Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Thesis Collection
1975
Thomas
R.
Fedyszyn
by
Thomas
R.
Fedyszyn
168200
DUDLEY
"
NAVAL PC
ABSTRACT
World War.
Soc-
analysis.
Also, the
"lRv
of Imperialism."
manifested a sense of European superiority toward the colonies, which lead to a "Western" view of the colonial question.
However,
The
colonials.
The colonial
1 -
technology.
cure.
The oppressed
Western-European culture.
governmental power, would derive from local, European electorates, within the national framework.
.2
The
By the late
In sum, the
Yet, this
<3
In it, he
He evaluated
European colonizer.
2.
...p.
(New york,
1967,)
- 4 -
Manifesto of 1848.
civilized,
...
Thus, the
introduction of British rule and the concomitant universalization of capital, were a progressive and necessary step
1853 article:
"Arabs, Turks, Tartars, Mongols, who had successively
overrun India, soon became Hinduized, the barbarian
conquerors being, by an eternal law of history, conquered
themselves by the superior civilization of their subjects.
3-
1937,)
p.
13.
(New York,
- -
...
to
They
revolution.
talents of man.
forget that these idyllic village communities, inoffensive though they may appear, had always been the solid
5.
(London,
1951,) Tp.
52.
- 6 -
was a product of both the village system and climatic condiThe creation of private property in land and universal
tions.
the'
dissolution.
By
6.
1972,)
7.
.p.
8.
..p.
(New York,
40.
Vol. I,
363
Marx,
(Cambridge, 1970,)
^p.
168.
7>-
that colonialism
Perhaps English
The objection
9.
10.
p.
315,
p.
81.
- 8 -
inherently selfish interests of capitalists, and the implication was that beter administration could make a colonial
The analysis
...
Marx
- 9 -
noted further, that "with the drain of men and bullion which
it must cost the English, India is now our best ally
,,x *
.
Ibid.,
1858.
12.
p.
- 10 -
an earlier date, will be labelled the "adapted Western" outlook on the colonial question.
The
fected their parent stated, but only the former were considered
Though he eventually
II -
often repeated.
occupied by "natives."
However, by 1894,
Engels readily admitted that this link did exist and that the
"conquest of China by capitalism will
- 12 -
European Revolution.
In 1882, Engels
Well, exactly
The same
- 13 -
"aristocracy of labor" was being realized, specifically because of the possession of colonies.
dencies.
Yet,
throughout his writing, is found his European sense of superiority and the priority of European political development.
The outlook of Marx and Engels on colonialism was not,
in itself, of great significance in contemporary politics.
Ibid.,
1882.
17.
p.
- 14 -
'
Association (I.W.A.) of 1864, Marx was accepted as the spiritual head of socialism, and remained in control of the
His attempt
President Lincoln
IP
struggle for the rescue of an unchained race." i0
The I.W.A.
This
- 15 -
LaSalle.
Also, the
1876.
- 16 -
Much of the
to deal with foreign affairs, since its final goal (as Marx
August
of they so much
17 -
20
With some justification." u
Unfor-
prominent had adopted foreign policies which entailed colonialism by the turn of the century.
21
~^
in the 1860's.
However, LaSalle's
In fact,
LaSalle was a Prussian who supported nationalism and federalism, under Prussian domination, for all Germans.
His hatred
- 18 -
In 1869,
party polled in excess of 350,000 votes and had nine representatives in the Reichstag.
Bismarck outlawed the Socialist Party in 1878 and simultaneously embarked on a policy of conservative paternalism and
social reform.
- 19 -
This in-
(Liberalism's)
Such a policy
would be highly nationalistic, and by injecting a strong element of paternalism, would make imperialism a more palatable
and humane policy.
A Criticism and
- 20 -
major-power.
amount of colonial produce, and that the- time might come when
"it will be desirable to draw
own colonies." 25
say."
25.
Ibid.,
p.
172.
26.
Ibid.,
ip.
173.
27.
Ibid.,
p.
174.
28.
Ibid.
p.
179.
He cited
- 21 -
Marx in his defense, noting that it was obligatory that societies improve the land and its production, of lose claim to
it.
29
Because he had explicitly denied Marx's theory of increasing misery, he insisted that the acquisition of colonies would
without colonies.
ditions of Germany.
In addition, he demanded that a socialist colonial policy
more sanguine view of capitalist colonialism than other socialists, noting that present policy had rarely hindered the
perceived in colonialism
Vol. II,
p.
177.
- 22 -
Though all facets of Bernsteinian Revisionism were officially rejected at the national Congressof Hanover (1889),
31
op
33
Rosa Luxemburg:
32.
Ibid.
33.
p.
43.
(New York,
- 23 -
In a sinister way,
The
German Marxists averred that colonialism provided the "material conditions for the destruction of capitalism and the
Karl
thesis,
"
- 24 -
overproduction.
would collapse. 35
In her political writings, Luxemburg characterized the
Europe.
shell of self-absorption.
but
lethargy.
35.
In fact, nationalism
(London,
1951,) passim.
36.
J.
P.
(London,
1966,)
p.
536.
- 25 -
lost.
He foresaw a growing
37.
38.
p.
43.
p.
95.
- 26 -
demned colonialism not only because its management was inefficient and brutal; they opposed it in principle as well.
It
Further, activity in
The
Colon-
- 27 -
served and that only instruction and good example could lead
the colonies toward independence.
by H. M. Hyndman.
orthodox by British
Joll remarks
cit.
p.
308.
28 -
fully.'"^
nominally Fabians, as were five of eight members of the Executive Council of the Labour Representative Committee, a synthesis
of the three groups
-1-
They were,
policy in India.
(New York,
McBriar, Fabian Socialism and English Politics 1884(Cambridge, 1962,) pp. 307-346 passim.
41. A. M.
1918
42.
Edward
1963,)
p.
R.
128.
(London,
- 29 -
on the Transvaal.
Paris Congress of 1900, in which he labelled England the aggressor, he reversed his position because of the unanimous anti.
British reaction.
S.D.F.
43
The
This can
However much
->
43.
p.
130.
45. H. M.
1883,)
p.
(London,
- 30 -
Britain.
46
with bloodshed.
"The posses-
Further, he decried
He
in British socialism.
cit.
p.
127.
(New York,
1919,)
- 31 -
to capitalist profit-seeking.
was
He
Fabian
48.
cit.
p.
p.
128.
123.
50.
51.
p.
119.
32 -
the situation.
On December
Hobson and
J.
8,
A postal referendum
Sidney
CO
33 -
lecture, whose theme was that "small nations which did not
CO
On the
"imperialism." 5 ^
Fifteen members
MacDonald.
It was determined that the Society would then take a formal
stand on colonialism.
G.
the result of
Shaw, with
B.
Surprisingly,
1961,)
p.
(Garden City,
(Stanford,
99.
- 34 -
ideas by socialism."
Though he preferred
until this became a reality, "we must accept the most responcible imperial federation available as a substitute for it."
se
The greatest dangers of empire were perceived as mismanagement, inefficiency, and disruption.
Empires managed
by capitalists did not necessarily enhance international civilization, which was the ultimate criterion for empire management.
55.
1900,)
p.
(London,
101.
56. Ibid,
In 1913, the Fabian position on the uniquely
p. 24.
superior quality of British imperialism, is summed up by E. R.
Pease, Secretary to the Fabian Society, in an introduction to
Thomas Kirkup, A History of Socialism
(London, 1913,):
"The
majority at Congresses has without reserve condemned the system
of establishing colonies in the tropics as merely an extension
of the field of exploitation of the capitalist class.
This
does not refer to the colonial system of England, insofar as
it consists in the development of self-governing communities,
and the Congresses have perhaps hardly appreciated the value
to India of the peace, order, and progress established there
under British rule."
,
- 35 -
colonies.
A similar line of
Those
57.
58.
Ibid.,
p.
16.
59.
Ibid.,
p.
45.
p.
93.
- 36 -
location.
"but how, if the other powers will not leave her alone?"
fin
Groups." 61
In sum, the Fabians insisted on stringent controls in the
60.
Ibid.,
p.
54.
cit.
p.
128-130.
- 37 -
European-style statehood.
The Labour Representative Committee passed an anti-imperialist resolution at the behest of Keir Hardie during its First
At
disagreement within the L.R.C., or cause it seriously to consider invoking sanctions against the government.
The Labour
62.
Ibid.,
p.
337.
- 38 -
F.
COJ
It
was not until the turn of the century, when France arranged a
treaty with Russia and passed the Finance Law of 1900, that
the French public fell wholeheartedly behind this policy.
Jaures
or whether a
grew from capitalism, but he could never bring himself to oppose French colonialism, due to his patriotic nationalism.
his newspaper, La Petite Republique
In
- 39 -
With respect
p.
143.
cit.
p.
144.
40
67
Africa.
At
French worker.
Guesde was conspicuously silent on the colonial question,
but viewed with disgust the reformist tactic of providing the
70
67.
Ibid.,
p.
145.
68.
Ibid.,
p.
144.
69.
Ibid.
- 41 -
governmental collaboration.)
71
Faeroe Islands.
71.
pp.
56-60.
(Cambridge, 1949,)
- 42 -
Gerhart Niemeyer
League of Nations.
The
By 1891,
Though the colonial question was of growing, though secondary importance, the International Congresses spent little
time on the issue before 1900.
In
73. Not only did the anarchists lead to the demise of the
First International, through their anti-authoritarianism,
but a small faction of bomb-throwing radicals had given
the entire group a poor reputation.
Most "respectable"
socialists feared that the anarchists would give this bad
name to the whole movement.
- 43 -
...
to complete sovereignty."
He
Lansbury
"'~>
cit.
p.
309.
76
- 44 -
Van Kol,
1900.
corrupt them," the British workers had kept their honor, and
not endorsed the war.
All
76.
Ibid.
77.
Ibid.
- 45 -
unanimously, averred that recent events (Boer War, Boxer Intervention) had given militarism a new significance.
It had
socialists.
Colonialism was
78.
Ibid.,
p.
310.
- 46 -
The
onialism.
He
The new needs which will make themselves felt after the
victory of the working class and its economic emancipation
will make the possession of colonies necessary, even
Modern
under the future socialist system of government.
countries will no longer be able to get along without
countries furnishing certain raw materials and tropical
products indispensable ta. industry and the needs of
humanity, and this will be the case as long as they cannot be procured by the exchange of products of native
industry and commerce. 79
He objected
79. All citations from the Amsterdam Congress are taken from
Congres Socialiste Internationale d' Amsterdam des 14-20 Aout
1904
(Brussels, 1904,) pp. 36-82 passim.
,
- 47 -
He passionately
Europe
Certain consist-
- 48 -
But a
Rather,
In part, it read:
- 49 -
Indian people.
A majority
However, in
"
50 -
When the
gest socialist party, that not only was the electorate highly
different conclusion.
51 -
capitalist powers.
How-
velde'
lead.
Go
It stood
81.
82.
Ibid.
p.
315.
- 52 -
natives.
members from eighteen states, with Van Kol once again acting
as rapporteur.
However, the
Edouard David of Germany, while criticizing the management of contemporary capitalism, resolved that the Commission
accept the principle of colonization "on the grounds that the
occupation and exploitation of the entire world are indispensable for the well-being of humanity."
He concluded,
"Europe
sion are taken from Compte Rendu Congres Socialiste International de Stuttgart, (Brussels, 1908,) pp. 216-228 passim.
needs colonies.
5-3
Without
He suggested that
an historical fact;
...
civilization."
- 54 -
Further, he suggested that an integral aim of socialist colonial policy be the civilizing of the world.
Majority Resolution
The Congress, while noting that in general the utility
and the necessity of colonies, in particular for the
working class, is greatly exaggerated, does not condemn
in principle and for all time, every colonial policy;
under a socialist regime, colonization can be a work of
civilization.
Reaffirming its resolutions of Paris (1900) and of
Amsterdam (1904)
the Congress rejects the present colonization which, being intrinsically capitalistic, has
no other objective than to conquer countries and to subjugate peoples in order to exploit them mercilessly for
the profit of a very small minority, all the while increasing the burden of the proletarians of the mother
country.
Enemy of all exploitation of man by man, defender of
all the oppressed without distinction of race, the Congress condemns this policy of robbery and conquest, this
,
- 55 -
other version.
- 56 -
Though
The
realistic and
Since colon-
advantage.
He bluntly
- 57 -
His cohort, David, added that if the colonies were abandoned, only barbarism could truimph.
through capitalism.
He
He foresaw cultural
thodox cause.
was to liberate the "toiling masses of the world" from the chains
of capital.
on the natives.
".
- 58 -
European workers.
The
Dutch socialists, he bragged, had won the confidence of thousands of Javanese by actively intervening in the colonies, while
the Germans had no such accomplishment.
- 59 -
There also
The debate
revolved around whether colonialism could be a useful "civilizing" tool in the hands of the socialists.
agreed that the natives were an inferior race, and did require
some civilizing, though the orthodox group proposed that this
- 60 -
TABLE
total
delegates
Germany
Austria (German)
Bohemia
Belgium
Denmark
England
France
Holland
Italy
Sweden
S. Africa
Austria (Italian)
Austria (Ruthenian)
Australia
Argentina
Bulgaria
Spain
USA
Finland
Hungary
Japan
Poland
Russia
Rumania
Serbia
Norway
Switzerland
Total
tropical
colonial
tradition
For Against Abst.
(*=yes)
(*=yes)
20
289
25
41
27
17
6
8
13
19
4
12
123
78
5%
popular
vote
11
15
10
14
12
*
*
*
*
10
25
25
22
15
25
15
30
63
10
20
10
884
127
*
*
108
10
10
Source:
Compte Rendu Congres Socialiste Internationale
de Stuttgart 1907, (Brussels, 1908,) pp. 325-326.
- 61 -
could be resolved.
The ortho-
Minim-
Eventual independence
ternational equality.
- 62 -
I.
that Europe and America had been free from socialist revolution
had been because a "safety valve was opened in the form of colonial Policy." 86
(New York,
- 63 -
'
slavement.
"civilizing
them by the
88
spread of alcohol and syphilis."
By bribing this
ialism as regressive was that the economic position of the Western proletariat was undermined by the colonies.
87. V.
1961,)
I.
p.
67.
88.
Ibid.
89.
p.
68.
p.
374.
The capitalists
Vol. XVI,
(Moscow,
64 -
production process.
In his essay, Imperialism
ism
qi
The German
65 -
92
Lenin insisted that ultra-imperialism was "impossible."
He operated within
question.
point (the underdeveloped world) and suggested that self-determination and socialism were possible in the non-industrial states
of Asia.
to the Asiatics.
92. V.
93.
I.
Lenin, Imperialism
p.
Op. cit
87.
p.
Lenin, thereby,
109.
- 66 -
In effect,
this "Eastern View" toward the colonies (or in his case, the
power
question upon socialism, though several years after it had subsided in the rest of Europe.
kish Empire.
frivolous adventure.
ority split from the party, as the young, radical leader, Benito
.
94
Conclusions
94.
pp.
317-318.
67 -
In retrospect,
Europe be-
ialists were forced to employ political tactics which de-emphasized and perverted the fundamental concept of universal equality.
- 68 -
ities.
Non-Europeans
However, this
criticism amounted to an opportunistic exploitation of historical guilt, rather than an inherent indictment of the ine-
qualities of colonialism.
alist reflex:
69 -
increasing misery.
Colonies could
inevitable revolution.
From these tenets derive what will be labelled the Western orthodox "policy of avoidance" toward the colonies.
Since
This impending
war, it was commonly felt before 1910, would set back the re-
- 70 -
ideological position.
They
that of ignoring
A sense of col-
Since they
ceased believing in the inevitability of revolution they welcomed any improvement of the workers' position.
They saw, in
- 71 -
tropical natives.
Though they
intention to
European worker.
cit.
p.
1.
- 72 -
Though the
^
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Le Secretariat du Bureau Socialiste Interantionale Brussels,
.
1904.
Fabian Tracts No
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international relations.
Thesis
F25158
161005
Fedyszyn
European socialism
and the colonial question
Thesis
F2515*.
(1848-1918).
181.005
Fedyszyn
European socialism
and the colonial question (1848-1918).
thesF25158