EE 312/311D

BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

PART 1

DIRECT CURRENT CIRCUIT

DC FUNDAMENTALS
RESISTIVE CIRCUITS
ALTERNATING CURRENT CIRCUIT
AC FUNDAMENTALS
WAVEFORMS AND PHASOR REPRESENTATION

PART

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICITY
WIRES AND CABLES
CONDUCTOR SPLICES AND TERMINAL CONNECTION
ELECTRICAL DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM
ELECTRICAL MATERIALS
ELECTRICAL LAYOUT DESIGN

GRADING SYSTEM
LECTURE
20% QUIZ
10% MIDTERM EXAM
10% FINAL EXAM
10% SEATWORK
DESIGN
50% DESIGN
TOTAL :
PASSING:

50% LECTURE + 50% DESIGN = 100%

70% 3.0

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING - is one of the newer branches of engineering, and

dates back to the late 19th century. It is the branch of engineering that deals with
the technology of electricity.

DC FUNDAMENTALS
E.M.F (electromagnetic force) Electromotive force, also called emf is the
voltage developed by any source of electrical energy such as a battery or
dynamo. It is generally defined as the electrical potential for a source in a
circuit. A device that supplies electrical energy is called a seat of electromotive
force or emf. Emfs convert chemical, mechanical, and other forms of energy into
electrical energy. The product of such a device is also known as emf. A common
unit of electromotive force is volt(V)
POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE is the electric potential difference between two points
is simply the energy required to transport a unit charge between those two
points. Electric current flows from a point of high electric potential to a point
which has a lower electric potential. The difference between the strength of the
positive and negative side of a physical entity is known as a potential
difference. Unit of potential difference is volt(V).
CURRENT (I)- Electric current is a flow electric charge through a medium. This
charge is typically carried by moving electrons in a conductor such as wire. It is
a charge flowing through some surface at the rate of 1 coulomb per second or 1
ampere (A). It can be measured using ammeter.
Resistance (R) the electric resistance of an electrical element measures its
opposition to the passage of electric current. The SI unit of electrical resistance
is ohm . An object of uniform cross section has a resistance proportional to its
resistivity and length and inversely proportional to its cross sectional area. All
materials show some resistance, except for superconductors which have a
resistance of zero.
How Voltage, Current and Resistance Relate?
An electric circuit is formed when a conductive path is created tp
allow free electrons to continuously move. This continuous
movement of free electrons through the conductors of a circuit
is called a current, and it is often referred to in terms of flow
just like the flow of a liquid through a hollow pipe.
The force motivating electrons to flow in a circuit is called
voltage. Voltage is a specific measure of potential energy that
is always relative between two points.

Free electrons tend to move through conductors with some degree of friction, or opposition
to motion. This opposition to motion is more properly called resistance.
The amount of current in a circuit depends on the amount of voltage available to motivate
the electrons, and also the amount of resistance in a circuit to oppose electron flow.

Quantity

Symbol

Voltage
Current
Resistance

E or V
I
R

Unit of
measurement
Ampere
Volt
Ohm

Abbreviation
A
V

OHMS LAW - this equation is a powerful predictor of the relationship between potential
difference, current and resistance.

RESISTANCE
The resistance of the particular conductor depends upon some certain laws, which are
termed as Ohms Law.
a)
b)
c)
d)

The
The
The
The

resistance
resistance
resistance
resistance

of a conductor is directly proportional to the length.

of conductor is inversely proportional to the area of cross section.
of the conductor depends upon the material.
also depends upon the temperature.

R=

l
l2
V
= = 2
A
V
A

; ---- for constant temperature only

where:
l = length of the conductor in m or ft
A = cross-sectional area in m2

= specific resistance or resistivity of the conductor material in -m

= 1.77 x 10
= 1.72 x 10

-8
-8

-m for hard drawn copper at 20C

-m for annealed copper at 20C

= 2.83 x 10 -8 -m for aluminum at 20C

V = volume of the conductor in m3 or ft3

Sample Problems:
1. Find the resistances of 36.6 meters of hard drawn copper wire, 0.077 cm2 in
cross-sectional area.
2. If the resistance of an 800 meter of a certain wire is 32 , what would be the
resistance of 250 meters?
3. The resistance of 500 meter of a certain wire is 125 . What length of the
same wire will produce a resistance of 90 ?
4. A wire has a resistance of 5.7 . What will be the resistance of another wire of
the same material three times as long and half the cross-sectional area?

VARIATION OF RESISTANCE WITH THE TEMPERATURE

The resistance of metallic conductors increases with rise in temperature.
R1 = R0 [1 +

R2 = R1 [1 +

(t1 - t0)]

(t2 t1)]

where: R0 = resistance of the conductor @ t0 = 0C

R1 = resistance of the conductor @ t1
R2 = resistance of the conductor @ t2
= temperature coefficient of resistance at 0C
0
0=

1
t 0T

1
[T ]

T = inferred absolute zero resistance temperature in 0C

for copper, T = -234.5C @ which R=0
1

= temperature coefficient of resistance @ t1

1=

1
t 1T

1
t 1 +[ T ]

Sample problem:
1. The resistance of a wire is 126 at 100C and 100 at 30C. Determine the
temperature coefficient of copper at 0C.
2. A shunt field winding of a motor has a resistance of 80 at 15C. Find the
resistance at 50C if the temperature coefficient of copper at 0C is 0.004 per
C.
3. The temperature coefficient of resistance of bronze is 0.00394 per C at 0C. A
length of bronze wire has a resistance of 10 at 20C. What is its resistance
at 60C?
4. A 200W, 110V incandescent lamp has a filament having a temperature
coefficient of resistance equal to 0.005 at 0C. if the normal operating
temperature of the bulb is 2500C, how much current will the bulb draw at the
instant it is turned on? Assume a room temperature of 20C

EXERCISES:
1. Find the resistance of an aluminum wire that has a length of 200 meters and
1.63mm diameter. the wire is at 20C. Note that the resistivity of aluminum at
20C is 2.8x10-8 -m.
2. A piece of copper wire has a resistance of 1.5 . solve for the resistance of the
manganin wire of one-fourth length and one-fifth diameter if the resistivity of
manganin is 20 times that of copper.
3. What is the resistance of a copper bus bar 9.15 meter long and 7.62cm by
1.27cm in cross section? Use 1.78x10-6 -cm specific resistance for copper.
4. Determine the diameter of a manganin wire 68.7 meter long which has 8.86
resistance if the resistivity of the manganin is 41.8x10-6 -m.

5. A potential difference of 250 V is applied to a field winding at 15C and the

current is 5 A. What will be the mean temperature of the winding when
current has fallen to 3.91 A, applied voltage being constant.