THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Adult Human Skeleton - 206 bones

Newborn Infants 300 or more bones
FEMUR - longest bone in the body
Legs bones Tibia and Fibula
Vertebral Column protects the spinal cord.
Vertebrae vertebral column bones.
Cranium part of the skull that encloses and protects the brain.
Facial Bones protects the structures connected to the eye, nose, mouth and ears.
Rib cage wall of the chest that encloses the heart and the lungs.
Joints the connections between two or more bones.
Movable joint a joint that allows movement.
Hinge joints movable joints that allow the bones to flex and extend but NOT move

from side to side. Examples are elbows and knees.

Ball-and-Socket joint a joint that allows the connected bones to move in many

directions. Example is shoulder.

Humerus connects the scapula to the upper arm bone.
Gliding joints responsible for smooth and continuous gliding movement. Examples are

wrists and ankles.

Pivot a type of joint that allows a bone to rotate around another bone.
Fixed joints joints that DO NOT ALLOW movement.
Cartilage part that prevents bones from rubbing against each other. It acts as cushion

between the bones.

Ligaments tissues that keep the bones in their proper position.
Tendons fibrous tissues that connect and attach muscles to the bones.
Muscles - are tough and elastic tissues that give SHAPE to the body. It also enables you

to move.
There are more than 600 muscles in the body.
Frontalis the thin muscle that covers the forehead. This muscle enables you to raise

your eyebrows and wrinkle your forehead.

Orbicularis Oculi muscles that surround the eyes. They enable you to open and close

your eyes.
Orbicularis Oris the muscles that surround your mouth.
Sternocleidomastoid the muscles that surround your neck, allow you to rotate your head

and bend it forward and backward.

Biceps the large, two-headed muscle at the front of the upper arm. It enables you to
move your forearm toward your shoulder.

As you move your elbow, your biceps contracts. Your triceps the three-headed muscle

at the back of the upper arm relaxes in turn.

Deltoid the large and triangular muscles that enable you to swing and rotate your arms

(located in the shoulders)

Pectoralis muscles that cover your chest.
Abdominal muscles muscles that protect and allow you to move your waist. Allow

movements in your belly.

Gluteus largest muscles found in your hips and buttocks.
Quadriceps muscles in your thighs
Achilles tendon muscles that connect leg muscles to the ankle.
Voluntary muscles muscles that can be controlled.
Involuntary muscles are those that cannot be controlled.
Cardiac muscles invoultary; walls of the heart. Striated muscles.
Striated muscles makes up the cardiac muscles
Smooth muscles involuntary; walls of hollow internal organs such as blood vessels,

intestines, and glands. Non-striated muscles.

Skeletal muscles attached to the bones of the skeleton. Voluntary muscles. Striated
muscles.

COMMON INJURIES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Fracture a broken bone that results from a severe blow, vehicular accident or fall.
Greenstick fracture common among children, happens when the bone is cracked and

bent without breaking.

Simple or closed fracture the broken bone causes slight or no damage to the

surrounding tissues. This does not result into an open wound.

Compound or open fracture the broken bones goes out through the skin therefore an

open wound is formed.

Comminuted fracture results when the bone is crushed into several pieces.
X-ray machine used to obtain an image that shows the condition of the bones.
Sprain an injury that occurs when the ligaments that keep the bones together are
overstretched or torn. It may result from a bad fall. It is often mistaken as a broken bone.

Cramp sudden pain caused by the tightening or contraction of muscles.

Dislocation an injury that occurs when the bones in a joint are displaced.

COMMON ILLNESSES OF THE MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM

Arthritis the inflammation of joints only. A condition that is very common to the

elderly. Caused by the wear and tear of cartilage tissues.

Rheumatism inflammation of muscles and joints.
Osteoporosis the bones become weak and brittle as a result of decreasing bone mass

and enlargement of spaces in the bones.

Calcium and Vitamin D are given to patients with osteoporosis.
Rickets deficiency characterized by deformed or soft bones, lacks vitamin D and other

bone minerals like calcium and phosphorus.

Scoliosis abnormal curvature of the backbone

PROPER CARE FOR THE MUSCLE AND BONES

Eat the right kinds of food (milk, cheese, eggs rich in proteins and minerals)
Maintain good posture
Have enough exercise
Have enough rest and sleep

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM - the organ system that protects the body.

Melanin a pigment that gives the skin its color. It absorbs ultraviolet light and prevents

the harm that too much sunlight may cause on the skin.
Skin largest organ of the body.
Epidermis is the outermost layer of the skin. No blood vessels.
Keratinocytes cell that produce keratin.
Keratin the protein that forms the hair and nails.
Melanocytes the cells that produce melanin
Langerhans cells the immune cells in the skin. They stand against toxins and disease-

causing germs.
Epidermal derivatives structures that originate from the epidermis. Examples are hair

and nails.
Hair shaft the part of the hair that grows out from the tiny pores of the skin.
Root bulb at the base of the hair.
Hair bulb it is where the root ends,
Follicle sac-like pit in the skin.
Dermis the middle layer of the skin that includes blood vessels and sweat glands.

 Collagen the protein that holds the muscle and organs in place and gives strength and
form to the skin.
Elastin makes the muscle stretchable, enabling you to bend or straighten up.
Blood vessels serve as passageways for the blood that carries oxygen and nutrients to
nourish the smallest cells in the body.
Lymph vessels supplies lymph to the skin tissues to fight disease-causing germs.
Lymph the milky fluid that contains white blood cells that protect the body from
diseases.
Sweat glands produces sweat. Regulates body temperature by transporting water to the

skin surface where it can evaporate.

Urea chemical compound composed of carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen.
Sebaceous glands or oil glands secretes oil which makes the skin water resistant
Sensory receptors detect sensations like touch, pain, pressure.
Hypodermis innermost layer of the skin. Contains large nerves.
Fibroblasts cells in connective tissues that are responsible for producing collagen.
The nerves in the hypodermis transmit messages from the sensory receptors to the

brain.
Dermatitis inflammation of the skin where areas of the skin become red and itchy as
scales and blisters appear.
Contact dermatitis caused by chemical irritants.
Atopic dermatitis also called eczema, associated with asthma and can be triggered by
allergic reactions.
Antihistamines medicines to relieve allergic reactions
Antibiotics medicines that kill bacteria
Impetigo transmittable skin infection characterized by honey-colored rashes appearing
on the face, near the mouth, and on the nose.
Cellulitis inflammation of the skin and deep underlying tissues. The skin is usually
warm, tender, reddish and sometimes painful when touched.
Scabies example of parasitic infestation. Caused by parasites that feed on the skin and

produce itchy rashes.

Viral infections are diseases caused by viruses.
Chicken pox caused by VARICELLA ZOSTER
Cold sore also called fever blister, caused by HERPES SIMPLEX virus
Fungal infections caused by fungi
Ringworm formation of a red, ring-like rash on the skin.
Athletes foot incurred when fungus grows on the feet of the person
Acne scaly red skin, pimples, blackheads and whiteheads
Skin cancer uncontrolled growth of cells in the skin.
Oncologist cancer specialist

 Nail plate the hard part of the nail