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HARZARDOUS PROCESSES
BMG 2071 HEALTH, SAFETY & WELFARE
ASSIGNMENT1-2073-01-02-16

PRESENTED BY:
CHUA CHIN YEE & SYUHADA
MODULE LEADER:
MS. NUR FARIDATULL SYAFINAZ
INTERNAL VERIFIER:
MS. NOOR FATEHAH

INTRODUCTION-HAZARDOUS PROCESSES
A hazard is a potential source of harm.
Hazardous Processes are dangerous operation that have high
possibility leading to accidents and injuries.
Hazardous processes relating to construction workers:
Job

Hazard Exposure

Decoration & maintenance workers

Excessive sound (85-89dB)

Ground investigation operator

Excessive sound ( 90dB)

Silica

Painter

Solvent containing benzene

Land surveying technician

Laser

Compressed air workers

Compressed air pressure

Welder

Welder fumes
Lead , cadmium & magnesium

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ROOF WORKS
Types Of Accidents Associated With Roof Work
Working on roofs is a high-risk activity because it involves work at height.

ROOF WORKS
Types Of Accidents Associated With Roof Work
Falls through fragile materials, such as roof lights and asbestos cement roofing sheets, account for
more deaths than any other single cause.
There are also many serious injuries that resulted in permanent disabilities.

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ROOF WORKS Hazards Characteristic Of Different Roof Types

Flat Roofs
On flat roofs, falls most frequently occur:
from the edge of a
completed roof

during surveying,
inspection or
construction

from the edge where

work is being carried
out

ROOF WORKS
Hazards Characteristic Of Different Roof Types

Flat Roofs
On flat roofs, falls most frequently occur:
othrough openings or gaps; and
othrough surfaces that are fragile such as strawboard, unfixed
profiled, metal decking, or aged roof lights

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ROOF WORKS
Hazards Characteristic Of Different Roof Types
Pitched Roof
On traditional pitched roofs, most falls occur:

ofrom the eaves;

ofrom the roof, typically slipping down the roof, then falling from the eaves;
ofrom the roof, falling internally, eg. during roof truss erection, stripping roofs, installing
membranes and re-roofing; and
ofrom gable ends.

ROOF
WORKS
Hazards Characteristic Of Different Roof Types
Fragile Roof

old roof lights

fibre cement sheets

corroded metal sheets

Glass panel

rotted chipboard or similar

wood wool slabs

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ROOF WORKS
Precautions Against Falls From Roofs

Planning the Job:

oplanning a safe approach helps in getting a detailed view of the jobs to be
carried out and the safety measures to be assured.
ohazards can be overseen
oprecautionary measures that best suites it can be analyzed and implemented.
Accessing the roofs:
A detailed study of the roofs helps us know the various safety measures to be
taken which suites the roof most effectively. There are different types of roofing
materials used and the way of working on it and the measures to be undertaken
for each varies accordingly. Additional care needs to be taken in case of brittle
roofs.

ROOF WORKS
Precautions Against Falls From Roofs

Safety measures to be assured:

After analyzing the way the work is to be done and the precautions to be made,
before starting the work makes sure that the safety measures are enabled to
assist that days work. If the administrative people fails to assure it the workers
could feel free to remind about it as its them who are going to work around
and assuring safety is more important to them than to any other.
Weather conditions:
The weather has a great part to play in the work and if it was raining for a
while then its better to postpone the work and wait for a sun shine as rain may
cause the roofs to be slippery and hence working on it could be more
challenging.

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ROOF WORKS

Way Of Providing Protection Against Falls From The Edges Of Roofs

Flat Roofs
Where the design of the roof does not provide permanent edge
protection, such as solid parapet wall of at least 950 mm in height,
temporary edge protection will be required (eg. guard rails and toe
boards). These should, when erected:
ogive protection for the full duration of the work
obe strong and rigid enough to prevent people from falling and be able
to withstand other loads likely to be placed on it;
owhen fixed to a structure, the structure should be capable of supporting
it; and
obe designed in such a way that it is not necessary to remove it to work at
the edge of the roof.

Temporary flat-roof edge protection (guardrail). Adjustable supports enable work to progress
with protection in place

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Flat-roof edge protection supported at ground level. Ground-level support allows work up to the
roof edge without obstruction

Flat-roof edge protection supported on the roof edge upstand. The roof upstand must have
adequate strength

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ROOF WORKS
Way Of Providing Protection Against Falls From The Edges Of Roofs

Pitched Roof
To prevent falls, consider the following during design and installation of roofs:
ohoisting and lowering of materials;
ogaining access to and egress from roof level;
ogaining access to and egress from platform to roof;

ofalls from eaves, between trusses and from the verge;

otransporting roof materials to roof area;
ofixing battens, trusses, slates or tiles;
oloading out with slates or tiles;
ogaining access to the ridge after slates or tiles are fitted;
otransporting materials and mortar to the ridge;
ofixing the ridge; and
osecuring fall-protection systems.

Typical sloping roof edge protection. If using edge protection placed directly at the bottom of a
roof slope, as in (a), you must ensure spacing between guard rails and the performance of the
edge protection conforms and guard rails are high enough to allow for a person on the rising roof
slope

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Fall Restraint
This system allow a person access to conduct their duties but prevent them from reaching a point where a
fall could occur.
Fall Restraint systems are generally suitable if the person needs to work at the edge of a hazard. For
example, where there is a need to maintain gutters along the edge of a roof, or if there are other potential
fall hazards such as a fragile roof, roof lights or air vents.

Fall Arrest
A fall arrest system provides maximum freedom of movement for workers to conduct their duties. In
doing so it allows them to reach the point where a fall could occur, such as the edge of a roof for gutter
maintenance. However, in the event of a fall, the fall will be arrested and so allow the person to either
effect a self-rescue or be rescued.

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ROOF WORKS
Way Of Providing Protection Against Falls From The Edges Of Roofs

Fragile Roof
oplatforms or coverings spanning the purlins must be provided and
used to support the weight of anyone on the fragile material; and
oguard rails or coverings are required to prevent someone who is
passing or working near fragile material from falling through.

Safety netting used to provide protection

for roof lights during minor roof works

Permanent protection installed at valley

gutter

Hierarchy of Fall Protection

Guardrail offering Collective Fall
Protection

Fall Restraint System prevents person

reaching the fall risk

Fall Arrest System minimises injury in the

event of a fall

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STEEL ERECTION
Why are the accidents in steel erection so high ?
o work includes heavy duty
high rise structure
o Steel erection is often the
skeletal core of bridges,
office buildings, commercial,
retail and industrial
structures
o Work at great height
o Falling object above head
oLack of fall protection
techique

STEEL ERECTION
Safety precautions before steel erection
oDetail the steps to be taken to provide protection for employees exposed to potential
falls
oProvide a training program that enables all involved employees to recognize the fall
hazards and the procedures to follow to minimize the hazard
oInstall temporary flooring
oTake precautions to prevent sparks or fires in accordance with the section, "Hand Tools,
Power Tools, Pressure Vessels,Compressors, and Welding.

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STEEL ERECTION
Preventing accidents in steel erection

1. Provide proper fall protection for employees working at a height of 25 feet or more.
2. Have a competent person in the area to ensure that employees are following fall
protection requirements.
3. Implement a thorough training program to increase employee awareness of hazards
that are present in steel erection operations.

Construction Safety Sign

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PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT IN

STEEL ERECTION

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DEMOLITION: PLANNING AND TRAINING/THE

DEMOLITION PROCESS/HEALTH HAZARDS
WHAT SHOULD BE DONE BEFORE DEMOLITION BEGINS. :
odemolition presents its own unique hazards that require careful planning and preparation
oMany of the hazards associated with demolition can be avoided through appropriate planning, sequencing, and
coordination of tasks.
oThis planning includes the methods used to bring down the structure, the equipment necessary, required personal
protective equipment and appropriate worker training.
oOne of the most critical steps in demolition planning is carrying out an engineering survey of the structure.

oOSHAs demolition standard requires this survey conducted in writing by a competent person. This violation is at the
top of OSHAs list of citations for demolition sites.

HOW SHOULD DEMOLITION PROCEED :

Training and Communication
o demolition workers, including plant or equipment operators, shall go through proper job safety training and be
informed of the potential hazards by attending training sessions as well as on-the-job training.
Equipment Maintenance
o all equipment shall be tested and examined before use. They shall be properly stored and maintained.

o The equipment shall be inspected daily and the results of the inspection shall be recorded accordingly.

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WHAT ARE THE COMMON DANGERS TO YOUR SAFETY AND WHAT PRECAUTIONS WOULD YOU TAKE?
COLLAPSE
o Changes to a structures original design, as well as the unknown strength or weakness of certain construction
materials, can lead to the collapse of walls or floors during demolition.

PRECAUTIONS
oAn engineering survey will determine areas where premature collapse may occur. These areas should then be
shored or braced prior to demolition to ensure a safe work environment.
oAny areas that have been previously damaged via fire, flood or other causes should also be shored or braced.

COLLAPSE

PRECAUTION

FALLS
o Falls are another major physical hazard often presents on demolition sites.

PRECAUTIONS
o Walls openings should be protected by guardrails to a height of approximately 42 inches,
and floor openings should be marked and covered with a material able to withstand the
loads that will be imposed.
o Fall protection is often necessary. In addition, stairs and ladders should be properly installed,
inspected and have proper illumination.

guardrails

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HEALTH DANGERS:
NOISE
oDemolition operation often cause noise levels that exceed requirement for
hearing protection. These levels are caused by the use of explosives,
machinery or other tools.

PRECAUTIONS
oShould be controlled by the use of engineering controls such as equipment
modification or the use of barriers, administrative controls such as worker
isolation or rotation, and hearing protection.
oSometimes, a combination of controls and hearing protection is needed for
proper protection.

DUST
oDemolition structures creates a large amount of dust. Breaking up concrete and
other building materials such as dry wall releases silica dust into the air, and
exposures to the other types of dust are also harmful to workers.

PRECAUTIONS
oCan be reduced through the use of engineering controls such as wet methods.
oWhen exposures cannot be reduced below safe levels through engineering or
administrative controls, the appropriate respirator should be worn during dustgenerating tasks.

wet methods

CONFINED SPACES: SAFETY

PRECAUTIONS/SAFETY AND RESCUE
EQUIPMENT
ON WHAT SORT OF CONSTRUCTION WORK MIGHT YOU FIND CONFINED SPACES
AND HAZARDOUS ATMOSPHERES?
Confined spaces can be found in vats, tanks, pits, pipes, chimneys, silos, sewers, shaft,
wells, pressure vessels, trenches and tunnels.

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WHAT WAS THE SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND RESCUE EQUIPMENT IN CONFINED SPACES? AND WERE THE
PRECAUTIONS FOLLOWED?
oEmergency rescue teams must be available while authorized entrants are in the confined spaces.
oIf a rescue is required, the rescue service must close off the area, get authorized entrants out of the space and
perform first aid when needed.
oUse a retrieval system to bring employee out of the space, and never enter the space without proper training
unless it is necessary.
oAuthorized entrants should wear harnesses connected to the retrieval line. The retrieval equipment must be in
place before employees enter the permit space.
oOne of the most important components of Personal Protective Equipment(PPE) in a confined space is a respirator.
oAll respirator must be fit tested prior to use. Also, cleaning the respirator after each use will help disinfect it.
Before each use of the respirator, it must be inspected to make sure that there are no cracks, holes, signs of wear
or loose connections.
oOther forms of PPE can include hard hats, safety glasses, clothing that protects the torso against chemicals, fires
and other hazards, as well as gloves and safety shoes that protect the hands and feet from various hazards.

EXAMPLES OF RESCUE
EQUIPMENT
ROPES

- primary tool in technical rescue.

ropes

- vary in construction, material and size.

HARNESS

harness

- used for fall protection and confined

space rescue.

TRIPODS
- used for access to vertical entry.
winches
WINCHES
- used for assist with tripod.

tripods

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A WORKER COLLAPSED IN A CONFINED SPACES.-WHAT SHOULD YOU DO?

1.Contact any rescue teams that are used to work in confined spaces.
2.Proceed an emergency rescue if needed.
3.Before going into the confined spaces, make sure to check all safety equipment are safe to use

and working properly.

4.After saving the worker, immediately proceed the CPR to make sure he is in safe condition.
5.Then, proceed with the first aid.

CONCLUSION
There are so many chemical hazards all around us that it would be
almost impossible to function if we focused constantly on the dangers.
This is precisely why we need to consider the dangers. We must know
what they are in order to prevent from injuries and accidents while
using them. People who work in industry are in even more danger than
everyone else from workplace and toxic chemical hazards, so workers
should be more cautious and prepared. Everyone should know exactly
what to do incase of unsafe contact with hazardous materials. All
employees should know definition of hazardous chemicals, the way
hazardous chemicals can kill or injure, and what to do to remain safe
from chemical hazards.

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