1

Fault Detection in Copper-rotor SEIG

System Using Artificial Neural Network for
Distributed Wind Power Generation
1

K. Lakshmi Varaha Iyer, Student Member, IEEE, 2Xiaomin Lu, Student Member, IEEE,
3
Kaushik Mukherjee, Member, IEEE, and 4Narayan C. Kar, Senior Member, IEEE

Centre for Hybrid Automotive Research and Green Energy, University of Windsor, ON, Canada N9B 3P4
1
iyerl@uwindsor.ca, 2lu117@uwindsor.ca, 3kmukh@uwindsor.ca, and 4nkar@uwindsor.ca

Abstract Too much dependence on large, polluting and

expensive generation is no longer an option that Canadians
would endorse in this era of distributed generation through
renewable energy systems. Understanding the significance and
prospects of self-excited induction generators (SEIGs) in
distributed wind power generation, this paper presents an
exclusive study of fault and a artificial neural network (ANN)
based technique for its detection across the stator terminals of the
SEIG. Firstly, two-axis model of a 7.5 hp industrial copper-rotor
SEIG is developed to perform numerical investigations under
static loading conditions, faulty conditions and hence derive data
for designing the ANN based detection scheme. Fault tolerant
capability of the machine is experimentally elicited by applying a
short-circuit fault across the terminals of the machine and the
need for fault detection in the SEIG system is discussed. Lastly, a
novel ANN based scheme is developed for fault detection and
numerical investigations are performed to illustrate the
performance of the developed scheme. This paper aims to
provide a good study to understand and develop a ANN based
device for fault detection in a SEIG system.
Index TermsArtificial neural network, copper-rotor
induction machine, fault detection, self-excited induction
generator.

I. INTRODUCTION
Distributed energy technologies are playing an
increasingly important role in the nation's energy portfolio.
They can be used to meet peaking power, backup power,
remote power, power quality, as well as cooling and heating
needs. Distributed generation also has the potential to mitigate
congestion in transmission lines, reduce the impact of
electricity price fluctuations, and strengthen energy security.
Distributed wind power generators are small compared to
typical central-station power plants and provide unique
benefits that are not available from centralized electricity
generation. Many of these benefits stem from the fact that the
generating units are inherently modular, which makes
distributed power highly flexible [1].
Reference [2] illustrates some examples of distributed
wind power generation plants in Canada. The Yukon Energy
Corporation of Canada installed a 150 kW wind energy
generation system on Haeckel Hill, a shoulder of Mt.
Sumanik, at an altitude of 1,430 m, approximately 750 m
above the valley floor where the territorys capital,
Whitehorse, is located. The Whitehorse grid, which is isolated
from Canada's national electrical grid, also hosts 0.8 MW
wind turbine capacity, provided at Haeckel Hill. A small
stand-alone system installed in Southern Alberta allows a farm
978-1-4673-0142-8/12/$26.00 2012 IEEE

to operate independently of the grid. The farm had been

connected to the grid, but the owner wished to have the farm
autonomously powered, to reduce the environmental impact of
his farm and home energy use. The farms wind energy system
supplies power to a residence for a family of four, a machine
shop, a water well and yard lights. The rolling prairies of
Alberta, between Calgary and Red Deer, are one of the most
productive agricultural areas in Western Canada. A wheat
farmer, who wanted independence from the electric utility,
purchased a 10 kW wind turbine to supply all of his power
requirements. The Trochu Wheat Farm was already connected
to a power grid, but the farmers goal was a stand-alone
system that would survive inflation and have less
environmental impact in comparison to the coal used to
produce electricity for the grid.
Many developing countries have renewable energy
resources in abundance, but these resources are mostly located
in the remote regions, thereby, creating a number of issues for
their deployment. The induction machine has gained
considerable attention as a wind power generator in two
modes of operations, namely, in the self-excited mode and in
the grid-connected mode. A self-excited induction generator
(SEIG) is an ideally suited electricity generating system for
distributed wind energy as it becomes tedious and highly
expensive to lay transmission lines over or under water,
through mountainous areas and across long distances. A standalone SEIG driven by wind turbine is capable of supplying
power to domestic, industrial and agricultural loads,
particularly in the remote and hilly areas where the
conventional grid supply is not available. Installation of the
SEIG reduces the high maintenance and installation costs as
large amounts of metal and raw material use can be
minimized, infrastructure and transmission losses which occur
when a regular power grid or transmission lines are installed.
Over the years SEIG has emerged as an alternative to the
conventional synchronous generator for such applications [3].
Commercially available induction motors can be used as
SEIGs for small scale wind farms. The nameplate efficiency of
a practical, in-service, 15 hp, 1,800 rpm conventional
aluminum-rotor induction machine today is about 89.5%,
which is below the 1997 Energy Policy Act standard of 91%.
As demonstrated by many other researchers, the adoption of
copper rotors should bring efficiencies to the 94 to 96% range
exceeding the requirements of todays NEMA premium
efficiency motor, nominally 93% [4]. In addition, analyses by
motor manufacturers have shown that copper rotors can be
employed to reduce overall manufacturing costs at a given

1700

efficiency or to reduce motor weight, depending on a

particular attribute the designer chooses to emphasize. The
energy savings achievable through the use of copper rotors is
substantial. The U.S. Department of Energy reports that
motors above 1/6 hp use about 60% of all electricity generated
in the United States and the medium power motors (1 to 25
hp) are the favoured candidates for conversion to copper rotors
[5]. In Canada alone, 1% increase in the motor electrical
energy efficiency would save roughly $200 million and as a
result, 0.5 million barrels of oil annually. As Canada and the
world move rapidly towards increased dependence on wind
power generation, copper bars can play an important role in
the rotor construction of SEIG [6]. Hence, the niche copperrotor induction machine is considered here for investigations.
Major problems in a SEIG system such as voltage
regulation, frequency regulation, fault detection and islanding
still attract continued research and development. Faults across
the high-voltage terminals of the generator lead to economic
losses and power outages. The SEIG is attractive for
distributed wind power generation as the terminal voltages of
the system collapse during short-circuit faults and hence, the
excitation of the machine is cut-off driving the machine to just
run freely at the wind turbine rotor speed. This makes SEIG
more attractive for such power generation as the machine is
fault tolerant and the general consumer does not have to worry
about replacing or repairing the machine. However, it is
necessary for the fault to be detected and communicated to the
operator in order to resume operation after fault inspection and
clearance. Fault here cannot be detected using conventional
schemes using over-current sensors followed by protection as
the voltage and current collapse within a few cycles during a
fault. Fast and accurate fault detection will not only render
immediate corrective action but also protect sensitive
equipment along the line and prevent the domino effect.
Thus, it is of vital importance to rapidly detect and identify
faults, assist the task of repair and maintenance, and reduce the
economic effects of power interruption.
Thus establishing the significance of fault detection in
distributed wind power generation using SEIG, this paper
proposes an exclusive artificial neural network based fault
detection scheme for SEIG system. Section II of this paper

presents the developed two-axis model of a 7.5 hp copperrotor SEIG used in the investigations and also presents an
experimental study to elicit the need for the developed fault
detection scheme. Section III presents the construction and
derivation of the proposed ANN based fault detection scheme.
Also, numerical investigations performed to elicit the
performance of the developed scheme are presented. Hence,
the calculated results are discussed.

TABLE 1
INDUCTION GENERATOR DATA

ilq
vqs
ilq
p Ll 1 Ll 1R
(3)
ild
vds
ild
The voltage and current equations of the machine under R
and RL loads incorporate (3), where, ilq, ild are the load currents
in q and d axis representations, R and Ll are the resistance and
inductance of the load. Saturation characteristics of the
machine were measured at its rated frequency and
incorporated in the above modelling by fitting it with an
arctangent continuous function as given in [7]. The machine
equivalent circuit parameters, resistances and inductances
determined from the standard no-load, dc and blocked rotor
tests, are presented in Table 1.
The calculated results of terminal voltage, stator current and
reactive power profiles of the copper-rotor SEIG obtained
through a developed computer program using the developed
mathematical model are as shown in Figs. 1(a)-(c). The results

Parameters
Output power
Rated voltage
Rated current
Connections
Number of poles
Rated speed
Rated frequency
Rs []
Rr []
Xls []
Xlr []
Xm []

Copper-rotor SEIG
7.5 hp
460 V
9.5 A
Wye
4
1775 rpm
60 Hz
0.65417
1.48166
2.08272
3.12267
68.9616

II. MATHEMATICAL MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF

INDUSTRIAL 7.5 HP COPPER-ROTOR SEIG UNDER STATIC
LOADING AND FAULT INITIATION
A. Mathematical Modeling of the Copper-rotor SEIG
The two-axis model of the copper-rotor SEIG under
consideration is developed using conventional machine
equations based on the dq stator reference frame theory (=0)
in order to bring out the performance of the SEIG under
various loading conditions, faults, and hence use the empirical
data for designing the ANN based fault detection scheme. The
dq axis stator and rotor voltage-current equations at no-load
conditions can be expressed as shown in (1) and the excitation
capacitor bank can be written as in (2).
R pLs
vqs s
L
s
vds
0
pLm

0
( r )Lm

Ls

pLm

Rs pLs

Lm

( r )Lm

Rr pLr

pLm

( r )Lr

Lm

iqs
pLm ids
(1)

( r )Lr iqr

i
Rr pLr dr

where, Rs and Ls are the stator resistance and inductance, Rr

and Lr are the rotor resistance and inductance, Lm is the
magnetizing inductance, vqs, vds and iqs, ids are the q- and d-axis
components of the stator voltage and current, and iqr, idr are the
q- and d-axis components of the rotor current, p is the
differential operator, icq and icd are the capacitor currents along
the direct and quadrature axes, r is the electrical rotor speed,
is the speed of the reference frame and C is the value of
capacitance.
v qs
p
icq

C
(2)

icd
p v ds

1701

shown in Figs. 1(a) - (c) were elicited under a static RL load

applied across the stator terminals at around 20 seconds after
the machine voltage had reached steady state.
The value of the magnetizing reactance plays an important
role for safe operation of the SEIG. Higher loading condition
pushes the magnetizing reactance to the unsaturated region
and hence the voltage drop occurs as seen in Fig. 1(a). This is
the reason why the induction machine has the ability to protect
itself from overloading current.

400

Phase Voltage [V]

300
200
100
0
-0.03

-0.02

-0.01

-100

0.01

-200

0.02

0.03

0.04

Phase Voltage

-300
-400

Time [Sec]
(a)
40

Current [A]

20

-0.03

0
-0.01
-20
-40

0.01

0.03

0.05

0.07

Stator Current

-60
-80

(a)

Time [Sec]
(b)
Fig. 3. Measured short-circuit voltage and current profiles of copper-rotor
SEIG system after fault initiation at the stator terminals. (a) Measured stator
voltage. (b) Measured stator current.

(b)

(c)
Fig. 1. Calculated results of copper-rotor SEIG under RL load of 340 and 0.
44 H after the machine reached a rated speed of 1 pu at an excitation
capacitance of 39.6 F. (a) Calculated phase voltage profile. (b) Calculated
stator current profile. (c) Calculated reactive power delivered.

Fig. 2. Experimental setup of the DC motor coupled SEIG system used in the
investigations.

B. Experimental Investigation of Fault across the Stator

Terminals of the Copper-rotor SEIG
In order to study the behaviour of the machine under faulty
conduction a 3-phase short circuit fault was applied across the
stator terminal of the copper-rotor SEIG. The experimental
setup of the DC motor coupled SEIG system is as shown in
Fig. 2. The transient behaviour of the machine was observed
on a Tektronix-2024 oscilloscope which has a sampling rate of
2 Giga samples. Figs. 3(a) and (b) show the stator voltage and
current waveforms captured using the oscilloscope during
fault initiation. The negative x-axis shows the pre-fault
conditions.
Analysing the above figures, the most observable
phenomenon is the fast decay of voltage across the stator
terminals on application of the 3-phase fault. Though short
circuiting of an SEIG appears to instantaneously de-excite the
stator winding, thus causing voltage collapse across the stator
terminals, there is a transient state preceding the complete
decay of voltage. Owing to the inductive nature of the
machine, the machine opposes the sudden change in current in
the circuit, but due to instant collapse of voltage, the current
decays almost completely in 0.07 seconds after the fault
initiation. However, the current does not completely decay
until 0.1s, hence, if the fault is cleared within 0.1s after its
initiation, the pre-fault conditions can be regained instantly. In
case, the fault is not cleared within the stipulated time, the
SEIG has to re-excite as it has lost its residual magnetism. The
re-excitation time does not equal the previous no-load
excitation time of the SEIG because of the effects of fault on
the residual magnetism of the SEIG which play a pivotal role
in the excitation time [8], [9]. The nature of the transients
depends on factors such as saturation level, excitation

1702

capacitances, discharge times, rotor damping, instant of fault

initiation, etc., in the system.
Thus, the above study clearly explains that the SEIG is
attractive for distributed wind power generation as the
terminal voltages of the system collapse during short-circuit
faults and hence, the excitation of the machine is cut-off
driving the machine to just run freely at the wind turbine rotor
speed. Fault here cannot be detected using conventional
schemes using current sensors as the voltage and current
collapse within a few cycles during a fault. Hence, a novel
ANN based fault detection scheme is proposed in this research
manuscript.

Based on negative gradient descent method, the weightsiterative formula for the proposed neural network could be
defined as:
e( w j )
w j (k 1) w j (k )
(7)
w j w j (k )
w j
where, k =1, 2,, itermax, denotes the kth iterative, is the
learning rate. Following the equation (4), we can obtain,

e(W )
1 n m
( ( w j j (i ) y (i )) 2 ) / w
W
2 i 1 j 0
0 (1) 0 (2) ... 0 (n)

(1) 1 (2) ... 1 (n)

1

...

...
... ...

m (1) m (2) ... m (n)

III. MODELING AND ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL NEURAL

NETWORK BASED SCHEME FOR FAULT DETECTION
A. Construction of the Chebychev Polynomial based Artificial
Neural Network
The ANN employed in this paper is constructed of three
layers, input-, hidden- and output-layer, as shown in Fig. 4,
[10]-[12]. The input-layer of the constructed neural network
employs a linear function x(i)=t, (i=1, 2, n, n number of
samples) as its activation function, and the hidden neurons are
activated with Chebyshev polynomials j (j=0,1, 2, m)

where m denotes the number of hidden neurons and j m is

0
defined as follows:

0 (i) 1

(4)
(i)
1 (i) x(i)
(i) 2 x(i) (i) (i)
j
j 1
j 1

0 (1) 1 (1) ... m (1) w0 y (1) (8)

0 (2) 1 (2) ... m (2) w1 y (2)

... ...
...
... ...
...
n (n) 1 (n) ... m (n) wm y (n)

T ( W Y )
where, weights vector W, its corresponding hidden-layer
neurons , and input vector Y of the neural network are
defined respectively as follows:

W [ w0 w1 ... wm ]T 1 m
0 (1) 1 (1) ... m (1)

(2) 1 (2) ... m (2)

0
R nm
...

...
... ...

n (n) 1 (n) ... m (n)

The input-output relation in the artificial neural network

could be given as follows:
m

y (i) w j j (i)

(5)

j 0

The parameters wi , i 1, 2, ... m denote the weights between

the hidden-layer and output-layer neurons. Assuming n pairs
of training data sets {(X, Y)}, X, Y R1n matrix, obtained
from monitoring the stator current of the machine, the
performance function can be defined as follows:
1 n
(6)
e(w) y i yi 2
2 i 1
Input Layer

x[1]
x[1]
x [2]

Hidden Layer
0
x[1]

w0

1
x[1]

w1

j
x[1]

wj

x[i]
X, Y

By substituting equation (8) into equation (7), we could

have the weights-iterative formula as

W (k 1) W (k ) T (W (k ) Y )
(9)
Now, let >0 small enough to guarantee the convergence of
training procedure, we can solve the optimal weights of the
neural network by using iterative equation (9).
We have derived the weights-iterative formula for the
artificial neural network. In fact, for this special structure
neural network model, it can globally converge to its optimal
weights if the learning rate is small enough; i.e., the
following theorem [13].
Theorem: When 0 *

max ( T )

, the iterative

weights series W ( k )
k 0 in (11) will converge to optimal

x[n]

w2N
m
x[1]

Output Layer

Y [ y(1) y(2) ... y(n)]T 1 n

ANN Learning rule

Fig. 4. Architecture of the artificial neural network.

weights vector W * Y , where max ( T ) denotes the

maximum eigenvalue of ( T ) ,and denotes the pseudoinverse of matrix .
Proof: Following eq. (6) through (11), we have:

1703

e(W (k 1))

scheme to track the stator current even during an event of 3phase short-circuit fault across the stator terminals of the
copper-rotor SEIG.
Thus, it is proved that the ANN based scheme can
accurately track the stator current waveform at normal and

2
1 n ( j) T

( ) W (k 1) y (i )
2 i 1

Current [A]

(W (k 1) Y )T (W (k 1) Y ) / 2
Stator current
ANN Output
7
2
W (k 1) Y / 2
2
5
2
3
W (k ) E (W (k )) Y / 2
2
1
2
e(W (k )) 2 e(W (k )) / 2 (e(W (k ))T (T (W (k ) Y )
2
-1 0
0.01
0.02
0.03
0.04
2
2
2
-3
e(W (k )) e(W (k )) / 2 e(W (k ))
2
2
-5
2
2
2
T
e(W (k )) max ( ) e(W (k )) / 2 e(W (k ))
2
2
-7
Time [Sec]
2
T
e(W (k )) ( max ( ) 2) e(W (k )) / 2
2
Fig. 5. Stator current tracking capability of the ANN based scheme during
healthy operation of the copper-rotor SEIG system.
2
Under condition that 0 *
, it is known
T
Stator current
ANN Output
max( )
50

( max(T ) 2) E (W (k ))

2
/2 0 .
2

40
30

Current [A]

Thus, E(W (k 1)) E(W (k ))

In addition, it can be inferred from the definition of e(w) in (6)
2
that when 0 *
, e(W(k)) is a non max( T )
negative bounded and descending sequence, therefore, must
converge to a certain point. Furthermore, lim E (W (k )) 0,

20
10
0
-10 0

0.05

0.1

0.2

-30
-40
-50

Time [Sec]

that is, lim T (W (k ) Y ) 0, lim W (k ) Y .

0.15

-20

Fig. 6. Stator current tracking capability of the ANN based scheme during 3phase short-circuit fault in the copper-rotor SEIG system.

Thus the convergence is proved.

2000

Energy

In order to evaluate the performance of the developed ANN

based detection scheme numerical investigations were
performed using a developed computer program mainly based
on equations (4), (5), (6) and (9). The developed model of the
SEIG presented in section 2 was tested repeatedly for 3-phase
short-circuit faults across the stator terminals of the machine
and the waveform of the stator current obtained was fed into
the developed ANN based detection block. Firstly, the
developed ANN based scheme was tested for convergence
with the stator current waveform as the ANN has to track the
stator current waveform during healthy and unhealthy
conditions of the system in order to accurately detect any
abnormality in the stator current through pattern classification.
A sampling rate of 2 kHz was chosen for this work. n was
chosen to be 20 and m as 16.
Fig. 5 shows the stator current waveform obtained as an
output of the developed copper-rotor SEIG model in case of
healthy operation of the entire system and the output of the
ANN based detection block which is a trace of the input stator
current. It can be seen from the figure that the developed ANN
scheme can track the stator current with very high rate of
accuracy. Fig. 6 shows the tracking ability of the ANN based

1600
1200
800
400
0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Basis
Fig. 7. Pattern and energy projected on the basis for healthy operation of the
copper-rotor SEIG system .
2000
1600

Energy

B. Numerical Investigation and Analysis of the Developed

Artificial Neural Network Based Fault Detection Scheme

1200
800
400
0
1

9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16

Basis
Fig. 8. Pattern and energy projected on the basis during 3 phase short-circuit
fault in the copper-rotor SEIG system.

1704

faulty conditions of the system. This feature is of primary

importance for fault detection here.
The unique fault signature during the short-circuit fault can
be obtained by analyzing the weights wj corresponding to each
base j. During normal or healthy condition of the system the
weights and hence the energy projected on the basis would
follow a unique pattern which is completely different from the
pattern exhibited during the fault. Moreover, the failure
signature can also be detected by monitoring the amplitudes of
the energy corresponding to each base.
Figs. 7 and 8 show the energy projected on the basis for
healthy and faulty condition respectively. It can be seen from
the figures that the failure signatures for the healthy and faulty
conditions are unique in each of the cases, which make it easy
to detect the 3 phase short circuit fault accurately within a
cycle.
IV. CONCLUSION
This paper firstly discusses develops a two-axis model of
niche copper-rotor SEIG to perform numerical investigations
and understand the system under static loading and fault
conditions. Fault tolerant capability of the machine is
experimentally elicited by applying a short-circuit fault across
the terminals of the machine and the need for fault detection in
the SEIG system is discussed. The empirical data derived from
the numerical and experimental investigations is hence used to
design an exclusive ANN based fault detection scheme for
SEIGs. The developed ANN based detection scheme is then
tested and the findings are analyzed. The ANN based scheme
is found to accurately detect the 3 phase short-circuit fault.
Future work would be towards testing the scheme for all types
of faults such as line-ground, line-line etc. before developing a
ANN based device for fault detection in SEIGs.
V. REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]

[8]

National Laboratory of the U.S. Department of Energy. Distributed

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success stories [Online]. Available: http://www.canwea.ca/swe/.
B. Singh, M. Singh, and A. K. Tandon, Transient performance of
series-compensated three phase self excited induction generator feeding
dynamic loads, IEEE Trans. Ind. Appl., vol. 46, pp. 1271-1280, 2010.
J. G. Cowie, D. T. Peters, and D. T. Brender, Die-cast copper rotors
for improved motor performance, in Proc. IEEE Pulp and Paper
Industry Technical Conference, 2003.
Canadian Copper and Brass Development Association (2006, April).
Wind power and copper in Canada [Online]. Available:
http://coppercanada.ca/.
Canadian Copper and Brass Development Association (2006, April).
Technology transfer report - The die cast copper rotor motor [Online].
Available: http://coppercanada.ca/.
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stability of a self excited induction generator feeding an induction
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[9]

[10]
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VI. BIOGRAPHIES
K. Lakshmi Varaha Iyer received the B.Tech. degree in
Electronics and Communication Engineering from
SASTRA University, India, in the year 2009 and the
M.A.Sc. degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering
from University of Windsor, Canada in the year 2011. He
is currently a Research Associate at the Centre for Hybrid
Automotive Research and Green Energy, University of
Windsor, Canada. His research presently focuses on
design & control of electric machines and condition
monitoring for renewable energy applications.
Xiaomin Lu received her Bachelor in Engineering from
Sun-Yet Sen University, China in July, 2010. She is
currently working towards her M.A.Sc degree at
University of Windsor, Ontario, Canada. Her research
areas include modeling and analysis of permanent magnet
synchronous machines & drives and condition monitoring
for electric vehicle drive-train system and power system
applications.
Kaushik Mukherjee (M03) was born in 1970. He
received the B.E. degree from the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Calcutta,
India, in 1993, the M.E. degree from the Department of
Electrical Engineering, Bengal Engineering College,
Howrah, India, in 1998, and the Ph.D. degree from the
Department of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of
Technology, Kharagpur, India, in 2003. Since 1993, he
has spent almost two and a half years in the industry. In
2002, he joined the Department of Electrical Engineering, Jadavpur
University, India as a Lecturer. From 2006 onwards, he is an Assistant
Professor in the Department of Electrical Engineering, Bengal Engineering
and Science University, Howrah, India. Dr. Mukherjee is presently a Visiting
Professor at the Centre for Hybrid Automotive Research & Green Energy,
University of Windsor, Canada. His research interests include electrical
machine drives and power electronics applications in general.
Narayan C. Kar received the B.Sc. degree in Electrical
Engineering from Bangladesh University of Engineering
and Technology, Dhaka, Bangladesh, in 1992 and the
M.Sc. and Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from
Kitami Institute of Technology, Hokkaido, Japan, in 1997
and 2000, respectively. He is an associate professor in the
Electrical and Computer Engineering Department at the
University of Windsor, Canada where he holds the
Canada Research Chair position in hybrid drivetrain systems. His research
presently focuses on the analysis, design and control of permanent magnet
synchronous, induction and switched reluctance machines for hybrid electric
vehicle and wind power applications, testing and performance analysis of
batteries and development of optimization techniques for hybrid energy
management system. He is a Senior Member of the IEEE.

1705
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