YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

HEAT TRANSFER ANALYSIS BY

THE ACTION OF RADIATION IN
THE GAS

11066173 Yahya ZKAN

THERMODYNAMICS AND HEAT TECHNIQUE DEPARTMENT
PREPARED

GRADUATION THESIS
Project Consultant : Prof. Dr. AL PINARBAI
STANBUL,2016

CONTENTS
Page
SUMMARY
1.INTRODUCTION.............................................................................3
1.1Radiation Exchange With Emitting And Absorbing
Gases.....................................................................................................5
1.2 Emissivity and Absorptivity of Gases and Gas Mixtures.............8
2.CALCULATIONS..........................................................................19
2.1 Parameters...................................................................................19
2.2 Determination Of The Rate Of Heat Transfer By Radiation
Consisting Of Boiler Combustion Gases............................................21
2.3 Chart Analysis............................................................................31
RESOURCES

1. INTRODUCTION
Radiation heat transfer, eventhough is not a popular subject in literature, is a
dominant heat transfer mechanism especially in high temperatures thereby
improving energy efficiency. In this study, models provided by theorical
background on radiation heat transfer in enclosures applied on household builtin ovens. In the firt section of the thesis, the main concepts that constitute
radiation heat transfer is introduced. Surface radiation has been divided into to
sections: at first idealized surfaces that called black body than the real ones
(gray surfaces). Here, the methods that are used to solve surface radiation
between gray surfaces before mentioning fundamentals about gas radiation. The
second section is referred to the application of the study and the experimental
setup in High Temperature Heat Transfer Laboratuary that the studies carried
with the 1001 project 111M048 supported by TUBITAK. Afterwards, the surface
radiation in the original oven is investigated. At first, the cavity set empty, than
the brick is been placed in the center to be studied to provide the basis for
improvements. In the following two subtitle, the radiation exchange factor and
emissivity are determined as parameters. At first, the prototype that the size of
the cavity is changed is investigated to determine the effect of exchange factor
relationship. Moreover, the standart position of the test brick is set to different
locations to link energy consumption of the oven and position of the brick. As it
is noticed that the energy resources of our planet is alarming, the researches
have started to give their attention to decrease the consumptions. For that
purpose, the household appliances are one of the important field to focus.
Thanks to these studies, the efficiency levels are improving. During 90s the
energy efficiency of a domestic oven was in approximetely 12-13%, nowadays
the levels are lift up to 25%. Nevertheless, the standardization of the energy
consumption experiments has become to be identified more detailed by the
commities. European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization
(CELENEC) has announced in 1996 and, give its final version in 2005 as EN
50304 for the energy consumption experiments for domestic ovens. The
complexity of analytical solution of radiation problems have pave the way for
numerical solutions beside them. Radiosity Irradiosity Method (RIM), Discrete
Transfer Method (DTM), Discrete Ordinate Method (DOM), Finite Volume
Method and Monte Carlo Method are some of the most popular numerical
methods in radiation problems. Monte Carlo Method, which is used in this
study, is a statistical method that models a physical problem. Markhov chain and
random numbers set a base for this method which gives rapid results. Monte
Carlo aprroach has been adapted to radiation problems by Howell . These
models have been used oftenly in industrial cases. These studies and a large

literature summary are present in. On the other hand, numerical studies in
domestic ovens have been conducted by various studies including the effects of
radiation in addition to natural convection. In the present work, such an analysis
including the effects of radiation and convection in domestic ovens has been
performed by the means of S2S radiation model and k-epsilon turbulence model.
Three different enclosure models have been designed in a built-in oven in order
to improve the efficiency of radiation. The main goal was to improve efficiency
by improving the contribution of view factor effect. The experimental study has
been carried out in order to compare the models from the view points of energy
consumption and cooking time. By the way, the computational study focused on
the mechanism of heat transfer in cavity. During the study on the emissivity of
the oven the concept low emissivity oven examined at first. The studies
carried on a prototype supplied by supporter firm that showing reducing
emissivity reduces temperature gradient thus decreasing heat loses. The results
obtained by this section pave the way for a critical view on the concept.
Therefore, it has been stated as a projection that the emitter plates should be
high and collector plates should have low emissivity. The projection has been
validated by experimental results that the energy consumption can be reduced
so. Finally, in the last section of the thesis, the effect of moist air in the cavity on
the gas radiation mechanism is being searched. Firstly, by the view of
engineering aspect the order of the gas radiation in the oven is stated. Results
have shown that gas radiation cannot be neglected. Secondly, two different
numerical models one considering gas radiation (Disrete Ordinates) the other
only surface radiation (S2S) are compared for a cavity that filled with moist air.
Due to many engineering applications, like ovens, combustion chambers,
condensers etc. there are many researches devoted to coupled heat and mass
transfer in enclosures. For high temperature applications, radiative heat transfer
should be taken into account hence there are also some paper covered heat/mass
transfer with radiation. However, it is possible to claim that radiative heat
transfer plays a nonnegligible role in heat transfer even in very low temperature
differences .In addition to computational studies, including radiative heat
transfer or not, it is also an important factor that whether radiation is treated as a
surface phenomenon or a whole-domain phenomenon. A numerical study on this
issue has shown that it is possible to obtain completely different results by using
different treatments. Therefore, for the ones who are willing to conduct a
numerical study on the radiation phenomena, it is vital to determine which type
of treatment would be sufficient to obtain an agreement between experimental
and numerical results. Briefly the object of this study is to investigate the
coupled heat/mass transfer with radiation in an enclosure and proposing a
limitation for participating medium assumption with a comparative study on two
radiation models. In this study, the governing equations are solved by means of
finite-volume approach with a commercial CFD program (FLUENT). All
equations are temporally discretized by first order implicit time integration

method. An implicit scheme may provide unconditionally stable numerical

solution, however the time-steps are selected under the consideration of
turbulent temporal scales. Previous studies in turbulent buoyant flows in
enclosures have shown that under convenient xxi discretization methods and
grid resolutions, it is possible to obtain satiSfying numerical results which are on
agreement with experimental results. Therefore, realizable k- turbulence model
is chosen for the modeling of turbulence. Convective terms of transport
equations are discretized by upwind scheme whereas the diffusion terms are
discretized by standard central differencing. Velocity and pressure are coupled
by the means of SIMPLE method. Ideal gas formulation has been used for the
variation of density. For modeling of radiation, two different models have been
used. One of them is wellknown Radiosity - Irradiosity Method (RIM) which
can be used to account radiation exchange in an enclosure with gray surfaces.
Radiation exchange with surfaces is accounted by a geometric function view
factor which can be determined by a ray tracing or a hemicube method. In this
study, RIM method has been implemented on the basis of view factors
calculated by ray tracing method. However, when the medium is participating,
RIM model, which treats radiation as a surface phenomena, fails to provide a
numerical result that would be validated by experimental results. Therefore,
Discrete Ordinates Method (DO) which considers the fluid within the cavity as
radiation exchanging domain. RTE is solved by means of finite volume
techniques. RTE can be solved by using finite volume discretizations not only
for structured meshes but also for unstructured meshes. In this study, radiation
intensity field is obtained on a structured mesh.

1.1 Radiation Exchange With Emitting And

Absorbing Gases
So far we considered radiation heat transfer between surfaces
separated by a medium that does not emit, absorb, or scatter radiation
a nonparticipating medium that is completely transparent to thermal
radiation. A vacuum satisfies this condition perfectly, and air at
ordinary temperatures and pressures
comes very close. Gases that consist of monatomic molecules such as
Ar and He and symmetric diatomic molecules such as N2 and O2 are
essentially transparent to radiation, except at temperatures at which

ionization occurs. Therefore, atmospheric air can be considered to be a

nonparticipating medium in radiation calculations. Gases with
asymmetric molecules such as H2O, CO2, CO, SO2, and
hydrocarbons HnCm may participate in the radiation process by
absorption at moderate temperatures, and by absorption and emission
at high temperatures such as those encountered in combustion
chambers. Therefore, air or any other medium that contains such gases
with asymmetric molecules at sufficient concentrations must be
treated as a participating medium in radiation calculations.
Combustion gases in a furnace or a combustion chamber, for example,
contain sufficient amounts of H2O and CO2, and thus the emission
and absorption of gases in furnaces must be taken into consideration.
The presence of a participating medium complicates the radiation
analysis considerably for several reasons:extremely high
A participating medium emits and absorbs radiation throughout
its entire volume. That is, gaseous radiation is a volumetric
phenomena, and thus it depends on the size and shape of the
body. This is the case even if the temperature is uniform
throughout the medium.
Gases emit and absorb radiation at a number of narrow
wavelength bands. This is in contrast to solids, which emit and
absorb radiation over the entire spectrum. Therefore, the gray
assumption may not always be appropriate for a gas even when
the surrounding surfaces are gray.
The emission and absorption characteristics of the constituents
of a gas mixture also depends on the temperature, pressure, and
composition of the gas mixture. Therefore, the presence of other
participating gases affects the radiation characteristics of a
particular gas.

The propagation of radiation through a medium can be complicated

further by presence of aerosols such as dust, ice particles, liquid
droplets, and soot (unburned carbon) particles that scatter radiation.
Scattering refers to the change of direction of radiation due to
reflection, refraction, and diffraction. Scattering caused by gas
molecules themselves is known as the Rayleigh scattering, and it
has negligible effect on heat transfer. Radiation transfer in
scattering media is considered in advanced books such as the ones
by Modest (1993, Ref. 12) and Siegel and Howell (1992, Ref. 14).
The participating medium can also be semitransparent liquids or
solids such as water, glass, and plastics. To keep complexities to a
manageable level, we will limit our consideration to gases that emit
and absorb radiation. In particular, we will consider the emission
and absorption of radiation by H2O and CO2 only since they are
the participating gases most commonly encountered in practice
(combustion products in furnaces and combustion chambers
burning hydrocarbon fuels contain both gases at high
concentrations), and they are sufficient to demonstrate the basic
principles involved.

Radiation Properties of a Participating Medium

(Gaseous Emission and Absorption)
When a medium is transparent to radiation, radiation propagating
through such a media remains unchanged
However gases such as CO, NO, CO2, SO2, H2O and various
hydrocarbons absorb and emit radiation over certain wavelength
regions called absorption bands
We will discuss a very simple analysis of radiation exchange in an
absorbing and emitting medium, exchange between a body of hot gas
and its black enclosure
Gas radiation Nonpolar gases (O2, N2) neither emit nor absorb
radiation Polar gases (CO2, H2O, hydrocarbons) do

 In most cases, contribution of gas to radiation can be safely

neglected
Notable exception: H2O and CO2 at high temperatures (e.g. in
combustion gases)

Beers Law
Consider a participating medium of thickness L. A spectral radiation
beam of
intensity I, 0 is incident on the medium, which is attenuated as it
propagates
due to absorption. The decrease in the intensity of radiation as it
passes
through a layer of thickness dx is proportional to the intensity itself
and the
thickness dx.

(Figure 1.1)
The attenuation of a radiation beam while passing through an
absorbing medium of thickness L.

This is known as Beers law, and is expressed as (Fig. 1.1)

where the constant of proportionality K is the spectral absorption

coefficient of the medium whose unit is m 1 (from the requirement
of dimensional homogeneity).
This is just like the amount of interest earned by a bank account
during a time interval being proportional to the amount of money in
the account and the time interval, with the interest rate being the
constant of proportionality.
Separating the variables and integrating from x 0 to x L gives

where we have assumed the absorptivity of the medium to be

independent of x. Note that radiation intensity decays exponentially in
accordance with Beers law.
The spectral transmissivity of a medium can be defined as the ratio
of the intensity of radiation leaving the medium to that entering the
medium. That is,

Note that when no radiation is absorbed and thus radiation

intensity remains constant. Also, the spectral transmissivity of a
medium represents the fraction of radiation transmitted by the medium
at a given wavelength.
Radiation passing through a nonscattering (and thus nonreflecting)
medium
is either absorbed or transmitted. Therefore +=1, and the
spectral absorptivity of a medium of thickness L is

From Kirchoffs law, the spectral emissivity of the medium is

Note that the spectral absorptivity, transmissivity, and emissivity of a

medium
are dimensionless quantities, with values less than or equal to 1. The
spectral
absorption coefficient of a medium (and thus , , and ), in
general, vary with wavelength, temperature, pressure, and
composition. For an optically thick medium (a medium with a large
value of KL), Therefore, an optically thick medium emits like a
blackbody at the given wavelength.
As a result, an optically thick absorbing-emitting medium with no
significant scattering at a given temperature Tg can be viewed as a
black surface at Tg since it will absorb essentially all the radiation
passing through it, and it will emit the maximum possible radiation
that can be emitted by a surface at Tg, which is Eb(Tg).

1.2 Emissivity and Absorptivity

of Gases and Gas Mixtures
The spectral absorptivity of CO2 is given in Figure 1.2 as
a function of wavelength. The various peaks and dips in
the figure together with discontinuities show clearly the
band nature of absorption and the strong nongray
characteristics. The shape and the width of these
absorption bands vary with temperature and pressure,
but the magnitude of absorptivity also varies with the
thickness of the gas layer. Therefore, absorptivity
values without specified hickness and pressure are
meaningless. The nongray nature of properties should
be considered in radiation calculations for high
accuracy. This can be done using a band model, and
thus performing calculations for each absorption band.
However, satisfactory results can be obtained by

assuming the gas to be gray, and using an effective

total absorptivity and emissivity determined by some
averaging process. Charts for the total emissivities of
gases are first presented by Hottel (Ref. 6), and they
have been widely used in radiation calculations with
reasonable accuracy.
Alternative emissivity charts and calculation procedures
have been developed more recently by Edwards and
Matavosian (Ref. 2). Here we present the Hottel
approach because of its simplicity. Even with gray
assumption, the total emissivity and absorptivity of a
gas depends on the geometry of the gas body as well
as the temperature, pressure, and composition. Gases
that participate in radiation exchange such as CO2 and
H2O typically coexist with nonparticipating gases such
as N2 and O2, and thus radiation properties of an
absorbing and emitting gas are usually reported for a
mixture of the gas with nonparticipating gases rather
than the pure gas. The emissivity and absorptivity of a
gas component in a mixture depends primarily on its
density, which is a function of temperature and partial
pressure of the gas.
The emissivity of H2O vapor in a mixture of nonparticipating gases is
plotted in Figure 1.2a for a total pressure of P =1 atm as a function of
gas temperature Tg for a range of values for Pw L, where Pw is the
partial pressure of water vapor and L is the mean distance traveled by
the radiation beam

Figure 1.2
Spectral absorptivity of CO2 at 830 K and 10 atm for a
path length of 38.8 cm (from Siegel and Howell, 1992 ).

Figure 1.3

Figure 1.4

Figure 1.5

Figure 1.6

Correction factors for the emissivities of H2O and CO2 gases at

pressures other than 1 atm for use in the relations
w = Cw.w, 1 atm and c = Cc.c, 1 atm
(1 m _ atm _ 3.28 ft _ atm) (from Hottel, 1954, Ref. 6).
Emissivity at a total pressure P other than P =1 atm is determined by
multiplying the emissivity value at 1 atm by a pressure correction
factor Cw obtained from Figure 1.4 for water vapor. That is,

w = Cw.w, 1 atm
Note that Cw _ 1 for P _ 1 atm and thus (Pw _ P)/2 _ 0.5 (a very low
concentration of water vapor is used in the preparation of the
emissivity chart in Fig. 1.3 and thus Pw is very low). Emissivity
values are presented in a similar manner for a mixture of CO2 and
nonparticipating gases in Fig. 1.4 and 1.6.
Now the question that comes to mind is what will happen if the CO2
and H2O gases exist together in a mixture with nonparticipating gases.
The emissivity of each participating gas can still be determined as
explained above using its partial pressure, but the effective emissivity
of the mixture cannot be determined by simply adding the emissivities
of individual gases (although this would be the case if different gases
emitted at different wavelengths). Instead, it should be determined
from

where is the emissivity correction factor, which accounts for the

overlap of emission bands. For a gas mixture that contains both CO2
and H2O gases, is plotted in Figure 1.7.

The emissivity of a gas also depends on the mean length an emitted

radiation beam travels in the gas before reaching a bounding surface,
and thus the shape and the size of the gas body involved. During their
experiments in the 1930s, Hottel and his coworkers considered the
emission of radiation from a hemispherical gas body to a small surface
element located at the center of the base of the hemisphere. Therefore,
the given charts represent emissivity data for the emission of radiation
from a hemispherical gas body of radius L toward the center of the
base of the hemisphere. It is certainly desirable to extend the reported
emissivity data to gas bodies of other geometries, and this

Figure 1.7a

Figure 1.7b

Figure 1.7b
Emissivity correction _ for use in g = w + c - when both CO2
and H2O vapor are present in a gas mixture
(1 m . atm = 328 ft . atm) (from Hottel, 1954, Ref. 6).

is done by introducing the concept of mean beam length L, which

represents the radius of an equivalent hemisphere. The mean beam
lengths for various gas geometries are listed in Table 124. More
extensive lists are available in the literature [such as Hottel (1954, Ref.
6), and Siegel and Howell, (1992, Ref. 14)]. The emissivities
associated with these geometries can be determined from Figures 12
36 through 1238 by using the appropriate mean beam length.
Following a procedure recommended by Hottel, the absorptivity of a
gas that contains CO2 and H2O gases for radiation emitted by a
source at temperature Ts can be determined similarly from

where = and is determined from Figure 1.7 at the source

temperature
Ts. The absorptivities of CO2 and H2O can be determined from the
emissivity
charts (Figs. 1.3-1.4 and 1.5-1.6) as

and

The notation indicates that the emissivities should be evaluated using

Ts instead of Tg (both in K or R), Pc LTs / Tg instead of Pc L, and Pw
LTs / Tg instead of Pw L. Note that the absorptivity of the gas depends
on the source temperature Ts as well as the gas temperature Tg. Also,
= when Ts =Tg, as expected. The pressure correction factors Cc and
Cw are evaluated using Pc L and Pw L, as in emissivity calculations.
When the total emissivity of a gas g at temperature Tg is known, the
emissive power of the gas (radiation emitted by the gas per unit
surface area) can

Table 1.1
be expressed as Eg = gTg^4. Then the rate of radiation energy
emitted by a gas to a bounding surface of area As becomes
If the bounding surface is black at temperature Ts, the surface will
emit radiation to the gas at a rate of AsTs^4 without reflecting any,
and the gas will absorb this radiation at a rate of AgAsTs^4 , where
g is the absorptivity of the gas. Then the net rate of radiation heat
transfer between the gas and a black surface surrounding it becomes

If the surface is not black, the analysis becomes more complicated

because of the radiation reflected by the surface. But for surfaces that
are nearly black with an emissivity s> 0.7, Hottel (1954, Ref. 6),
recommends this modification,

The emissivity of wall surfaces of furnaces and combustion chambers

are typically greater than 0.7, and thus the relation above provides
great convenience for preliminary radiation heat transfer calculations.

2.CALCULATIONS
2.1 PARAMETERS
L
(m)

D
(m)

Tg
(K)

Ts
(K)

%CO2 %H2O Pg
(atm)

Pout
(bar)

1.5

450

373

0.4

14

3.5

1.75

500

423

0.5

7.5

15

1.25

550

473

0.6

16

1.5

4.5

2.25

600

523

0.7

8.5

17

1.75

2.5

650

573

0.8

18

Table 2.1
L= boiler size

Tg= temperature of gas

D= radius of boiler

Ts= temperature of surface

= spreading coefficient
%CO2= rate of carbon dioxide in the boiler
%H2O= rate of water vapor in the boiler
Pg= pressure of gases

Pout= pressure of external

2.2 Determination Of The Rate Of Heat Transfer By

Radiation Consisting Of Boiler Combustion Gases

L=3m D= 1,5m
Tg=450K Ts=373K

=0,4
CO2=%7 H2O=%14
Pi=2atm Pout=1bar

Assumptions: 1 All the gases in the mixture are ideal gases. 2 The
emissivity determined is the mean emissivity for radiation emitted to
all surfaces of the cylindrical enclosure. 3 All interior
surfaces of furnace walls are black. 4 Scattering by soot and other
particles is negligible.
Analysis: The volumetric analysis of a gas mixture gives the mole
fractions yi of the components, which are equivalent to pressure
fractions for an ideal gas mixture. Therefore, the partial pressures of
CO2 and H2O are
The average emissivity of the combustion gases at the gas temperature
of Tg =1200 K was determined in the preceding example to be g=0,4

Pc=co2.P= 0,07x(1atm) =0,14atm

Pw=H2O.P =0,14x(1atm) = 0,28atm
The mean beam length for a cylinder of equal diameter and height for
radiation emitted to all surfaces is, from Table 1.1,
L = 0,60D = 0,60(1,5 m) = 0,9m
Then,
Pc L = (0,14 atm)(0,9 m) = 0,126 m . atm = 0,413 ft . atm
Pw L = (0,28 atm)(0,9m) = 0,252m .atm = 0,826 ft . atm
The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at the
gas temperature of Tg =450 K and 1 atm are, from Figure 1.3 and 1.4

c, 1 atm = 0,1

w, 1 atm = 0,26

and

These are the base emissivity values at 1 atm, and they need to be
corrected for the 2 atm total pressure. Nothing that
0,14+ 1
=0.57 atm
2

( Pw + P )
2

the pressure correction factors are, from Figure 1.5

and 1.6,
Cc = 1,11

and

Cw =1,45

Both CO2 and H2O are present in the same mixture, and we need to correct for
the overlap of emission bands. The emissivity correction factor at T = Tg =
450K is, from Figure 1.7,

Pc L + Pw L = 0,413 + 0,826 = 1,23

= 0,014

Pw ( Pw+ Pc )=0,28 (0,28+0,14)=0,66

Then the effective emissivity of the combustion gases becomes

g = Ccc, 1 atm + Cww, 1 atm -

g =1,11x0,1 +1,45x0,26 - 0,014 =0,474
For a wall temperature of 373 K, determine the absorptivity of the
combustion gases and the rate of radiation heat transfer from the
combustion gases to the boiler walls
The temperatures for the wall surfaces and the combustion gases
are given for a cylindrical furnace. The absorptivity of the gas mixture
and the rate of radiation heat transfer are to be determined.
For a source temperature of Ts = 373 K, the absorptivity of the gas is
again determined using the emissivity charts as
PcL
PwL

Ts
Tg
Ts
Tg

= (0,14atm)x0,9mx

373 K
450 K

= (0,28atm)x0,9mx

373 K
450 K

= 0,342ft.atm
= 0,684 ft.atm

The emissivities of CO2 and H2O corresponding to these values at a

temperature
of Ts =373 K and 1 atm are, from Figure 1.3 and 1.4,

c, 1 atm =0,095

and

w, 1 atm=0,25

The pressure correction factors were determined in the preceding

example to be Cc =1.11 and Cw = 1.45, and they do not change with
surface temperature. Then the absorptivities of CO2 and H2O become

c=

Cc

w = Cw

Tg0, 65
.
Ts0, 65

Tg0,45
0,45
Ts

c, 1 atm =(1,11) x

. w, 1 atm =(1,45)x

450 K 0,65
373 K 0,65

x (0,095)= 0,119

450 K 0,45
x (0,25)
0,45
373 K

=0,394

Also , but the emissivity correction factor is to be evaluated

from
Figure 1.7 at T =Ts = 373 K instead of Tg =450 K. There is no chart
for 373 K in the figure, but we can read values at 400 K
approximate values taken by the increase.
At Pw /(Pw + Pc) =0.66 and Pc L + Pw L = 1,23 we read
= 0.015. Then the absorptivity of the combustion gases becomes
g = c+ w = 0,119 + 0,394 -0,015 = 0,498
The surface area of the cylindrical surface is
As=

DH

+2

D
4

1,5m).(3m) + 2

1,5
4

= 17,67 m^2

Then the net rate of radiation heat transfer from the combustion gases
to the walls of the furnace becomes
Q
Q

net = As(g.Tg^4 - g.Ts^4)

net =(17,67m^2).(5,67x10^-8W/m^2. K^4)[0,474.(450K)^4

0.498.(373K)^4 ]
Q net = 9,81 x 10^3 W

FOR L =3 , 3,5m , 4m, 4,5m , 5m

Only changing as. so it will be no change in the previous process
L(m)
L=3
L=3,
5
L=4
L=4,
5
L=5

As(m^2)
17,67
20,027

net(W)
6,89 x 10^3
7,80 x 10^3

22,383
24,740

8.72 x 10^3
9,64 x 10^3

27,096

10,56 x 10^3
Table 2.2

FOR D = 1,5m , 1,75m , 2m , 2,25m , 2,5m

The values
Pc(atm)
Pw(atm)
L(m)
PcL(ft.atm)
PwL(ft.atm)

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm
( Pw + P )
2

Cc

D=1,5m
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,1

D=1,75m
0,14
0,28
1,05
0,482
0,964
0,11

D=2m
0,14
0,28
1,2
0,55
1,1
0,12

D=2,25m
0,14
0,28
1,35
0,62
1,24
0,13

D=2,5m
0,14
0,28
1,5
0,68
1,37
0,13

0,26

0,27

0,28

0,32

0,32

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,11

1,13

1,1

1,08

1,15

Cw

1,45

1,44

1,43

1,4

1,39

0,014
0,474

0,017
0,496

0,018
0,514

0,022
0,566

0,0235
0,57

0,342

0,39

0,45

0,51

0,56

0,684

0,79

0,91

1,02

1,13

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm

0,095

0,1

0,11

0,12

0,125

0,25

0,25

0,29

0,3

0,32

c
w

0,119

0,14

0,136

0,146

0,162

0,394

0,42

0,451

0,457

0,483

0,015

0,018

0,019

0,023

0,024

0,498

0,542

0,568

0,58

0,621

As(m^2)

17,67

21,30

25,13

29,15

33,37

11,89

14,36

19,80

21,48

g
PcL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

m
PwL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

net(x10^ 9,81
3W)

Table 2.3
FOR Tg = 450K , 500K , 550K , 600K , 650K
The values
Pc(atm)
Pw(atm)
L(m)
PcL(ft.atm)
PwL(ft.atm)

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm

Tg=450
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,1

Tg=500
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,1

Tg=550
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,1

Tg=600
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,1

Tg=650
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,11

0,26

0,26

0,25

0,25

0,25

( Pw + P )
2

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,14

Cc

1,11

1,2

1,12

1,2

1,2

Cw

1,45

1,44

1,44

1,44

1,44

0,014
0,474

0,014
0,48

0,014
0,466

0,014
0,466

0,014
0,478

0,342

0,308

0,28

0,25

0,236

0,684

0,616

0,56

0,51

0,473

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm

0,095

0,095

0,09

0,09

0,085

0,25

0,25

0,24

0,23

0,23

c
w

0,119

0,138

0,14

0,147

0,146

0,394

0,410

0,410

0,410

0,425

0,015

0,015

0,015

0,015

0,015

0,498

0,53

0,535

0,542

0,556

As(m^2)

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

19,77

32,34

50

74,7

Tg=523
0,14
0,28
0,9

Tg=573
0,14
0,28
0,9

g
PcL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

m
PwL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

net(x10^ 9,81
3W)

Table 2.4
FOR Ts =373K , 423K , 473K , 523K , 573K
Tg= 650K Received
The values
Pc(atm)
Pw(atm)
L(m)

Ts=373
0,14
0,28
0,9

Tg=423
0,14
0,28
0,9

Tg=473
0,14
0,28
0,9

PcL(ft.atm)
PwL(ft.atm)

0,413
0,826
0,11

0,413
0,826
0,11

0,413
0,826
0,11

0,413
0,826
0,1

0,413
0,826
0,11

0,25

0,25

0,25

0,25

0,25

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,14

Cc

1,2

1,2

1,12

1,2

1,2

Cw

1,44

1,44

1,44

1,44

1,44

0,014
0,478

0,014
0,478

0,014
0,478

0,014
0,478

0,014
0,478

0,236

0,27

0,3

0,33

0,36

0,473

0,53

0,6

0,66

0,72

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm

0,085

0,09

0,09

0,09

0,095

0,23

0,23

0,24

0,24

0,23

c
w

0,146

0,142

0,132

0,124

0,123

0,425

0,401

0,398

0,381

0,350

0,015

0,013

0,014

0,015

0,017

0,556

0,53

0,516

0,49

0,456

As(m^2)

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

68,48

59,61

48,75

36,23

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm
( Pw + P )
2

g
PcL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

m
PwL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

net(x10^ 74,7
3W)

Table 2.5
FOR %CO2 =7, 7,5 , 8 , 8,5 , 9

The values
Pc(atm)
Pw(atm)
L(m)
PcL(ft.atm)
PwL(ft.atm)

%7
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,1

%7,5
0,15
0,28
0,9
0,442
0,826
0,11

%8
0,16
0,28
0,9
0,472
0,826
0,12

%8,5
0,17
0,28
0,9
0,50
0,826
0,11

%9
0,18
0,28
0,9
0,53
0,826
0,12

0,26

0,27

0,27

0,27

0,27

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,14

1,14

Cc

1,11

1,12

1,12

1,12

1,1

Cw

1,45

1,45

1,45

1,45

1,45

0,014
0,474

0,015
0,5

0,016
0,509

0,015
0,5

0,016
0,507

0,342

0,36

0,4

0,41

0,44

0,684

0,684

0,684

0,684

0,684

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm

0,095

0,1

0,1

0,1

0,11

0,25

0,25

0,25

0,25

0,25

c
w

0,119

0,126

0,126

0,126

0,136

0,394

0,394

0,394

0,394

0,394

0,015

0,014

0,015

0,015

0,0165

0,498

0,506

0,505

0,505

0,513

As(m^2)

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

10,72

11,11

10,74

10,88

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm
( Pw + P )
2

g
PcL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

m
PwL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

net(x10^ 9,81
3W)

Table 2.6

FOR %H2O = 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18

The values
Pc(atm)
Pw(atm)
L(m)
PcL(ft.atm)
PwL(ft.atm)

%14
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,1

%15
0,14
0,3
0,9
0,413
0,88
0,1

%16
0,14
0,32
0,9
0,413
0,944
0,1

%17
0,14
0,34
0,9
0,413
1
0,1

%18
0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
1,06
0,1

0,26

0,27

0,27

0,28

0,29

1,14

1,15

1,16

1,17

1,18

Cc

1,11

1,11

1,11

1,11

1,11

Cw

1,45

1,44

1,42

1,43

1,435

0,014
0,474

0,015
0,484

0,0155
0,478

0,016
0,495

0,0165
0,506

0,342

0,342

0,342

0,342

0,342

0,684

0,729

0,782

0,82

0,878

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm

0,095

0,095

0,095

0,095

0,095

0,25

0,29

0,28

0,287

0,29

c
w

0,119

0,119

0,119

0,119

0,119

0,394

0,454

0,432

0,446

0,452

0,015

0,016

0,016

0,0165

0,0168

0,498

0,557

0,535

0,548

0,554

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm
( Pw + P )
2

g
PcL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

m
PwL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

As(m^2)

17,67

net(x10^ 9,81
3W)

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

9.08

9,26

9,70

10,04

Table 2.7
FOR Pg= 1atm , 1,25atm , 1,5atm , 1,75atm , 2atm

The values

1atm

1,25atm

1,5atm

%2atm

0,105
0,21
0,9
0,309
0,619
0,09

%1,75at
m
0,122
0,245
0,9
0,360
0,723
0,095

Pc(atm)
Pw(atm)
L(m)
PcL(ft.atm)
PwL(ft.atm)

0,07
0,14
0,9
0,2066
0,4132
0,084

0,0875
0,175
0,9
0,25
0,5
0,088

0,2

0,24

0,245

0,25

0,26

0,57

0,7

0,85

1,14

Cc

1,62

1,15

1,32

1,2

1,11

Cw

1,1

1,08

1,2

1,41

1,45

0,0065
0,3495

0,0075
0,352

0,012
0,419

0,013
0,453

0,014
0,474

0,1712

0,2

0,256

0,3

0,342

0,3424

0,4

0,513

0,6

0,684

0,036

0,086

0,09

0,095

0,095

c, 1 atm
w, 1 atm
( Pw + P )
2

g
PcL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

0,14
0,28
0,9
0,413
0,826
0,1

m
PwL

Ts
Tg

ft.at

c, 1 atm

w, 1 atm

0,18

0,21

0,23

0,248

0,25

c
w

0,153

0,111

0,113

0,128

0,119

0,239

0,246

0,330

0,380

0,394

0,0068

0,0077

0,013

0,0135

0,015

0,3852

0,349

0,43

0,494

0,498

As(m^2)

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

17,67

7,69

8,87

9,03

9,81

net(x10^ 6,89
3W)

2.3 CHART ANALYSIS

RELATIONSHIP L AND Q
12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

3.5

4
L(m)

4.5

2.25

2.5

Q(W)

Graph 2.3.1

RELATIONSHIP D AND Q
25000

20000

15000

10000

5000

0
1.5

1.75

2
D(m)

Q(W)

Graph 2.3.2

RELATIONSHIP %CO2 AND Q

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0

7.5

8
%CO2

8.5

Q(W)

Graph 2.3.3

RELATIONSHIP %H2O AND Q

12000
10000
8000
6000
4000
2000
0
14

15

16
%H2O

17
Q(W)

18

Graph 2.3.4
RELATIONSHIP Tg AND Q
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
450

500

550
Tg(K)

600

650

523

573

Q(W)

Graph 2.3.5

RELATIONSHIP Ts AND Q
80000
70000
60000
50000
40000
30000
20000
10000
0
373

423

473
Ts(K)

Q(W)

Graph 2.3.6
RELATIONSHIP Pg AND Q
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

1.25

1.5
Pg(atm)

1.75
Q(W)

Graph 2.3.7

RELATIONSHIP AND Q
12000

10000

8000

6000

4000

2000

0
0.4

0.5

0.6

0.7

0.8

Q(W)

Graph 2.3.8

3.ABSTRACT
Gases with asymmetric molecules such as H2O, CO2 CO, SO2, and
hydrocarbons HnCm participate in the radiation process by absorption
and emission. The spectral transmissivity, absorptivity, and emissivity
of a medium are expressed as

where K is the spectral absorption coefficient of the medium.

The emissivities of H2O and CO2 gases are given in Figure
1.3 and 1.4 for a total pressure of P =1 atm. Emissivities at other
pressures are determined from

w= Cw. w, 1atm

and

c=Cc.c,1 atm

where Cw and Cc are the pressure correction factors. For gas mixtures
that contain both of H2O and CO2, the emissivity is determined from

g= c + w

= Cc.c,1 atm + Cw.

w, 1atm

where is the emissivity correction factor, which accounts for the

overlap of emission bands. The gas absorptivities for radiation emitted
by a source at temperature Ts are determined similarly from
g = c + w

where = at the source temperature Ts and

The rate of radiation heat transfer between a gas and a

surrounding
surface is

Keywords : Radiation Heat Transfer, Emissivity, Absorptivity

RESOURCES
[1] Yunus engel, Heat And Mass Transfer , 3rd Edition ,2012
[2] Prof. Dr. Fethi Halc, rneklerle Is Geii - Is Transferi , 2rd
Edition, 2012
[3]http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2214157X14000
100
[4] http://nptel.ac.in/courses/113104058/mme_pdf/Lecture31.pdf
[5]http://www.mhtl.uwaterloo.ca/courses/ece309_mechatronics/lecture
s/pdffiles/summary_ch12.pdf