Chapter 9 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions

9.2

TH := ( 20 + 273.15)K

TH = 293.15 K

TC := ( 20 + 273.15)K

TC = 253.15 K

QdotC := 125000
Carnot :=

Wdot :=

kJ
day

TC
TH TC

(9.3)

Qdot C

= 3.797

Wdot = 0.381 kW

(9.2)

0.08
Cost :=
Wdot
kW hr
9.4

:= 0.6 Carnot

Cost = 267.183

dollars
yr

Ans.

Basis: 1 lbm of tetrafluoroethane

The following property values are found from Table 9.1:
State 1, Sat. Liquid at TH: H1 := 44.943

S1 := 0.09142

P1 := 138.83

State 2, Sat. Vapor at TH: H2 := 116.166

S2 := 0.21868

P2 := 138.83

State 3, Wet Vapor at TC: Hliq := 15.187

Hvap := 104.471

P3 := 26.617

State 4, Wet Vapor at TC: Sliq := 0.03408 Svap := 0.22418

P4 := 26.617

(a) The pressures in (psia) appear above.

(b) Steps 3--2 and 1--4 (Fig. 8.2) are isentropic, for which S3=S2 and S1=S4.
Thus by Eq. 6.73):
x3 :=

S2 Sliq
Svap Sliq

x3 = 0.971

x4 :=

S1 Sliq
Svap Sliq

x4 = 0.302

(c) Heat addition, Step 4--3:

H3 := Hliq + x3 ( Hvap Hliq)

H4 := Hliq + x4 ( Hvap Hliq)

H3 = 101.888

H4 = 42.118

Q43 := ( H3 H4)

Q43 = 59.77
258

(Btu/lbm)

(d) Heat rejection, Step 2--1:

(e)

(f)

Q21 := ( H1 H2)

Q21 = 71.223

W21 := 0

W43 := 0

W32 := (H2 H3)

W32 = 14.278

W14 := (H4 H1)

W14 = 2.825

:=

Q43
W14 + W32

(Btu/lbm)

= 5.219

Note that the first law is satisfied:

Q := Q21 + Q43

9.7

W := W32 + W14

Q + W = 0

TC := 298.15 K

TH := 523.15 K

(Engine)

T'C := 273.15 K

T'H := 298.15 K

(Refrigerator)

By Eq. (5.8):

Carnot := 1

By Eq. (9.3):

Carnot :=

By definition:

But

TH
T'C

T'H T'C

Wengine
QH

Given that:
Q'C

QH :=

Q'C

QH = 20.689

Carnot = 10.926

:= 0.6 Carnot

kJ
sec

Ans.

259

Q'C
Wrefrig
kJ
sec

QH = 7.448

Carnot Carnot

:= 0.6 Carnot

Carnot = 0.43

Q'C := 35

Wengine = Wrefrig

Whence

QH :=

TC

kJ
sec

Ans.

= 6.556

9.8

(a) QC := 4
:=

kJ
sec

W := 1.5 kW

QC

= 2.667

(b) QH := Q C + W
(c) =

TC
TH TC

+ 1

TC := TH

9.9

QH = 5.5

Ans.

kJ
sec

Ans.

TH := ( 40 + 273.15) K

TC = 227.75 K

TH = 313.15 K

Ans.

or -45.4 degC

The following vectors contain data for parts (a) through (e). Subscripts
refer to Fig. 9.1. Values of H2 and S2 for saturated vapor come from
Table 9.1.

489.67
479.67

T2 := 469.67 rankine
459.67

449.67

0.79
0.78

:= 0.77
0.76

0.75

107.320
105.907

Btu
H2 := 104.471
103.015 lbm

101.542

0.22244
0.22325

Btu
S2 := 0.22418
0.22525 lbm rankine

0.22647

T4 := 539.67 rankine
S'3 = S2

H4 := 37.978

Btu
lbm

(isentropic compression)

260

600
500
Btu
Qdot C := 400
300 sec

200

From Table 9.1

for sat. liquid

The saturation pressure at Point 4 from Table 9.1 is 101.37(psia). For

isentropic compression, from Point 2 to Point 3', we must read values for
the enthalpy at Point 3' from Fig. G.2 at this pressure and at the entropy
values S2. This cannot be done with much accuracy. The most
satisfactory procedure is probably to read an enthalpy at S=0.22 (H=114)
and at S=0.24 (H=126) and interpolate linearly for intermediate values of
H. This leads to the following values (rounded to 1 decimal):

115.5
116.0

Btu
H'3 := 116.5
117.2 lbm

117.9
H1 = 88.337

mdot :=

H23 :=

kJ
kg

H23

H'3 H 2

H1 := H 4

24.084
30.098

kJ
= 36.337
43.414 kg

50.732

273.711
276.438

kJ
H3 = 279.336
283.026 kg

286.918

8.653
7.361

lbm
Ans.
mdot = 6.016
sec
4.613

3.146

689.6
595.2

Btu
Ans.
Qdot H = 494
sec
386.1

268.6
94.5
100.5

Ans.
Wdot = 99.2 kW
90.8

72.4

QdotC
H 2 H1

QdotH := mdot (H 4 H3)

Wdot := mdot H23

H3 := H 2 + H23

261

 :=

6.697
5.25

= 4.256
3.485

2.914

QdotC
Wdot

TC := T2

Carnot :=

9.10

TH := T4

TC

Carnot

TH TC

Ans.

9.793
7.995

= 6.71
5.746

4.996

Ans.

Subscripts in the following refer to Fig. 9.1. All property values come from
Tables F.1 and F.2.
T2 := ( 4 + 273.15) K
QdotC := 1200
H4 := 142.4

kJ
sec

kJ
kg

T4 := ( 34 + 273.15) K
H2 := 2508.9

kJ
kg

:= 0.76
S2 := 9.0526

kJ
kg K

(isentropic compression)

S'2 = S2

The saturation pressure at Point 4 from Table F.1 is 5.318 kPa. We

must find in Table F.2 the enthalpy (Point 3') at this pressure and at the
entropy S2. This requires double interpolation. The pressure lies
between entries for pressures of 1 and 10 kPa, and linear interpolation
with P is unsatisfactory. Steam is here very nearly an ideal gas, for
which the entropy is linear in the logarithm of P, and interpolation must
be in accord with this relation. The enthalpy, on the other hand, changes
very little with P and can be interpolated linearly. Linear interpolation
with temperture is satisfactory in either case.
The result of interpolation is
H'3 := 2814.7

kJ
kg

H23 :=

H'3 H 2

H23 = 402.368
262

kJ
kg

H1 := H 4

H3 := H 2 + H23
mdot :=

QdotC
H 2 H1

mdot = 0.507

kg

kg
Ans.
sec

QdotH := mdot ( H4 H 3)

Qdot H = 1404

kJ
Ans.
sec

Wdot := mdot H 23

Wdot = 204 kW

Ans.

:=

QdotC

= 5.881

Wdot

Carnot :=

9.11

3 kJ

H3 = 2.911 10

T2
T4 T 2

Ans.

Carnot = 9.238

Ans.

Parts (a) & (b): subscripts refer to Fig. 9.1

At the conditions of Point 2 [t = -15 degF and

P = 14.667(psia)] for sat. liquid and sat. vapor from Table 9.1:
Hliq := 7.505

Btu
lbm

Hvap := 100.799
263

Btu
lbm

H2 := H vap

Sliq := 0.01733

Btu
lbm rankine

Svap := 0.22714

Btu
lbm rankine

For sat. liquid at Point 4 (80 degF):

H4 := 37.978

Btu
lbm

S4 := 0.07892
H1 := H 4

(a) Isenthalpic expansion:

QdotC := 5

Btu
sec

mdot :=

QdotC

mdot = 0.0796

H 2 H1

S1 Sliq

H1 := H liq + x1 ( Hvap Hliq)

Svap Sliq

mdot :=

QdotC

mdot = 0.0759

H 2 H1

lbm

Ans.

sec

S1 := S4

(b) Isentropic expansion:

x1 :=

Btu
lbm rankine

lbm

H1 = 34.892

BTU
lbm

Ans.

sec

(c) The sat. vapor from the evaporator is superheated in the heat
exchanger to 70 degF at a pressure of 14.667(psia). Property values
for this state are read (with considerable uncertainty) from Fig. G.2:
H2A := 117.5

mdot :=

Btu
lbm

S2A := 0.262

Qdot C

Btu
lbm rankine

mdot = 0.0629

H 2A H4

lbm
sec

Ans.

(d) For isentropic compression of the sat. vapor at Point 2,

S3 := Svap

and from Fig. G.2 at this entropy and P=101.37(psia)

H3 := 118.3

Btu
lbm

Eq. (9.4) may now be

applied to the two cases:

In the first case H1 has the value of H4:

a :=

H 2 H4
H 3 H2

a = 3.5896
264

Ans.

In the second case H1 has its last calculated value [Part (b)]:
b :=

H 2 H1
H 3 H2

b = 3.7659

Ans.

In Part (c), compression is at constant entropy of 0.262 to the

final pressure. Again from Fig. G.2:
H3 := 138

Btu
lbm

(Last calculated
Wdot := ( H3 H 2A) mdot
value of mdot)
Wdot = 1.289

c :=

9.12

QdotC
Wdot

c = 3.8791

BTU
sec
Ans.

Subscripts: see figure of the preceding problem.

At the conditions of Point 2 [sat. vapor, t = 20 degF and P = 33.110(psia)]
from Table 9.1:
H2 := 105.907

Btu
lbm

S2 := 0.22325

Btu
lbm rankine

At Point 2A we have a superheated vapor at the same pressure and

at 70 degF. From Fig. G.2:
H2A := 116

Btu
lbm

Btu
lbm rankine

S2A := 0.2435

For sat. liquid at Point 4 (80 degF):

H4 := 37.978

Btu
lbm

S4 := 0.07892

Btu
lbm R

Energy balance, heat exchanger:

H1 := H 4 H2A + H 2

QdotC := 2000

Btu
sec

H1 = 27.885

mdot :=

265

BTU
lbm

Qdot C
H 2 H1

mdot = 25.634

lbm
sec

For compression at constant entropy of 0.2435 to the final pressure of

101.37(psia), by Fig. G.2:
H'3 := 127

Btu
lbm

:= 0.75

Hcomp :=

Wdot := mdot H comp

mdot = 25.634

lbm
sec

H'3 H 2A

Hcomp = 14.667
Wdot = 396.66 kW

Btu
lbm

Ans.

If the heat exchanger is omitted, then H1 = H4.

Points 2A & 2 coincide, and compression is at a constant entropy of 0.22325
to P = 101.37(psia).
mdot :=

QdotC
H 2 H4

H'3 := 116

Btu
lbm

Hcomp :=

Wdot := mdot H comp

mdot = 29.443

9.13

lbm
sec

H'3 H 2

Hcomp = 13.457

Wdot = 418.032 kW

Btu
lbm

Ans.

Subscripts refer to Fig. 9.1.

At Point 2 [sat. vapor @ 10 degF] from Table 9.1:
H2 := 104.471

Btu
lbm

S2 := 0.22418

Btu
lbm R

S'3 := S2

H values for sat. liquid at Point 4 come from Table 9.1 and H values
for Point 3` come from Fig. G.2. The vectors following give values for
condensation temperatures of 60, 80, & 100 degF at pressures of
72.087, 101.37, & 138.83(psia) respectively.

31.239
Btu
H4 := 37.978
44.943 lbm

113.3
Btu
H'3 := 116.5
119.3 lbm

266

H1 := H 4

(a)
:=

By Eq. (9.4):

H 2 H1
H'3 H 2

(b) H :=

H'3 H 2
0.75

8.294
= 5.528
4.014

Since

Ans.

H = H 3 H2

Eq. (9.4) now becomes

:=

9.14

H 2 H1
H

6.221
= 4.146
3.011

Ans.

TH := 293.15

WINTER

Wdot := 1.5
Qdot H = 0.75 ( TH TC)
TH TC
Wdot
=
Qdot H
TH
TC := 250

(Guess)

Given
TH T C
Wdot
=
0.75 ( TH TC)
TH
TC := Find (TC)
TC = 268.94 K

Ans.

Minimum t = -4.21 degC

267

SUMMER

TC := 298.15
Qdot C := 0.75 ( TH TC)
T H TC
Wdot
=
Qdot C
TC
TH := 300

(Guess)

Given
TH T C
Wdot
=
0.75 ( TH TC)
TC
TH := Find ( TH)
TH = 322.57 K

Ans.

Maximum t = 49.42 degC

9.15 and 9.16 Data in the following vectors for Pbs. 9.15 and 9.16 come from
Perry's Handbook, 7th ed.

1033.5 kJ

785.3 kg

H4 :=

z :=

By Eq. (9.8):

9.17

H9 := 284.7

kJ
kg

H4 H 15

1186.7 kJ

1056.4 kg

H15 :=

0.17

0.351

z=

H9 H 15

Ans.

Advertized combination unit:

TH := ( 150 + 459.67) rankine

TC := ( 30 + 459.67) rankine

TH = 609.67 rankine

TC = 489.67 rankine

QC := 50000

Btu
hr

WCarnot := Q C
268

TH T C
TC

WCarnot = 12253

Btu
hr

WI := 1.5 WCarnot

WI = 18380

Btu
hr

This is the TOTAL power requirement for the advertized combination unit.
The amount of heat rejected at the higher temperature of
150 degF is
QH := WI + QC

QH = 68380

Btu
hr

For the conventional water heater, this amount of energy must be supplied
by resistance heating, which requires power in this amount.
For the conventional cooling unit,
TH := ( 120 + 459.67) rankine
WCarnot := Q C

TH T C

WCarnot = 9190

TC

Work := 1.5 WCarnot

Work = 13785

Btu
hr

Btu
hr

The total power required is

WII := QH + Work

9.18

TC := 210

Btu
hr

NO CONTEST

T'C := 255

TH := 305

WII = 82165

T'H := 260

By Eq. (9.3):
:=

TC
T H TC

WCarnot =

QC

I := 0.65

TC
T'H TC

WI =

QC
I

II := 0.65

WII =

Define r as the ratio of the

actual work, WI + WII, to the r := 1 + 1

Carnot work:
II
I
9.19

T'C
TH T'C

QC
II
r = 1.477

Ans.

This problem is just a reworking of Example 9.3 with different values of x.

It could be useful as a group project.
269