A.

Sport tourism
Sport tourism is one of the fastest growing section in the industry of tourism. It
hasbecomeahugeinternationalbusinessattractinginvestment,politicalinterest,tourists,
andspectators. Accordingto Mullin (2011),theglobaldomesticproductoftraveland
tourism is expected to be higher than 10 percent of the domestic product. In other
countries,sportcanhaveasmuchas25percentofalltourismreceipts.Untilnow,Sports
Tourismhasbecomeamultimilliondollarbusiness.
HardyandSutton(2014)statedthatthetrendsintourismhaveshownthatsports
tourismisemergingasaremarkablesectionofthetouristmarketoverthelastdecade.
Thus sports tourism in the Philippines has grown with the social and economic
development.Asignificantexpansionintheworldwidesportsandrecreationalhasalso
beenfelt.
Hudson (2003) stated that hugesporteventshavebecomeasignificanttourist
attractions,andmajoreventssuchastheOlympicGamescanbringalifelongbenefitsto
ahostcountryintermsofinfrastructureimprovements.Likewise,tourismhasservedasa
supportsystemfornewsportsdisciplineswhichhaveexpandedintocompetitiveevents
astheyhavegrownawidespreadpopularity.
Broadly defined, sport tourism is a specific travel away from ones primary
dwelling to partake inasportactivity orcompetition, to observe sport atthe
grassroots,

andtraveltovisitasportattraction.Therearevariouswaystodefinesport

fromdifferent

perspectives.Forinstance,intheNorthernAmerica,theterminologyof

sportisoften
andformalized
B.WaterSports

associatedwithcompetitivegameincorporatingconceptsofspace,time,
rules.

RelatedLiterature
Several studies have been conducted in relation to creating a Water Sport complex.
RhondaNieman(2008)madeastudyabouttheenvironmentalimpactofwatersports.According
toherstudy, scullingfromasmallboatoninlandwaterwayshasaminimalimpactonthe
environment. Although sports such as water skiing and parasailing require water craft with
gasolineengineswhichleaveatrailofcarbonemissions.However,thepresenceofboatsdoes
notnecessarilycauseadisturbance.Ifcraftarehandledwithsensitivitytherecanbeminimalor
zero disturbance. Zoning of sensitive areas, speed restrictions, awareness of seasonal and
geographicalsensitivities,andeducationhaveallbeenusedtomitigatetheimpactofboatuseon
wildlife.Evaluationoftheseapproacheswillbehelpfultoascertainthemosteffectivemeansof
minimizingdisturbancetowildlifefromalltypesofcraftforthefuture.
Anotherstudyconductedby DahlgrenandKorschgen(1992)identifiedtheeffects of
boatingandWaterSportsonWildlifeandEnvironment.Accordingtotheirstudy,alltypesof
crafthavethepotentialtocausedisturbancetowildlifeifhandledwithoutcareintheirpresence.
Thelevelofofdisturbancetowildlifemaybedirectlyrelatedtothetypeofactivity.
HoweverastudyintheStourOrwellestuarineSPA3(ERAReport44,2005)showedthat
vesselsundersailandmotorontheestuariescausedrelativelylittledisturbancetobirdsandthere

wasnodifferenceinthedegreeofdisturbancebetweenthedifferenttypesofvessel.Itisalso
truethatcertaintypesofcraftandtheirmovementmayhaveagreatercapacitytodisturb.A
studyconductedinTeignmouthBay(Goodwin&Cotton,2004)showedthatthepresenceof
bottlenosedolphinswasunrelatedtothenumberofboatspresent.Whenboatswerestationary,
thebehaviorofdolphinsdidnotdiffersignificantlybetweenboatclasses.However,therewasa
highlysignificantdifferenceintheresponsebydolphinstodifferenttypesofboatswhenthey
weremoving.Speedboatsandpersonalwatercraftwereassociatedwithadversebehaviorbythe
dolphins,evenwhenboatswerenotdirectlyapproachingtheanimals.
AstudybyLochLomond(2005)reportedoneffectsofrecreationalboatingonfish
ecology,summarizedasdisturbancebymovingboats,increasedpredationinturbidareas,
mortalityofeggsandeffectsonreproduction.Itwasconcludedthatdisturbancebymovingboats
isoflowmagnitudeandturbiditywasnotconsideredtobeaseriousproblem.Speciesspecific
studiescarriedoutonanumberoffishspeciesalsoidentifiedpotentialimpactsonAtlantic
salmonarisingfromboatwashandboatmovement,propellers,boatexhaustandpollution.
StudiespublishedbytheInstituteofFisheriesManagement(undated)concludedthatboatingwas
notbelievedtohaveaseriousimpactonfish,exceptinsomecircumstancestoscarethemfrom
theimmediatearea.Detrimentalimpactswerehighestwherehighspeedvesselssuchaspersonal
watercraftandwaterskiingoccurredinsmalllakesonaregularbasis.Thiswasbackedup
researchfromSportScotland(2010),whichshowedachangeinfishbehaviorwhenspeedboats
passednearby.Fromtheliterature,thereisnoevidenceofdirectdamagetofishfrompropellers
andtheimpactsofboatexhaustandpollutionarelikelytobeconfinedtolocalareas.

However,theUKCEED(2000)reportssuggestthatsailingcouldcausemore
disturbancesatanationallevelthanpoweredcraftforthefollowingreasons:Sailingismore
widespread,sailingoccursatmostofthesiteswherebirdcountingtakesplace,comparedto
powerboatingtherearehigherlevelsofwintersailingactivityandparticipantsspendalarge
proportionoftimeonornearthewater.
However,thepresenceofboatsdoesnotnecessarilycauseadisturbance.Ifcraftare
handledwithsensitivitytherecanbeminimalorzerodisturbance.Zoningofsensitiveareas,
speedrestrictions,awarenessofseasonalandgeographicalsensitivities,andeducationhaveall
beenusedtomitigatetheimpactofboatuseonwildlife.Evaluationoftheseapproacheswillbe
helpfultoascertainthemosteffectivemeansofminimizingdisturbancetowildlifefromalltypes
ofcraftforthefuture.
Furthermore,thestudyshowsthatwatersportsdonotinterruptthenativefaunaand
naturalenvironmentofacertainarea.InacountrylikethePhilippineswhereitissurroundedby
bodiesofwater,wecanimprovewatersportsinthecountryandcanadvanceeconomyand
tourismwithoutdisturbingourenvironmentthroughawatersportsfacility.