Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
uk
Construction
Technology 3
Assignment 2: Basement Construction
Dr. Patrick Tang, School of Architecture and the Built Environment
Michael Dernee
C3089219
Abstract:
In the brief for the basement, there is the potential for rapid expansion. The Amazon highway is very close and
noise pollution could affect the buildings potential. Therefore the basement will be as low as possible allowing
noise pollution to travel over the proposed building. Techniques will ensure that the least amount of energy
will be needed to create the building and that the materials used will be long lasting to create not only an
environmentally sustainable building but a physically sustainable building that will stand for many years.
Appendix:
Title Page
........................................................................................................
Abstract
........................................................................................................
ii
Appendix
........................................................................................................
iii
Physical
........................................................................................................
Use
........................................................................................................
Location
........................................................................................................
Volume (horizontal)
..........................................................................................
Clear site
........................................................................................................
Volume (vertical)
..........................................................................................
Type of soil
........................................................................................................
Water table
........................................................................................................
Disposal
........................................................................................................
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
Mechanical
......................................................................................................................
Fixed
........................................................................................................
Moving
........................................................................................................
Transport system
..........................................................................................
Excavation lateral support system ...........................................................................
Ground water control
..........................................................................................
Foundation
..........................................................................................
Shallow foundation
...........................................................................
Deep footings
...........................................................................
Basement construction method
...........................................................................
Slab
..........................................................................................
Waterproof membrane
............................................................................
Drainage
..........................................................................................
Columns
..........................................................................................
Suspended slab
..........................................................................................
Cost analysis
Bibliography
3
3
4
5
6
7
7
7
8
8
9
10
11
12
........................................................................................................
13
..........................................................................................
14
.......................................................................................................................
17
.........................................................................................................
18
Pictorial explanation
Conclusion
Physical:
Use
Basement allocation: the use of the basement will be for car parking, to help shoppers of the
centre above (assignment two) for maximum shoppers.
Location
Streetscape: the streetscape of the building will be on Davidson Road, Hill Street and Amazon
Highway, where the ground level will be two metres below Amazon Highway to remove some of
the sound of the highway, whilst still advertising that there are shops there.
Entrance: the location of the entrance will be on Davidson Road (shown in site plan). The reason
for this is it is a more open location where an entrance would be.
Exit: the location of the exit will be on Olive Street (shown in site plan). The reason for this is a
quiet street for easy exiting to the road.
Basement location: the basement will take up the whole area to allow for the highest amount of
parking spaces; there will be a two metre inwards perimeter of the site, so that in construction
the pathway can still be used.
Clear site
Removal of trees: cost estimates, 500mm less $162 each, 500-1000 $162 each. Therefore total
cost would accumulate to $1488.
Volume (horizontal)
2
Volume (vertical)
Depth: the depth of the basement will not go further than +56m from sea level (5 metres in
depth)
Type of soil
Reactive ability: there will be a combination of Made Ground : Very stiff (compacted) ashy sandy
clay with brick and tile rubble and fine to coarse gravel, Medium dense becoming dense grey fine
to coarse angular to sub rounded flint gravel with cobbles, and a trace of sand.
Water table
Compressive strength: the soils are closely dense, such that a foundation will need to be
reinforced but will only have to be a shallow one.
Height: The water table does not go higher than +45m from sea level (16m in depth) and
therefore there is no need to worry about the water level and the use of a water pump, yet still a
need for waterproofing.
Disposal
Type: as there is no known location of the site or local disposal areas, this cannot be answered,
but as shown in the mechanical disposal section (page) many different combinations can occur. It
can be used as infill for another site.
Distance: it is unknown.
Mechanical:
Name
Fixed:
Picture
Volume (V)
Load (L) /
hour (H)
80
VxL/H
40
4 - 72m
45
36 - 270m
55
16 - 165m
Shovel face
0.3 6m
24 480m
Suited conditions
Price
farm4.static.flickr.com
Backhoe
0.1 1.8m
excavators101.com
Clamshell,
grab
0.8 - 6m
Coal Mines
kensdiecastconstructionmodels.com
Dragline
0.3 - 3m
www.nkmz.com
Summary: For the site and its contours as the basement will be dug from the east to the west the best fixed
excavator would be the shovel face.
Moving:
Picture
Bulldozer
Depth
400mm
Distance
100m
Action
Moving top soil and spreading the
earth, flattening the land
Price
N/A (was not in the
Rawlinsons Australian
construction handbook
2010)
1000mm
200m
150
300mm
3000m
classroomclipart.com
Loader
coalcliff.com
Scrapers
fhwa.dot.gov
Summary: as the site is not very big the scraper is not useful, a combination of the loader and bulldozer would
be the best was to move the material and load it onto the transport system.
Transport
Systems
Dump trucks
Transport System:
Picture
Distance
Suited Conditions
Price
0.8km 10km
1km 5km
Medium proximity
removal, large sized jobs
high longevity
5km 100km
elph.com.au
Conveyor
motorsandbearingsconcept.com
Rail
northernrockiesrisingtide.files.wordpress.com/
Summary: as the location is unknown, there is no way to find out where the closest place is to relocate the soil,
but just from the site plan the location is built up so the use of a conveyor belt is not the way to go. A
combination of a dump truck and rail may need to be used if the relocating area is far away. But if close the
use of only a dump truck would be a better option.
Method
Sheet pile:
permanent
Picture
Sheet pile:
Temporary
Description
Interlocking prefabricated
steel piles that form a wall
that is continuous and
permanent
Interlocking prefabricated
steel piles that form a
temporary wall
Advantage
Light weight,
adaptable, high
resistance to
tensile stresses
Can be reused,
adaptable
Disadvantage
Boulder
obstruction,
vibration,
noise
pollution,
water
seepage, cost,
professional
needed.
Susceptible to
the
movement of
ground.
Slow, vertical
joinery is
difficult, low
reinforcement
Impermeable,
can be used as
the facade,
flexible, little
noise, deep
work, lack of
joints, can be
used as footings
Expensive,
large area
needed
$69,000
Cheap, light
machinery, little
noise, less rigid
layout needed
Stabilize slopes or
excavations.
geelongadvertiser.com.au
Soldier pile
Suitability
Harbour quays,
restriction of
water acting as a
cofferdam
Temporary
restriction of
water (cofferdam)
to allow a
basement
construction,
piers and houses
that have a high
water table
Most suitable
when the wall is
above the water
table, with free
draining soils.
merelaconsultants.com
Bored pile:
continuous
Bored pile:
tangent
Bored Pile:
interlocking
sbe.napier.ac.uk
Bored pile:
secant
Diaphragm
Price
$54,750
$41,000
$21,000
$23,700
itm-ltd.com
Soil Nailing
coastalcaisson.com
Sheet pile:
temporary
Soldier
pile
Bored pile:
contiguous
Bored pile:
tangent
Bored Pile:
interlocking
Bored pile:
secant
Diaphragm
Soil
Nailing
x
x
Summary: Due to the soil, the usefulness of how close it can get to the boundary and the use of it as a wall
after excavation the diaphragm wall will be used. The diaphragm wall is also long lasting and therefore
sustainable compared to the other methods that have to be replaced and fixed
Ground Water Control: As the basement will not go deeper than 12.3 m there is no need to use any
water pump during excavation.
Summary: There is no need for ground water control during the excavation due to the depth of the building
not exceeding the water table.
Method
Pad
Shallow foundation
Picture
Description
A footing remote to broaden
a load.
Advantage
Cheap, easy,
simple, little
materials used
Disadvantage
Not good in
weak soils. Or
reactive soils
Application
Hard soils, inert
soils
price
N/A (was not in
the Rawlinsons
Australian
construction
handbook 2010)
Strongest
shallow
foundation, can
be changed for
the different
soils
Lightweight,
both slab and
foundation
created at once
making it very
strong
Not good on
highly reactive
soils, more
complicated
than the pad
footing
Complicated
compared to the
pad footing, a
lot of time in
preparation has
to take place
Medium soils to
hard soils
(un
reinforced)
248 cum
(reinforced)
251cum
Medium to
hard soils
240 cum
2.bp.blogspot.com
Strip
lh5.ggpht.com
Raft
moladi.com
Summary: Strip footings will be used as they are the strongest shallow footings, with the depth of the footings
calculated by the engineer. As they are the strongest they will not need to be fixed or replaced and because of
that it is quite sustainable. They will also be reinforced.
Method
Piled (bedrock)
Deep footings
Picture
Description
The pile reaches
solid bedrock and
can put all the
weight on the
bedrock.
Advantage
Most solid
foundation possible
Disadvantage
Sometimes may
need to go very
deep to uncover
bedrock
Application
Soft, reactive clays
and soils
Strongest
foundation in
locations without
bedrock
Complicated, many
calculations need to
be done and a lot of
testing on the soil
needed to ensure
the footings will
hold
Hollowed hole
where concrete can
be poured into
www.piledriving.com
Piled (Friction)
boredpiles.com
Caissons
kshitija.files.wordpress.com
Summary: There is no need for deep footing as the soil below is quite stable.
Method
Picture
Open-cut
brhgarver.com
Vertical cut
Top-down
simplex-foundations.co.uk
personal.cityu.edu.hk/~bswmwong/pl.html
Size of site
Site environment
Protection
Simplest protection
Special provision
Soil removal
Not much
Using ramp
Summary: Due to the use of the diaphragm wall, there are two choices, the vertical cut or the top down. The
vertical cut is more suited for the site and will therefore be used as it is not a big site.
Type
Concrete (in situ)
Slab
Picture
Description
150mm thick, poured
concrete into a mould
undergroundconstruction.ie
Precast Concrete
www.megaprefab.com
Strength
The strength can change
with the additives used
and the reinforcement
used. For such a site no
real additives need to be
used as there are no
large stresses upon the
slab. But normal
additives like super
plasticizers to allow for
higher workability
concrete and pozzolans
that increase the
strength of the concrete
will be used to help with
strength and curing time
Price
161.00 sqm
100-120 sqm
Summary: Both ways of creating a slab are strong, but because there are retaining walls that the slab has to fit
into, in situ concrete will be used as it can chemically bond to the diaphragm wall making everything
increasingly stronger.
Type
Liquid membrane
Waterproofing
Picture
Description
A polymer liquid
that is painted on to
form an
impermeable barrier
Advantage
Good for complex
structures
Disadvantage
Cannot be used
under the slab
Price
2
38m
A liquid that is
painted on to form
an impermeable
barrier
Cannot be used
under the slab
12.4m
22.4m
A polymer that is
solid but not rigid
that forms an
impermeable barrier
28.2m
img.alibaba.com
Bituminous paint
www.larsenbuildingproducts.com
Styrofoam
www.tru-guardwaterproofing.com
Polymer membrane
imghost1.indiamart.com
Summary: As the slab is in situ the use of a polymer membrane or a Styrofoam membrane is the most useful as
it can cover under the concrete. The polymer membrane will be used as it is better in difficult situations. It also
doesnt have to be replaced unlike the bituminous paint so it will last a long time making it more sustainable.
Type
Tanking
Drainage
Picture
Description
Creating an
impermeable
barrier that doesnt
allow water in but if
water does come in
it gets pumped out
Advantage
Water table can be
above the
basement floor
Disadvantage
Needs a pump,
makes noise
Price
2
12-38m
Drainage that
allows a gap in the
membrane to a
drainage channel.
Un noticeable gaps
www.gundle.co.za
Cavity drainage
oxfordbasements.co.uk
Exterior foundation
drain
www.wvdhsem.gov
Summary: The use of the exterior foundation drain will be installed as the water table is 11m lower than the
lowest point of the basement. The exterior foundation drain is also the quickest diffuse way of relocating
water.
Type
Reinforced Concrete
(in situ)
Columns
Picture
Description
200mm in diameter, with rebar
reinforcement.
Strength
Very strong
Price
201.00 sqm
Very strong
490.00 sqm
Medium
247.00 sqm
Weak
35.80 sqm
Strong
57.70 sqm
www.betoonelement.ee
Reinforced Precast
Concrete
www.emarateurope.ae
Steel
www.brisbanehouseraising.com.au
Timber
thepostandbeam.files.wordpress.com
Brickwork
img.archiexpo.com
Summary: Concrete will be used as columns in this building being long lasting, as the timber and steel do
corrode over time and the brickwork takes too long to make. The reason for in situ concrete is it can
chemically join to the base plate making it a stronger bond
Type
Concrete (in situ)
Suspended slab
Picture
Description
150mm thick, poured
concrete into a mould
undergroundconstruction.ie
Precast Concrete
www.megaprefab.com
Strength
The strength can change
with the additives used
and the reinforcement
used. For such a site no
real additives need to be
used as there are no
large stresses upon the
slab. But normal
additives like super
plasticizers to allow for
higher workability
concrete and pozzolans
that increase the
strength of the concrete
will be used to help with
strength and curing time.
Price
161.00 sqm
100-120 sqm
Summary: Precast concrete will be used as it will be easier to install and it is a lot easier for the precast
concrete to be designed to create a waffle design making the slab lighter.
Cost Analysis:
Area of cost
Product
Unit
Earth moving:
clearing the
site
Retaining wall
Soil
excavation
Footing
Waterproofing
Tree >500mm
Tree
1000>500mm
Diaphragm wall
Excavation of soil
for basement
Strip footings
Polymer
membrane
Exterior
Foundation Drain
In situ Reinforced
concrete
Reinforced in situ
concrete
Precast
reinforced waffle
designed slab
Per tree
Per tree
Drainage
Slab
Columns
Suspended
Slab
Price per
unit
$162
$162
Amount of
products
3
6
Per m
2
Per m
$420
$65.4
165.1m
3
14,911m
$496
$992
Cumulative
price
$496
$1488
$69000
$975,179
$70488
$1,045,667
Per m
2
Per m
$248
$28.2
570m
2
2,900 m
$141,360
$81,780
$1,187,027
$1,268,807
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A
$161
2,900m
$466,900
$1,735,707
$201
2,900m
$609,000
$2,344,707
$120
2,900m
$348,000
$2,692,707
Per m
Per m
Per m
Price
Pictorial Explanation:
Process
1. Analysis
Description
Entrance, exit, site
size, orientation
2.
Retaining
wall
3.
Excavation
Vertically cutting
the soil to open
up the site
Perspective
Plan
4.
Set up
5.
Ground Slab
6.
Columns
Set up and
pouring columns
into place
7.
Suspended
Slab
Crane suspended
precast slabs onto
the allocated
points.
Conclusion:
A diaphragm wall will be set up and the site will be open cut by shovel faces and backhoes then bulldozers will
flatten it out. It is still unknown how or where the soil will be transported but will most likely be done by a
dump truck. There is no need for ground water control due to the low water table and the footings will be strip
due to their strength and ability to work around the site. The slab will be in situ concrete with additives like
pozzolans and super plasticizers to increase strength and for higher workability. To waterproof the basement a
polymer membrane will be below the slab, with the retaining wall also being impermeable. Yet if any water
does come in exterior fountain drains will allow the water to go into the ground as the water table is quite low.
In situ concrete columns will hold up the precast concrete slabs that are suspended and will be the base of the
ground floor that is two metres below the highway to diffuse the sound.
Bibliography:
Book:
Frederick S. Merritt, Jonathan T. Ricketts Building design and construction handbook, USA, 1994:
McGraw-Hill Professional Publi
R.A. Johnson Water-resisting basement construction - A Guide: Safeguarding New And Existing
Basements Against Water And Dampness , Great Brittan, 1995: Construction Industry Research and
Information Association
Barry, R. (2001) The Construction of Buildings (Vol 4), 5th Edition, Blackwell Scientific Publications.
Internet:
http://www.basementconstruction.com.au/Retention%20Systems.html
http://www.dincelconstructionsystem.com/documents/BasementConstruction.pdf
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basement
Lectures: