Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Importance of water:
Solute,solvent,solution:
Typical Results:
D=M/ V
Liquid water:
Mass = 245 g Volume = 250mL
D= m/v = 245/250 = 0.98g/mL
Ice:
Mass = 33 g Volume = 36mL
3
D= m/v =33/36 = 0.92g/cm
For almost every pure substance the solid is denser than the liquid
liquid water has a higher density than ice
In solid water (ice) the molecules form a molecular lattice, each
molecule is held rigidly in place.
When ice melts to form liquid water, the molecules have enough
energy to move around freely
they are still very close together, and in fact they wriggle in even
closer to each other than when rigidly arranged in the solid lattice
there is the same mass of particles crammed into less space... higher
density
solid ice has a lower density, it floats in liquid
water
o
o
Pure water melts at 0 C, and boils at 100 C, under normal 1
atmosphere of pressure.
Under different pressures, or if impure, the m.p. and b.p. will change
(e.g. it can be difficult to get a good, hot cup of tea on a high
mountain, because at the lower air pressure the water boils at a much
lower temperature)
A common experiment is to boil water with/without, an additive such
as salt and measure the boiling temperature. It will usually be found
that the boiling temperature rises by several degrees with solute
dissolved in it
Ammonia NH3
Water H2O
The 4 compounds CH4, NH3, H2O and H2S are of comparable size
and bonding
compare their melting and boiling points, and how these are related to
their relative molecular weights
the m.p. & b.p. of comparable substances show a steady increase as the atomic
or molecular weight increases
This graph shows that both water and ammonia have unusually high
melting and boiling points. Water especially has values way above those
of comparable molecules
Hydrogen Bonds
In water molecules the covalent bonds are very polar, the atoms
develop especially large partial charges
Each molecule is a dipole, and strong inter-molecular Hydrogen Bonds
attracts each molecule to its neighbours.
hydrogen bonds
To boil water to a gas, the molecules must be able to totally break free
from the hydrogen bonds
It is the HYDROGEN BONDING between water molecules which
explains all of waters unusual properties
Viscosity
molecules
Dispersion Forces
Hydrogen Chloride
like the elements Silicon and Carbon, silicon dioxide SiO 2 (the
mineral silica), are crystal lattices of atoms bonded together
covalently.
Ionic Solutions
When an ionic
compound dissolves
in water, the crystal
lattice disintegrates
and the (+ve) and (ve) ions become separately hydrated to form the solution
The positive (+ve) ions are collectively called cations]. Negative (-ve)
ions are known as anions]
Th
e
equation must balance
terms of the ratio of the
There are 2 nitrate ions
magnesium ion. the
(+ve) charges is the
the total of (-ve) charges
in
ions.
for each
total of
same as
If you keep adding and stirring salt into water until the solution is
saturated, you reach a dynamic equilibrium] between the ions still in
an undissolved, solid, crystal lattice, and those in the solution as
separate, hydrated ions
For simplicity in this diagram, the water molecules have been left out
Precipitation Reactions
We can leave out the spectators to see the essential change that occurred: