FIRST LAW OF

THERMODYNAMICS (FLT)
NORHAYATI IBRAHIM

LEARNING OUTCOME
Ability to identify and explain basic
concepts of thermodynamics relating to
First Law of Thermodynamics
Ability to apply First Law of
Thermodynamics concepts to actual
situations or problems
Ability to apply and correlate appropriate
equations or principles of First Law of
Thermodynamics to analyzed and solve
engineering problems

CONSERVATION ENERGY

FORMS OF ENERGY
Examples
.

CHANGE OF ENERGY

FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS

First Law related to

Conservation Energy
principle ..

MATHEMATICAL EQUATION
Concept
1

Energyin = Energyout
Change (E) = Final

FORMS OF ENERGY IN A
SYSTEM
Concept 2
Three ways energy can enter or leave a system:
1. Heat transfer (Q) : from hot to cold must
be a temperature difference
2. Work (W) : compression or expansion does
not require temperature difference
3. Mass (m) : energy stored in matter
> internal , potential, kinetic, and flow
energy

SIGN CONVENTION FOR HEAT

AND WORK
Heat
rejected
from the
system to
the
surrounding
s

Qout (-)
Q in
(+)
Heat
supplied to
the system
from the
surroundin
gs

Work done by
SURROUNDINGS

SYSTEM
MASS (m)
(energy stored
in system)
-Internal Energy
(U)
-Potential energy
(PE)
-Kinetic energy

the system to
the
surrounding

W in (-)
Work done to
the system by
the
surrounding

MATHEMATICAL EQUATION
Concept
Based on First
3 Law of

Thermodynam
ics list all
initial
properties on
the left and
final
properties on
the right

Simplify the equation

energy on the left and
heat and work on the
right side
General Equation
for First Law of
Thermodynamics

Energyin = Energyout
E1 + Qin + Win = E2 +
Qout + Wout

E2 E1 = dQ - dW

E = dQ dW

FIRST LAW OF
WhTHERMODYNAMICS
en a sys
t

e
undergo t m
es a
thermod
ynamic
cycle the
n the
net hea
t
supplie
d to the
system f
rom its
surround
ings is
equal to
the
net wor
k done
by the sy
stems
on its
surround
ings

Concept
4
Mathematical
expressions

For a cycle
E = E f Ei
=0
Thus,
dQ = dW

MECHANICAL FORMS OF
WORK

WORK
PV Diagram & Mathematical
expression relating work,
pressure and volume.

THERMODYNAMIC
PROCESSES

NON FLOW PROCESS

A
Process which
undergoes in a
closed
system
working fluid
cannot cross
the boundary,
only heat and
work can cross
the boundary

Since
Mass does not
cross the
boundary the
only change of
energy involve in
non-flow process
due to Mass is
Internal Energy
(U). There is no
Potential, Kinetic
and Flow energy.

EQUATION FOR NON-FLOW

PROCESS
Mathematical
expression.

FLOW PROCESS
Also known as open system or control
volume that involves two main
processes

Mass flow in and out of the

system causing not only the
change in internal energy
but also potential, kinetic
and flow energy

STEADY FLOW EQUATION

Eoutlet= Internal Energy + Flow Energy + K.E. + P.E. +

Work Done

STEADY FLOW EQUATION

Equate properties before and
after.

Simplify the equation

h = u + Pv

Apply E = Q
W, then we can
simplify to
(note Q, W, m in flow rate
quantities)

EXAMPLE 1

EXAMPLE 2
Question
In a cyclic process, heat transferred are
+30kJ, -13.5 kJ, + 7.5, -2.3kJ. What is the net
work for the cyclic process?
J
+3
0k
J

5k
.
SYSTEM 13
CYLIC
PROCES
-2.3
S
kJ

+
+77
..55
kkJJ

Solution
For a cyclic process
Q = W
Given : Q = 30 + 7.5 13.5 2.3 = 21.7 kJ
Thus
W = 21.7 kJ

EXAMPLE 3
Question
A refrigerator is loaded with food and the door
closed has the internal energy drop to 3800 kJ
after consumes 0.8 kWh of energy. Find the heat
Refrigerat
transfer.
or
Solution
E = U
=-3800kJ
FLT Equation:
E = Q Change
W
(heat
hour to
rejected to
Given:
E = -3800 kJ
second
the
surrounding
W = (-0. 8 x 3600) kJ = -2800
kJ
s)
Thus,
Q = E + W = -3800 2800 = - 6600
kJ

Congratulations!!!
END OF FIRST LAW OF
THERMODYNAMICS