. d o m ain :
165
C > - 2 7 3 .1 5 , range: n > 0 3 9. a. w = 3 3 . 7 - ATT
r
"A
Selected Answers
SA 19
b. Samp/e amicer.'

10
",
306.1
216.44
176.72
153.05
136.89
3 1 .1 6
Cumulative Review (pp. 474-475) l . y = 4 x - 11

3 . y = - 8 . x - 22 5 .y = ^ x + 12 7 . - 4
1 1 .2 ,
9 .2 ,7
0, - 5
s
6.6 Skii! Practice (pp. 456-457) 1. ex tran eo u s 3 . 7
5 .1 7 . 6 9 .2 9 I I . - 7 0 ^ 1 3 .3 4 3 1 5 .1 8 1 7 .8
\
\
1 9 .1 1 2 1 . - 3 7 2 3 .4 2 5 .3 2 2 7 .4 0 2 9 .1 0 8 3 1 .1
33. B o th sides m u st b e raised to th e power;

((x + 7 )
A
T
)
52, x + 7 = 25, x = 18. 35. 25 3 7 .3 , 8
SELECTED ANSWERS
39 . - 2 ^L 4 1 . I 4 5 .3 4 7 .4 4 9 .1 51 . - 2 ,2 5 3 .(4 ,2 5 )
6.6 Probiem Soiving (pp. 457-459) 57. ab o u t 391 m in

5 9 . 5'amp/e ansii/er.' T h e e lep h a n t w ith a sh o u ld er
h eig h t o f 25 0 c e n tim e te rs is a b o u t 20 years old er
th an th e e lep h a n t w ith a sh o u ld er h eig h t o f
150 ce n tim eters. 61. a. a b o u t 0 .1 6 2 m i/h b. a b o u t
8 0.4 m i/h c . 0 . 1 6 2 < s < 8 0 . 4
6.6 Probiem Soiving Workshop (p. 461) 1. - 3 9
3. a b o u t 55 .7 5. ab o u t 97 ft 7. a b o u t 37 .5 cm
6.6 Extension (p.463) 1 . x > 1 6 3. 0 < x < 4 5. x > l
7 .0 < x < 6 .2 5 9 .0 < x < 1 .3
413 m2
1 1 .0 < x < 4
1 3 .a b o u t
Chapter Review (pp. 466-468) 1 .4 3. pow er 5. If a

h o rizo n tal lin e cro sses th e graph o f th e fu n ctio n
m o re th an o n ce, th e in verse is n o t a fu n ctio n .
7. Take th e sq u are ro o t o f e a c h side; raise e a c h side
to th e ^ power. 9 . 0 1 1 .5 1 3 .1 1 5 . - 8
19
SA20
3x2y2V2z
7z^
17 . ^
2 1 . 3 x - 14 2 3 .4 x + 2 6 25. y =
Setected Answers
V x -9
2 3 . ( - l , 6 ) 2 5 . 9 - : 2 7 .3 4 + 8 : 2 9 . y = - ( x - 6 f - 10
3 1 . 8x9y6 3 3 . x^y 3 5. 5x2 + 6 x - 16
37 . 2 x 2 3^.2 _ 3 ^
33
^ 2 _ g )(^2 ^ gj
4 1. (x - 6 )(x - 3 )(x + 3) 4 3 .1 0 x 2 _ 33 ^ _ g
real n u m b e rs 4 5 . lOx - 29, all real n u m b ers
7 x -4 9
4 7 ./" i(x ) =
4 9 ./ * '( x ) = V 6 x + 5
5 1 ./* lx ) =
- 9 x + 18
5 3 . y = 0 .4 9 9 x + 1.25;
a b o u t $ 5 ,2 4 0 ,0 0 0 5 5. $ 4 6 4 2 57. y = - ^
O
59. y = x^ 5 x + 6; $ 6 9 0
+ 5x + 6
d o m a in : f > 0,
ran g e: P > 4 9 4 .2 9
Chapter 7
7.1
SkiH Practice (pp. 482-483) 1 .2 .4 ,1 .5 , 50%
7.
9.
'
3 4
6 7
Year (f = 0; 1990)
c. 1996 4 1 . a. p = 4 8 .2 8 (1 .0 6 7
b.
I"
I ! !' T
2003
Years (f = 0; 2000!
d o m ain : aii real n u m b ers,
range: y >3
7.2 Skiii Practice (pp. 489-490) 1. 1250, 0.85, 15%

3. e x p o n e n tia l d eca y 5. e x p o n e n tia l growth
r
9.
\
-
] '
-l
17.
29.71
= 800 (1 +
\
w here 71 rep rese n ts th e
jb 5 /
a m o u n t in th e a cc o u n t after f years. 3 1 . a. $ 1 844.8 1

b. 18 yr 33. a. T h e graph n o lo n g er h as a vertical
stretch o f 2. b. T h e graph will in cre a se slower.
c. T h e graph will b e tran slated 3 u n its to th e right
in stead o f 4 u n its to th e left. d. T h e g raph will be
tran slated 1 u n it dow n in stead o f 3 u n its up.
7.1 ProMem Soiving (pp. 484-485)
35. a. 0.42 m illion, 2.47, 147%
b.

range: y < 0
/
/
/
/

range: y > - 1
ab o u t 16 m illion DVD
players
2 5. a. T h e graph is a v ertica l stre tch by a fa cto r o f - .
/
<
Yearssince 1997
37 . a. $ 2 4 7 9 .3 8 b. $ 2 4 0 6 .9 8 c. $ 2 3 8 3 .2 3
39 . a. P = 494.29(1.03)^; 6 6 4 ,2 8 4 p eo p le
b. T h e graph will b e steep er b ec a u se th e d ecay factor

is sm aller, c. T h e graph m oves 5 u nits to th e right
in stead o f 2 u n its to th e right, d. T h e h orizontal
asy m p to te m oves to v = 3.
Selected Answers
SA21
SELECTED ANSWERS
27. T h e pow er o f (a: - 3)

tran slates th e p a re n t graph
3 u n its to th e right, n o t to
th e left.
c. .S'mnpic an sw er; S in ce th e fu n c tio n is on ly defin ed

w h en r is b etw ee n 0 an d 4, you c a n lo o k at th e graph
b etw ee n th e se v alu es to d ete rm in e th e m in im u m
o r m a x im u m th a t gives m e a n in g fu l results. 4 3. No.
S a m p /e an sw er; T h e a m o u n ts are n o t eq u al excep t
initially an d o n e y ear after th e in v estm en ts are m ade.
7.2 Problem So!ving (pp.490-491) 3 1 .a .y = 200 (0.75)';

a b o u t $84.38
1
c. after a b o u t 2.5 yr
---- 1 -!
;
\
\
5 1 . 1 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 . Sa m p le an sw er; S in ce sm all
values o f n w ere in creasin g th e fu n ctio n very slowly, I
ch eck ed larger intervals. I n o ticed th at every pow er o f
10 gave a n an sw er o n e digit clo ser to th e actu al value
o fe . 53. S a m p le a n sw e r;/'(%) =
g(%) =
7.3 Problem Solving (pp. 497-498) 5 5 . a b o u t 895

m illio n ca m e ra p h o n e s 57. $2 4 4 2 .8 1
5 9. a. A M = lOOe
after 5 yr b. $5.29; no.

Sam p /e a/rsa'er; A car
d oes n o t n o rm ally
la st 50 years.
b. a b o u t 45% c. a b o u t 35 m 6 1. a b o u t 1 .986 cnrP
3 5. a. 0.89, f l %
SELECTED ANSWERS
b.
c. a b o u t 134 eggs p e r yr
d. C han g e th e e x p o n e n t
to ju s t w.
7.4 Skill Practice (pp. 503-504) 1. c o m m o n 3. 4^ = 16

5. 6 ^ = 7r- 7. Sam p le answ er; T h e - 3 an d ^ are
do
8
sw itch ed arou n d ; l o g ^ = - 3 . 9 . 2 1 1 .6 1 3 . - 3
^8
160
1 5 .-1
150
13
26
39
7.3 Skill Practice (pp. 495-496) l . e 3. e ' 5. 8 e ^ 7.
3e^
9 .3 e ^ 1 1 .3e^
1 3 .2tC^ 17. T h e 3 should b e raised
to th e seco n d pow er also; ( 3 e ^ =
= 9e^T
19. ab o u t 2 0 .0 8 6 21. ab o u t 9 .0 2 5 23. ab o u t 0.67 0
25. abou t 1096.633 27. abou t 1.482 29. a b o u t - 6 6 .1 3 9
31. ex p o n en tial d ecay 33. ex p o n e n tial d ecay
35. ex p o n en tial d ecay 37. ex p o n e n tial grow th
43.
:
pr f
d o m ain : all real n u m b ers,
1 7 .3 1 9 .2 2 1 . a b o u t 1.792 2 3. a b o u t 0 .7 9 3
25. a b o u t 1.683 2 7 . a b o u t 4 .7 0 0 2 9 .x : 3 1 .8 33.4%

35. 5% 3 7 . y = 8 * 3 9 . y = log^ ^ x 4 1 . y = In % - 2
4 3. y = e " - 1
4 5.
47.
d o m ain : % > 0,
d o m a in : % > 0,
r a n g e :y > 0
/
/
7.4 P roblem Solving (pp. 504-505) 5 9 .2 .3 6 1 . a. a b o u t
6 .4 b. E =
+ 9.9)/o.29.
in v erse rep rese n ts th e
45.

range: y > - 1
.:...
.! ...... k
a m o u n t o f en erg y released , in ergs, as a fu n c tio n o f

th e en erg y m ag n itu d e.
7.5 Skill P ractice (pp.510-511) 1. p ro d u ct 7 .0 .4 7 7
9 .1 .2 0 4 1 1 .2 .1 5 8 1 3 . - 0 . 6 0 2 15. lo g ^ 4 + logg%
17. log 3 + 4 lo g % 19. log^ 2 - log^ 5 21. log^ % log 3 - log^ y 23. log^ 5 + 3 log^ % + log^ y + 2 log^ z
2 5. 2 In % + ^ In y 2 7 . ^ log^ % 2 9. ^ In % 3 1. T h e two
parts should b e added, n o t m ultiplied; log^ 5 + log^ %.
SA22
Selected Answers
3 3 .1 o g ^
35. lo g 1 l x ^ 37. ^ g
3 9 . In 1 Ox
41 . l n ^ 45. ab o u t 1.404 47. ab o u t 2 .4 6 5 4 9 . ab o u t

y
1.631 51. ab o u t 1.581 53. a b o u t 1.513 5 5 .1 .5
57. a b o u t 0.875 59. a b o u t - 1 .3 5 8 6 1. W h en using
th e ch an g e o f b a se form u la, th e b a se g oes in th e
d en o m in ato r;
Extension (p.527) l . x < 2 . 7 2 7 3 . x < 1 . 5 1 5 . x < 6 . 0 3

7 . x > 2 7 9 . 0 < x < 3 6 1 1 . 0 < x < 3 2 1 3 .a fte r 5 .2 5 y r
7.7
6 3 .1 5 0 d ecib els
iog3
7.6 Probiem Soiving Workshop (p. 525) 1. a b o u t

0 .7 9 9 3. a b o u t 2 .1 0 5 .0 .8 7. a b o u t 4 .4 8 9 .2 0 0 1
11. a b o u t 2 5 1 .1 9 m m 13. a b o u t 0 .03225C
Skit! Practice (pp. 533-534) 1. e x p o n e n tia i
_J
--5 "
3 .y = ^ 4 " 5 .y = I - 2 " 7 .y
5
*f
7.5 Probiem Soiving (pp. 512-513) 69. ab o u t 76 d ecibels 9 .y = 4 .9 9 * 0 .4 9 9 "
7 1 . 10; T(107) - T (f) = 10 log ^ - 10 log ^ =
11.
y = 9 (2 )"
4
- log y j = 1 0 1log 10 + iog
1 0 1iog ^
- iog ^
10 iog 10 = 10(1) = 10 73. a. s = 2 lo g ^ /

b.
1.414
2.000
2.828
4.000
about 1
about 3
5.657
8.000
11.314
16.000
about 5
about 7
t".
y = 7 .8 3 (1 .2 5 )"
'
7.6 Skiii Practice (pp. 519-520) 1. e x p o n e n tia l 3 .8

5 .^ 7 .-y
9 .-^
1 1 .-2
13. a b o u t - 1 .6 0 9
15. a b o u t 0.292 17. a b o u t - 0 .7 2 3 19. ab o u t 0 .65 0

21. a b o u t - 0 .3 7 8 23. a b o u t - 0 .2 0 3 2 5 .6 2 7 .n o
31
so lu tio n 2 9. ^ 31. ^ 33. e^ or a b o u t 1096.633
15
o
35. a b o u t 35.601 3 7 .4 39. a b o u t 0 .7 2 9 4 1. a b o u t
2 .7 2 0 43. a b o u t 10.243 4 5. T h e io g arith m w as n o t
sim plified correctly, x lo g ^ 6 ^ 2x; log^ 6 1.631,
x = 1.585. 47. Sam pie answer.' 3 " = 81, iogg (x + 4) = 0
X
j
15 . y = 0 .1 2 x 2 ^ I 7 . y = 1 . 2 5 x " ^ 1 9 . y = 0 .5 6 9 x 1.91
2 1 . y = 0.241x2-24
23.
*
'
t

55. a b o u t 24F 57. ab o u t 6 9 6 7 yr
59. a.
Jap an : a b o u t
1 2 7 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 kilow att h ours, G reece: a b o u t
1 1 ,500,000 kilow atth o u rs, USA: ab o u t
2 3 ,5 0 0 kilow att-h ou rs
y = 0 . 6 0 6 x 2.74
**
<n.
SELECTED ANSWERS
Sam p /e answ er; T h e a m o u n t o f light in cre a se s by

a b o u t 1 ea ch tim e. c. A bout 2 2 .6 2 7 ; if you set up th e
eq u atio n 9 = 2 lo g ^ / and soive for / j th e result is 2 * ^ .
lnx
!
<n.
y = 2 .5 0 x
0.567
. *
nx
2 9 . T h e x sh ouid b e raised to th e 3, n o t m u ltip lied

by it; In y = In x^ - 2, y = e''
b. Jap an : 6.6 = 0.6 7 log (0.37E ) + 1.46, 1 2 6 ,8 9 3 ,7 0 2
kilow att-hours; G reece: 5.9 = 0.67 log (0.37E ) + 1.46,
11,446,269 kilow att-hours; USA; 4.1 = 0.67 log (0.37E )
+ 1.46, 2 3 ,5 5 6 k ilow att-hou rs
Seiected Answers
S A 23

b . y = 0 .0 0 0 4 6 6 x 2 3"
13.

r a n g e :y > 0
c. a b o u t 64.8 kg
SELECTED ANSWERS
33. a. y = 0 .4 7 5 (2 .0 8 )* b. G raph th e p o in ts (x, y ); if

th ey ap p ear linear, th e n a line is th e b e st fit. If n ot,
graph th e p o in ts (x, ln y ) ; if th e se p o in ts ap p ear
linear, th e n an ex p o n e n tial m o d el is th e b e s t fit for
th e data. If n ot, graph th e p o in ts (In x, ln y ) ; if th e se
p o in ts ap p ear linear, th e n a p ow er m o d el is th e b e s t
fit for th e data; y = 3 3 .8 x + 2.8.
1 7 .5 19. - 3
21.
d o m ain : x > 0,
c. E x p o n en tial fu n ctio n ; th e p o in ts for (x, In y)

ap p ear m o re lin ear th a n th e p o in ts (In x, ln y ) , so an
ex p o n ential m od el ap p ears to b e th e b e st fit for th e
data. d. y = 4.9 8 (1 .0 5 )*; ab o u t 2 47 cm
Chapter Review (pp. 538-542) l . y = 5 3. Sam p/e
answ er; log^ y = x if and only if &* = y. 5. E xp on en tial
function. Sam p le answ er; T h e v ariable is in the
exponent.
r a n g e :y > 0
2 5. Iogg 3 + Iogg x + Iogg y 2 7. log 8 - 4 log y

2 9 .1 o g ^ 3 8 4 3 1 . In 3 6 3 3 .7 3 5 .y = 6 4 ^
37. y = I - 6x
^
4
Chapter 8
8.1 Skit! P ractice (pp. 555-556) 1. jo in tly 3. in verse
v aria tio n 5. d irect v aria tio n 7. in verse v ariation
9. d irect v aria tio n 13. y = - ; 3 15. y = ; ^
x
x 3

range: y > - 4
17. y = - ; $ 19. y =
x 3
^
3x
^ 2 1 . d irect v ariation
9
23. in v erse v a ria tio n 2 5 . z = ^x y ; - 5

^
27. z = A xy !
2 9. z = - 5 x y ; 100 3 1 . x = 3 3. w =
*
z
y
3 5. S am p le a n s w e r ;/(x ) = 2x, g (x ) = ^
8.1 Problem Solving (pp. 556-557) 3 7. n
2 6 p h o to s 3 9. P =
4 1 . a . F = ----rf
it d ecreases.
S A 24
Selected Answers
103.68.
a b o u t 2 .8 7 lb /in .^
b . 6 .7 X 10 "
c. It in c r e a s e s ;
8.2 Skit! Practice (pp. 561-562) 1. range; d om ain

T h e g raph iies fa rth e r from
th e axes th a n th e graph o f
3.
8.2 ProMem So!ving (pp. 562-563)
gy ^ - 43m + 50
5 mo
/n
y = p B o th g raphs he in th e
1st and 3rd q u ad ran ts and
have th e sa m e asy m p to tes,
d o m ain , an d range.
iTT" .v
--j-i
T h e graph iies farth er from

th e axes th a n th e graph
-)
o f y = - an d is io ca te d in
tit
qu ad ran ts 2 an d 4. B o th
graphs have th e sam e
asy m p to tes, d o m ain , and
range.
3 9. a. A bou t 14.5 sec. S a m p ie answ er; Su b stitu te

25 for T to fin d f = 2 .8 9 .S in ce y o u are 5 k ilo m eters
away, m u itip iy i by 5 to get 5 (2 .8 9 ) 14.5 seco n d s.
a b o u t 3.9C
d o m ain : aii reai n u m b ers

ex cep t 0, range: aii reai
n u m b e rs ex cep t 3
SELECTED ANSWERS

n u m b ers ex cep t 0
1,480,000
740 - r '
1,480,000
740 + r
41 . a. a p p r o a c h in g :/j
m oving away:
b.
MM
f,
2150
^ 2100
H 2050
2 5 . T h e graph sh ould b e
2000
y = Jz 8 n o ty =
c-195 0
c. T h e freq u en cy
o f a so u n d th a t is
a p p ro a ch in g is
g reater th a n th at o f a
so u n d m ovin g away.
<t1900
1850
1800.
27.
!
!
j'-2
!
.2 !
\ '
1!
IR

n u m b e rs ex cep t 1
X

ex cep t 2, range: aii real
12
24
36
8.3 Ski!) Practice (pp. 568-569) 1. h orizon tal asym ptote

3. C 5. B 7. n o n e; x = 1 an d x = - 1
a n d x = -3
ll.- 3 ;x = 0 a n d x = -^
9. n o n e; x = 5
1 3 .T h e
v erticai asy m p to te o cc u rs at th e zeros o f th e

d e n o m in a to r n o t th e n u m era to r; th e v ertical
a sy m p to tes o cc u r at th e zeros o f th e d en o m in a to r
x^ - 8x + 7. So, th e v ertica l a sy m p to tes are at x = 7
n u m b e rs ex cep t ^
3 5 . .Shm pie a n sw e r; y =
3x+l
x + 8
Selected Answers
SA25
17.
r)

2 5 .0 < y < 7 .5
27. all rea! n u m b ers excep t
- 0 .2 0 9 < y < - 4 .7 9 1
2 5 . 27.
y2
33.
39.
4(x
16x(x 4)
(x + 4 )
5(x + 1)
(x + 8) (x - 7)
41
43.
x 1
6x
5z
x- 5
(x +
45.
2 9. - ^ 4 3 1 . ( j : + 2 ) ( x + 7)
2(x - 5)
y
/
/
- j
8.3 Probiem Soiving (pp. 569-571) 31. a.

b. S = 2 n r^ + ^
SELECTED ANSWERS
3 3. a.
c. r
100
vr 2
2 .5 1 5 ft, ^ = 5 .032 ft
Depth (m)
Mean Temperature (C)
1000
4.763
1050
4.580
1100
4.409
$50.21 5 1 . a. 1 7 p ^ ^ =
1150
4.251
th e v o lu m es are th e sam e, set th e eq u a tio n s eq u al
1200
4.104
1250
3.967
1300
3.839
to e a c h o th e r resu ltin g in h = ^3 r' .* b.

4-771^,
"* ^ sphere
14
6
^cylinder =
c. y. ,Sam pie aiisi+er.' T h e sp h e rica l

5 ^ ( - 6 4 2 0 1 + 292,000)(5.92^ - 1311 + 1000).
(6.021^ - 1251+ 1 0 0 0 )(-4 0 7 1 + 7220)
sin ce
tan k u ses less m aterial.
8.5 Skiii Practice (pp. 586-587) 1. co m p lex fra ctio n
35. a.
"0
4000 8000 1200016000
b. ab ou t 9.78 m /se c^ c. ab ou t 9 .4 7 m /se c^

d. Snmp/e aust+ei.' g decreases, but at a very small rate.
3 . - 5 . - ^ 7 . 5 9 . 3 x ( x - 2 ) 1 1 . 2 x :(*x--55 )
x
x+ 1
3(x + 12)
1 3 . x ( x - 5 ) ( x + 5 ) 17. " ^
19.
12x^
* " '( x + 8 ) ( x - 3 )
2x^ + 3 x + 9
-3 (x + 1 6 )
2 1 - i
xr 2 3 . ------------ 2 5. You m u st have a
(x + l)(x -3 )
(x -4 f
c o m m o n d e n o m in a to r b efo re you ca n add values in
. x(x 5) + 4(x + 2) _ x" - x + !
the n u m erator;
(x + 2) (x - 5)
( x - 5 ) (x + 2)
2 ^ (2x + 3)(x - 1)
8x*^ - 9x^ - 28x +
(x -3 )(x + 3 f
" x (x -4 )(3 x -l)
x(x - 18)
8 x (x + l)
^
3x
35.
' 6(5x + 2)
( x - 2)(5x + 3)
4(x - 1)
x + 3x 18
3 7 . S am p ie ansiuer;
4x
x+ 2
x ^ + 10x + 24
8.4 Skiii Practice (pp. 577-579) 1. recip rocal 3. B 5. C

1)
13.
7. sim p lified fo rm 9 . ^ 4 1 1 . ^ ^
x+ 5
x- 7
x+6
4x 1
- 3
15
19. You can o nly divide out
3x + 2
x 3
co m m o n factors. S in ce th e fa cto rs th at are divided
o u t are n o t co m m o n facto rs o f th e en tire n u m era to r
and d en o m in ato r, you ca n n o t divide th e m out;
(x + 4)(x + 12)
16x + '
x +12 2^ 2
x+ 4
*x
x^ + 8 x + 1 6
(x + 4)(x + 4)
2 3 . E xercise 21. Sam p/e aminer.' T h e p e rim e te r o f
E xercise 21 is sm aller and th e areas are th e sam e.
SA 26
Selected Answers
8.5 Probiem Soiving (pp. 587-588) 4 1. V

Pi
a b o u t 10.2 h 4 3 . a. M =
1Pi
(1 + i ) '2 '- l
(1 + O'
P i(l + i ) ^
(1 + i ) ^ - 1
l + P
b. $ 3 6 4 .0 2
2da
(a - j) ( a + j)
Pi
1
1(i + ; r
16x'
3x(4x - 1)
3x + 26x + 36
23.
(x - 4) (x - 3) "*
6x(x + 3)
8.6 Skiii Practice (pp. 592-593) 1. cro ss m u ltiplying
19.
3. G raph b o th sides o f th e eq u a tio n . If th e graphs

in tersect at a p o ssib ie so lu tio n , th e n it is a so lu tio n .
If th e graphs do n o t in te rs e ct at a p o ssib le so lu tio n ,
th e n it is an ex tran eo u s so lu tio n . 5. 6 7. 2 9 . - 1
y
-2 (2 x ^ + 3x + 3)
2 7 .5 29
25
( x - 3 ) ( x + 3 ) (x + 1)
33. 0 3 5 . n o so lu tio n
11. no so lu tio n 1 5 .4 1 7 . 23.
19.
-1 + \ 79
2 1 .1
p 8 2 5 . 0 , 7 27. T h e stu d en t sim p ly added
n u m erators and d en o m in a to rs o n th e left side o f th e

eq u atio n . B o th sides o f th e eq u a tio n should have
b ee n m u ltiplied by th e LCD, 6x; 6x] ^
30 + 23% = 270. 29. S am p le answ er;
^ j= 6 x ^
x+5
21.
Chapter 9
9.1 Skiii Practice (pp. 617-618)
1. T h e d ista n ce 6? b e tw e e n (x^ y ,) an d (x^, y^) is
rf = ^ (x ^ - x ^ + ^
th e m id p o in t o f th e
lin e seg m e n t jo in in g A ( x ^ y ^ a n d B f x ^ ^ ) is
2x
x 1'
12
x
1 3 1 .-^ ,0
3 .1 7 ; ( 4 , ^ )
lj
7. 4 V 2 ; (4, - 3 ) 9 . 12V 2; (2, 2) 11. \ 145; ( I , 0
8.6 Probiem Soiving (pp. 594-595) 3 3 . 26 serves
1 3 . V 4 4 9 ; ( 5 , ^ 15. 2\ 194; (1.2,

2) .1. 7. / ^^
,
or
3 5 . 1995 37.
a b o u t 5 .6 8 ; (0.35, - 6 ) 2 1 . T h e d iffere n ce o f th e
sq u ares sh ould b e ad d ed n o t su b tra cte d ;
8.6 Probiem Soiving Workshop (p. 597) 1. ab o u t 5 6
d = V (2 - ( - 4 ) f + (8 - 3 f = V 36 + 25 = \ 6 1 .
2 3 . iso sc e le s 2 5 . sc a le n e 2 7 . s c a le n e 2 9 . sca len e
3 .9 5. ab o u t 3 .2 7. a. 99 ft b. 33 ft
7 . x > - 5 9 . - l < x < l 1 1 .0 < x < l 1 3 .x > - 2

1 5 .- 4 < x < - 3 o r x > - 2 1 7 .-3 < x < - 2 o r x > 2
1 9 .1 9 9 9 to 2002 21. at le ast 13 m o
Chapter Review (pp. 603-606) 1. in verse v ariation

3. ratio n al fu n ctio n 5. cross m u ltiplying
7 .y = ; - 1
9 v=
^
x '3
3 1 .y
2 35 . y = - 4 x
17
2
3 7. S am p le answ er; ( 6 ,4 ), (2, 0) 3 9 .y = - ^ x + ^

4 1. 6 4 3 . - 1 0 , 2 4 5 .d ( x ) = V 5x^ - 1 6 x + 13;
I ) .< 3 .6 )
9.1 Probiem Soiving (pp. 618-619) 4 7. 17 m 4 9 . a b o u t

6.0 2 m i 51. a b o u t 4 .5 5 m i 5 3 .a . ( - 1 . 5 , 8) b. ab o u t
1.32 m i c. a b o u t 1.68 m i 55 . a b o u t 5 5 0 ft
9.2 Skiii Practice (pp. 623-624) 1. focu s, d irectrix
3.
(4, 0 ) , x = - 4 , y = 0
(0, 5 ) ,y = - 5 , x = 0
2 3. T h e p a ra b o la sh o u ld o p en
to th e righ t ra th er th a n up;
Selected Answers
S A 27
SELECTED ANSWERS
Extension (p.600) l . x < 2 3 . x < 3 5 . - 1 . 5 < x < 4
2 7. y^ = - 2 0 x 29. x^ = - 1 6 y 31. x^ = - 4 0 y
33. y^ = - 3 6 x 35. x^ = - ^ y 37. y^ = - ^ x
3 9. y^ = - 12A: 41. y^ = 2 0 x 43. x^ = 16y
4 5. x^ = - 2 4 y 4 7 . y^ = 6 x 49. x^ = y y
51. a. T h e new fo cu s wiii be
lo ca te d at (0 ,1 ) rath er th an
0, T j. T h e new d irectrix will
T h e p arab o la will b e wider,

b. T h e new focu s will be
lo ca te d at f - T o j rath er
2 3 . A^ +
2 9. A-" +
3 5 .x ^ +
4 1 .x 2 +
y^ =
y^ =
y2=
y2 =
64 2 5 . x^ + y^ = 2 5 6 2 7 . x^ + y^ = 15
9 6 3 1.
+ y^ = 3 6 33. A*" + y^ = 25
100 3 7 .x ^ + y ^ = 116 3 9 . x ^ + y ^ = 260
242
45.
th an (p 0j- T h e new d irectrix

will be at A = j rath er th an
A= -
T h e p arab o la will
o p en left rath er th a n right

an d be narrow er.
SELECTED ANSWERS
53. T he graph gets wider. Sam p/e answ er; As th e value

o f I p [ increases, th en the focus and directrix (each o f
w hich lie I p I units from the vertex) get further and
further away from the vertex and from each other.
Since each p oin t on a parabola is eq u id istan t from the
focus and the directrix, this h as th e effect o f m aking
co
^1 y- + -175 5cc. y
5 : 34
--x + -5
5 3 .y -
59 . S am p /e answ er; x^ + y^ = 3 5, x^ + y^ = 36,

x 2 + y 2 = 3g
9.3 Problem Solving (pp. 630-632) 6 3. yes 6 5 . a. ab o u t
2 8 .9 m i b. a b o u t 18.3 m i c. 6 m i 6 7 . ab o u t 7 .94 ft
the p arabola w ider and w ider as ] p I increases.

9.4 Skill P ractice (pp. 637-638) 1. foci
55.
= 24y; ab o u t 3 ft
b. x^ = 192y, y^ = - 192x c. About 27.8 in.; no. Sam p/e

answ er; E xcep t for th e d irectio n th e y o p en , they
are id en tical. 59. a. ab o u t 20 in. b. Sam p /e answ er;
x^ = 50y; ch o o se a value for p su ch th a t 4p > 10.5;
a b o u t 4 3 .6 in. c. S'a/np/e answ er; x ^ = 8y; c h o o se a
value for p su ch th a t 4p < 10.5; a b o u t 17.4 in.
9.3 Skill Practice (pp. 629-630) 1. cen ter 3. C 5. A 7. F
1
SA28
Selected Answers
5 , 106
7 .y - - x +
AT
'2 5
z!
1 19 A cl
^ ^ '1 9 6
81
y2
y,2
1 25. y -M
'2 8
49
64
*2
16
= 1 Q]
' 400
' ^ n r + m
"
*2
+ T . l
81 1 2 7 . ^4 16
.2
^.2
xy* = i QQ Â-2
^y
l
175
' 60 256
17. T h e e q u a tio n o f a
h y p erb o la m u st eq u a l
on e, so th e hyp erbola's
v ertices sh o u ld b e
lo c a te d a t ( 4 , 0).
1-2
y2
y2
2
y2
2
1 9 .^ - ^ = 1 2 1 .^ - ^ = 1 2 3 .^ - - = 1
2 5 .^ - g = l
50
27.
45. T h e co n ic ch an g es from
an ellipse elo n g ated alon g th e
y-axis to a circle to an ellip se
elo n gated along th e x-axis.
J.
29.
<2
/
/
/
/ \
/
(/
r
/Ikl
- -- A
\\
3 3. a. T h e h y p erb o la w ill b e narrow er, th e v ertices

are th e sam e, b u t th e fo ci m ove to ( V l 3 , 0). b. T h e
h y p erb o la w ill b e wider, th e v ertices are th e sam e,
b u t th e fo ci m ove to (0, V 4 T ). 3 5 . Sn n ;p /c answ er;
49
__
' (77.5)2
.+ <
0 2 5)2
= i,
(55)2
(67.5)2
= l;
a b o u t 1 1 ,7 0 0 < A < 2 2 ,5 0 0
a gets larger th e h y p erb o la is s tretch ed vertically.

y2
y2
9.5 Problem Solving (pp. 646-647) 3 9 . - - - y = 1

x^
21.1
y
320.4
y'
= 1
236.45
41. a. (3 0 .5 ,0 ), (85, - 4 0 ) b.
930.25
y2
c. a b o u t 5 4 .6 ft 4 3. a. - = 1 b. S am p le answ er;
.
16
9.4 Problem Solving Workshop (p. 640) 1. A bout

6 6 ,1 0 0 m^; better. Sam p/e answ er; M ore rectan g les
m e a n s th ere is less area o f th e ellip se n o t in clu d ed .
3. a.
1252
= 1 b. a b o u t 3 9 ,0 0 0 m
100"
C h o o se an y p o in t o n th e g raph an d o b serv e th a t th e
d ifferen ce o f th e d ista n ce s fro m th a t p o in t an d th e
fo c i rem a in co n sta n t.
9.6 Skill Practice (pp. 655-656) 1. T h e in te rs e ctio n o f a

p la n e an d a d o u b le -n a p p e d c o n e fo rm th em .
3.
p a ra b o la w ith v ertex
( - 4 , 2), fo cu s ( - 4 , 0),
an d d irectrix y = 4
n
y=4

1. vertices, tran sv erse axis
y
3.
( 5 ,0 ) , ( + V 2 9 , 0 ),
'
-6 !.
'
'
y = -x
X
5.
\
A
-9
/j/
y
\
(0, 9 ) ,( o , \ 1 0 6 ) ,
/
\ /
\/
/\
/ \
20
SELECTED ANSWERS
/
/
y=-s*
13. (x + 5)2 + (y
17.
hyperbola w ith cen ter (6, - 1 ) ,

vertices (11, - 1 ) an d (1, - 1 ) ,
'7
a sy m p to tes y = Z.x - LL and

r
2 _ 3 6 15. (y + 3)2 = 2 0 (x + 4)
(x - 1)2 ^ (y - 4) = 1 iq (y + 1)^
+
16
12
^
4
(* - 6)2
21
Selected Answers
SA 29
2 1 . T h e ce n te r is at ( - 2 , 3 ) , n o t (2, - 3 ) ;
(x + 2 f , ( y - 3 )
+
2^
g
= 1. 2 3 .y = 4 2 5 . x = 3 , y = 5
27. any iin e p assin g th rou gh th e p o in t ( - 2 , - 1 )
2 9. circle 31. eiiip se 33. p a ra b o la 35. h yp erbo la
r
3 7. circle,
(x - 7)2 + (y + 2)2 = 64
/
\
\
29. no solu tion 3 1 . (4 ,0 ) 33.

( l - y2)2 w as exp an d ed , th e
b e e n y ^ ; 1 - 2y2 + y^ + y^ y4 + y2 - 2y = 0; (0 ,1 ), (1 ,0 ).
( - 0 .2 9 6 , - 2 .8 2 )
( - 1 , - 2 ) , (2 ,1 ) 3 5. W hen
last te rm sh o u ld have
2 + 2y2 - 2y = - 1 ,
37. abou t ( - 2 .3 2 , - 2 .0 2 ) ,
9.7 Problem Solving (pp. 662-664) 3 9 . t? = 0.8t,

<%= 2.5^2, 0.32 m in 4 1 . a. x^ + y^ = 1, y = - y x + y
-2
}\
\
/
/
b ' ( - ' 5 ) '( ' ) c. a b o u t 1.41 m i 4 3. a. (1 ,1 )

b. a b o u t ( - 8 . 9 4 , - 2 .6 8 )
9.7 Extension (p. 666) 1 .0 3.
y
\
\
3 9 . p arabo la,
(x - 8)2 = 8 (y - 2)
/
/
/
\
SELECTED ANSWERS
"
-2
45. If the n on-zero coefficients o f x^ and y2 are the

sam e it's a circle. If th e n o n -zero co efficien ts o f x^ and
y2 are b o th positive and different it's an ellipse. If o n e
o f the n on-zero coefficients o f x " or y2 is negative and
th e oth er o n e is positive it's a hyperbola. If o n e o f the
coefficients o fx ^ o ry 2 is zero it's a parabola.
V l5 .
0 .4 8 4 5. 1
^ , 2 5 (y -4 ^
2 5 (y -5 f
7 +
+
= 1 9.
= 1
'* 3 6
756
49
1176
(x -4 f
2 5 (y + 4 p
11.
= 1 13. S am p ie aastuer.*
504
y
1 ,- + 11 , n = 1 15. In th e ellipse 0 < c < a, th erefore
JU.Z5
lj.iy
0 < - < 1. In th e h y p erb o la 0 < a < c, th e refo re - > 1.
a
a
Chapter Review (pp. 669-672) 1. p arab o la 3. transverse

axis 5 . 2 V 1 7 ; ( - 2 , - 4 ) 7 . V l 0 6 ; ( - y , y
y
9.
( 0 ,4 ) ,y = - 4 , x = 0
49. ( x - 5 ) 2 = - 4 ( y - ^ ) ; 6 l f t , 10 ft
51. a. (x - 100)2 + (y
gQ)2 < ^ 2
11.
O ne; th e d istan ce
fro m y ou r p o sitio n to
th e h o te l is less th a n
th e rad iu s o f th e h o tel's
tran sm itter, b u t you are
a b o u t 106 yards from
th e cafe's tra n sm itter
w h ich is o u t o f range,
c. S am p le ansraer/ Find th e d ista n ce from th e h o te l
to th e cafe. If it's greater th a n 2 50 yards th ey do n o t
overlap. It it's less th a n or eq u al to 2 5 0 yards th ey
overlap.
-3
X
/
/
/
13. x^ = 12y
9.7 Skill Practice (pp. 661-662) 1. qu ad ratic

3. ( - 4 , - 4 ) , (4, 4) 5. (0.472, - 2 .5 8 ) , (3.53, 6.58)
7. ( - 2 .1 8 , - 3 .3 6 ) , (1 .3 8 ,3 .7 6 ) 9. (3, - 3 ) , ( - 2 , 2)
, -6 4 - 2V l06 8 - 4Vl06') f - 6 4 + 2VT06 4 + 2V l06^
\
17
'
17
j'1
17
'
17
/
_13 7
17. no solu tion
1 3 . ( 0 , 2 ) , ( ^ ) 15. ( - 1 , - 4 ) ,
2'
11.
19.
7 + 3V3 - I + 9 V3I f 7 - 3 V 3
11
11
11
-1 -9 V 3
11
2 3 . (0, V 5 ), ( - 5 , 0) 2 5 . ( I , I ) 2 7 . n o s o lu tio n
S A 30
Selected Answers
(0, - l ) , y = l , x = 0
'
(x + 80)2 + ( y + 70)2 < 1 0 0 2
1 9 .x ^ + y ^ = 6 8
\
\
i
i
i
x = 3 l
\
\
!
\
\
\
X= - 3
:
17. ( 3 x - 4 ) ( 2 x + 5) 1 9 . / / x ) =
x+1
6
^3
x^y
2 1 . / * / x ) = x ^ ^ 2 3 . d eca y 2 5 .1 n ^ - 2 7 .1 o g 2 L /
3
Z^
. * + 2 x + 41 ^
(U g
33
2 9 .y =
3 1.
x+5
x
x + 3x - 10
y2
21 + = 1
^ '6 4
39
*
SELECTED ANSWERS
31. ellipse,
( x + 5 / , (y + 4 )2
= 1
4 1 .1 1 5 A, 75 A 4 3 .4 0 0 adults, 2 5 0 stu d en ts
4 5 . a b o u t 7 m / 4 7 .0 .8 5 (f - 50), $ 3 6 5 .5 0
4 9. <; = 3 4 8 ( 1 .0 2 /
3 3. h yp erbola,
(x -if
(y + 2 f
= 1
10
10
9
y
Y
\
//
7
Chapter 10
10.1 Skill Practice (pp. 686-687) 1. T h e n u m b e r o f
w ays n o b je c ts c a n b e ord ered .
\ /
\/
3.
iong-sieeveshort-s!eeve iong-sieeveshort-sieeve iong-sieeveshort-steeve -
/\
/ \
/
A
A
35. (16, 8), (1, 2) 37. (2, 0)
Cumulative Review (pp. 678-679) 1. - ^ 3 .5 ,7

5. -2 , - 5 , 4 7.^ 9.7
- M iong-sieeve
- M short-sieeve
- L iong-sieeve
- L short-sieeve
- XL iong-sieeve
- XL short-sieeve
co rn -----------------chicken, corn
green b e a n ------ chicken, green bean
po tato--------------chicken, potato
^ co rn ----------------- fish, corn
fishgreen b e a n ----------------fish, green bean
po tato------------- fish, potato
^ corn-----------------pasta, corn
pasta green b ean --------------- pasta, green bean
po tato------------- pasta, potato
chicken -
7 .8 ways 9 .6 0 w ays 11. a. 4 5 6 ,9 7 6 ,0 0 0 licen se

plates b. 2 5 8 ,3 3 6 ,0 0 0 lice n se p lates
13. a. 4 5 ,6 9 7 ,6 0 0 lice n se plates b. 3 2 ,2 9 2 ,0 0 0 licen se
p lates 15. a. 1 1 8 ,8 1 3 ,7 6 0 lice n se plates
b. 7 8 ,9 3 6 ,0 0 0 licen se p lates 1 9 .3 9 ,9 1 6 ,8 0 0 2 1 .4 0 ,3 2 0
2 3 .1 2 5 .7 2 0 2 7 .7 2 2 9 .6 3 0 3 1 .3 0 33.40,320
Selected Answers
SA 31
3 5 .7 2 3 7 .5 0 4 0 3 9 .3 0 2 4 4 1 .1 4 3 .3 4 5 .6 0 4 7 .7 2 0
4 9 .3 3 6 0 5 1 .4 0 ,3 2 0 5 3 .9 0 ,7 2 0 5 9 .1 0
10.1 Prob lem solvin g (pp.688-689)
6 3 .2 2 5 ,6 7 8 ,9 6 0 sets 6 5 .5 0 4 ways 67. a. 240 selectio n s
b. 252 selectio n s c. 6 0 ,4 8 0 sele c tio n s
6 9 .7 0 ,5 6 0 displays
13
2 9 . ; th e e x p e rim e n ta l p ro b a b ility is slightly

g reater th a n th e th e o re tic a l p ro b a b ility o f p 3 1 .
th e e x p e rim e n ta l p ro b a b ility is slightly g reater th a n
th e th e o re tic a l p ro b a b ility o f $. 33.
6
20
10.3 Probiem Soiving (pp. 703-704) 3 5 . 1 37 1
10.2 Skill Practice (pp. 694-695) 1. nth row o f

P ascal's triangle 3 .1 0 5 .8 4 7 .1 9 .2 1 11. T h e
d en o m in a to r should have b e e n m u ltip lied by 2 !;
3 .0 .4 5 .0 .6 5 7 . ^
1 5 .7 7 8 ,3 2 0 h and s 1 7 .2 ,4 9 0 ,6 2 4 h an d s
15 20 15
6 1
1
7
21 35
35 21
7
1
1 8 28
56 70 56
28 8
1
1
9
36 84 126 126 84 36
9
1
1 10 45 120 210 252 210 120 45
10
1
1
a b o u t 0 .2 1 5 3 9 . ^ 4 1 . a. ^
b -L g c .- g 25
1631
233
1631
10.4 SkiH P ractice (pp. 710-711) 1. co m p o u n d ev en t
<3. 792 h an d s
19.
2 1 . / - 30y z + 405y z^ - 3240y^z^ + 17 ,0 1 0 y z "
21. ^
19.
SELECTED ANSWERS
2 9 5 ,245y ^z - 196,830yz + 59,049z^ 2 3 . 128s? +
14^34 -
;2 8 2 5 . Z
280Z f
20c^ +
160Z -
- 84^20
640Z +
1280c - 1024 2 7 . 4 0 9 6 / - 6 1 4 4 / ; ? + 3 8 4 0 / /
- 1 2 8 0 // + 2 4 0 // - 24p / + /
29. 3 2 Z +
4 0 0 s 16 + 2 0 0 0 ^ 2 + 5 0 0 0 s + 6 2 5 0 ^ + 3125
3 1. Z 2 - 4xy2 + 6xy4 - 4 x y + y 3 3 . 1080
3 7. T h e su m alo n g ea ch d iagonal seg m e n t is eq u al
to th e su m o f th e two previous d iag o n al seg m en t
sum s. 39. co m b in a tio n s; 1 3 ,8 3 6 ,1 3 0 ,0 5 6 ways
4 1 .1 =
eq u al 1 .
C =

49. 816 co m b in a tio n s 51. a. 15,504 c o m b in a tio n s
b. 3 ,003 co m b in a tio n s c. 252 co m b in a tio n s;
10 co m b in a tio n s; 3 co m b in a tio n s
d. 3 5 1 ,9 8 2 ,3 5 0 ,7 2 0 ways
clu b an d 9 m u st b e su b tra cte d in stea d o f added;

P (clu b ) + P(9) - P (clu b an d 9) = g
32
2 9. 0.67; n o t d isjo in t 3 1 .
5 JL 7 1 g
50
50
'5 2
13
17
1__
12,271,512
2 1 .$ $ 2 3 / 25. T h e fractio n shou ld b e o u tco m e s

11
n o t in th e event, 4, to o u tco m es in th e event, 2; ^ = p

2 7 . y. Sam p /e ansm er; Sin ce th e p ro b ab ility is 0.3,
th ere are 3 ou t o f 10 c h a n c e s o f th e ev en t o ccu rrin g.
T h e n u m ber o f o u tcom es against event A is 1 0 - 3 = 7.
So th e odds in favor o f event A is th e ratio o f th e
n u m b er o f fav orable o u tco m e s, 3, to th e n u m b er
o f u nfavorable o u tco m e s, 7.
SA 32
Selected Answers
^
32
32
lo
n o t d isjo in t 3 3 .2 4 % ;
n o t d isjo in t 3 5 .$ $ 3 7 . $
36
10.4 Probiem Soiving (pp. 711-713) 4 3 .0 .7 4 5 . a b o u t

0 .8 4 8 8 4 7 . a. 58% b. 53% c. No; w h at p e rce n t o f the
to m a to e s h av e b e e n fed o n by in se cts a n d are
17
p artially ro tte n a n d h ave b ite m arks. 4 9.
20
Extension (p. 716) 1 . { 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 7 , 9 , 1 1 , 1 3 , 1 6 , 1 7 }
3. {1, 4, 6 , 8 , 9, 10, 12, 14, 15, 16, 18, 19, 20}
5. {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8 , 9, 1 1 ,1 3 , 14, 16, 17, 20}
7. {3, 6 , 7, 1 0 ,1 2 , 13, 15, 18, 19} 9. n o 11. yes
13. April, Ju n e, S ep tem b er, O ctob er, N ovem ber,
D e c e m b e r 15. January, February, M arch , April,
May, Jun e, July, August 17. Yes; n o; a n irra tio n a l is
a real n u m b e r b u t is n o t a n integer.
10.5 Skiii P ractice (pp. 721-722) 1. co n d itio n a l
p ro b a b ility 3. 0 .2 4 5. 0.8 7. 0.7 5 9. a b o u t 0 .0 4 7
11. a b o u t 0 .0 5 9 13. a b o u t 0 .0 1 5 1 7 .0 .3 5 1 9 .0 .7 5
2 1 .0 .9 2 3 . 1 25/
7
b
10.3 Skiii Practice (pp. 701-703) 1. g e o m etric 3 . ^
9 . 0 .65 1 1 .0 .2 1 13. y 1 7 .1
2 3 . ^ 2 5 . ^ 2 7. T h e p ro b a b ility o f a
- 6 1 ,2 3 6 /z S + 153,090y^z - 2 6 2 , 4 4 0 y V +
4 4 8 ^ + 6 7 2 ^ f - 5 6 0 s^ f^
ôr
boo
31. a. /
64
2 7 . an
.
o5U
<169
4 ,t 1
663
169
33. T h e p ro b a b ilities should
b e m u ltip lied in stea d o f added; P(A an d B ) = 0 .4 0 .5 = 0.2. 3 5. S in ce A an d B are in d e p en d e n t events,

P(A) h a s n o a ffe ct o n P (B IA) so P (B IA) = P (B ).
10.5 Probiem Soiving (pp. 722-723) 3 7 . a b o u t 81%
3 9 .5 1 % 4 1 . a. 0% ; a b o u t 2% ; a b o u t 98% b. abou t
20% , a b o u t 30% , a b o u t 50% c. Yes; go for 2 p oin ts
after th e first tou chd ow n. If th e 2 p o in ts are scored,
go for 1 p o in t after th e seco n d tou chd ow n. If th e two
p o in ts are n o t scored , go for 2 p o in ts after th e seco n d
tou chd ow n; w in: a b o u t 45% , lose: a b o u t 30% .
10.6 S k iii P ra c tic e (pp. 7 2 7 -7 2 9 ) 1. s y m m e tr ic
3. x(value)
P(x)
1
2
3
10
1
5
0.8
>.
.s ^ ^
^ 0.2
0
x(va)ue)
f(*)
1
100
9
100
9
10
1.0
0.8
th e eq u atio n ;
'
31. ab o u t 0.852
0.5
33.
0.03. 29. a b o u t 0 .5 9 4
skew ed; 1 su cce ss
0.4
0.3
0?
0.1
0
35.
1 2
0.5
skew ed; 0 su cce sse s
0.4
0.3
02
0.1
0
1 2
41. ^C^.; sin c e o rd er d o es n o t m atter, find th e

co m b in a tio n o f u thin gs tak en k at a tim e.
10.6 Problem Solving (pp. 729-730) 43. ab o u t 0 .19 6
45. a. a b o u t 0 .1 4 3 b. a b o u t 0 .2 7 6 c. a b o u t 0 .1 2 4
d. ab o u t 0.999
0.099
0.271
0.319
0.208
0.081
0.2
0 1 2 3 4 5
0.019
0.0025
0.00014
Chapter Review (pp. 734-736) 1. co m b in a tio n 3. No;

th ere are m o re th a n tw o o u tc o m e s for e a c h card
selectio n . 5 . 4 7 9 ,0 0 1 ,6 0 0 w ays; 1 1 ,8 8 0 w ays 7 .1 2 0
9. 90 1 1 . 16a4 + 32%3&2 + 2 4 a ^ h ^ + 8a h ^ +
13. r ^ - 2 0 r ^ s + 1 6 0 ^ - 6 4 0 ^ + 1 2 8 0 r34
s
5
1
1024^ 1 5 .1 i ? . l i 19. 0.868 2 1 .0 .6 8 2 3. a.
32 ^ '6
2
30
25. a. ^ b. ^
2 7. a b o u t 0 .2 7 3 2 9 . a b o u t 0 .0 0 3 9
Chapter 11
11.1 Skit! Practice (pp. 747-748) 1. ce n tra l ten d en cy ;
d isp ersio n 3. a b o u t 5.3 ; 5; 4, 5 an d 6 5 . 74 .5 , 73.5,
73 an d 78 9. T h e n u m b e rs n ee d to b e w ritten in
in crea sin g ord er p rio r to ch o o sin g th e m ed ian ; 9.
1 1 .5 , a b o u t 1.6 1 3 . 4.7, a b o u t 1.7 1 5 . 23, a b o u t 8.1
17. 68; a b o u t 10.7, 4, 4, 66, a b o u t 2 0 .3 ; 3.5, 3.5, 4, 4,
a b o u t 1.2 1 9 . 0.7; 1 0 ,1 1 .6 ,1 1 .6 ,1 2 .1 , a b o u t 4.2;
a b o u t 1 1 .9 ,1 1 .6 ,1 1 .6 ,1 .9 , a b o u t 0 .6 7 2 1 . 152; 78.8,
7 1 .5 ,6 6 ,9 2 , abou t 25.1; ab o u t 7 0 .7 ,7 1 ,6 6 ,2 0 , abou t 6.0
2 3 . S a m p le an sw er; 8, 8, 8, 8, 11, 11, 12, 12, 12
SELECTED ANSWERS
7 .3 11. a b o u t 0 .0 0 0 1 8 13. ab o u t 0 .0 3 7
15. ab o u t 0.120 17. a b o u t 0 .0 0 0 1 8 19. ab o u t 0 .0 0 8 6
2 1. ab o u t 0.055 23. a b o u t 0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 2 4 25. a b o u t
0 .0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 7 27. T h e
w as left o u t o f
4 7 .a .P ( 0 ) = a b o u t 0 .0 9 9 , P ( l ) = a b o u t 0.2 7 1 ,
P (2 ) = a b o u t 0 .3 1 9 , P (3 ) = 0 .2 0 8 , P (4 ) = a b o u t
0 .0 8 1 , P (5 ) = a b o u t 0 .0 1 9 , P (6 ) = a b o u t 0 .0 0 2 5 ,
P (7 ) = a b o u t 0 .0 0 0 1 4
0.4
b.
X
P(x)
11.1 Probiem Soiving (pp. 748-749) 2 7. a b o u t 17.8,

20, 6 an d 20 2 9 . a. 5 b .2 0 .2 , 22, 23, 20, a b o u t5 .4 ;
a b o u t 2 1 .9 , 2 3 ,2 3 , 6, a b o u t 2.1 c. Sam p le answ er;
T h e m e a n an d th e m e d ia n in c re a s e w h en th e ou tlier
is rem ov ed a n d th e ran g e an d sta n d a rd d ev iation
d ecrease.
11.2 Skiii Practice (p. 753) 1. tra n sfo rm a tio n
3 . 1 8 ,1 7 ,1 7 ,9 , a b o u t 3 .0 ; 24, 23, 23, 9, a b o u t 3.0
5. 78, 77, 77, 9, a b o u t 2.8; 95, 94, 94, 9, a b o u t 2.8
7. 56, 53, 53, 21, a b o u t 7.0; 3 5 ,3 2 , 32, 21, a b o u t 7.0
9. T h e stan d ard d ev iatio n d o es n o t ch a n g e w h en
ad d in g a c o n sta n t; 10. 11. a b o u t 6 1 .9 , 62, 5 8 ,9 ,
a b o u t 3 .3 6 ; a b o u t 2 4 8 , 2 48, 2 32, 36, a b o u t 13.4
13. ab o u t 9 8 .2 ,1 0 0 .5 ,1 0 2 ,1 9 , a b o u t 6.62; ab o u t 245.5,
a b o u t 2 5 1 .3 , 2 5 5 ,4 7 .5 , a b o u t 16.6
Se!ected Answers
SAB 3
15. ab o u t 229, 226.5, 2 2 2 ,3 8 , a b o u t 12.0; ab o u t

2 0 6.1, ab o u t 2 0 3 .9 ,1 9 9 .8 , 34.2, a b o u t 10.8
11.2 Probiem Soiving (pp. 753-755) 19. a. a b o u t 70.8,

7 2 ,7 2 ,8 , about 2.4 b. abou t 9 8 .8 ,1 0 0 ,1 0 0 ,8 , ab o u t 2.^
21. a. ab o u t 6.84, 6.89, n o m od e, 1.16, ab o u t 0 .3 2 4
b. a b o u t 22.4, ab o u t 22.6, n o m od e, a b o u t 3.80,
ab o u t 1.06 23. a. 75.8, ab o u t 75.4, 7 4 .5 ,9 .9 , ab o u t 3.0
b. a b o u t 23.6, a b o u t 27.7, 22.5, 23.0, ab o u t 25.8,
a b o u t 22.6, ab o u t 24.9, ab o u t 23.6, a b o u t 25.3,
a b o u t 22.2, a b o u t 26.2, a b o u t 2 4 .6 c. a b o u t
2 4 .3 .2 4 .1 , 23.6, 5.5, a b o u t 1.6 d. T h e e ffect is a
m u ltip licatio n tran sfo rm atio n w ith a fa cto r
of
along with an addition tran sform ation o f
about - 1 7 .8 for the m ean, m edian, and m ode.
SELECTED ANSWERS
11.3 Ski)! Practice (pp. 760-761) 1. n o rm a l curve

3 .0 .1 6 5 .0 .8 4 7 .0 .6 8 9 .1 6 % 1 1 .0 .6 8 1 3 .0 .9 7 3 5
15. 0.84 19. 0.7 2 5 7 21. 0.0 0 3 5 23. 0.5 2 5 . 0 .0 5 4 8
2 7 . 0 .5 3 6 3 29. T h e tab le w as in terp reted in co rrectly;
P ( z > - 0 .8 ) = 1 - 0.2 1 1 9 = 0.7881.
3. S a m p ie an sw er; M an y p a tie n ts m ay an sw er
u n tru th fu lly b e c a u s e th e ir d en tist is askin g th e
q u estio n . T h e in fo rm a tio n sh ou ld b e co lle cte d
anonym ou sly. 5. S a m p ie answ er; T h e q u estio n
a ssu m es th a t th e re sp o n d e n t is fa m ilia r w ith th e
fa cts o f th e ca se. A ny p re se n ta tio n o f th e fa cts (as
in terp reted by th e p ollster) m ay b e b ia sed as well.
It m ig h t b e b e s t th e n to ask th e q u e stio n as given
only to th o se w ho reply affirm atively to th e qu estion ,
'A re y ou fam iliar w ith th e fa cts o f th e C arter ca se?"
7. Sam p ie answ er; T h e flaw is th a t A lgebra 2 stu d en ts
are th e e x p e rim e n ta l group an d A lgebra 1 stu d en ts
are th e co n tro l group; th e e x p e rim e n ta l an d co n tro l
groups sh o u ld b o th b e A lgebra 2 stu d en ts.
11.5 Ski)) Practice (p. 778) 1. ex p o n e n tia l

3 . / ( * ) = - 0 .3 8 1 * 2 + i i 2 x + 15 . 7 ;
113 Probiem Soiving (pp. 761-762) 3 1 .0 .1 6 3 3 . a . - 2 . 4 ,

I.6 b. 0.0 0 8 2 c. 0.9 3 7 ; P ( z < 1.6) - P ( z < - 2 .4 )
3 5 . a. 2.4 b. 1.2 c. Lisa; in a stan d ard n o rm al
d istribu tio n Lisa's sco re is higher.
Extension (p. 765) 1 .9 .6 , 2.4 3. 13.8, a b o u t 3.1
7. T h e * an d th e value o f b h ave b e e n in terch an g ed ;

y = 9 .7 1 (1 .5 5 )*.
5 .2 5 .2 , ab o u t 2.7 7 . 8 . 8 , a b o u t 2.8 9 .1 0 5 , a b o u t 5.1

II. ab o u t 0.93 13. ab o u t 0.0 0 1 3 15. a b o u t 0.9 8
17. ab o u t 0 .9 9 8 7 19. Yes; P ( * < 56) 0.01, w h ich is
less th an 0.05. 2 1 . Yes; P ( * > 12) 1 - P ( z < 2.5) =
1 - 0 .9 9 3 8 = 0 .0062, w hich is less th a n 0.05.
y = 0 . 00211*2 _ o .0 7 6 6 *2 + ^
113 Probiem Soiving (p. 779) l l . S am p ie answ er;

6 * - 0 .0 6 6 4
13. a. q u a d ra tic b. y = - 2 .9 7 * 2
4 Q.4 * - 85.9
11.4 Ski)) Practice (pp. 769-770) 1. ran d o m

3. System atic; u nbiased ; th e sam p le is representative
o f th e cu sto m ers. 5. R and om ; u n b iased ; e a c h
stu d en t h as an eq u al ch an g e o f b e in g selected .
7. 3 .2 % 9. 1 .3 % 11. 4 .4 % 13. 1 .0 %
15. l l l l p e o p l e 1 7 . 100 p eo p le 1 9 . 319 p eop le
2 1 . 2 37 p eop le 25. a b o u t 453 p eo p le
11.4 Probiem Soiving (pp. 770-771) 27. a. a b o u t 4 .8 %
b. betw een 9.2% and 18.8% 29. No. Sam p ie answer.*
Sin ce th e m argin o f error is 5 % , K osta cou ld have
49% o f th e v otes and M urdock cou ld have 51% o f the
votes. 31. a. 47% , 53% b. abo u t 4 .5 % c. betw een
42.5% and 51.5% , betw een 48.5% an d 57.5% d. no;
273 people
Extension (p. 773) 1. Sam p ie answer.* T h is is a lead in g
q u estio n . R esp o n d en ts m ay th in k a "n o" resp o n se
m e a n s th ey are n o t su p p o rters o f city growth.
SA 34
Setected Answers
11.5 ProMem Soiving Workshop (p. 781)

I . a b o u t 7 4 F ;y = 6 1 .3 (0 .9 6 2 )* + 74
Chapter Review (pp. 784-786) 1. Stan d ard d ev iatio n

3. z -sco re 5. a b o u t 84.1, 8 6 .5 ,8 8 ,1 7 , a b o u t 6.2
7. a b o u t 1 3 0 ,1 3 0 ,1 4 0 , 52, a b o u t 16.1 9. a b o u t 39.8,
38, 37, 14, a b o u t 4.6 ; a b o u t 3 2 .8 , 31, 30, 14, a b o u t 4 .6
I I . a b o u t 3 8 .0 , a b o u t 3 5 .4 , 5 9 .8 , 6 2 .6 , a b o u t 20.8;
a b o u t 1.50, a b o u t 1.39, a b o u t 2 .3 5 , a b o u t 2.46,
a b o u t 0 .8 13. a b o u t 0 .0 5 4 8 15. a b o u t 0
17. a b o u t 0 .0 1 7 9 19. 2 % 21. 1 .4 %
12.2
Skiii Practice (pp. 806-807) 1. co m m o n d ifference
3. A rithm etic; th ere is a co m m o n d ifference o f 3

b etw een co n secu tive term s. 5. A rithm etic; there is a
co m m o n d ifference o f 9 b etw een co n secu tiv e term s.
7. A rithm etic; th ere is a co m m o n d ifference o f 0.5
b etw een con secu tive term s. 9. Not arithm etic; there is
n o t a c o m m o n difference b etw een con secu tive term s.
11. A rithm etic; th ere is a co m m o n d ifference o f 1.5
b etw een co n secu tiv e term s. 1 3 . 22^ = - 1 + 672; 119
15.22,, = - 5 + 2n; 35 17. <2^ = 3 6 - l l n ; - 1 8 4
Chapter 12
12.1
19.
Skit! Practice (pp. 798-799) 1. sig m a n o ta tio n
2 1. T h e e q u a tio n for an
a rith m etic seq u en ce is n o t co rrect; 22,, = <2 , + (n - 1)<Y
3 .3 , 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 5 .1 , 4, 9, 16, 25, 3 6 7 .1 , 4, 16, 64,
22 = 3 7 + ( 72- 1) ( - 1 3 ) , 22^
256, 1024 9. - 4 , - 1 , 4 , 1 1 ,2 0 ,3 1 11. - 4 , - 2 ,
23 . 27
28
50 - 13n.
572;
,
13. , 1 , , ^ , 15. You c a n w rite th e
5
o
o
5 o / Z
term s as (5 * 1 - 4), (5 * 2 - 4), (5 - 3 - 4), (5 * 4 - 4),
<2 ^ = 21,
= 5n - 4. 17. You c a n w rite th e te rm s as
(- 1 ) 1 ( 4 - 1), ( - l f ( 4 . 2), ( - l f ( 4 - 3), ( - 1 ) 4 ( 4 - 4),
<2 ^ = - 2 0 ,
= ( - 1 ) " ( 4 * n). 19. You c a n w rite th e
ca n w rite th e te rm s as y, , y, y, y, a,, = y, 22^ = y .

4 4 4 4 4 6 4' M 4
23. You can write the term s as 0.7(1) + 2 .4 ,0 .7 (2 ) + 2.4,
0.7(3) + 2 .4 ,0 .7 (4 ) + 2.4, 22g = 5.9, 22^ = 0.7n + 2.4.
2 5 . You ca n w rite th e te rm s as 1^ + 0.2, 2^ + 0.2,
32 + 0.2, 42 + 0.2,
= 25.2, <3^ = r;2 + 0.2.
29.
63
56
49
42
35
28
21
14
7
0
01 2 3 4 5 6 7 "
SELECTED ANSWERS
te r m s a s y ^ y ,y ^ y , y ^y ,y ^y , 22^ = ^ , 22^ = ^ . 21. You

15'
3n
3 (1 )'3 (2 )'3 (3 )'3 (4 )'
2 5 . 2! = 152 - 1472;
31.
37. X 3 ; + 4 39. X 2 ; - 3 41. X 7 ; - 4

7=1
:' = 1
:' = 1
1 y 4 5 . 42 4 7 . 100 49. 82 51. ^

53. 35
43 . X
140
; = 1 3 + :'
5 5 . 3 2 5 57. T h e tow er lim it is zero, so th e first term
should b e 3; 3 + 5 + 7 + 9 + 11 + 13 = 48.
12.1 Probiem Soiving (pp. 799-800) 63. 60, 90, 108,
120, ab o u t 128.57; T = 180(n - 2); 1800
65. 22^ = 2 " - 1; 63 m oves, 127 m oves, 2 5 5 m oves
6 7 . a. 15 balls b. 35 balls c. E xcep t for layer 1,
th ere are alw ays m o re balls in th e sa m e layer o f th e
squ are pyram id. T h e d ifferen ce in th e n u m b e r o f
, ,, . 72(72 - 1)
balls is ----- .
14
1
22
3 1 . 22,, = 9 + 572 3 3 . 22^ = 2 2 - 472 3 5 . 22 = 13 + 272

37.22 = ^ + y22 4 1 . - 9 6 4 3 .2 5 8 5 4 5 .3 1 5 4 7 .1 3 2
"
4
4
4 9 . 22^ = - 3 + 572 5 1 .22 = - 1 - 272 5 3. False.
&27?2p& 2272SM7er.* D o u b lin g th e c o m m o n d ifferen ce
a lo n e d o es n o t d o u b le th e su m . 5 5 .1 2 5 7 .2 5
5 9 .1 5 6 1 .2 2 ,5 0 0
12.2 Problem Solving (pp. 808-809) 6 3 . a. 22 =672
b. 271 cells 6 5 . a. 22 = - 4 + 872 b. 5 7 6 b locks
6 7 .$ 1 0 0
12.3 Skill Practice (pp. 814-815) 1. c o m m o n ratio
3. N ot g eo m etric; th e re is n o co m m o n ratio.
5. G eo m etric; th e re is a c o m m o n ratio o f y. 7. Not
6
g eo m etric; th e re is n o co m m o n ratio. 9. G eo m etric;
th ere is a c o m m o n ratio o f
11. G eo m etric; th ere
is a c o m m o n ratio o f - 3 . 13. N ot g eo m etric; th ere

is n o co m m o n ratio. 1 5 . 22 = ( - 4 ) " " *; 4 0 9 6
Selected Answers
SA 35
17.n'n
186,624
4 (6 )
19. a n = 2 (S4
-^ "
2 L ^ = 4 ( l ) ^ ' ; ^ 2 3 . ^ = - 2 ( 0 .4 )
2 5 .a ^ = 5 ( - 2 .8 )
729
- 0 .0 0 8 1 9 2
3. Si
1. p a rtia i su m
= 0.5, $2 = 0 .6 7 , Sg = 0 .7 2 ,
= 0 .7 4 , Sg - 0.75;
'
A!- I.
; 2 4 0 9 .4 5 1 5 2
2 9 . <2 = - 2 ( 6 ) " * ^
(pp. 823-824)
12.4 Skiii Practice
' 2048
If
1
5. Sg =
xj
4, Sg = 6.4, Sg = 7.84,
S^ ap pears to b e a p p roach in g 10 .
'
= 8 .7 1 , Sg = 9 .2 2 ;
* 3 -17 15. n o su m 1 7 . ^
7 .1 0 9. n o su m
SELECTED ANSWERS
19. S in ce r > 1, th e in fin ite g e o m etric series h a s no
-n 1 QQ OR 4 ^ 625
0.9 _ 0 . 9 _ i
10
su m . 2 1 . - 2 3 .1 8 2 5 . - 2 7 .
37. T h e ex p o n e n t shou ld b e n
M -l
a , = 3(2)
. 39. a^ = 3 (2 )" *
- 1 in stead o f n;
00
Tôr * M
* or a,^ = 3 ( - 2 ) " * ^
' b. 10.
Sam p/e answ er; On the 10th pass, there is oniy 1 term
to ch o o se from so it m u st b e the answ er 61. a.
=
19,000 + lOOOn, arithm etic; & = 2 0 ,0 0 0 (1 .0 4 )" * \
geom etric
a* a6 c. C om p any A:
$ 5 90,000;
C om p an y B:
a b o u t $ 5 9 5 ,5 6 2
d. 1 9 y r
i
1
S A 36
Selected Answers
"
3 7 .7 0 ft 41. a. 12 ft;
12.5 Skiii Practice (pp.830-831) 1. itera tio n 3 .1 ,4 ,

7, 10, 13 5. - 1 , - 6 , - 1 1 , - 1 6 , - 2 1 7. 2; 5; 26; 677;
4 5 8 ,3 3 0 9. 2, 8 , 10, 18, 22 11. 2, 3, 6 , 18, 108
13. ng = 21, n ^ = n ^ _ g - 7 15. n g = 4, a ^ = - 3 a ^ _
4 9 .1 3 1 ,0 7 0 5 1 . ^ ^ 53 .8 3 8 ,8 6 1 55.5nn tp /ean sw er;

256
100 200 400 800 1600
3 1 ' 3 1 ' 3 1 ' 3 1 ' 31
b. 75 skydivers 59. a. a^ = 512
(pp. 824-825)
2(0.75/:)
9 ft b. X 1 2 (0 .7 5 )''* * c . 5 6 f t d.
+ /: = 7/:
1 - 0 .7 5
!'= 1
8 0 ( - I ) " - 4 5 .^ = 6 ( 3 ) - ' 4 7 .^ = ( 3 ^ )
12.3 ProMem Solving (pp. 815-817) 57. a. a = 5 (2 )"
3 1 .-
12.4 Probiem Soiving
M -a = --S o (^ )**' r ^ -
130,000
2 9 .- ^ -
17. ng 2 1 . ng =
44, <2,,
16, ^2 * 9 '
i 19- ^ "
- 2 *"
= n^ _ g - 11
23. T h e rule
54, n^
- 1
d oes n o t w ork for ail o f th e te rm s o f th e seq u e n ce;

ng = 5, ng = 2, n^ = n ^ _ g - n ^ _
25. - 4 , - 1 4 , - 6 4
27. - 2 , - 4 , - 5 29. 5, 21, 4 3 7 31. 2, 4, 14 35. ng =

ng = 2, n^n = 4(n^
* ' " n _- 2g + n^ _ g) 37. a^ = 2, ng = 5,
T n^ _ g 39. a^ = 3, ag = 2,
+ a^ _ g) 41. Sam p /e answ er; If th e
a = -1 (% .
first tw o itera tes are 2 , th e third itera te m u st also

be 2.
12.5 Probiem Soiving (pp. 832-833) 43. a. ag = 5000,

n^ = 0 .8a^ _ g + 5 00; 3 5 2 4 fish b. T h e p o p u la tio n
o f th e lake a p p ro a ch es 2 5 0 0 fish.
1,
4 5 . ^ = 2000, ^ = 1 .0 1 4 ^ _ ^ - 100; 24 m o.
Sam p ie answ er; As lo n g G ladys d o es n o t add
an ything to h e r cred it card an d c o n tin u e s h er
pay m en ts, h er 2 4 th p a y m en t w ill o n ly b e $62.14.
Cumulative Review (pp. 848-849)
4 7 . a. a , = 20, a^ = 0 .7 a^ _ , + 20 b. 6 6 ^ m g
c. T h e m ain ten an ce level o f th e drug d ou bles as well;
a j = 40, a^ = 0.7 ^
^ + 40.
12.5 Problem Solving Workshop (p. 835)

1. T h e seq u e n ce a p p ro a ch es 400. 3. T h e n u m b er
o f m em b ers ap p ro a ch es 15,000. 5. S am p ie answer.'
2% o f th e b o o ks are lo st o f d iscard ed so 98% are
retained ; a^ = 0 .9 8 a ^ _ ^ + 1150.
Extension (p. 837)
!_
1 . Basis Step:
C heck th a t th e form u la w orks for n = 1.
2(1) - 1 = 1 ^ 1 = 1 /
'
Inductive Step:
3. B asis Step:
SELECTED ANSWERS
A ssum e th a t 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k - 1) = k^.

Show th at 1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k 1) + (2(k + 1) * 1)
= (k + 1)'.
1 + 3 + 5 + ... + (2k - 1) + (2(k + 1) - 1)
= k^ + ( 2 ( k + 1) - 1)
= k^ + 2k + 2 * 1
= k^ + 2k + 1
= (k + i f /
1 3 .1 3 1 5 .3 6 0 1 7 .v = ; - y 1 9 .y = - ; - - L
x
4
x
16
y
21.
C heck th a t th e fo rm u la w orks for n = 1.

2*"* = 2 ' - l - * 2 = 2 - l ^ - l = l /
Inductive Step:
A ssum e th a t 1 + 2 + 2^ + 2^ + ... + 2*^* * = 2*^ - 1.
Show th at 1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2 ^ * ' + 2 ^ * 3 ) - i
= 2 * + ' - 1.
1 + 2 + 22 + 23 + ... + 2 ^ " ' + 2 ^ * H '
= ( 2 * - 1)
= 2^ - 1 + 2^
2 5 .5 2 4 ,1 6 0 2 7 .1 2 9 .0 .1 5 3 1 .a b o u t l 2 .8 5 7 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,1 1 ,
ab o u t 3 .6 0 3 3 3 . a b o u t 2 1 5 .5 7 1 ,2 1 6 ,2 1 6 ,2 5 , ab o u t
8 .0 8 6 35. a b o u t 8 8 .8 5 7 ,9 2 , n o m od e, 28, a b o u t 8.967
3 7 . 273 39. ab o u t 2 .9 7 7 41. a^ = - 1 1 + 4n,
a^ = - 7 , a^ = a^ _ ^ + 4 4 3 . a^ = 3 (4 )" * *, n^ = 3,
= 2(2*1 - 1
a,^ = 4a^ _ ^ 4 5 . 5 in. 4 7 . in 5 yr 4 9 . a b o u t 0 .7 2 7
= 2 *^ t- 1 /
5 1 . a^ = 2 9 ,4 0 0 + 1600n ; $ 4 3 ,8 0 0
Chapter Review (pp. 840-842) 1. te rm s 3. exp licit

5 . 133 7 . 153 9. a = 11 - 3 n 11. a = 3 + 6n
13. - 4 0 3 15. 1200 17. a^ = 2 5 6 ^ ) " ^

1 9 .a ^ = 1 4 4 ( i ) " * ' o r a , ; = 1 4 4 ( - I ) " - '
Chapter 13
13.1 Skiii Practice (pp. 856-857) 1. T h e an gle form ed
by th e lin e o f sigh t to a n o b je c t an d a iin e parallel to
th e ground . 3. sin 0 =
2 1 .4 0 8 8 2 3 . ^
2 5 .4 2 7 . - 0 . 4 29.
31. ^
333
495
3 3 . 8, 40, 2 0 0 ,1 0 0 0 , 5 0 0 0 35. a i = 6, n = 3 a ^ .
37. a^ = 7, a^ = a^ _ j + 6
ta n 0 = y p e sc 0 =
se c 0 = ^ , c o t 0 = ^
5. sin 0 = y p co s 0 =
esc 0 =
se c 0 =
co s 0 = A ,
ta n 0 =
57
co t 0 =
Selected Answers
SA 37
7. sin 9 =
14
14
esc 9 = 14VTl5
115
9. co s
= y , co t 9 =
11
5
_
3\ 58
a
58
5 11. sin a = 1 58^ , ' co s

V58
y , se c a = y ^ , co t a = y
VT19
cos
co t ' =
7. sin a = - y
V ii
, tan a = y y , e sc a = ^, se c a =
9=
esc a =
\ 115
9 '
9\ 115
115
co s a = ^ - , tan
119
11
se c a = V 2 , c o t a = - 1
9. sin
a=
co s a = -
Y CSC
a= -
se c a
=
13. sin
12V119
V119
12 '
c s c a -^ y -,
cot a
$
5
5V34
34 '
5
13. sin a = 1, co s a = 0,
ta n a = u n d eh n ed , e sc a = 1, se c a = u n d efin ed ,
co t a = 0 15. sin a = - 1 , co s a = 0, ta n a = undefined,
e sc a = - 1 , s e c a = u n d efin ed , c o t a = 0
17.
30
19.
1 7 .x = 8 V 3 ,y = 16 1 9 .x = 4V 3,
13.1 Problem Solving (pp. 857-858) 31. a b o u t 63.4 cm

33. A bout 652 ft. .Sampie answ er; T h e larger th e an gle
th e d eep er th e final d epth . 35. a. ab o u t 2 2 ,8 1 8 m i
b. a b o u t 7263 m i
SELECTED ANSWERS
ta n a =
o4
J50
y = 8 V 3 2 1 . B = 55, a - 9.18,
13.11 23.71 = 72,
a = 22.83, h = 7.42 25.71 = 15, i? ^ 5 5.98, c = 5 7 .9 6
2 7. B = 26, a = 65.61, c = 73.0
25. V*3 27. - ^
29. ^ 31. ^ 3 3 3 , ^ p = sm (
3
3
3
cos a
sin 90 = 1 an d co s 90 = 0 so ta n 90 is u n d efin ed
b e c a u s e y ou c a n n o t divide by zero b u t co t a = y = 0.
13.3 Problem Solving (pp. 871-872) 35. a b o u t 10 ft
37. A b o u t 104 ft; no. .Sampie answ er; If you r startin g

1. origin, initial sid e 3. B 5. A
7.
h eig h t ab ov e th e g round is n o t d ou bled , th e en tire

h eig h t is n o t d ou bled .
39. a.
-10^
15-21. Sam p ie an sw ers are given. 1 5 . 430, - 2 9 0

1 7 .2 3 5 ,- 4 8 5 1 9 . y - y 2 1 . y , - y 23. y
25. - y
27. 20 29. 900 33. a b o u t 3.9 3 m ,

a b o u t 5.89 m^ 35. a b o u t 31 .4 ft, a b o u t 188 ft^
37. ab o u t 118 in., ab o u t 1470 in.^ 39. y 41. y
43. ab o u t 2.41 45. a b o u t 0.975
51. a. y
b. a b o u t 45 .6 ft
49. 72,000, 4007?
c o v e r l 6 ^ j or 2?r, w h ich is eq u iv alen t to 360.

c. a b o u t 5 1 9 5 .4 inV
13.3 Skill Practice (pp. 870-871) l.q u a d r a n ta l angle

P= y
co s P = y
s e c P = y - co t P = y
ta n a = y ,
CSC
fan a
5. sin
15
r<=r aa =
g , esc
a = -2 4 ^ 3
25'
= -JL
a = - yy, se c a = - y , c o t a = y
Se!ected Answers
25
30
35
40
45
Horizonta! distance
water travels, d
15.0
16.9
18.4
19.2
19.5
Angte of sprinkter, 0
50
55
60
65
Horizontal distance
water travels, d
19.2
18.4
16.9
1.5.0
trav eled will o c c u r w h en sin 2 a is as large as

p o ssib le. T h e m a x im u m value o f sin 2 a o ccu rs
w h en 2 a = 90, th a t is, w h en a = 45.
c. T h e d ista n ce s are th e sam e.
13.4 Skill Practice (p. 878) 1. inverse 3. y 90 5. y 90
53. a. a b o u t 16.5 in.
angle o f ^ and th ere are 16 step s, th e sta irca se will
3. sin
Angie of sprinkler, 0
b. 45; sin c e y is co n sta n t, th e m a x im u m d ista n ce
b. 360. Sam p/e answer.* S in ce e a c h step h as a ce n tra l
SA 38
co s a = y , ta n a = - 1 , e sc a = - V 2 ,
25'
7 .Ô, 60 9 . - ^ O, - 3 0 13. a b o u t 1.20, a b o u t 69.0

15. a b o u t 1.98, ab o u t 113.6 17. a b o u t - 0 .2 0 , abou t
11.5 19. a b o u t 0.14, ab o u t 8.1 21. ab o u t 206.7
23. ab o u t 252.6 25. a b o u t 284.5 27. a b o u t 38.7
29.120 31. S am p ie answ er; 600
35.
/]
100 ft
a b o u t 53
90 - 10 = 80 ft
3 7. A bout 32.9; a b o u t 4 6 .4 ft. S am p le answ er: T h e

pile is 15 feet high an d th e an gle o f re p o se is a b o u t
32.9, th e b a se o f th e right trian g le fo rm ed is a b o u t
2 3.2 feet. S in ce th is rep rese n ts th e rad iu s o f t h e pile,
you need to m u ltiply by 2 to get th e d iam eter.
3 '" = ' " " A i n )
I . a b o u t 8 1 .9 3. a b o u t 4 6 1 9 .5 5. a b o u t 7 9 2 .6 ft^
Chapter Review (pp. 898-900) 1. An an gle in

stan d ard p o sitio n h a s its v ertex a t th e origin, and
its in itia l sid e lies o n th e p o sitiv e x -a x is. 3. u n it
circle 5. S a m p le an sw er; T h e law o f sin e s is a ratio
relatin g th e sin e o f a n a n gle an d its co rresp o n d in g
side to th e o th e r an gles
an d co rresp o n d in g sides. 7. a b o u t 2 6 .6 m 9. - ^
I I .3 3 0 1 3 . - V 2 1 5 .2 17. a b o u t 19.5 1 9 .A = 31.7,
C = 4 4 .3 , a = 13.5 2 1 . A = 47, a = 16.9, c = 22.1
2 3. A = 58.7, C = 46.3, & = 2 2 .6
Chapter 14
14.1 Skiii Practice (pp 912-913)
1. p erio d 3 .1 , y 5 .1 , 2
SELECTED ANSWERS
13.5 Ski)! Practice (pp. 886-887) 1. two angle m easures

and the length o f a side, or the lengths o f two sides
and the m easure o f an angle opposite one o f the two
sides 3. SSA; o ne triangle 5. SSA; n o triangle
7. ASA; o ne triangle 9. SSA; no triangle 11. SSA; one
triangle 13. A = 37.6, B = 38.4, a = 1 5 . 7 1 5 .B = 65,
a = 23.8, & = 32.2 17. C = 95, a = 17.6, & = 37.8
1 9 . B = 1 1 9 ,a = 6 .5 ,c = 8.5 2 1 .B = 5 4 .1 ,C = 87.9,
c = 30.8, or B = 125.9, C = 16.1, c = 8.6 23. B = 37.5,
C = 28.5, c = 7.8 25. C = 99, a = 62.7, c = 82.0
27. T he sides w ere n o t paired w ith their o p p o site
sin C . sin 55 ^ ^ _ sin 55
0 .6 8 2 6 ,
angles; 5
6 '
6
C = 43.0. 29. a b o u t 4 1 .0 31. a b o u t 2 9 1 .9
3 3. ab o u t 18.9 35. a b o u t 176.2 37. a b o u t 2 8 5 .6
39. ab o u t 205.3
13.6 Probiem Soiving Workshop (p. 895)
133 Probiem Soiving (pp. 887-888)

4 3. a b o u t 193.6 ft, a b o u t 2 1 2 .9 ft
4 5. a.
b. third side: a b o u t 70 .4 ft;

o th e r angles: a b o u t 47.6,
a b o u t 74.4 c. 9 bags
4 7. a. a b o u t 152.9 m
13.6 Skii) Practice (pp. 892-893) 1. sem ip e rim e te r

3. law o f co sin es 5. law o f sin es 7. law o f sines
9 . B = 30.7, C = 3 5 . 3 , a = 41.1 1 1 .A = 110.4,
C = 44.6, & = 3.60 13.A = 30.3, B = 128.4, C = 21.3
15. A = 55.7, B = 76.3, c = 15.3 17. A = 42.6,
B = 11.7, C = 125.7 19. A = 36.7, B = 47.3, c = 58.2
2 1. ab o u t 104 23. a b o u t 1108.6 25. a b o u t 25
2 7. ab o u t 131.9 29. ab o u t 2 2 5 9 .7 3 1 . a b o u t 9 94.3
3 5. Sin ce you are lo o k in g for A th e e q u a tio n should
b e a ^ = &^ +
- 2& cco sA ; 18^ = 15^ + 10^
- 2 ( 1 5 ) ( 1 0 ) co s A, A = c o s '* 0 .0 0 3 3 = 89.8.
3 7. A = 45, & = 25.2, c = 15.3 39. A = 68.2, C =
21.8, & = 16.2 41. A = 93.7, B = 33.9, C = 52.4
25. Sa m p le answ er; T h e rise an d fall o f th e tides

versus tim e.
14.1 Probiem Soiving (pp 913-914)

8 in.
13.6 Probiem Soiving (pp. 893-894) 43. ab o u t 119.6

45. About 19.8 acres. Sam p/e answ er: Find AT* th en find
the area o f A ACD and A A BC using Heron's form ula.
4 7. a. ab o u t 2.6 m i b. a b o u t 3 h 45 m in c. A bout
1 h 46 m in; 79.2W o f N. Sam ple answ er; T h e angle at
hiker 1 is 79.2 and you have parallel lines at each hiker
pointing in the North direction. T h e angle at hiker 2 is
then an alternate interior angle, and is congruent.
3 1. a. y = 1.75 co s ^ 1 b. Sin ce th e high p o in t o ccu rs at

1 = 0 , th e c o sin e fu n c tio n b e s t re p rese n ts situ ation .
Selected Answers
SA 39
14.2 Skit! Practice (pp.919-921) 1 .3 3. E 5. D 7. A
2 5 . sin x e sc x = sin x [
I= 1
\smx/
+1
C O S (^
27,
29.
s in # + l
l-s in 6
l-s in (-# )
csc^ 6 - cot^ (
1 -s in
cos
= sec^ 6
3 1 . sin x + co s x co t x = sin x + co s x f TEM ) =

\ sm x/
cos^ x
sin^ x + cos^ x
1
s in x +
= e sc x
sin x
sin x
sin x
gg 1 + cos x 1 sin x
_ 1 + 2cos x + cos^ x + sin^ x
sm x
1 + cos x
(1 + cos x) (sin x)
1 + 2cos x + 1
_
2 + 2cos x
(l + c o sx )(sin x )
(l+ c o s x )(s in x )
2 (l+ c o s x )
2
n
= yv
r = - ------- = 2 CSC X
(l + co sx )(sm x )
sin x
3 5 . sin x, e sc x, ta n x, c o t x; co s x, se c x
3 7. In [ ta n 6
In I
cos <
I = l n I sin 6 1 - In I co s 6 1
SELECTED ANSWERS
39 . se c x ta n x - sin x =
47. T h e graph o f y = co s x ca n b e o b ta in ed by
tran slatin g th e graph o f y = sin x e ith e r to th e left
cos x
^ *
cos x - sm x =
sin x
sin x cos^ x _ sin x - sin x cos^ x
cos^ x
cos^ x
sin x (l - cos^ x)
sin x (sin^ x)
.
?
= sm x ta n x
b y ^ o r to th e right p .
14.2 Probiem Soiving (pp. 921 -922)

51. h = 3.7 5 co s (2 0 0 n tj 53. a. rf = - 3 0 0 ta n 9
b.
200
c .a b o u t l 8 .4
c.
14.3 Skii! Practice (pp. 927-928) 1. A trig o n o m e tric

eq u atio n th at is tru e for all values o f 0 in its d o m ain
3. co s 6 = p p , tan 6 =
esc 6 = 3, se c 6 = ^ p ,
\ ti
co t 6 = 2 V 2 5. sin 6 = - ^ p - , tan 6 = - ^ - p ,
c s c O = -^ E s e c . = .c o t9 = - ^ E
11
7. sin 6
esc 6 =
11
5V29
- co s 6 = - p ^ , tan 6 = - ^
29
5
se c 6 =
11. - t a n 6
13. se c 6 15. s in ^ x 1 7 .1 19. s i n x 2 1 . - 1

2 3 . tan ( - x ) = - ta n (x), so Step 1 u sed an in co rrect
su b stitu tio n ;
sin x
cos*
sirn ;
= -se cx .
cosx
0
r
Seiected Answers
77*
3?r
4
57T
4
377*
2
3.40
1.07
0.634
0.543
0.634
1.07
ab o u t 5 0 .5 m illio n m i, a b o u t 3 .31 b illio n m i

4 3 . T h e value o f ta n 6 in crea ses as th e value o f sin 6
in creases and th e value o f co s 6 d ecreases; 0 < 6 < p
2n < 0 <
p ,
4n < 6 <
p ,
an d so on.
14.4 Skiii Practice (pp. 935-936) 1. A trig on o m etric

id entity is tru e for all real values o f x w here a
trig o n o m etric eq u a tio n is o n ly tru e for so m e sp ecific
value(s) o fx . 3 . 2 + 3 co s (4n) - 5 = 2 + 3(1) - 5 = 0
1)2
5 . 12sin2 g - 3 = 1 2 ^ - 3 = 0
7 . 2 co s"
- cos^
= 2 (0)4 - (O f = 0
9. ^ + 2 m t o r ^ + 2m t 1 1 . ^ + nn
D
S A 40
35.6
ir
1 3 .^ + m to r^ + M n
21.
y, ^
17 377* 577 777

4'
1 7 . ^
23. W h en tw o n eg ative vaiu es are
1
7y*
divided, th e q u o tie n t is positive; co s x = - , x = .
25. ^ + njt 27. -^ + nn or ^ + mt 29. ^ + 2m t or
6
j
o
^
it+ 2m t 31. ^
33. a b o u t 0 .5 7 2 35. ^
3 7 . (0 ,1 )
39

sin a co s b + co s a sin b, sin (a
co s a sin b, co s (a + b) = co s a
co s (a - b) = co s a co s b + sin
ta n a + tanb_ ^
14.4 Problem Solving (pp. 936-937) 4 1 . July 2 6 and

- CO!
HI
^
nr ^
P 27 , 2 7 ) V3 c
o s#
N ovem ber 2 6 43. a. S = + '
sin 0
b. Sam p/e;

2 3 . V = 100 sin 4 n f 2 5 . b = - 2 . 5 co s n f + 6.5
2 7 . a. AT = 3 .6 8 sin ( 0 .7 7 6 ; - 0 .7 0 3 ) + 2 0.4
b. a b o u t 2 3 ,1 0 0 em p lo y ees
16
17
18
19
9.1095
8.9887
8.8825
8.7884
120
121
122
123
8.9246
8.9619
9.0005
9.0405
ab o u t 17 and ab o u t 122
a b o u t 54.7
(^ - h) =
1. sin (a + b) =
- b) = sin a co s b co s b - sin a sin b,
a sin b, ta n (a + b) ^
^ a
- ^
1 + tan a tan b
1 - tan a tan b
3. V3 - 2 5. 2 - V3 7. ^
9. ^
11. s i n ^ - o ) = s i n ^ c o s 9 - c o s ^ s i n 9 = l(c o s 9 ) 0 (s in 9 ) = c o s 9 1 3 . ^ 15.

1 7 . - ^ 19. t a n x
85
85
13
2 1. c o s x 2 3. c o s x 2 5 . - c o s x 2 7 . - c o t x
2 9. - c o t x 3 1 . T h e sign in th e d e n o m in a to r should
b e neg ative w h en u sin g th e su m form u la;
tan x + tan ^
^
------------------ 4_ = ta n x + 1
35 . a b o u t 3 . 757 ,
1 - tan x tan ^
^ *
4
14.6 Problem Solving (pp. 953-954) 4 1 . a b o u t 15 m in

b l + tan^t)
b l + tan^ 0 )
/
48 se c 4 3 . a.
------------- + b.
= y
b (l + tan 9 tan t)
b (l + tan 9 tan 0)
b
14.4 Problem Solving Workshop (p. 939) 1. ab o u t 0 987,
14.7 Skill Practice (pp. 959-960) 1. d o u b le angle
ab o u t 3.01 3. ab o u t 0.298, ab o u t 0 .702 5. ab o u t 22.6,

ab o u t 37.4 7 . 1:32 AM, 10:52 AM, 1:56 PM, 11:16 PM
9. ab o u t 0.17 se c and ab o u t 0.83 sec
3. - 2
14.5 Skill Practice (pp. 944-945) 1. T h e g raph o f a sin e

o r co sin e fu n c tio n 3. S a m p le an sw er; y = 3 sin 2 x
5. Sam p /e an sw er; y = - 2 co s
+ 4
7. To d eterm in e th e am p litu d e, y o u m u st tak e h a lf

o f th e d ifferen ce b etw ee n th e m ax im u m an d th e
1 0 - (-6 )
= 8.
m inim u m ;
9 -1 7 . Sam p ie an sw ers are given. 9. y = 6 sin -1x
ll.y = - c o s 3 x + 4 1 3 .y = 2 c o s ^ ( x - ^ j + 7
15. y = 2 sin ^ (x + 2n) - 2 17. y = - 6 co s ^ x - 6
2 1 .y = 3 co s 4 ( x - - j + 2;
y = 3 co s ^4x y = 3 co s ^
+ 2 (Dist. property);
- 4 x ) + 2 (Neg. an gie id en tity);
]Q ^ 3 _ V 6 _ V 2 15. 3VlO
' 3 '
3 '
2
10 '
i^ 4
3
4
4V5^ 1
^ '5 - * 5 '" 3 I " '^ - '9 - 4 ^
2 5 . co s 9
^ 9. V2 + 1
V 10
10 '
i
2 tan 6
2 1 .1 2 3 . ^ - ^
1 2 9 . T h e co rre ct h a lf an gle fo rm u la is
2 - V2
1 - cos a
2 - V 2 _ V2 - V*2
2
' 1 2
1 2
4
3 1. sin 3 9 = sin (29 + 9) = sin 2 9 co s 9 +
co s 2 9 sin 9 = 2 sin 9 co s 9 co s 9 + (2 cos^ 9
l) sin 9
= 2 sin 9 cos^ 9 + (2 cos^ 9 - l) s in 9 =
sin 9 (2 cos^ 9 + 2 cos^ 9 - 1) = sin 9 (4 cos^ 9 - 1 )
3 3 . 2 sin^ x ta n = 2 sin^ x ( ^ s x j
2
\ sm x /
2 sin x (1 - co s x) = 2 sin x - 2 sin x co s x =
2 sin x - sin 2 x 3 5 . co s 4 9 = co s (29 + 29) =
co s 2 9 co s 2 9 - sin 2 9 sin 2 9 = (cos^ 9 - sin^ 9)^ (2 sin 9 co s 9 f = cos^ 9 - 2 cos^ 9 sin^ 9 + sin^ 9 4 sin^ 9 cos^ ! = co s 9 - 6 sin 9 co s 9 + sin
Q7
4T7
3
y = 3 sin 4x + 2 (C ofun ction identity)
5 . 2 - V3 7.
77 7 7 7
77 77 2 7 7 4 7 7 3 7 7 5 7 7
4' 4
3' 2' 3 ' 3 ' 2 ' 3
4 3 . T h e value o f ta n 9 in crea ses as th e value o f sin9

in crea ses an d th e value o f co s 9 d ecreases; 0 < 9 < y ,
2n 9 < ^ , 4n 9 <
and so on.
Selected Answers
SA41
SELECTED ANSWERS
a b o u t 5 .6 6 8 3 7 . 0 , ^ , n , ^
14.7 ProMem So!ving (pp. 961-962)

5 1 .24.3 < 0 < 65.7 5 3 . a b o u t 47.2
Catenating with Percents (p. 977) 1 .1 9 6 3 . 3 8 4 5 .1 7
16
55. a. y = (41.75)^ + tan 9 (4 1 .7 5 ) + 6
(4O)^cos^0
1743.0625
(4 1 . 75 ) + 6; ab o u t 36.7 or
b .y
7 .1 9 .5 4 % 1 1 .1 0 % 1 3 .2 0 % 1 5 .2 % 1 7 .8 0 1 9 .6 0
2 1 .7 0 2 3 .8 2 5 .2 5 % d ecrea se 2 7 .5 0 % in cre a se
2 9 .9 6 % in cre a se 3 1 .7 9 % d ecrea se
100 cos^ u
abou t 58.8 c. Sam p/e ansmer.' T h e p erso n aim s
toward th e bask et and th e baii d oes n o t b o u n c e o h
th e rim.
Factors and Muitipies (p. 979) 1.2 * 3
4 5 .8 9 1 4 7.
Chapter Review (pp. 965-968) l.c y c i e s 3. p erio d
4 9. 5 7 . 5 3 . 1
its 9 p.] 13 a - 23 cc 59
^ ' 1 6 ^ '3 0 ^ '8 0
5. freq u en cy
7 3 .3 - 5^
5 . 2 * 5 * 7 7. 2^ - 3^ 9. p rim e 1 1 .2 ^ * 11 13. p rim e

1 5.2^ 1 7 .8 1 9 .1 1 2 1 .4 2 3 .3 2 5 .1 0 2 7 .3 2 9 .1
3 1 .1 6 3 3 . 30 3 5 .2 4 3 7. 6 3 9. 3 6 4 1 .3 0 4 3 . 40
^ '2 0
55. g
17
5 7. g
11
^ '1 8
^ '2 0
Ratios and Proportions (p. 980) 1 . 1 to 3, 1 :3 , ^

3 . 5 t o 4 , 5 : 4 , y 5 . 5 t o 6 , 5 : 6 , 7. l t o l , 1 :1 I
9 .4 to 9 ,4 :9 ,^ 1 1 .7 t o l,7 :l ,y
1 3 .7 1 5 .2 0 1 7 .2
19. 5 2 1 .4 0 2 3 . 6 .75 2 5. 99 2 7. 72
Converting Units of Measurement (p. 981) 1 .6 0 0 0

3 . 5 5 .7 .7 7 .1 6 9 .4 0 0 0 1 1 .0 .8 1 3 .6 1 5 .1 .5
SELECTED ANSWERS
1 7 .3 6 0 0 1 9 .3 2 1 . 1 2 3 .6 3 ,3 6 0 2 5 .2 2 7 .4 0 0 0
3*77*
97T
!2
Scientific Notation (p. 982) 1 .6 X 10^' 3. 8 X 10"^
67T
5 .4 .0 8 X 1 0 ' 7 .3 .8 5 X 1 0 " " 9. 4 .1 2 3 6 X 10"

11. 4 .8 6 X 10^ 1 3 .1 .0 0 2 X 1 0 ^ 15. 7 .0 5 0 5 X 10^
17. 9 .8 5 X 10^ 19. 8 .05 X 10^ 2 1 . 5 0 0 0 2 3 . 0.82
2 5 .0 .0 0 3 2 2 7 .7 3 4 ,5 0 0 2 9 .1 .8 1 4 3 1 .1 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0
3 3 .0 .0 0 0 0 0 8 3 5 .1 ,8 7 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 3 7 .6 ,0 8 0 ,0 0 0
3 9 . 3 4 ,0 1 0 ,0 0 0
-cos^x
7 .4 .9 9 .1 9 5 1 1 .0 .0 3 6 1 3 .1 0 0 9 1 5 .1 8 17. $ 1 7 .4 0
1 9 .2 .5 p in ts p e r stu d en t 2 1 .2 5 4 3 b o o k s p e r lib rary
2 3 .$ 1 2 5 0
7r
J7T 7T 7T 577* 777* 277* 5 7 7
^ 1 . 73 r', 2^37^ r,' 4^7173 r,5U71
3 ZO. 12' 6' 3 12' 12' 3 ^ r- ^
117T 13^7 777* 477 17??* 19TT 577 1177* 2377"
1 2 ' 1 2 ' 6 ' 3 ' 1 2 ' 1 2 ' 3 ' 6 ' 12
Writing Aigebraic Expressions (p. 984) 1. a + 8 3. 2 a
a a s m c r y = co s 7rx
15. x + 5 d ollars 17. 45 - m m in 19. lOx d ollars
bill
Significant Digits (p. 983) 1 .6 0 0 3 .8 1 5 .1 .8 8 5
2 2 7 . 2 + V3 29. - ^
5 . ^ a 7 . 5 a 9 .0 .2 5 a l l . a - 2
13. c - 4 y r
V2 + V3
V2 + V3
V3 V3
3 1 .- ^ - 3 3 . - ^
3 5 .- ,-
Binomiai Products (p. 985) 1. a + 8 a + 15
SkM!s Review Handbook
3.
+ I 5 f + 56 5 .y 2 + 6y + 8 7 .y ^ - 4y + 4
9 . z ^ - 8 z + 1 6 l l . y ^ - 4 y - 2 1 1 3 .2 5 x ^ -1 6
15. 2c^ + 3 c - 3 5 17. - z ^ + 49 1 9 . 16a^ + 2 4 a + 9
2 1 . - x ^ - 4 x + 32 2 3. - a ^ + 18a - 81
25. 10x^ - 2 1 x - 10 2 7. - 2 4 z ^ + 22z - 3
Operations with Positive and Negative Numbers (p. 975)

1 . - 6 3 . - 6 0 5 .2 7 . 8 9 .4 4 1 1 . - 4 1 3 .1 2 1 5 . - 7 2
1 7 . - 2 1 9 . - 3 2 1 .9 2 3 .6 2 5 . - 1 5 2 7 . - 1 2 2 9 .5
3 1 .4 2 33. - 1 7 3 5 .2
11
Fractions, Decimais, and Percents (p. 976) 1 3 . -
5 - Tv 7 - - ^ 9 - ^ 1 1 .0 .2 5 1 3 .1 .2 1 5 .0 .3 7 5 1 7 .1 .4 2
10
50
Z0
1 9 .0 .3 21. 60% 2 3 .1 3 0 % 2 5 .4 5 % 2 7 .8 0 % 2 9 .2 5 0 %
SA 42
Seiected Answers
LCDs of Rationai Expressions (p. 986) 1 .2 a h 3 . z^

5. 126m
1 3 .6 (m
21. 7 0 (a
2 7 . (m -
7 . 3y^ 9. (a + 2 ) (a - 2) 11. 5 ( a + 1)
- 3 ) 15. ( x - 4 f 1 7 .2 a ^ (5 a + 4) 19. (k + 3)^
+ 2) 2 3. (a + 2 f 2 5. (k - 3 )(k - 2)
7 )(m - 4 )(m ^ + 5 m - 45)
More Probiem Soiving Strategies (p. 999) 1 .4 :1 5 P M
The Coordinate Ptane (p. 987)

j
A
y
R
S'
*
G
P*
D S'
f
M
'C
*M
a
21.
25.
2 9.
3 3.
3 7.
41.
(2 ,5 ) 23. (5, - 5 )
(4 ,0 ) 2 7 . (5 ,4 )
(4, - 2 ) 3 1 . ( - 2 , 0)
( - 2 , 2) 3 5 . (2, - 4 )
(2, - 1 ) 3 9 . ( - 1 , 5 )
( - 4 , - 3 ) 4 3 . (1, - 3 )
'B
Transformations (p. 989)

1. (3, - 8 ) 3. ( - 3 , 11) 5. (8, 3) 7. ( - 8 , - 3 )
3 .6
w ays 5 .4 0 p arts 7 . 8 d im es, 5 n ick els
Logica! Argument (p. 1001) 1. valid; C h ain Ruie

3. invalid 5. valid; An<^ R ule 7. valid; O r Rule
9. invalid 11. tru e 13. false 15. tru e 17. tru e
19. false 2 1. tru e
Conditionai Statements and Counterexampies (p. 1003)
Venn Diagrams (p. 1004)

Line Symmetry (p. 990) 1. n o n e 3. 1 5. n o n e 7. 2
9. ( - 4 , - 1 )
11. ( - 2 , 2 )
Perimeter and Area (p. 991) 1 .1 0 cm , 6 cn Z 3. 26 in.,
SELECTED ANSWERS
1. If you h ave th e e q u a tio n y = m x + I?, th e n you

h ave th e graph o f a lin e; if y ou h av e th e graph o f
a line, th e n you h ave th e e q u a tio n y = m x + h,
false. 3. If A bby fin ish es h e r h o m ew o rk , th e n she
c a n go sw im m in g; if A bby g oes sw im m in g, th e n
sh e fin ish ed h er h om ew ork , false. 5. If 4 x + 8 = 28,
th e n x = 5; if x = 5, th e n 4 x + 8 = 28, true. 7. True;
if tw o lin es are p erp en d icu lar, th e n th e y in te rs e ct to
fo rm a righ t an gle an d if tw o lin es in te rs e ct to form
a righ t angle, th e n th e y are p erp en d icu lar. 9. False;
n o t all o ran ge v eg eta b le s are carro ts. 11. False;
th e co n v e rse is n o t true. 13. F alse; zero is n eith e r
p o sitiv e n o r negative. 15. False. S am p le answ er;
An o cta g o n co u ld h ave exactly 5 co n g ru e n t sides.
17. False; A co u ld b e in b etw ee n R an d C and
th erefo re w ould o n ly b e 2 in c h e s fro m C. 19. False.
S am p le answ er; C harlie co u ld h ave 10 dim es.
24 i n / 5 .4 8 yd, 84 yd^ 7 .1 4 m , 10.8 nZ
Circumference and Area of a Circie (p. 992)

I . C = 10n in. or a b o u t 31 in., A = 25n i n / o r ab o u t
79 i n / 3. C = 8n in. o r a b o u t 25 in ., A = 167t i n /
o r a b o u t 50 i n / 5. C = 24n ft or a b o u t 75 ft,
A = 144it fZ or ab o u t 4 5 2 fZ 7. C = 6n ft or ab o u t
19 ft, A = 9n fZ or a b o u t 28 fZ 9. C = 2n cm or
a b o u t 6 cm , A = n cn Z or a b o u t 3 cn Z 11. C = 22n in.
or a b o u t 69 in., A = 121n i n / o r a b o u t 3 8 0 i n /
Surface Area and Voiume (p. 993) 1 .1 5 8 i n / , 120 i n /

3. 54 c m / 27 cn Z 5 . 1547t yd^ or a b o u t 4 84 y d /
196n yd^ or ab o u t 6 16 yd^
5. False. S a m p le answ er; 10 is even, b u t it is n o t a

m u ltiple o f 3 or 4. 7. False; 1 is a p ositive odd in teg er
an d a fa cto r o f 10. 9. True; 2 is th e on ly even prim e
n um ber.
Mean, Median, Mode, and Range (p. 1005)

Angie Reiationships (p. 994) 1 .3 9 3 . 8 5 .1 6 7 .2 3 9 .2 9
Triangie Reiationships (p. 995) 1 .4 0 3 .6 0 5 .5 0 cm
7 .1 2 ft 9. 55
Congruent and Simiiar Figures (p. 997) 1. sim iiar
1. a b o u t $ 6 6 4 , $ 6 7 5 , $ 6 5 0 , $ 3 0 0 3. 6 8 5 m in , 713 m in,
n o n e, 611 m in 5 .4 8 co o k ies, 48 co o k ies, 4 8 co o k ies
an d 60 co o k ies, 2 4 co o k ie s 7. $ 9 .2 0 , $8 .9 0 , n o n e,
$ 5 .8 5 9. 15 p eop le, 14 p eop le, 10 p e o p le an d 18
p eo p le an d 2 2 peop le, 25 p eo p le
3. co n g ru e n t 5. co n g ru e n t 7. n e ith e r 9. co n g ru e n t
I I . 1 1 . 5 1 3 .1 4 1 5 .4 0 1 7 .7
Selected Answers
SA 43
Graphing Statisticai Data (p. 1006) 1 . 6 P.M. 3. 5 diners;

yes 5 .1 4 diners 7. w inter and su m m er 9. natural gas
1 1 .5 0 h o m es
13. Students in School Activities
S 70
S 60
S 50
o 40
<} 30
33. x > 7
-4-1 I I I I I I I
35.x<5
4 - ) H I ! +4 ! I I I h
-2 0 2 4 6 8 10
-2
47.c<-7orc>7
4 9 .- I < j'< 4
Z 10
0
10
4 3 . - 1 , 5 45. - I
20
-4 0 + 4 I I I I I I I I I I 1 0 4
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
- ] ! * ! ! ! I + I i
-2
0
2
4
6
Chapter 2 (p. i o n ) 1. F u n ctio n ; for e a c h in p u t th ere

is ex a ctly o n e o u tp u t. 3. N ot a fu n ctio n ; th ere is
CP
m o re th a n o n e o u tp u t for th e in p u t - 2 . 5. - p falls
7. u n d efin ed ; is v ertica l 9. n eith e r
11.
Organizing Statisticai Data (p. 1009)

1.
XX
30
35
0 0
6
7
2
0
5
0
50
5.
Leaves
3 . S te m
3
4
5
SELECTED ANSWERS
45
13.
/
/
19. y = 7x - 3 2 1. y = - 2
2 5 .y = 2x; - 4
$5.7 5 ^ /
$6 .50
c. a b o u t 36
$8 .5 0 $11.25
$ 1 6 .0 0
31.
\
Extra Practice
33.
Chapter 1 (p. 1010 )

^ -5
-/2
0.2
) 4 ^
-2 -1
3.
t )*)
-4
-2
l * t ! I l<
0
2
4
' 3 i .y =
Setected Answers
2 7 .y = ^ x - ^ ; 6
-3 x + 25
'
-!
'7
/
/
4 -
3.7
2 3 .1 4 2 5 .y = I x + 3 ; ^
S A 44
5 .1 .2 5 lb 7 .1 5 9. 52 11. 6r^ - 5 r + 12 13. 8& - 20

15. - 5 m ^ + 9m - 12 17. 5 19. - 1 2 2 1 .2
2+
/!5
-/7
V ) *! I
1 2 3
sh ifted left 3
29. y
+ I
3
2 7 .y = I x ; - I
-^ 4
2
tt 2
9 . 5 1 1 .2 3 dogs 13. 4 3 ib 1 5 .2 5 ch ild ren

1 7 .1 2 songs 1 9 .1 0 son gs; 18 songs
2 3. y =
^
3
+ + + +
++
10 12 14 16
7 .-H -
1.
55
60
Hourly Wages
7 9
4 4
5 7
3
Key: 3 10 = 30
/**
'
sh ifted dow n 2, left 1, and

v ertically stretch ed
2 1. (2x - 5) (x + 3) 2 3 . n o t fa cto ra b le 2 5 . *
Chapter 3 (p. 1012)
27. - 3 ,
2 9 . 2 V l4 3 1 . ^
3 7 . 1 1 - 3 : 39. - ^
33. 2 V 2 35. 5 + VlO
41. - 3 + V l9 43. 3 V6
4 5 . - 5 + V 35 4 7 . - ^ ^ 4 9 . x < 0 o r x > 1 0
8
O
5 1 . - 0 . 6 5 3 < x < 7 .6 5 5 3 .y = 3x^ + 2 x - 7
5 5. y = - 2 x ^ - 6 x + 36
Chapters (p. 1014) 1.9.52 X 10*^ 3.5 X 10^ 5. ^ ;
11.
9.
pow er o f a p ro d u ct property, n eg ativ e ex p o n e n t

p ro p erty 7 . 7x^ y^; p ro d u ct o f pow ers property,
q u o tie n t o f pow ers property, n eg ative e x p o n e n t
p ro p erty
y
11.
//
/
/,
X
' X
*
-2
-2
9l
4
17. (x - 2 )(x + 2 )( 2 x + 1) 19. V 7 + V l7

+ 25 + J H - 2 3 . - 3 , 1 , 1
x 3
2
2 5 . positiv e: 2 o r 0, n eg ativ e: 1, im agin ary: 2 or 0
27. positive: 1, negative: 1, im aginary: 2 29. ( - 1 . 5 , - 4 )
lo ca l m in im u m , (0, 0) lo ca l m ax im u m , (1.5, - 4 )
lo ca l m in im u m ; ( - 2 , 0), (0, 0), (0, 0), (2, 0), d egree 4
3 1 . y = 0.5x2 + ^.2 + 2 % - 1
2 1 . 2x2 + ^
19.
16
-2
9
13
-7
7
2 1 . n o t d efin ed ; th e n u m b e r o f
colu m ns in th e left m atrix d oes n o t eq u al th e n u m b er

o f rows in th e right m atrix. 23. 66 25. - 9 27. (3, - 1 4 )
8
2 9 .(3 ,-3 ,l) 3 1 .
-1
7*
3
33.
0 " 5
3
2
3 5. (14, - 6 ) 37. ( - 8 , - 3 )
Chapter6 (p.1015) 1. 3 3 . - 3 5 .3 2 7 .1 6 9. 3
11. 2 .1 5 1 3 . ! 1 5 .3 17 . 9 ^ 2
171/7
1 9 .4 8 ^ 2
Chapter 4 (p. 1013)
2 1 . y 2 z ^ l 8 x 3 y 4 2 3 . 2 x ^ y ^ '1 2 x ^ y 2 5. x^ + x - 4,
1.
all real n u m b ers 27.

x = 0 2 9.
64
-x+4, all real n u m b e rs
g(/M) =
41.
+ 1 = x - 1 + 1 = x,
(3x2 + l)-lll/2
3 5 ./" i(x ) =
excep t
all real n u m b e rs 3 1 . x, all real n u m b ers
3 3 ./ ( g ( x ) ) =
5.
SELECTED ANSWERS
13. - 3 * 2 + 3 x - 8 1 5 . 3 x ^ (x + 3 ^
[-1 7
/3
^
17.
-8
( ' - 3 ' - 3 )
/3x2\i,2
3 7 ./" * ( x ) = - ^ - x + 2

9. y = 7x^ + 4 2 x + 56 11. y = x^ - 14x + 56

13. ( x - 2)^ 15. (x + 9 ) ( x + 1 2 ) 1 7 . - 7 , 2 1 9 . - 1 1 , 5
Selected Answers
SA45
d o m ain : x > - 2 ,
range: y > - 3
17. - 2
1 9 .3 2 1 .x 2 3 . 2 x
.y
d o m ain : x > 0, ran g e: all
real n u m b ers
25.
X
4 9 .3 51. - 1
5 3 .3 5 5 . 1 ,3
y
27.
Chapter 7 (p. 1016)

d o m ain : all real n u m bers,
range: y > 0
d o m ain : x > 0, range: all

real n u m b ers
l
-]
2 9 .1 o g g 2 + l o g g X - 1 3 1 .1 n 2 0 + 3 1 n x + 2 1 n y
3.

range: y > - 2
/
'
3 3 .lo g 20x 4 35 . ] n ^ _ 3 7 . a b o u t 3.161

.X
3 9 . a b o u t 1.694 4 1 .1 4 3 . n o so lu tio n 4 5 .3
-3 . r( - 2n't-X
^
4 7 .y = ^ - 2TX
"o ry
=
f 4 9 .y
Z
5 1 .y = I * x ^.4
4 5 3 . y = 0 .5 3 8 * x ^ 4
/
/
SELECTED ANSWERS
C hapter 8 (p. 1017) l . y = ^ ^ ; 4

range: y > 0
7.
3 .y = ; - 3
5. in v erse v a ria tio n 7. n e ith e r v aria tio n

9.
d o m a in : all real n u m b ers
ex cep t x = 0, ran g e: all real
n u m b e rs ex cep t y = 0

range: y > - 2
11.
d o m a in : all real n u m b ers

ex cep t x = 1, range: all real
n u m b ers ex cep t y = - 2
Ai
9 . ^ L n .9 < ?4 *
e
1
13.

range: y > 0
1/
-1
15.
^1
d o m ain : all real n u m bers,
range: y > 3
17. ^ - 4 1 9 . ^
2 1 .
x+ 6
2(x - 7)
3x
^
31.
SA 46
Selected Answers
(2 x + l)(x -5 ) 2 7 ^ - 1
8x^
3(1 + 3x)
3 3 .3 3 5 . - 1 , 2
2 3. ^ * ^
x- 6
29
5
^ - 5
C hapter!) (p.1018) 1 .2 V 2 9 ;( 0 ,2 ) 3 .2 V 2 3 3 ;( 1 ,4 )
5.
!b
t 6 , 0 ) , ) 2 V T 3 .0 ) ,
25.
( ^ ,o j,x = - I ,y = 0
y = ,
**
-4
- )
y
X
/
/
jt
\
/
]
! /
/
/
y=
)
!
/
/
y]
)
!
)
-8iM
- y = -8'
(0, 9 ) , (o, V l 3 0 ) ,
q
7.
-\
1-2
w
29. y - y = 1
9.
y
^4-
31.
J -----\
7
\
33.
11.
yj
-r* :
4 -4
^ t4 .
1
i
.... !
.
!
! i2
***1r1
13.
*r""L4- j ^
ce n te r: ( - 1 , 4 ) ,
v ertices: ( - 1 , 5) ( - 1 , 3),
) fo ci: ( - 1 , 4 + V l 7 )
( -1 ,4 -\ 1 7 ) ,
a sy m p to tes: y = ^-x
SELECTED ANSWERS
-]
ce n te r: (3, 0),
v ertices: ( - 2 , 0) (8, 0),
co -v ertices:
(3, 3) (3, - 3 ) ,
/ ^
fo ci: ( - 1 , 0 ) (7, 0)
. y
3 5 . ellipse,
(x -4 )2 , (y 2 )
+
36
16
- V
^.2 _y ^2 ^ gg
( 9 ,0 ) ,( 0 , 4 ),
( V 6 5 , 0)
3 7 . p arab o la,
(x - 3 f = 4(y - 2)
19.
4 ] - -
(0, 1 2 ) , ( 8 ,0 ) , (o, 4 V 5 )
^\l
/
^...
-2
-J-
J ^
2 S . jL + ^ - l
3 9 . (0, - 2 ) (7, 5)
Chapter 10 (p. 1019) 1 .a. 1 0 0 ,0 0 0 ,0 0 0 passw ords
b. 1 ,8 1 4 ,4 0 0 p assw ord s 3. a. 1 1 8 ,8 1 3 ,7 6 0 passw ords
b. 7 8 ,9 3 6 ,0 0 0 p assw ord s 5 .2 0 7 .3 6 2 ,8 8 0 9 .1 2 6 0
1 1 .6 0 4 ,8 0 0 1 3 .3 5 1 5 .1 0 1 7 . x 3 - 9 x 2 + 2 7 x - 2 7
19.
+ 20pS + 160pS + 640 p 4 + 1280p2 + 1024
21.
25
2 3 . 1 2 5 . 1 - ^ 27. 0 .8 29. 0.6; n o t d isjoin t

2
Selected Answers
SA 47
3 1 .0 .1 7 ; n o t d isjo in t 33. a . - L
169
b.
b . - j L 3 5 . a .- L
66
9. B = 72, a = 5 .5 6 2 , b - 1 7.119 1 1 . - ^ 1 3 .1 3 5
52
37. ab o u t 0 .0 4 1 7 39. a b o u t 0 .0 0 0 0 3 0 5
1 5 . - ^ f t , - ^ f f 1 7 . 1 2 n c m ,7 2 n c m ^
19.
Chapterll (p.1020) 1 .1 1 ,1 1 .5 ,1 6 ,1 1 ,4 .3 1 3
3. 1, 0, - 3 , 1 5 , 4.991 5. 3.45, 4.4, 5.7, 9, 3.09
7 .4 1 .5 , 37.5, 36, 23, 8.2 2 1 ; 43.5, 39.5, 38, 23, 8.221
9 . 2 .2 .5 , - 2 , 1 0 , 3 . 5 ; 3 ,3 .7 5 , - 3 , 1 5 , 5.25 11. 0.34
1 3 .0 .0 2 5 15. S eif-seiected ; b iased ; o n iy th o se
paren ts w ho received th e survey an d feei strongiy
a b o u t th e atten d a n ce p o licy are Iikeiy to resp on d .
17. 4 . 1 % 19. 1 .4 % 2 1 .2 5 0 0 2 3 .2 6 0
^
6
( -3 0 ^
23. - ^
25. - ^
2 7 . - ^ , 150 2 9 .^ , 45
3 1. a b o u t 3 3 4 .1 6 3 3 . B = 40.7, C = 105.3, c = 10.35

or B = 139.3, C = 6.72, c = 1.26 3 5 .7l = 36.4,
C = 57.6, a = 7 .73 3 7 . a b o u t 24.1 39. ^ = 44.1,
B = 88.3, C = 4 7 .6 4 1 . B = 61.3, C = 38.7,
a = 7 .8 6 43. a b o u t 189
SELECTED ANSWERS
Chapter 14 (p. 1023)
Chapter 12 (p. 1021) 1. p e rfe ct sq u ares listed in ord er

startin g at 3, 49, a^ = (a + 2)^ 3. ea ch term
is d ecreased by 5.5, - 9 . 5 , a^ = 18 5 .5 a
7. 2 20 9 .1 0 7 1
5. X
l l . a ^ = - 1 0 a + 22
1 3 .a ^ = 9 a + 2 ;1 3 7 1 5 .a =
17. a^ = 2.5 + a 19.
21.
= 4 *
= 2^ * 3 " *
729
* '; ab o u t 53.3 23. 2 73.5
1 1 .1 1 3 . - 1
25. ab o u t 25 .8 27. no su m 2 9 . ^ 3 1 . ^ 33. a ^

^
35. ^ = 1 and ^ = 2, a = (a^ _
2.5,
(a^ _ ^
3 7. - 1 0 , - 1 0 , - 1 0
17. + a it,
tan 6 =
-V 2 - V
e sc b = ^,
33. ^
se c # = ^, co t ^
^ 3. sin 8 =
ta n 9 = V 3, esc 9 =
co t 0
co s 6 = ^
^
5. B = 69,
a = 2 .8 6 7 , b = 7 .469 7.7t = 30, a = 10, b = 10V3
SA48
Selected Answers
cos x + sin x
tan^ x + 1
a n 19. ^ + a n 2 1 .
4
co s^x
23. a b o u t 1 .2995 2 5 . y = 3 + ^ co s n x
2y
Chapter 13 (p. 1022) 1. co s # =
15
6 29
V2 + V
9 V l9
31
9V l9
50 '5 0 ' 31
4n
3n
+ 2 an , ^ + 2a n , 0 + 2 a n 35.
+ an

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Appiy P ro p e rtie s o f R eai N u m b ers

E v aiu ate an d Sim piify A igeb raic E x p re ssio n s

S oive L in ear Eq u ation s

R ew rite F o rm u ias a n d E q u ation s

Mixed Review of Probiem Soiving

Use P ro b ie m Soiving S tra te g ie s a n d M odeis

S oive Lin ear ineq u aiities

Probiem Soiving Workshop

S oive A b soiu te V aiue E q u ation s an d ineq u aiities

investigating Aigebra: Absoiute Vaiue Equations and inequaiities

Mixed Review of Probiem Soiving.............................................................................. 59

' M ultipie R ep resen tatio n s, 1 5 ,2 4 , 35, 39,

* M ultiple C h oice, 6, 14, 21, 2 4 ,3 0 ,3 7 , 38,

' M ulti-Step P rob lem s, 8, 2 3 ,3 2 ,3 3 ,3 9 ,

* S h o rt R esp o n se /E x te n d e d R esp on se,