Simple Tension

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS
SIMPLE TENSION INCLUDING TIGHTENING STRESSES

DESIGN PROBLEMS
221.
A 5000-lb. gear box is provided with a steel (as rolled B1113) eyebolt for use in
moving it. What size bolt should be used: (a) if UNC threads are used? (b) If
UNF threads are used? (c) If the 8-thread series is used? Explain the basis of
your choice of design factor.
Solution:
B1113, as rolled
s y 45 ksi (Table AT-7)
Fe 5000 lb
i5.6, sd
For D
sy
6
As
3
in
4
3
in
4
sd 0.4sy
sd 0.4 45,000 18,000psi
As
Fe
5000
0.2778sq.in.
sd 18,000
Table AT 14 and Table 5.1

(a) UNC Threads
Use D
3
in, As 0.334sq.in.
4
(b) UNF Threads

Use D
3
sq.in.
in, As 0.373
4
(c) 8-Thread Series

Use D 1in, As 0.606sq.in.
Page 1 of 40

222.
A motor weighing 2 tons is lifted by a wrought-iron eye bolt which is screwed

into the frame. Decide upon a design factor and determine the size of the
eyebolt if (a) UNC threads are used, (b) UNF threads are used. Note: Fine
threads are not recommended for brittle materials.
Solution:
Table AT-7
Wrought iron, s y 25 ksi
sd 0.4sy 0.4 25 10ksi 10,000psi
As
Fe 2 2000
0.4 sq.in.
sd 10,000
Table AT 17
(a) UNC Threads
Use D
7
in , As 0.462sq.in.
8
(b) UNF Threads

Use D
224.
7
in , As 0.509sq.in.
8
A wall bracket, Fig. 8-13, Text, is loaded so that the two top bolts that fasten it
to the wall are each subjected to a tensile load of 710 lb. The bolts are to be
cold forged from AISI C1020 steel with UNC threads, Neglecting the effect of
shearing stresses, determine the diameter of these bolts if they are well
tightened.
Figure 8-13
Page 2 of 40
Solution:
cold forged, AISI C1020
s y 66 ksi (Table AT-7)
Fe 710 lb
Fe
sy
6
As
3
in
4
3
66,000
As 2
710
6
As 0.161 sq.in. , D
3
in
4
Table AT 14 , UNC Threads

Use D
225.
9
in , As 0.1820 sq.in.
16
A connection similar to Fig. 5.9, Text, is subjected to an external load Fe of

1250 lb. The bolt is made from cold-finished AISI B1113 steel with UNC
threads. (a) Determine the diameter of the bolt if it is well tightened. (b)
Compute the initial tension and corresponding approximate tightening torque
if si 0.85s y (i5.8).
Figure 5.9
Page 3 of 40
Solution:
Cold-finished AISI B1113
Table A-7, s y 72 ksi
Fe 1250 lb
(a) Fe
1250
sy
6
As
3
72,000
As 2
6
As 0.2214 sq.in. , D
3
in
4

Use D
5
in , As 0.2260 sq.in.
8
(b) si 0.85s y 0.85 72,000 61,200 psi

Initial Tension
Fi si As 61,200 0.2260 13,831 lb
Tightening torque
T CDFi
5
T 0.2 DFi 0.2 13,831 1729 in lb
8
226.
The cylinder head of a 10 x 18 in. Freon compressor is attached by 10 stud

bolts made of SAE Grade 5. The cylinder pressure is 200 psi. (a) What size
bolts should be used? (b) What approximate tightening torque should be
needed to induce a tightening stress si of 0.9 times the proof stress?
Solution:
Table 5.2
Page 4 of 40

SAE Grade 5
Assume s y 88 ksi

2
200 10
(a)
4
Fe
1571 lb
10
sy
3
3
Fe As 2 , D in
4
6
3
88,000
As 2
1571
6
As 0.2255 sq.in. , D
3
in
4

Use D
5
in , As 0.2260 sq.in.
8
(b) T CDFi
C 0.2
si 0.9 s p
s p 85 ksi , (Table 5.2)
si 0.9 85,000 76,500 psi

Fi si As 76,500 0.2260 17,289 lb
Tightening torque
5
T 0.2 DFi 0.2 17,289 2161 in lb
8
227.
The American Steel Flange Standard specifies that 8 bolts are to be used on
flanges for 4-in. pipe where the steam or water pressure is 1500 psi. It is also
specified that, in calculating the bolt load, the outside diameter of the gasket,
which is 6 3/16 in., should be used. Determine (a) the diameter of the UNC bolts
if they are well-tightened and made of ASTM 354 BD (Table 5-2), (b) the
approximate torque to tighten the nuts if the initial stress is 90 % of the proof
stress. The Standard specifies that 1 1/4 in. bolts with 8 th./in. be used (these
bolts are also subjected to bending). How does your answer compare?
Solution:
Table 5.2, ASTM 354 BD
s p 120 ksi
s y 125 ksi
3

1500
6
4 16
Fe
8
Page 5 of 40
5638 lb
(a) Fe
sy
6
As
, D
3
in
4
3
125,000
As 2
6
As 0.4184 sq.in. ,
5638
Use D
D
7
in , As 0.4620 sq.in.
8
3
in
4
use
sd 50,000psi 5.6, ASTM A354 BD
Fe
5638
0.1128sq.in.
sd 50,000
As
3
in, As 0.334 sq.in.
4
(b) T 0.2 DFi
Use D
si 0.9 s p
si 0.9120,000 108,000 psi

Fi si As 108,000 0.3340 36,072 lb
Tightening torque
3
T 0.2DFi 0.2
36,072 5411in lb
4
D 1
1
in as specified by the standard.
4
CHECK PROBLEMS
228.
A cap screw, in.-10-UNC-2, with a hexagonal head that is 9/16 in. thick,
carries a tensile load of 3000 lb. If the material is AISI 1015, cold drawn, find
the factor of safety based on ultimate strengths of (a) the threaded shank, (b)
the head against being sheared off, and (c) the bearing surface under the head.
(d) Is there any need to consider the strength of standard cap-screw heads in
design?
Solution:
For in. UNC, Table AT 14,
As 0.334 sq.in.
Head:
Page 6 of 40
A 1
1
in.
8
For AISI 1015, cold drawn

su 77 ksi , sus 58 ksi
(a) s
N
F
3000
8982 psi
As 0.334
su 77,000
8.57
sd
8982
(b) ss
F
Dt
9
in
16
3000
ss
2264 psi
3 9

4 16
sus 58,000
25.6
ss
2264
(c)
360 o
30 o
12
1
1
1 A A
1 8
Area 6 2
tan 6 2

2 2 2
2 2
sb
Area Ab
su 77,000
16.8
sb
4586
(d)
3000
3
1.096
4 4
tan 30 1.096 sq.in.
4586 psi
No need to consider the strength of standard cap-screw heads since its factor of
safety is very much higher than for the threaded shank.
Page 7 of 40
229.
A bolt, 1 1/8 in.-7-UNC-2, is subjected to a tensile load of 10,000 lb. The head
has a thickness of in. and the nut a thickness of 1 in. If the material is SAE
grade 2 (Table 5.2), find the design factor as based on ultimate stresses (a) of
the threaded shank, (b) of the head against being sheared off, and (c) of the
bearing surface under the head. The bolt head is finished. (d) Is there any need
to consider the strength of standard bolt heads in design?
Solution:
1
8
For SAE grade 2 (Table 5.2), D 1 in

su 55 ksi , sus 0.75su
For 1 1/8 in.-7-UNC-2 (Table AT 14)

As 0.763 sq.in.
A 1
11
in
16
F 10,000 lb.
(a) s
N
F
10,000
13,106 psi
As
0.763
su 55,000
4.2
sd 13,106
(b) ss
F
Dt
3
in
4
10,000
ss
3773 psi
1 3
1
8 4
sus 0.75 55,000
11
ss
3773
(c)
360 o
30 o
12
Page 8 of 40
11
1
1 A A
1 16
Area 6 2
tan 6 2

2 2 2
2 2
sb
Area Ab
10,000
su 55,000
8.1
sb
6793
1
2.4661 1
4 8
tan 30 2.4661 sq.in.
6793 psi
(d)
No need to consider the strength of standard bolt head in design since its factor of
safety is higher than for the threaded shank.
230.
An axial force is applied to a regular nut which of course tends to shear the
threads on the screw. (a) What is the ratio of the force necessary to shear the
threads (all threads initially in intimate contact) to the force necessary to pull
the bolt in two? Use coarse threads, a 1 -in. bolt, and assume that
sus 0.75su . The head thickness is 1 in. and the nut thickness is 1 5/16 in. (b)
Is failure of the thread by shear likely in this bolt?
Solution:
1 - in. UNC
As 1.405 sq.in.
(a) Fs = shear force = susDt

1
in.
2
5
t 1
in.
16
sus 0.75su
D 1
1 5
Fs 0.75su 1 1 4.6388su
2 16
F su As 1.405su
Ratio =
4.6388su
3.3
1.405su
(b) Ratio > 1, failure by shear is not likely to occur.

231.
For bolted structural joints, specifications suggest that -in. bolts (highstrength material) be tightened to an initial tension of Fi 12,500 lb . What
Page 9 of 40

should be the approximate tightening torque? How does your answer compare
with T 90 ft lb ., which is the value in the specification?
Solution:
1
T 0.2 DFi 0.2 12,500 1250 in lb
2
T 90 ft lb 1080 in lb 1250 in lb
232.
One method of estimating the initial tensile stress in a tightened bolt is to turn
the nut until it is snug, but with no significant stress in the bolt. Then the nut is
turned through a predetermined angle that induces a certain unit strain
corresponding to the desired stress. A - in. bolt of the type shown in Fig.
5.4, Text, is turned down until, for practical purposes, the diameter of the
entire shank is the minor diameter. The material is AISI 4140, OQT 1200 oF.
The grip is 5 in. and the effective strain length is estimated to be 5.3 in. If the
initial tensile stress at the root diameter is to be about 75 % of the yield
strength, through what angle should the nut be turned after it is just snug? The
threads are UNC and the parts being bolted are assumed to be rigid.
Solution:
For in., UNC
Dr 0.6273 in
As 0.334 sq.in.
Th in. 10
AISI 4140, OQT 1200 oF

s y 115 ksi
s 0.75115 86.25 ksi
o.k.
sL
E
L 5.3 in
pitch, p
1
in 0.10 in
10
360 o
p
sL
360o
pE
Page 10 of 40
86,250 5.3 360o 55o

0.10 30 106
233.
When both ends of a bolt are accessible for micrometer measurements, the
total elongation caused by tightening can be determined by measuring
lengths before and after tightening. In order to reduce this total elongation to
unit elongation, thence to stress, the effective strain length for the bolt must be
known. For a 1 -in steel bolt, threaded for its full length, 8-thread series, the
effective strain length has been found by experiment to be
Le 0.97G 1.1 in. , where G is the grip (by W.A. McDonald, North
Carolina State College). Let the bolt material be AISI 8742, OQT 1000 oF. (a)
It is desired that the initial tensile stress be about 0.7 s y . What total
elongation should be obtained for a grip length of 4.8 in.? (b) Investigate the
approximate tightening torque for the specified condition. How could this
torque be obtained?
Solution:
1 in., 8-thread series
Table 5.1
Dr 1.0966 in
As 1.000 sq.in.
Th in. 8
AISI 8742, OQT 1000 oF

s y 147 ksi
(a) si 0.70 s y
si 0.70147 102.9 ksi 102,900 psi
si Le
E
Le 0.97G 1.1 in.

G 4.8 in
Le 0.97 4.8 1.1 in. 5.756 in
si Le 102,900 5.756
0.01975 in
E
30 10 6
(b)
64TL
p Dr4G
G 11 .5 10 6 psi
1
in 0.125 in
8
Page 11 of 40
0.01975
64T 5.756
4
0.125
1.0966 11.5 10 6
T 22,408 in lb
ELASTIC CONSIDERATIONS
235.
The member C shown is part of a swivel connection that is to be clamped by a

1-in. bolt D to the member B, which has large dimensions in the plane
perpendicular to the paper. Both B and C are aluminum alloy 2024-T4, HT
aged. The bolt is made of AISI C1113, cold-drawn steel; consider the
unthreaded shank to be 2 in. long; it is well tightened with a torque of 250 ftlb.; UNC threads, unlubricated. (a) Estimate the initial tension by equation
(5.2), assume elastic action, and compute the bolt elongation and the total
deformation of B and C. Let the effective strain length be 2 in. (b) After
tightening an external axial force Fe of 5000 lb. is applied to member C.
Determine the total normal stresses in the bolt and in B and C. (c) Determine
the load required to open the connection. Draw a diagram similar to Fig.
5.6, Text, locating points A, B, D and M.
Prob. 235, 236

Solution:
For aluminum alloy, 2024-T4 HT aged,
E 10.6 10 6 psi
s y 47 ksi
For AISI C1113, cold-drawn steel,

E 30 106 psi
s y 72 ksi
(a) T 0.2 DFi

D 1 in.
T 250 ft lb 3000 in lb
Fi 15,000 lb
Deformations: L 2 in.
Table AT 14, 1-in. UNC Bolt,
A s 0.66 sq.in.
Page 12 of 40

Ab
1 2 0.785 sq.in.
4
Bolt:
Fi L
15,000 2 0.00127 in
Ab E i 0.785 30 10 6
Member B and C
FL
c i
Ac Ec
2 2
Ac
De
De = (Nut or head width across flats) +
h
2
Table AT 14
1
in
2
1 2
1
De 1 2 in.
2 2
2
2 2
Ac De D
4
4
Ac
2.5 2 1 2 4.1234 sq.in.
4
A 1
Fi L
15,000 2
0.000686 in.
Ac Ec 4.1234 10.6 106
(b) Fe 5000 lb
kb
b
0.000686
Fe
5000
Fb Fe
0.000686 0.00127
kb kc
b c
Fb 1754 lb
Bolt:
Ft Fi Fb 15,000 1754 16,754 lb
Ft 16,754
29,132 psi
As
0.606
Member B and C
kc
Fc Fi Fe
kb k c
sb
b c
Fc Fi Fe
0.00127
Fc 15,000 5000
11,754 lb
0.00127 0.000686
Fc 11,754
2851 psi
Ac 4.1234
(c) Fo = opening load
sc
Page 13 of 40

i c
i
Fo Fi
0.00127 0.000686
15,000
23,102 lb
0.00127
Fig. 5.6
237.
A 1-in. steel bolt is used to clamp two aluminum (2014-T6, HT aged) plates
together as shown by Fig. 5.9, Text. The aluminum plates have a total
thickness of 2 in. and an equivalent diameter of 2 in. The bolt is heated to a
temperature of 200 oF, the inserted in the aluminum plates, which are at 80 oF,
and tightened so as to have a tensile tightening stress of 30 ksi in the
unthreaded shank while steel at 200 oF. What is the tensile stress in the bolt
after assembly has cooled to 80 oF? The deformations are elastic.
Figure 5.9
Solution:
For aluminum 2014-T6
E 10.6 10 6 psi
sb 30,000 psi

2
1 23,562 lb
4
Fi sb Ab 30,000
Page 14 of 40

6
Steel bolt. Eb 30 10 psi
s L 30,000 2
i b
0.002 in.
Eb
30 10 6
Fi L
.
Ac E c
Ac De2 D 2
4
4
2
Ac
2 1 2 2.3562 sq.in.
4
E c 10.6 10 6 psi
Fi L
23,562 2
0.001887 in
Ac Ec 2.3562 10.6 10 6
L L c 2 0.001887 1.998113 in.
L Lt
0.000007 in. in. F for steel

L 0.000007 1.998113 80 200 0.001678 in.
i i L 0.002 0.001678 0.000322 in.

s L
i b
Eb
0.000322
sb 2
30 106
sb 4830 psi
238.
A 1 1/8-in. steel bolt A passes through a yellow brass (B36-8) tube B as

shown. The length of the tube is 30 in. (virtually the unthreaded bolt length),
the threads on the bolt are UNC, and the tubes cross-sectional area is 2 sq. in.
After the nut is snug it is tightened turn. (a) What normal stresses will be
produced in the bolt and in the tube? Assume that washers, nut, and head are
rigid. (b) What are the stresses if an axial load of 5 kips is now applied to the
bolts end? Compute the bolt load that just results in a zero stress in the tube.
Prob. 238
Page 15 of 40

Solution:
For Yellow brass, B36-8,
E 15 10 6 psi
Steel bolt
E 30 106 psi
Table AT 14, 1 1/8 in., UNC

Dr 0.9497 in.
As 0.763 sq.in.
Th in 7
L 30 in.
i
p
1
in.
7
1
turn
4
1
1 1
i
in.
28
4 7
p
Fi L
Ab Eb
28

4
Fi 30
1
1
8
30 10
6
Fi 35,500 lb
(a)
Bolt: sb
Tube: sc
Fi 35,500
46,527 psi
As
0.763
Fi
Ac
Ac 2 sq.in.
sc
Fi 35,500
17,750 psi
Ac
2
(b) Fe 5000 lb
AE
2 15 106 1,000,000 lb in
kc c c
L
30
2
1
6
1 30 10
Ab Eb 4 8
kb
L
30
Page 16 of 40
994,000 lb in

Bolts:
kb
Fe
kb kc
Ft Fi
994,000
5000 38,000 lb
994,000 1,000,000
Ft 35,500
Ft 38,000
49,800 psi
As
0.763
Tube:
kc
Fe
Fc Fi
kb kc
st
1,000,000
5000 33,000 lb
994,000 1,000,000
Fc 35,500
Fc 33,000
16,500 psi
Ac
2
For zero stress in the tube
k kc
994,000 1,000,000
Fi
Fo b
35,500 70,787 lb
kc
1,000,000
sc
ENDURANCE STRENGTH
DESIGN PROBLEMS
239.
As shown diagrammatically, a bearing is supported in a pillow block attached

to an overhead beam by two cap screws, each of which, it may be assumed,
carried half the total bearing load. This load acts vertically downward, varying
from 0 to 1500 lb. The screws are to be made of AISI C1118, as rolled, and
they are tightened to give an initial stress of about si 0.5s y . The pillow
block is made of class-20 cast iron. Assume that the effective length of screw
is equal to the thickness t , as shown, and that the head and beam are rigid
(overly conservative?). The equivalent diameter of the compression area may
be taken as twice the bolt diameter. For a design factor of 1.75, determine the
size of the screw: (a) from the Soderberg line, (b) from the modified Goodman
line. (c) What size do you recommend using?
Problem 239
Page 17 of 40
Solution:
For AISI C1118, as rolled
s y 46 ksi
su 75 ksi
si 0.5s y
si 0.5 46 23 ksi 23,000 psi

Fi si As 23 As kip 23,000 As lb
kb
Fb
kb kc
AE
kb b b
Lb
Fe
Eb 30 106 psi (steel)

Lb t
Ac Ec
Lc
For cast-iron class 20
kc
Ec 9.6 10 6 psi
Lc t
Ac De2 D 2
4
4
2
Ab D
4
De 2 D
2 D 2 D 2 3 D 2 3 Ab
4
4
4
Ab Eb
kb
Lb
Ac
Ab 30 106
t
3 Ab 9.6 10 6
kc
t
kb
kb
30 10 6
300
6
6
kb kc 30 10 3 9.6 10 588
Fb1 0
Page 18 of 40

kb
300 1500
Fe
Fb 2
383 lb
588 2
kb k c
1
Fb 2 Fb1 23,000 As 1 383 0 23,000 As 192 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 383 0 192 lb
2
2
sn 0.5su 0.5 75,000 psi 37,500 psi
Fm Fi
For axial loading with size factor
sn 0.8 0.85 37,500 psi 25,500 psi
N 1.75
Fm 23,000 As 192
192
23,000
As
As
As
As
F 192
sa a
As
As
sm
Table AT 12, K f 1.8

(a) Soderberg line
1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
23,000
192
As
1.75
46,000
As 0.2482 sq.in.
192
As
1.8
25,500
Table AT 14, UNC

Use D
3
in. , As 0.334 sq.in.
4
(b) Modifies Goodman line

1 sm K f sa
N su
sn
23,000
192
As
1.75
75,000
As 0.0609 sq.in.
Table AT 14, UNC

Page 19 of 40
192
As
1.8
25,500

Use D
3
in. , As 0.0775 sq.in.
8
(c) Recommended, D
240.
3
in. UNC
4
A connection similar to Fig. 5.9, Text, is subjected to an external load that

varied from 0 to 1250 lb. The bolt is cold forged from AISI B1113 steel; UNC
threads.The aluminum parts C (3003 H14) have a total thickness of 1 in.
and an external diameter of 2 D . It is desired that the connection not open for
an external load of 1.5 Fe . Determine (a) the initial tensile load on the bolt,
(b) the bolt diameter for N 2 based on the Soderberg line.
Fig. 5.9
Solution:
kc
kb k c
(a) Fi QFe
Q 1.5
kb
Ab
lb
Ab Eb
Lb
2
D
4
Eb 30 106 psi
1
Lb 1 in.
2
kc
Ac
Ac Ec
Lc
2
De
4
De 2 D
Ac
D2
2 D 2 D 2 3 D 2 3 Ab
4
4
4
Page 20 of 40

Ec 10 106 psi (3003-H14 aluminum)
1
Lc 1 in.
2
Ab 30 106
1
1
2
3 A 10 106
kc b
1
1
2
kc
310 106
0.5
kb kc 30 106 310 106
kb
Fe 1250 lb
kc
lb
kb k c
Fi QFe
Fi 1.51250 0.5 937.5 lb
(b) For AISI B1113 steel, cold forged

su 83 ksi
s y 72 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5 83 41.5 ksi 41,500 psi
sn 0.8 0.85 41,500 psi 28,220 psi
kb
Fb
kb kc
Fb1 0
Fe
kb
30 106
Fe
Fb 2
1250 625 lb
6
6
30 10 3 10 10
kb k c
1
Fb 2 Fb1 937.5 1 625 0 1250 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 625 0 312.5 lb
2
2
Fm Fi
Fm 1250
As
As
F
312.5
sa a
As
As
sm
Page 21 of 40
Soderberg line, K f 1.8 Table AT 12

1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
1.8 312.5
1
1250
2 72,000 As
28,220 As
As 0.07459 sq.in.
Table AT 14, UNC

Use D
243.
3
in. , As 0.0775 sq.in.
8
This problem concerns the Freon compressor of 226: size, 10 x 18 in.; 10

studs, UNC; made of C1118, as rolled; 200 psi gas pressure. The initial
tension in the bolts, assumed to be equally loaded, is such that a cylinder
pressure of 300 psi is required for the joint to be on the opening. The bolted
parts are cast steel and for the first calculations, it will be satisfactorily to
assume the equivalent diameter of the compressed parts to be twice the bolt
size. (a) For N 2 on the Soderberg criterion, what bolt size is required? (b)
Compute the torque required for the specified initial tension.
Solution:
10
Fo 300
2356 lb.
4 10
2
kc
kb k c
AE
kb b b
Lb
2
Fi Fo
Ab
D
4
Eb 30 10 6 psi
Lb L
kc
Ac
Ac Ec
Lc
2
De
4
De 2 D
D2
2 D 2 D 2 3 D 2 3 Ab
4
4
4
6
E
30
10
psi
Cast Steel, c
Ac
Lc L
Page 22 of 40
Ab 30 106
L
3 A 30 10 6
kc b
3kb
L
kc
3kb
2356
1767 lb
Fi Fo
kb k c
kb 3kb
kb
kb
Fe
(a) Fb
kb kc
Fb1 0
kb
kb 10 200
Fe

Fb 2
393 lb
10
kb k c
kb 3kb 4
1
Fb 2 Fb1 1767 1 393 0 1964 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 393 0 196 lb
2
2
Fm Fi
Fm 1964
As
As
F 196
sa a
As
As
For C1118, as rolled
sm
su 75 ksi
s y 46 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5 75 37.5 ksi 37,500 psi
sn 0.8 0.85 37,500 psi 25,500 psi

K f 1.8
Table AT 12
K f sa
1 sm
N sy
sn
1
1964
1.8196
2 46,000 As 25,500 As
As 0.1131 sq.in.
Table AT 14, UNC

Use D
1
in. , As 0.1419 sq.in.
2
(b) T 0.2 DFi
Page 23 of 40

1
T 0.2 1767 176.7 in lb.
2
245.
A cast-iron (class 35) Diesel-engine cylinder head is held on 8 stud bolts with
UNC threads. These bolts are made of AISI 3140 steel, OQT 1000 oF (Fig.
AF2). Assume that the compressed material has an equivalent diameter twice
the bolt size. The maximum cylinder pressure is 750 psi and the bore of the
engine is 8 in. Let the initial bolt load be such that a cylinder pressure of 1500
psi brings the joint to the point of opening. For a design factor of 2, determine
the bolt diameter (a) using the Soderberg equation, (b) using the Goodman
equation. (c) What approximate torque will be required to induce the desired
initial stress? (d) Determine the ratio of the initial stress to the yield strength.
Considering the lessons of experience (i5.8), what initial stress would you
recommend? Using this value, what factor of safety is computed from the
Soderberg equation?
Solution:
8
Fo 1500
9425 lb.
4 8
2
kc
kb k c
AE
kb b b
Lb
2
Fi Fo
Ab
D
4
Eb 30 10 6 psi
Lb L
kc
Ac
Ac Ec
Lc
2
De D 2
4
4
De 2 D
3 2
2
Ac 2 D D 2
D 3 Ab
4
4
4
Ec 14.5 10 6 psi , for cast-iron (class 35)
Lc L
Ab 30 106
L
3 Ab 14.5 10 6
kc
L
kb
Page 24 of 40
kc
3 14.5 106
9425
6
6
30 10 3 14.5 10
kb k c
Fi Fo
kb
Fb
kb kc
Fb1 0
5578 lb
Fe
kb
30 10 6
Fe
Fb 2
6
6
30 10 3 14.5 10
kb k c
8 2 750
1923 lb

8
4
1
Fb 2 Fb1 5578 1 1923 0 6540 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 1923 0 962 lb
2
2
Fm Fi
Fm 6540
As
As
F
962
sa a
As
As
(a) For AISI 3140 steel, OQT 1000 oF
sm
su 153 ksi
s y 134 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5153 76.5 ksi 76,500 psi
sn 0.8 0.85 76,500 psi 52,000 psi
Table AT 12, K f 3.3 (hardened)

Soderberg Equation
1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
3.3 962
1
6540
2 134,000 As 52,000 As
As 0.2197 sq.in.
Table AT 14, UNC

Use D
5
in. , As 0.226 sq.in.
8
(b) Goodman Equation

1 sm K f sa
N su
sn
Page 25 of 40

1
6540
3.3 962
2 153,000 As 52,000 As
As 0.2076 sq.in.
Table AT 14, UNC

Use D
5
in. , As 0.226 sq.in.
8
(c) T 0.2 DFi

5
T 0.2 5578 697 in lb.
8
Fi
5578
24,681 psi
As 0.226
si
24,681
0.184
Ratio =
s y 134,000
(d) si
i5.8 si 0.85s y 0.85134,000 113,900 psi

Factor of safety
Fi si As 113,900 0.226 25,742 lb
1
Fm 25,742 1923 26,704 lb
2
1
Fa 1923 962 lb
2
Fm 26,704
118,159 psi
As
0.226
F
962
sa a
4257 psi
As 0.226
Soderberg Equation
sm
1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
1
118,159 3.3 4257
N 134,000
52,000
N 0.87
246.
A 30,000-lb. body is to be mounted on a shaker (vibrator). The shaker will

exert a harmonic force of F 30,000 sin 2 t f lb. on the body where f cps is
the frequency and t sec. is the time. The frequency can be varied from 5 to
10,000 cps. The harmonic force will exert a tensile load on the bolts that
attach the body to the shaker when F is positive. Determine the minimum
number of -in.-UNF bolts that must be used for N 2 based on Soderberg
line. The material of the bolts is to be AISI 8630, WQT 1100 oF; the material
of the body that is to be vibrated is aluminum alloy, 2014-T6 and the joint is
Page 26 of 40

not to open for an external force that is 1.25 times the maximum force exerted
by the shaker. It may be assumed that the equivalent diameter of the material
in compression is twice the bolt diameter.
Solution:
Fe min 0
Fe max 30,000 lb
kc
k
b
c
Fi QFe
Q 1.25
kb
Ab
Ab Eb
Lb
2
D
4
Eb 30 10 6 psi
Lb L
kc
Ac
Ac Ec
Lc
2
De
4
De 2 D
D2
2 D 2 D 2 3 D 2 3 Ab
4
4
4
Ec 10.6 10 6 psi , (Aluminum 2014-T6)
Ac
Lc L
kb
Ab Eb Ab 30 10 6
Lb
L
kc
Ac Ec 3 Ab 10.6 106
Lc
L
Page 27 of 40
kc
kb k c
Fi QFe
310.6 10 6
19,296 lb
6
6
30
10
10
.
6
10
Fi 1.25 30,000
kb
Fb
kb kc
Fb1 0
Fe
kb
kb k c
Fb 2
30 106
30,000 14,563 lb
6
6
30 10 3 10.6 10
Fe
1
Fb 2 Fb1 19,296 1 14,563 0 26,578 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 14,563 0 7282 lb
2
2
Fm Fi
Fm
nAs
F
sa a
nAs
For -in.-UNF (Table AT 14)
sm
As 0.1419 sq.in.
Fm
26,578 187,300
nAs 0.1419n
n
F
7282
51,318
sa a
nAs 0.1419n
n
sm
For AISI 8630, WQT 1100 oF

K f 3.3
su 137 ksi
s y 125 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5137 68.5 ksi 68,500 psi
sn 0.8 0.85 68,500 psi 46,580 psi
Soderberg Equation, N 2
1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
Page 28 of 40

1
187,300
3.3 51,318
2 125,000n
46,580n
n 10.3
Minimum number of bolts = 10 bolts

248.
The maximum external load on the cap bolts of an automotive connecting rod
end, imposed by inertia forces at top dead center, is taken to be 4000 lb.; the
minimum load is zero at bottom dead center. The material is AISI 4140, OQT
1100oF (qualifying for SAE grade 5); assume that sn 0.45su . The grip for
through bolts is 1.5 in. For design purposed, let each bolt take half the load,
3
8
and use an equivalent De 1 in. for the connected parts. The threads
extend a negligible amount into the grip. For the initial computation, use an
opening load Fo 1.75 Fe . Considering the manner in which the bolt is
loaded, we decide that a design factor of 1.4 (Soderberg) should be quite
adequate. (a) Does a 5/16-24 UNF satisfy this situation? If not, what size do
you recommend? (b) Experience suggests that, in situations such as this, an
initial stress of the order suggested in i5.8, Text, is good insurance against
fatigue failure. Decide upon such an si and recomputed N . How does it
change? Would you be concerned about the safety in this case? Consider the
variation of si as a consequences of the use of torque wrench and also the
stress relaxation with time (due to seating and other factors), and discuss.
Compute the required tightening torque for each si .
Solution:
Fo 1.75 Fe 1.75 4000 7000 lb
kc
kb k c
AE
kb b b
Lb
2
Fi Fe
Ab
D
4
Eb 30 10 6 psi
Lb 1.5 in.
kc
Ac
Ac
Ac Ec
Lc
2
4
De
3
1
4 8
D2
D 1.485 D 2 1.485 Ab
4
4
Ec 10.6 10 6 psi , (Aluminum 2014-T6)
Page 29 of 40

Lc 1.5 in.
As Ab
kb
Ab Eb Ab 30 10 6
Lb
1.5
Ac Ec 1.485 As 30 106
Lc
1 .5
1.485 As
Fi 7000
7000 4714 As
1.485
kc
kb
Fb
kb kc
Fb1 0
Fe
kb
Fb 2
kb k c
As
4,000 2694 As
1.485
Fe
1
Fb 2 Fb1 7000 4714 As 1 2694 As 0 7000 3367 As
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 2694 As 0 1347 As
2
2
Fm Fi
Table 5.2
su 120 ksi
s y 88 ksi
sn 0.45su 0.45120 54 ksi 54,000 psi

F
7000
sm m
3367
As
As
F
sa a 1347
As
K f 3.3 (hardened, Table AT 12)
Soderberg Equation, N 1.4

1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
3.31347
1
7000
3367
1.4 88,000 As 88,000

54,000
As 0.1187 sq.in.
Table At14, we D
Page 30 of 40
7
in , As 0.1187 sq.in.
16
(a) 5/16-24 UNF will not satisfy the situation. Instead use
As 0.1187 sq.in.
7
in ,
16
(b) i5.8, Text
si 0.85s y 0.85 88 74.8 ksi 74,800 psi
Fi si As 74,800 0.1187 8879 lb

1
1
Fm Fi Fb 2 Fb1 8879 2694 As 0 8879 1347 As
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 2694 As 0 1347 As
2
2
Fm 8879
1347
As
As
F
sa a 1347
As
sm
1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
1
N
N
N
8879
1347
0.1187
3.31347
88,000
54,000
1.06 , it decreases
1 , therefore, safe.
Considering variation of si , si tends to exceeds the limiting stress therefore reduces the
factor of safety. While stress relaxation tends to reduce the limiting stress approaching the
si and causing lower design factor.
(c) Fi 7000 4714 As 7000 4714 0.1187 6440 lb
7
T 0.2 DFi 0.2
6440 564 in lb
16
at Fi 8879 lb
7
T 0.2 DFi 0.2
8879 777 in lb
16
CHECK PROBLEMS
249.
A 1-in. steel bolt A (normalized AISI 1137, cold-rolled threads) passes through
a yellow brass tube B (B36-8, hard) as shown. The tube length is 30 in., its
cross-sectional area is 2 sq. in. and the UNC bolt threads extend a negligible
amount below the nut. The steel washers are in. thick and are assumed not
to bend (clearances are exaggerated). The nut is turned turn. (a) If an
external tensile axial load, varying from 0 to 5 kips, is repeatedly applied to
Page 31 of 40

the bolt, what is the factor of safety of the bolt by the Soderberg criterion? (b)
What is the external load on the bolt at the instant that the load on the tube
becomes zero.
Problem 249, 250

Solution:
For 1-in. UNC
As 0.606 sq.in.
Dr 0.8466 in.
Th in. 8
1
1
in.
Th in 8
p 4
p
1 1
1
in.

4 8
32
1
Lb 30 2 30.5 in.
4
Eb 30 10 6 psi
1
Fi 30.5
32 1 2 30 106
4
Fi 24,141 lb
kb
kb k c
2
1 30 106
Ab Eb
4
kb
772,525
Lb
30.5
AE
kc c c
Lc
Fb Fe
Ac 2 sq.in.
Lc 30 in.
Page 32 of 40

Ec 15 10 6 psi (Yellow Brass)
kc
2 15 10 6
1,000,000
30
(a) Fb1 0
772,525
2179 lb
772,525 1,000,000
Fb 2 5000
1
Fb 2 Fb1 24,141 1 2179 0 25,230 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 2179 0 1090 lb
2
2
Fm Fi
Fm 25,230
38,227 psi
As
0.606
F
1090
sa a
1799 psi
As 0.606
For normalized AISI 1137, cold-rolled thread
sm
su 98 ksi
s y 58 ksi
sn 0.5su 0.5 98 49 ksi 49,000 psi

K f 1.4 (Table AT 12)
For axial loading, sn 0.8 49,000 39,200 psi

1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
1
38,227 1.4 1799
N 58,000
39,200
N 1.38
kc
kb k c
(b) Fi Fo
1,000,000
772
,
525
1
,
000
,
000
Fo 42,790 lb
24,141 Fo
250.
A -in. fine-thread bolt, made of AISI 1117, cold drawn, with rolled threads,
passes through a yellow brass tube and two steel washers, as shown. The tube
is 4 in. long, 7/8 in. internal diameter, 1 -in. external diameter. The washers
are each -in. thick. The unthreaded part of the bolt is 3 in. long. Assume that
there is no stretching of the bolt inside the nut in finding its k . The
unlubricated bolt is tightened by a torque of 1800 in-lb. The external load,
Page 33 of 40

varying from 0 to 4 kips, is axially applied to the washers an indefinite
number of times. (a) Compute the factor of safety of the bolt by the Soderberg
criterion. Is there any danger of failure of the bolt? (b) What pull must be
exerted by the washers to remove all load from the brass tube?
Solution:
T 0.2 DFi
3
1800 0.2 Fi
4
Fi 12,000 lb
kb
kb k c
Fb Fe
1
1
1
kb kb1 kb 2
Ab Eb
Lb1
kb1
Lb1 3 in.
Ab
4 4
0.4418 sq.in.
Eb 30 10 6 psi
0.4418 30 106 4,418,000
kb1
As Eb
Lb 2
For -in. UNF (Table AT 14)
kb 2
As 0.373 sq.in.
1
Lb 2 4 2 3 1.5 in.
2
0.373 30 106 7,460,000
kb 2
1.5
1
1
1
kb kb1 kb 2
1
1
1
kb
4,418,000 7,460,000
kb 2,774,733
kc
Ac Ec
Lc

1
Ac 1
4 4
Page 34 of 40
0.6259 sq.in.

Ec 15 10 6 psi
Lc 4 in.
kc
0.6259 15 106 2,347,125

4
Fb1 0
2,774,733
2167 lb
2
,
774
,
733
2
,
347
,
125
Fb 2 4000
1
Fb 2 Fb1 12,000 1 2167 0 13,084 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 2167 0 1084 lb
2
2
Fm Fi
Fm 13,084
35,078 psi
As
0.373
F
1084
sa a
2906 psi
As 0.373
For AISI 111, cold drawn, rolled threads
sm
sn 40 ksi
s y 68 ksi
K f 1.4
sn 0.8 40 32 ksi 32,000 psi , axial loading

1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
1
35,078 1.4 2906
N 68,000
32,000
N 1.56
(a)
kc
kb k c
(b) Fi Fo
2,347,125
2
,
774
,
733
2
,
347
,
125
Fo 26,186 lb
12,000 Fo
251.
A coupling bolt (i5.13, Text) is used to connect two parts made of cast-iron,
class 35. The diameter of the coarse-thread bolt is -in.; its grip is 2 in., which
is also nearly the unthreaded length. The bolt tightened to have an initial
tension of 4000 lb. The parts support an external load Fe that tends to
separate them and it varies from zero to 5000 lb. What is the factor of safety,
(Soderberg)?
Solution:
Fi 4000 lb
Page 35 of 40
kb
kb k c
AE
kb b b
Lb
Fb Fe
Ab
4 2
0.19635 sq.in. (unthreaded length)
Eb 30 10 6 psi
Lb 2 in.
kb
0.19635 30 10 6
2,945,250
2
Table AT 14, UNC
1
in.
2
As 0.1419 sq.in.
3
A in.
4
h
De A
2
D
h 2 in.
De
3 2
3
1 in.
4 2
4
kc
Ac Ec
Lc
Ac
2 2 3
De D 1
4
4
4 4
2.209 sq.in.
Ec 14.5 10 psi , (Cast iron, class 35)

6
Lc 2 in.
kc
2.209 14.5 106 16,015,250
Fb1 0
2,945,250
777 lb
2,945,250 16,015,250
Fb 2 5000
1
Fb 2 Fb1 4000 1 777 0 4389 lb
2
2
1
1
Fa Fb 2 Fb1 777 0 389 lb
2
2
Fm Fi
Fm
4389
30,930 psi
As 0.1419
F
389
sa a
2741 psi
As 0.1419
sm
Page 36 of 40

For ASTM 354 BC (Table 5.2), D
su 125 ksi
1
in.
2
s y 109 ksi
sn 0.5su
For axial loading
sn 0.8 0.5125 50 ksi 50,000 psi

K f 1.8
Soderberg Line
1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
1
30,930 1.8 2741
N 109,000
50,000
N 2.6
252.
The cap on the end of a connecting rod (automotive engine) is held on by two
5/16-in. bolts that are forged integrally with the main connecting rod. These
bolts have UNF threads with a 5/8-in. on an unthreaded length of virtually 5/8
in. The nuts are to be tightened with a torque of 20 ft-lb. and the maximum
external load on one bolt is expected to be 2330 lb. Let the equivalent
diameter of the connected parts be in. (a) Estimate the maximum force on
the bolt. (b) Compute the opening load. Is this satisfactory? (c) If the bolt
material is AISI 4140, OQT 1000 oF, what is the factor of safety based on the
Soderberg criterion?
Solution:
T 20 ft lb 240 in lb
T 0.2 DFi
5
240 0.2
Fi
16
Fi 3840 lb
kb
kb k c
AE
kb b b
Lb
Fb Fe
Ab
4 16
0.0767 sq.in. (unthreaded length)
Eb 30 10 6 psi
5
Lb in.
8
Page 37 of 40
kb
0.0767 30 106
3,681,600
5

8
kc
Ac Ec
Lc
Ac
2 2 3
De D
4
4
4 4
16
0.3651 sq.in.
Ec 30 10 psi , (Cast iron, class 35)

5
Lc in.
8
0.3651 30 106 17,524,800
kc
5

8
6
3,681,600
405 lb
3,681,600 17,524,800
Fb 2330
(a) Fmax Fi Fb 3840 405 4245 lb

kc
(b) Fi Fo
k
k
c
b
17,524,800
3,681,600 17,524,80
Fo 4647 lb Fmax
3840 Fo
Fb
405
3840
4042 lb
2
2
F
405
Fa b
202 lb
2
2
For AISI 4140, OQT 1000 oF
(c) Fm Fi
su 170 ksi
s y 155 ksi
Table AT 12, K f 2.6

sn 0.5su
For axial loading
sn 0.8 0.5170 68 ksi 68,000 psi
Soderberg Line
1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
For 5/16-in.-UNF, Table AT 14, As 0.0580 sq.in.
Page 38 of 40

Fm
4042
69,690 psi
As 0.0580
F
202
sa a
3843 psi
As 0.0580
sm
1 sm K f sa
N sy
sn
1
69,690 2.6 3483
N 155,000
68,000
N 1.72
SET SCREWS
254.
A 6-in. pulley is fastened to a 1 in. shaft by a set screw. If a net tangential

force of 75 lb, is applied to the surface of the pulley, what size screw should
be used when the load is steady?
Solution:
6
365 lb
1.25
Tangential force = 75 lb
Assume tangential force = holding force

Table 5.3, use Screw size 8, Holding force = 385 lb.
255.
An eccentric is to be connected to a 3-in. shaft by a setscrew. The center of the

eccentric is 1 in. from the center of the shaft when a tensile force of 1000
lb. is applied to the eccentric rod perpendicular to the line of centers. What
size set screw should be used for a design factor of 6?
Solution:
1.25
Tangential force = 1000 lb 3 2 833 lb
6
833
5000
lb
Holding force =
Table 5.3, use Screw size in.
256.
A lever 16 in. long is to be fastened to a 2-in. shaft. A load of 40 lb. is to be

applied normal to the lever at its end. What size of set screw should be used
for a design factor of 5?
Solution:
Torque = 16 40 640 in lb
2 640
640 lb
Tangential force =
2
Holding force = 5 640 3200 lb
Table 5.3, use Screw size 9/16 in.
Page 39 of 40

257.
A 12-in. gear is mounted on a 2-in. shaft and is held in place by a 7/16 in.
setscrew. For a design factor of 3, what would be the tangential load that could
be applied to the teeth and what horsepower could be transmitted by the
screw.
Solution:
Table 5.3, 7/16 in.
Holding force = 2500 lb
2500
833 lb
3
2
139 lb
Tangential load on gear = 833
12
Assume vm 4500 fpm
139 4500 19 hp
Hp transmitted =
33,000
Tangential force =
- end -
Page 40 of 40

Simple Tension

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Simple Tension

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SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

SIMPLE TENSION INCLUDING TIGHTENING STRESSES

sd 0.4 45,000 18,000psi

Table AT 14 and Table 5.1

(b) UNF Threads

(c) 8-Thread Series

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

A motor weighing 2 tons is lifted by a wrought-iron eye bolt which is screwed

(b) UNF Threads

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

Table AT 14 , UNC Threads

A connection similar to Fig. 5.9, Text, is subjected to an external load Fe of

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

Table AT 14 , UNC Threads

(b) si 0.85s y 0.85 72,000 61,200 psi

The cylinder head of a 10 x 18 in. Freon compressor is attached by 10 stud

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

Table AT 14 , UNC Threads

s p 85 ksi , (Table 5.2)

si 0.9 85,000 76,500 psi

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

sd 50,000psi 5.6, ASTM A354 BD

si 0.9120,000 108,000 psi

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

For AISI 1015, cold drawn

tan 30 1.096 sq.in.

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

For SAE grade 2 (Table 5.2), D 1 in

For 1 1/8 in.-7-UNC-2 (Table AT 14)

sus 0.75 55,000

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

tan 30 2.4661 sq.in.

(a) Fs = shear force = susDt

(b) Ratio > 1, failure by shear is not likely to occur.

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

For in., UNC

AISI 4140, OQT 1200 oF

s 0.75115 86.25 ksi

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

86,250 5.3 360o 55o

AISI 8742, OQT 1000 oF

si 0.70147 102.9 ksi 102,900 psi

Le 0.97G 1.1 in.

Le 0.97 4.8 1.1 in. 5.756 in

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

The member C shown is part of a swivel connection that is to be clamped by a

Prob. 235, 236

For AISI C1113, cold-drawn steel,

(a) T 0.2 DFi

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

De = (Nut or head width across flats) +

Ft Fi Fb 15,000 1754 16,754 lb

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

0.000007 in. in. F for steel

i i L 0.002 0.001678 0.000322 in.

A 1 1/8-in. steel bolt A passes through a yellow brass (B36-8) tube B as

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

Table AT 14, 1 1/8 in., UNC

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

As shown diagrammatically, a bearing is supported in a pillow block attached

SECTION 3 SCREW FASTENINGS

si 0.5 46 23 ksi 23,000 psi