Sub 0023

NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5
Answers
Supplementary Materials for
ANSWERS
SPM FORECAST PAPER
PAPER 1
1
10 D
11 B
12 A
13 C
14 B
15 C
16 D
17 A
18 C
19 B
20 D
21 C
22 A
23 B
24 D
25 B
26 A
27 C
28 D
29 C
30 A
31 D
32 C
33 B
34 B
35 A
36 D
37 C
38 A
39 D
40 C
41 B
42 B
43 A
44 D
45 B
46 D
47 C
48 A
49 A
50 C
PAPER 2
Section A
1 (a) Reflex action
(b) Receptor sensory neurone spinal cord motor neurone effector
(c) The spinal cord (grey matter)
(d) Reflex actions prevent the body from getting injured.
2 (a) So that the naphthalene can be gently and evenly heated.
(b) To ensure that every part of the naphthalene in the boiling tube becomes equally heated
(c) Below 100C because the boiling point of the water used is 100C only
(d)
Temperature (C)
80
naphthalene
melting
Time (minute)
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(a) P: Paramecium
Q: Bacteria (bacilli)
R: Chlamydomonas
S : Yeast
(b) Group 1: P - animal
Group 2: Q, R, S, - plants
OR
Group 1: P, R - can move about on their own
Group 2: Q, S - cannot move about on their own
4 (a) 1.6 N
(b) The force exerted by an object
(c) i. Weight of the stone in air
ii. Weight of the stone in water
(d) i. Weight of the empty beaker
ii. Weight of the beaker and water displaced by the stone.
(e) The apparent loss in weight of the stone in the water is equal to the weight of the water
displaced by the stone.
Section B
5 (a) Chemical energy electrical energy heat energy + light energy
(b) Electrons flow from the negative zinc plate to the bulb and then to the copper plate
(c) Any alkali (e.g. sodium hydroxide solution) or any salt solution (e.g. copper sulphate
solution)
(d) This is due to hydrogen bubbles forming on the positive copper plate.
(e) - Hydrogen is formed on the positive copper plate (polarisation)
- The negative zinc plate dissolves in the acid even when the cell is not in use (local
action).
- The electrolyte is easily spilled.
6 (a) W: Ciliary muscle
X: Cornea
Y: Iris
Z: Optic nerve
(b) Z (optic nerve) transmits impulse from the retina to the brain.
(c) This layer called the choroid, absorbs light and prevents the reflection of light
(d) The person may become short-sighted (cannot see distant objects clearly)
(e) Colour-blindness - due to a recessive gene on the X chromosome
7 (a) Oil and alkali (palm oil and sodium hydroxide solution)
(b) i. Soap molecules lower the surface tension of water
ii. This makes the water wet the cloth quickly and thoroughly
(c) i. The head of the soap molecule (ion)
ii. The tail of the soap molecule (hydrocarbon)
(d) When the cloth is washed in water, the soap molecules carry the grease particles away
from the cloth.
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(a) The velocity of a moving object is the distance it travels in a fixed direction in unit time.
(b) i. Acceleration = final velocity - initial velocity
time taken
(c)
(d)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
ii. Acceleration = (20 - 0) ms-1

4s
= 5 ms-2
A vector quantity is one which has both magnitude and direction.
i. The passengers are jerked backwards.
ii. The passengers oppose any force to increase their speed of motion forward./The
passengers want to maintain their original moving inertia
By using a glass prism to disperse a ray of white light
Infrared light; it can used for treatment of sprained muscles
Microwaves are used in microwave ovens.
Microwaves are used in communication through satellites.
Radio waves used for television travel in straight lines for a short distance only (about
100 km)
Radio waves for radio broadcasting are reflected several times by the Earth's ionosphere.
Section C
10 (a) Process used: The medal is coated with silver by silver-plating using the process of
electrolysis
(b) i. Aim of the experiment: To copper-plate a school badge by electrolysis
ii. Apparatus and chemical used: Battery, ammeter, rheostat, switch, beaker, copper
plate, school badge, copper chloride solution, connecting wires, sandpaper
iii. Procedure:
6V
switch
rheostat
dilute copper
chloride solution
copper plate
school badge
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1.
2.
3.
4.
Sandpaper the copper plate and the school badge to remove any rust.
Set up the apparatus as shown in the above diagram.
Turn the rheostat to its maximum resistance,
Switch on the current. Then adjust the rheostat so that a very small current (0.1 A
- 0.2 A) flows through the circuit.
5. Every now and then, rotate the badge so that it is evenly copper-plated.
6. After the badge has been copper-plated, dry it and polish it.
iv. Results
Copper plate
School badge
The copper plate

dissolves very slowly
Copper chloride solution
The badge becomes

coated with a reddish
layer of copper
The copper chloride

solution has not undergone
any change in colour.
In this way, the school badge is copper-plated.

11 (a) i. The two apples
The principle involved is called Bernoulli's Principle.
The air passing between the apples causes a region of lower air pressure between
the apples. Higher atmospheric pressure pushes the apples inwards.
ii. Bernoulli's Principle: When the speed of a fluid (gas on liquid) increases, the pressure
in it decreases.
(b) i. Bernoulli tube
Water rises into the three vertical tubes.
The water rises the lowest in tube P, higher in tube Q and the highest in tube R.
air in
air out
P
R
atmospheric pressure
water
ii. Explanation
The air in the horizontal tube above tube P moves the slowest, and so has the
highest pressure. So atmospheric pressure on the water in the basin cannot push
the water high up tube P.
The air in the horizontal tube above tube Q moves faster, and so has less pressure.
Atmospheric pressure on the water in the basin can push the water higher up tube
Q.
The air in the horizontal tube above tube R moves the fastest, and so has the least
pressure. Atmospheric pressure pushes the water in the basin highest up tube R.
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12 (a) Pathogens and diseases

i. Viruses - Hepatitis/ Dengue fever
ii. Bacteria - Tuberculosis/Cholera
iii. Protozoa - Malaria/Amoebic dysentery
iv. Fungi - Ringworm/Tinea
(b) Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS)
i. Cause and habitat of pathogen
AIDS is caused by a virus called the human immunodeficiency virus or HIV
This virus lives in the body fluids of the patient such as the blood, semen, vaginal
fluid, saliva and mother's milk.
ii. Method of infection
The virus is usually transmitted through sexual intercourse with an infected
partner.
It may be transmitted through infected syringes shared among drug addicts.
The virus can also be transmitted from an infected pregnant woman to her foetus.
An infected mother can also infect her baby through breastfeeding.
iii. Signs and symptoms
The patient loses appetite for food and loses weight.
The patient has fever, diarrhoea and coughs often.
Some glands such as the lymph nodes may become inflamed and swollen.
The incubation period for AIDS varies from a few months to a few years before
symptoms appear.
iv. Prevention
Until now there is still no cure for AIDS.
HIV destroys the white blood cells which produce antibodies. As a result the
patient has very low or no immunity against diseases.
The best prevention of AIDS is to live a healthy clean life such as avoiding sexual
intercourse with prostitutes or sharing needles for injections.
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CHAPTER 1: Scientific Investigation

Page 002
1
Output voltage (V2)
Page 007
1 (a) Water molecules gain kinetic energy below the boiling point of water and escape into the
air.
(b) Water evaporates faster from a large surface than from a small surface.
(c) Volume of water in each container; condition for water evaporation (containers to be kept
in the same place)
(d) Surface area of the water for evaporation
(e) Water in the trough. The water has the largest surface for evaporation
2 (a) Transformer used
(b) The input voltage, V1
(c)
8
6
4
2
0
Input voltage (V1)

1
(d) The output voltage obtained is directly proportional to the input voltage.
(a) Science is the study of the environment
(b) 1. Ability to think critically
2. Ability to make accurate and essential observations
3. Ability to analyse data and draw inferences
(c) The scientific method is an honest and practical method for discovering the laws of
nature.
(d) A hypothesis is a reasoned or educated suggestion to explain a problem.
(e) 1. Establish the aim of the experiment
2. Determine and control the variables
3. Determine the apparatus and substances to be used
4. Decide on how to carry out the experiment
5. Decide on how to record and present the result
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Page 009
1 (a) A black surface absorbs more heat than a white surface.
(b) i. Aim of experiment: To show that a black surface absorbs more heat than a white
surface
ii. Variables:
Constant variables: Temperature of environment, size and type of cloth
Manipulated variable: Type of surface (black or white)
Responding variable: Rise in temperature
iii. Apparatus and substances: Two thermometers two retort stands and clamps, black
cloth, white cloth (same size and material); thread
thermometer
retort stand
white cloth
wrapped
around the bulb
of the
thermometer
black cloth
wrapped
around the bulb
of the
thermometer
iv. Procedure
1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the figure above, and place them in sunlight.
2. Take the readings of the two thermometers at the beginning of the experiment.
3. Take the readings of the two thermometers at regular intervals.
4. Record all the readings.
v. Result:
Time (minutes)
15
30
45
60
Rise (C)
Black cloth (C)
28
28.5
29.0
30.0
31.5
3.5
White cloth (C)
28
28.1
28.3
28.8
29.7
1.7
vi. Conclusion: The black cloth absorbs more heat than the white cloth.
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CHAPTER 2: Body Coordination

Page 018
1
Page 031
1
5 C
10 D
11 C
12 A
Page 034
1 (a) and (b)
i. Pain killer - morphine, from the poppy fruit
ii. Depressant - heroin, from the poppy fruit
iii. Hallucinogen - cannabis, from the leaves of the Indian hemp
iv. Stimulant - nicotine, from tobacco leaves
(c) i. By injection
ii. Addicts who share injection needles may get blood poisoning or become infected
with AIDS
(d) Stimulants activate the central nervous system and increase the rate of metabolism
(e) Addicts resort to stealing and robbery to get money for drugs.
Addicts lose interest in their work and become unemployed.
2 (a) Reflex action
(b) Spinal cord
(c) Yes, because it reduces injury to the body
(d) Receptor sensory neurone spinal cord motor neurone effector
(e) The medulla oblongata controls vital involuntary actions such as heart heat and breathing.
3 (a) P: Thyroid gland
Q: Adrenal gland
R: Pancreas
S: Ovary
(b) Hormones
(c) Hormones are transported by the blood.
(d) Gland P (thyroid)
(e) i. Gland R (pancreas)
ii. The patient will have excess glucose in the blood (glucose cannot be absorbed
without insulin), and he may suffer from diabetes mellitus.
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CHAPTER 3: Heredity and Variation

Page 040
1
Page 042
1 D
2 Meiosis, the chromatids of each chromosome do not separate
3 (a) Chromatid
(b) In the nucleus of a cell
(c) Crossing over (exchange of genes between the two chromatids concerned)
(d) The gamete formed has new combinations of genes (genetic variation takes place)
4 (a) Mitosis: To produce more body cells
Meiosis: To produce reproductive cells (gametes)
(b) Process of meiosis
(c) 23 chromosomes
Page 045
1 A
2
Parents
Tt
Tt
meiosis
Gametes
fertilization
First generation
TT
tall (pure)
Tt
tall (hybrid)
Tt
tt
tall (hybrid)
dwarf (pure)
Page 048
1 (a) The two foetuses share one placenta.
(b) Amniotic fluid
(c) 1. The amniotic fluid buoys up the foetuses, allowing them to move and grow.
2. The amniotic fluid acts as a shock absorber, protecting the foetuses.
(d) Two boys or two girls
2 C
Page 049
1 (a) The two foetuses have separate placentas and umbilical cords.
(b) The twins are formed from two separate sperms and two separate egg cells.
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(c) 1. Nourishment (e.g. oxygen and glucose) in the mothers blood vessels can pass
(diffuse) into the blood vessels of the foetuses.
2. Excretory products (e.g. carbon dioxide and urea) from the blood vessels of the
foetuses can diffuse into the mothers blood vessels in the placenta.
(d) Two boys or two girls or a boy and a girl
A
Page 053
1 D
2 B
3 (a) Mongolism
(b) Mutation of the chromosomes, causing each body cell to have 47 chromosomes instead of
46.
(c) The extra chromosome is attached to the 21st pair of chromosomes.
(d) The patient has small hands with short fingers and stunted growth.
Page 059
1 A
2 (a) Different students have different types of thumbprints, i.e. students show discontinuous
variation in their thumbprints.
(b) i. To show there is discontinuous variation in the thumbprints of students
ii. Pad for taking thumbprints, hand lens, blank paper
iii. 1. Take the thumbprint of each student in the class.
2. Examine each thumbprint with a hand lens and identify its type.
3. Record the results in a table.
4. Based on the table, draw a histogram to show the discontinuous variation of the
thumbprints in the class.
iv.
Type of thumbprint
Whorl
Loop
Composite
Arch
Number of students
Discontinuous variation in thumbprints

8
Number of students
0 Whorl
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Composite Arch

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Page 064
1
10 C
11 C
12 B
Page 068
1 (a)
10
Number of students
0
58
59
60
61
62
Weight (kilograms)
(b) 30 students
(c) Average weight = (58 5) + (59 7) + (60 9) + (61 6) + (62 3)
30
= 59.83 kg
(d) 9 100 = 30 %
30
(e) Continuous variation
(f) Height of the students/ Colour of skin/ Waistline
(a) P: Fertilization
(b) W: Zygote
(c) The zygote is dividing into two
(d) The young in the process of development from a zygote, but has not developed all its
parts yet.
(e) Mitosis (increasing cells by cell division)
(f) i. Boys, the ovum is fertilized by a sperm bearing the Y chromosome
ii. Identical twins, because they are developed from the same zygote.
(a) To produce gametes for reproduction
(b) The two chromosomes have separated from the parent cell to form a new cell.
(c) The chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cells.
(d) i. Gamete 1 has only half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell.
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ii. So that after fertilization, the zygote will have the same number of chromosomes as
the parent cell
(e) Down's syndrome
(f) Weak heart/ Stunted growth/ Hanging tongue/ Short fingers
CHAPTER 4: Matter and Substance
Page 096
1
10 C
14 C
15 B
11 D
12 B
13 A
Page 102
1 (a) Molecular compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state or the molten state,
while ionic compounds do not conduct electricity in the solid state but do so in the molten
state.
(b) i. To show the electrical conductivity of molecular compounds and ionic compounds in
the solid state and in the molten state.
ii.
battery
ammeter
switch
carbon rod
carbon rod
cardboard
naphthalene/
lead(II) bromide
pipeclay
triangle
tripod stand
heat
iii. 1. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram, but do not heat the naphthalene yet.
2. Switch on the current and determine whether naphthalene conducts electricity in
the solid state.
3. Heat the naphthalene until it melts and determine whether it conducts electricity
in the molten state.
4. Record the results.
5. Repeat the experiment using lead(II) bromide.
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iv.
Compound used
Electrical Conductivity
Type of compound
Solid state
Molten state
Naphthalene
Molecular compound
No
No
Lead(II) bromide
Ionic compound
No
Yes
CHAPTER 5: Energy and Chemical Changes

Page 106
1
3 D
1 A
10 D
Page 123
1
Page 132
11 A
Page 136
1 (a) 0.8 A
(b) i. The ammeter reading decreases.
ii. The resistance due to the acid increases.
(c) i. The zinc plate
ii. The zinc plate is more reactive than the copper plate and releases electrons more
readily.
(d) At the cathode, the zinc releases electrons to the circuit and forms positive zinc ions. So
the zinc dissolves in the acid.
(e) At the anode, the copper plate receives electrons from the zinc through the circuit. These
electrons combine with the positive hydrogen ions in the acid and form hydrogen gas
which is released at the anode.
2 (a) To supply oxygen (it releases oxygen when heated)
(b) To prevent oxygen in the boiling tube from escaping too fast
(c) The study the reaction of heated zinc with oxygen
(d) Zinc powder has a larger surface area for reacting with oxygen
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(e) The zinc glows with a bright light and catches fire, forming zinc oxide. Zinc oxide is
yellow when hot and white when cold.
(a) i. Reaction Q
ii. Reaction P
(b) Reaction P: Exothermic reaction
Reaction Q: Endothermic reaction
(c) Endothermic reaction
(d) Exothermic reaction: Respiration in the cells of the body
Endothermic reaction: Boiling water
CHAPTER 6: Nuclear Energy

Page 141
1 B
2 (a) P: Positively charged
Q: Negatively charged
(b) R: Gamma radiation
(c) Gamma radiation is not electrically charged; it is neutral
(d) Gamma radiation
It has the highest penetration power.
(e) Beta particles can be blocked by a sheet of aluminium. Alpha particles can be blocked by
a cardboard or a few sheets of paper.
3 (a) In a nuclear reactor
(b) The nuclear reactor is built with very thick concrete walls.
(c) 1. Workers wear docimeters which detect nuclear radiation.
2. Radioactive substances are handled from a distance by using special equipment.
(d) Malaysian Institute of Nuclear Technology (MINT)
Page 148
1 (a) That there is radioactive radiation in the area
(b) A radioactive substance is an element whose atoms have unstable nuclei and which
releases invisible radiation to become more stable.
(c) Uranium-235/Polonium-214/Cobalt-60/Phosphorus-32/Carbon 14
(d) Alpha radiation, beta radiation and gamma radiation
(e) Beta radiation
(f) Because it kills our body cells and causes cancer as well as deformity in foetuses.
2 (a) Neutron
(b) Neutrons
(c) Barium
(d) Nuclear fission
(e) Nuclear fusion is the process in which two light nuclei combine to form a heavier
nucleus, and at the same time release a lot of nuclear energy.
(f) In the Sun, the light nuclei of two hydrogen atoms fuse to form the heavier nucleus of a
helium atom, releasing nuclear energy in the process.
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Page 149
1 (a) Nuclear power station
steam
Reactor
Generator
Turbine
water
cables
water in
Condenser
pump
water out
A nuclear power station
Usually neutrons are used to split the nuclei of uranium-235, releasing a lot of nuclear
energy. This takes place in a controlled way in a reactor.
The heat energy obtained is used to boil water to produce steam under high pressure.
The steam rotates a turbine, which then turns a large dynamo or generator to produce
electrical energy.
The electrical energy is carried by cables to the consumers.
At the same time, steam used for the turbine passes into a condenser where it is
condensed to water.
The water is pumped back to the reactor for use again.
The condenser is kept cold by water flowing through it.
(b) Advantages of using nuclear energy

Does not cause air pollution from harmful gases
Radioactive substances used for producing nuclear energy can last a very long time
Involves a lower cost than using hydroelectric power
Disadvantages of using nuclear energy
Nuclear waste is highly dangerous and difficult to get rid of
Danger of nuclear accidents which will have disastrous effects
Radioactive substances may be used for producing weapons of mass destruction
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CHAPTER 7: Light, Colour and Sight

Page 169
1
3 B
Page 175
1
Page 179
1
10 C
11 B
12 D
Page 184
1 (a) To show that the characteristics of the image formed by a biconvex lens depends on the
object distance from the lens.
(b) i. Type of lens used
ii. Distance of the object from the lens
(c) Characteristics of the image formed
(d) No, because a biconcave lens only forms a virtual image
2 (a)
biconvex lens
object
2F
2F
image
(b) Inverted, real and magnified

(c) Slide projector/Microscope
(d) i. The biconvex lens is moved forward or backward
ii. The eye lens becomes thinner (longer focal length) or thicker (shorter focal length)
(a) Dispersion of light
(b) i. Ray Y (violet light)
ii. This colour travels slowest through the glass prism
(c) Red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet
(d) i. Blue
ii. Blue is common to both cyan and magenta, and so can pas through both filters
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CHAPTER 8: Chemicals in Industry

Page 197
1 B
2 A
3 D
4 (a) A substance added into the environment and producing a harmful effect on the
environment and living things
(b) Sulphur dioxide and mercury compounds
(c) Sulphur dioxide causes acid rain.
Mercury compounds damage the brain and limbs (Minamata disease)
(d) 1. Treat industrial waste gases (e.g. by using electrostatic precipitators) before releasing
them into the air.
2. Neutralise acids and alkalis before releasing them into streams or ponds.
5 (a) Test 1: The limewater turns milky.
Test 2: The blue litmus solution turns red.
Test 3: The damp cotton wool turns blackish yellow with plenty of soot sticking to it.
(b) Test 1: Exhaust gas contains carbon dioxide.
Test 2: Exhaust gas is acidic.
Test 3: Exhaust gas contains a lot of soot (carbon).
(c) 1. Motor vehicles increase carbon dioxide in the air which can cause global warming.
2. Motor vehicles give out acidic gases which cause acid rain.
3. Motor vehicles give out soot which blackens buildings and dirties the environment.
Page 200
1
5 D
10 C
11 B
12 A
Page 205
1 (a) Laboratory preparation of ammonia
thistle funnel
delivery tube
filter paper
sodium hydroxide
solution
gas jar
ammonium
chloride
ammonia
heat
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1. Ammonia gas can be prepared by heating a mixture of sodium hydroxide solution and
ammonium chloride.
Sodium hydroxide + ammonium chloride sodium chloride + water + ammonia
2. Set up the apparatus as shown in the diagram above.
3. Pour the sodium hydroxide solution into the flask through the thistle funnel, which
also acts as a safety device.
4. Heat the mixture in the flask and collect the ammonia gas in a gas jar covered with a
piece of filter paper.
(b) Properties of ammonia
i. Ammonia is a colourless gas with a choking smell.
ii. It is less dense than air.
iii. It dissolves readily in water to form ammonia solution.
iv. It turns damp red litmus paper blue (alkaline gas).
v. It does not burn in air, but burns in oxygen.
CHAPTER 9: Microorganisms and Their Effects on Living Things
Page 214
1 C
2 (a) To investigate the effectiveness of penicillin P and penicillin Q on bacteria
(b) Steam the petri dishes and nutrient agar in an autoclave or pressure cooker at 120C for
20 minutes
(c) i. To prevent condensed water from falling onto the mixture of nutrient agar and
bacteria
ii. 37C
(d) i. 1. Type of nutrient agar
2. Type of bacteria
3. Similar conditions for keeping the dishes
ii. Type of penicillin used
(e) Penicillin P is more effective than penicillin Q in killing bacteria.
Page 235
1
5 A
10 B
14 D
15 A
11 C
12 B
13 D
Page 240
1 (a) Diseases
i. Cholera/Dysentery/Typhoid
ii. Malaria (female anopheline mosquito)/Dengue fever (female Aedes mosquito)
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(b) Transmission of disease

By houseflies
Before a housefly sucks up its food, it discharges a digestive enzyme through its
proboscis to soften and digest the food. Then it sucks up the food through its
proboscis. The digestion enzyme from the stomach may contain pathogens and
contaminate our food.
The body and legs of a housefly are very hairy. Bacteria from contaminated waste are
often stuck to the body and hairy legs. These bacteria are transmitted to our food
when the housefly lands on it.
By mosquitoes
A mosquito pierces its proboscis into the skin of a victim and injects saliva into the
wound to prevent the blood from clotting.
An infected mosquito has pathogens in its saliva, and in this way the pathogens are
transmitted into the victim's body.
The pathogens (parasitic protozoa for malaria and viruses for dengue fever) will
multiply in the victim's bloodstream.
(c) Control of houseflies
Houseflies breed on dirty organic decaying matter.
Therefore we must keep the environment clean to keep them away.
Spray insecticides to kill adult houseflies, and spray on organic matter to destroy their
eggs, larvae and pupae.
Cover up our food so that houseflies cannot settle on the food and contaminate it with
bacteria from their bodies and hairy legs.
Throw all organic waste into plastic bags and tie them up, or throw the waste into
dustbins with covers
Houseflies lay eggs on decaying organic matter such as faeces.
Ensures human waste is not exposed to attract houseflies by using clean modern
toilets.
CHAPTER 10: Nutrition
Page 251
1
Page 256
1 (a) Maize seedlings need potassium to grow healthily.
(b) i. Type of seedlings used
ii. Composition of the culture solution (with or without potassium mineral in it)
(c) To keep out sunlight, because sunlight encourages the growth of algae in the solution
(d) Replace potassium nitrate with more calcium nitrate
(e) Most of the minerals in the solution are absorbed by the seedlings after a week.
2 (a) A balanced diet is one which consists of all the classes of food in their correct
proportions.
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(b) i. Food fibre

ii. Food fibre stimulates the intestinal canal, causing peristaltic action and preventing
constipation.
(c) Excess fat in the blood raises the blood cholesterol, which can deposit on the inner lining
of arteries. This narrows the lumen of the arteries and makes the arteries less elastic,
leading to atherosclerosis and heart failure
(d) Bent backbone/High blood pressure/Diabetes mellitus/ Gallstones
(e) Anorexia nervosa
3 (a) Age/Body size/Physical activities/Sex
(b) 1. To supply energy needed for activities
2. To get materials for growth and repair body tissues
3. To prevent infection and disease
(c) Malnutrition is due to eating an unbalanced diet, which is lacking in an important nutrient
for a long time.
(d) i. Kwashiorkor
ii. 1. Stunted growth
2. Much swollen abdomen
(e) 1. Do not waste food
2. Do not take excessive salt, sugar or fat
3. Eat a balanced diet
4. Throw away food which has gone bad
CHAPTER 11: Preservation and Conservation of the Environment

Page 273
1 C
2 (a) The sea supplies us with food e.g. fish, prawns
(b) i. Whales
ii. Whales are intensively hunted for their oil.
(c) 1. Ban the use of lift nets and drag nets.
2. Ban fishing during the breeding seasons.
3 (a) Meaning of proper management of natural resources
This means looking after our natural resources and not wasting them.
Ensure that the extraction or use of the natural resources will not damage the balance
of nature and cause environmental pollution.
(b) How to manage natural resources properly
Natural resources include timber, metal ores, sand, petroleum, natural gas and coal.
Except for timber, these minerals cannot be renewed. Owing to this, we must not
waste them and must use them with care.
Before allowing land to be mined for minerals, we must carry out an environment
impact study so that the minerals will not be wasted and the balance of nature is least
disturbed.
Land which has been used for mining minerals must be made use of such as using the
land for factories or housing schemes or as recreation grounds.
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The minerals such as petroleum and metal ore must be mined carefully and
efficiently. Modern efficient technology must be used so that there is no wastage.
Some types of minerals already made use of must be recycled, such as metals and
glass. This will make the natural resources in the earth last longer.
We must save fossil fuels and use other alternative fuels such as biomass gas
whenever possible.
Even sand and limestone should not be quarried without careful consideration of the
consequences such as damaging the environment and causing pollution.
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1
10 B
14 C
15 D
11 D
12 B
13 A
16 B
Page 280
1 (a) Average pH of rainwater from Town P = 4.8 + 5.4 + 5.2 = 5.1
3
Average pH of rainwater from Town Q = 3.8 + 4.2 + 4.5 = 4.2
3
(b)
6
Town P
Town Q
pH value of rainwater
0
1
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Sample of rainwater
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Answers
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
Town Q
Acidic gases from factories
Neutralise the acid gases before releasing them into the air.
Balance of nature means that the interaction between living organisms and the
interaction of living organisms with their environment are stable and every thing
continues to exist in harmony.
The nitrogen cycle
It supplies plants with nitrogen in the form of nitrates.
P: Nitrifying bacteria
i. Carbon and oxygen
ii. Carbon is required by living things to form carbohydrates, proteins and fats.
Oxygen is required by living things for respiration.
Global warming/ The greenhouse effect
1. Carbon dioxide
2. Chlorofluorocarbons
Carbon dioxide - from the burning of fossil fuels in factories and motor vehicles
Chlorofluorocarbons - from air conditioners and aerosol tins
1. Icebergs at the North and South poles melt faster, causing the sea level to rise.
2. Low-lying areas along the coast get flooded
3. Drought occurs in hot areas
4. Tropical diseases spread to temperate regions
1. Will not carry out open burning
2. Will not use air-conditioners unless very necessary
3. Will not destroy plants or cut down trees unnecessarily
CHAPTER 12: Carbon Compounds

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1
Page 297
(a) i. The head of the soap molecule is attached to water and mixed with the water.
ii. The tail of the soap molecule attaches itself to the oil or grease and emulsifies it.
(b) i. Head (ion)
ii. Tail (hydrocarbon)
(c) The heads of the molecules dissolve in water, lower the surface tension of the water and
cause the material for washing to become thoroughly wet.
The tails of the soap molecules cause the oil or grease to emulsify and be removed from the
material into the water.
(d) Palm oil and sodium hydroxide (alkali)
(e) Glycerol
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Page 305
1
10 D
11 A
12 D
13 B
Page 308
1 (a) Ammonia solution prevents the coagulation of latex.
(b) i. Procedure
1. Take two beakers containing fresh latex.
2. Add a little ammonia solution to the latex in the first beaker and stir the mixture
well.
3. Do not add any thing to the latex in the second beaker.
4. Leave the latex aside for some time (2 - 3 hours).
ii. Observation
1. The latex mixed with ammonia solution does not coagulate.
2. The latex without ammonia solution coagulates.
(c) Acid
(d) Bacteria present in the latex
2 (a) X: Acid (e.g. methanoic acid)
Y: Sulphur
(b) The positively charged hydrogen ions in the acid neutralise the negative charges on the
membrane of the latex particles. This causes the latex particles to collide and break up,
releasing the rubber polymers. Then the rubber polymers group together (coagulation).
(c) Sulphur atoms form cross links with the rubber polymers
(d) Vulcanized rubber is harder, more elastic and more resistant to heat
CHAPTER 13: Motion

Page 342
1
Page 348
1
10 C
14 C
15 B
11 A
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13 D
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Page 351
1 (a) and (b)
Details
Result
i.i.
Volume of water displaced by the object
7.0 cm3
ii.
ii.
Weight of the object in water
46.0 g
iii.
iii.
Weight of water displaced by the object
7.0 g
iv.
iv.
Weight of the object in air
53.0 g
(c) The volume of the object is equal to the volume of water displaced by the object.
(d) The apparent loss in weight of the object in water is equal to the weight of water
displaced by the object.
(e) Density = mass
volume
53.0
g cm-3 = 7.57 g cm-3
7.0
i. Block P will fall on top of block R.
ii. The inertia of block P tries to maintain its former stationary position of resting on
another block.
The back passengers are thrown forward.
1. Safety belts for driver and passengers to prevent them from being thrown forward.
2. Head rests to prevent the head from being jerked backwards suddenly and breaking
the neck.
An aeroplane landing on the runway moves through a long distance before it stops even
though the brakes are applied. This is due to the moving inertia of the plane.
Hydrogen and oxygen
Hydrogen
The gases are liquefied under great pressure
i. Combustion chamber
ii. Hydrogen is burnt in oxygen
The exhaust gases in the rocket rush out backwards with great velocity and force (great
momentum). This action causes an equal and opposite reaction, i.e. a force with great
momentum is generated to push the rocket forward.
=
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
3
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
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Answers
CHAPTER 14: Food Technology and Production

Page 362
(a) Genetically modified food
Genetically modified food is food whose genetic structure has been changed so that it has
certain desired traits.
The main purpose in doing this is to enable the desired traits to pass down to future
generations of organisms.
The science of changing the genetic structure of organisms is called genetic engineering.
(b) Desirable characteristics
Genetically modified food may have the following characteristics or traits.
The plants or animals mature faster. Thus they take a shorter time to supply us with food.
They produce higher yields. For example genetically modified cows may provide more
meat and milk. Crops may bear more fruit.
They are more tolerant to pesticides. The plants are less affected by the pesticides used to
kill the weeds around them.
The plants and animals are more resistant to pests and diseases. Only healthy parents are
selected for genetic engineering.
The plants and animals do not have genetic diseases which can be passed on to future
generations. This is because organisms with genetic diseases are not used.
(c) Objections to genetically modified food
Some genetically modified food involve the use of bacteria. There is fear that very
dangerous bacteria may evolve in the future.
Genetically modified food may cause allergic reactions in some people.
The organisms which are genetically modified may become the dominant species. This
will gradually wipe out the original species.
Page 367
1
10 C
14 A
15 C
11 D
12 B
13 B
Page 369
1 (a) To determine which milk (the boiled milk or the unboiled milk) will go bad first
(b) To prevent bacteria in the air from getting into the flasks
(c) 1. Type of milk
2. Temperature of the milk
(d) Treatment for the milk (boiled or unboiled)
(e) i. The unboiled milk goes bad first.
ii. The unboiled milk contains bacteria. The bacteria in the boiled milk have been killed.
2 (a) Freeze drying is the method of preserving food by freezing the food to very low
temperature such as -18C to -40C. This method also removes water by freezing it.
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(b) i. Slows down the growth of bacteria

ii. Stops the action of bacterial enzymes on the food
(c) Prawns/Fish/Meat/Vegetables
(d) The taste and the nutrients in the food are not altered
(e) Bacteria and their spores in the food are not killed.
3 (a) 1. Species Z bears fruit earlier and produces more fruit.
2. Species Z produces fruit with thick, sweet yellow flesh.
3. Species Z can survive better under adverse conditions.
(b) Masmadu maize (Taiwanese sweet maize Mexican sweet maize)
Malin-X sheep (local Malin sheep Australian sheep)
(c) 1. Use modern technology which is efficient
2. Carry out research on food production
3. Make optimum use of land marked for agriculture
4. Manage and maintain the fertility of farmland
5. Advise and guide farmers on the latest breeds and methods
(d) The population in every country is increasing fast, and there must be enough food to feed
everyone.
CHAPTER 15: Synthetic Materials in Industry

Page 373
1 C
2 A
3 (a) Synthetic rubber is an artificial carbon compound made by combining chemically similar
molecules (called monomers) into long chains (called polymers).
(b) 1. Neoprene - insulation for electric wires (insulator)
2. Thiokol - hoses for organic solvents (does not react with organic solvents)
(c) 1. Synthetic rubber is heat-resistant and chemical-resistant.
2. It is a good electrical insulator.
3. It is difficult to oxidize.
4. It can withstand wear and tear.
(d) 1. Natural rubber is more elastic
2. It is a better absorber of sound and pressure.
3. It is easier to vulcanize.
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1
10 B
11 B
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13 A
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Page 381
1 (a) i. A thermoplastic
ii.
A thermoset
(b) A thermoplastic has linear polymers with no cross links to hold the polymers. As a result
a thermoplastic can be heated and melted, and remoulded repeatedly.
A thermoset has cross links across the polymers. As a result the plastic becomes very
rigid (polymers cannot glide over one another) and the plastic can be melted and moulded
after the first heating only.
(c) Polythene (thermoplastic) - used for making food wrappers
Bakelite (thermoset) - used for making switches/plugs
2 (a) Polymerisation
(b) i. Monomers
ii. Polymers
(c) No, the polymers have cross links which hold the polymers and the monomers in fixed
positions.
(d) It is used for making battery boxes/glue/moulds/insulators
3 (a) Effects of burning plastic waste
The wide use of plastic has produced large quantities of plastic waste.
Burning the plastic waste is undesirable because it produces a lot of toxic gases which
are harmful to the environment and to our health.
The toxic gases produced include sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, ammonia,
hydrogen sulphide, carbon monoxide and dioxin.
Sulphur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide dissolve in rain water to form acid rain. They
also corrode the respiratory passages causing asthma and bronchitis.
Ammonia has a choking smell and hydrogen sulphide smells like rotten eggs.
Carbon monoxide is poisonous while dioxin causes cancer.
(b) Management and control of plastic waste
Plastic waste must be disposed of properly; otherwise it will pollute the environment
and bring harmful effects to our health.
Use biodegradable plastics which can be buried and decomposed by bacteria and soil
fungi.
Carry out direct recycling of plastic waste.Collect and sort out the plastics into
various types. The plastics are cleaned, melted separately and reused.
Carry out indirect recycling. The plastic waste is cleaned, mixed with other suitable
substances and used again for making things such as toys, floor mats and flower pots.
Some plastic waste may be burnt in specially built incinerators far away from
residential areas.
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Answers
Reduce the everyday use of plastics. For example, use paper bags instead of plastic
bags; use metal or glass containers instead of plastic containers and use wooden
chairs instead of plastic chairs.
Organize campaigns and seminars to educate the public on the importance of
managing and controlling plastic waste. This is important because every individual
must play his part.
CHAPTER 16: Electronics and Information and Communication Technology

Page 391
(a) Bulb 1 lights up for a while and then goes out.
(b) An electric current passes through the capacitor to bulb 1 when the capacitor is being
charged. However, the current stops when the capacitor becomes fully charged.
(c) i. Bulb 2 lights up for a while and then goes out.
ii. The capacitor is fully discharged.
Page 395
1
10 D
14 C
15 D
11 A
12 D
13 B
Page 399
1 (a) Geostationary satellites
Communication satellites appear to be stationary in the sky in relation to the Earth.
This is due to two reasons.
i. The communication satellites orbit the Earth in the same direction as the rotation
of the Earth, i.e. from west to east.
ii. They orbit the Earth at the same speed as the rotation of the Earth.
The communication satellite is said to be geostationary. To achieve this, the satellite
is placed above the equator at a height of 35 887 km.
(b) How matches being played in Germany are transmitted live to Malaysia
The satellite communication system used requires a transmitting station in Germany,
a receiver station in Malaysia and a suitable communication satellite above the
equator.
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Answers
communication
satellite
ground relay
station
microwaves
microwaves
transmitting
station
receiving
station
Earth
The transmitter from a station in Germany sends information live, e.g. football being
played, by microwaves of high frequency to the communication satellite in outer
space.
The receiver in the satellite receives the signals and amplifies them.
The transmitter in the satellite retransmits the microwave signals to a satellite station
in Malaysia.
The disc-like aerial in the ground station receives the signals, amplifies them and
retransmits them through relay stations to the local ground stations for channeling to
the television viewers.
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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.

NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

ii. Acceleration = (20 - 0) ms-1

Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.

NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

The copper plate

Copper chloride solution

The badge becomes

The copper chloride

In this way, the school badge is copper-plated.

NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

12 (a) Pathogens and diseases

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

CHAPTER 1: Scientific Investigation

Output voltage (V2)

Input voltage (V1)

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

Black cloth (C)

White cloth (C)

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

CHAPTER 2: Body Coordination

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

CHAPTER 3: Heredity and Variation

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

Discontinuous variation in thumbprints

NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

Sasbadi Sdn. Bhd.

NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

CHAPTER 5: Energy and Chemical Changes

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

CHAPTER 6: Nuclear Energy

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

A nuclear power station

(b) Advantages of using nuclear energy

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NEXUS SPM SCIENCE FORMS 4 & 5

Supplementary Materials for

CHAPTER 7: Light, Colour and Sight