Reference

AlllDl 72TE7S

IMBSIR 80-1964

Recommended

Guidelines for
Safety Inspection of
Construction of Concrete
Cooling Towers

H. S.

Lew

S. G. Fattai
B. J.

Hunt

Structures and Materials Division

Center for Building Technology

National Engineering Laboratory
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20234

January 1980
Issued February

Prepared

^QC
100
.U56

80-1964
1980

980

for

Occupational Safety and Health

Administration
Department of Labor
Washington, D.C. 20210

KATIOKAX. BUMCA.tl

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NBSIR 80-1964
V

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RECOMMENDED GUIDELINES FOR

VO -

SAFETY INSPECTION OF
CONSTRUCTION OF CONCRETE
COOLING TOWERS

H. S.

Lew

S. G. Fattal
B. J.

Hunt

Structures and Materials Division

Center for Building Technology
National Engineering Laboratory
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20234

January 1980
Issued February

980

Prepared for

Occupational Safety and Health

Administration
Department of Labor

Washington, D.C. 20210

U.S.

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,

Philip

M. Klutznick, Secretary

Luther H. Hodges, Jr., Deputy Secretary

J. Baruch, Assistant Secretary for Science and Technology

Jordan

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS,

Ernest Ambler, Director

2 4 1980

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ABSTRACT
As a result of a construction failure of a natural draft cooling tower
at Willow Island, West Virginia, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS)
reviewed existing Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
construction safety and health regulations and developed guidelines for
use by the OSHA compliance officers for safety evaluation of reinforced
concrete shell cooling tower construction.

The guidelines furnished are based on existing OSHA regulations, but highlight their application to this type of construction by pointing out
critical construction operations, their related safety aspects, and needed
compliance inspection procedures. Major regulatory provisions affecting
the basic construction plans, safety aspects of design criteria and responsibilities, record keeping, and inspections are summarized.
Special attention
is given to construction loadings, construction sequences, hoisting systems,
and personnel safety training.

Detailed identification is made of items relating to concrete inspection,

concrete control, formwork operations, construction loadings, hoisting
systems, and construction safety planning.
Key words:

concrete; construction; cooling tower; formwork; hoisting system;

regulations; safety; standards.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

ABSTRACT

iii

1.

INTRODUCTION

2.

OBJECTIVE

3.

COOLING TOWER CONSTRUCTION

4.

SCOPE

5.

APPROACH

6.

PRECONSTRUCTION PLAN REVIEW

6.1

Basic Construction Plan Components

6.1.1
6.1.2
6.1.3

6.1.4
6.2
7.

Personnel Training in Construction Operation

INSPECTION TASKS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASES

7.1
7.2
7.3
7 .4

7.5
7.6
8.

Design Loads for Construction

Design Calculations
Criteria for Form Removal and Imposition of
of Construction Loads
Establishment of Benchmarks

Concrete
Formwork and Form Operations
Construction Loadings
Structural Integrity
Hoisting Systems
Detailed Personal Safety Checks

MAINTAINING SAFETY RELATED RECORDS

APPENDIX

5
5

6
7

8
8
8
8
9

10
10

A - COMPILATION OF PERTINENT EXCERPTS FROM OSHA

REGULATIONS

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INTRODUCTION

The construction of reinforced concrete structures in which the partiallycompleted structure plays a key role in supporting construction workers
and other construction loads presents special challenges to providing
a safe working environment.
In recent years, many innovative concepts
to speed construction and minimize formwork have been introduced for the
construction of cooling towers. Many of these construction schemes rely
heavily on the strength of partially cured concrete to completely support
the working platforms, formwork and other construction equipment and loads.
Because partially completed concrete shell structures may be lacking in
resistance to unforeseen concentrated loadings, an accident which might
ordinarily be expected to cause relatively small damage could result
in a major collapse of the elements supporting the work surface.
The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) currently enforces
existing construction safety regulations for general concrete construction.
These regulations as contained in existing Safety and Health Regulations
for Construction of OSHA"^ include important provisions for ensuring the
safety of workmen in concrete construction.
In some types of concrete
construction the enforcement of these provisions requires considerable
engineering insight and judgement.
As a result of the natural draft cooling tower construction disaster at
Willow Island, West Virginia, April 27, 1978, the Center for Building
Technology of the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) has reviewed existing
construction safety and health regulations currently enforced by OSHA.
This report presents recommended guidelines for use by the OSHA compliance
officers for safety evaluation of reinforced concrete shell cooling tower
construction. These guidelines are based on the existing OSHA Construction
safety and Health Regulations, but highlight their application to reinforced
concrete shell cooling tower construction by pointing out critical construction operations, their safety aspects, and check procedures to determine
if safety regulations are being observed.

These guidelines emphasize those aspects of construction operations which

can most readily endanger a large number of workmen through disastrous
construction collaspes and are in addition to the more usual safety checks
to ensure the maintenance of a safe working environment for individual
workers. These guidelines suggest the use of OSHA specialists and

Department of Labor, Bureau of Labor Standards, "Safety and Health

Regulations for Construction," (29 CFR Part 1926), Washington, D.C.

engineering consultants to assist the local compliance officers in

assessment if safety regulations are being observed.
2.

OBJECTIVE

The objective of this report is to furnish OSHA compliance officers a

guide to enforcement of current safety regulations as they apply to construction of reinforced concrete shell cooling towers. It specifically
is intended to alert the compliance officer to the need to evaluate the
critical safety elements of the overall construction scheme and to check
for compliance with existing regulations designed to guard against large
scale collapse during the construction process.
3.

COOLING TOWER CONSTRUCTION

Construction techniques for large natural draft reinforced concrete thin

shell cooling towers have evolved rapidly in the last two decades. These
structures are usually a large tower with a diameter and wall thickness
that change over the height of the tower.
This necessitates constant
adjustment of the forms and scaffolding to accomodate the geometric
Frequently, complex patented form systems are used to provide
changes.
adjustments. In the early days of tower construction, support scaffolding
often extended from the ground to the level where concrete was being placed.
In more recent times, the forms and scaffolding have been suspended from
previously completed portions of the structure and travel up the structure
In some applications, free standing tower cranes
as construction continues.
are used to deliver materials to the construction level, while in other
systems, hoisting devices supported from the partially completed structure
are used. The concrete tower is usually cast in consecutive segments
which are concentric rings 1.3 to 2 m (4 to 6 ft) in height. Ordinarily,
a complete circular ring is cast in a single day.
Several systems utilize
a 1-day sequence so that a new lift is cast each working day.
These
construction methods place significant construction loads at very early
ages on partially matured, partially constructed structures.
Some of these
systems also place very significant hoisting loads on the partially constructed structure. These procedures must be carefully designed and
controlled to ensure a safe working environment.
4.

SCOPE

The recommended guidelines presented in this report are divided into two
parts.
The first part (Section 6 of this report) deals with items which
should be included in a safe construction plan.
Items in this category
should be evaluated prior to initiation of major construction or soon
after construction commences. The second category (Section 7) deals with
items which should be checked during inspections conducted after the cooling tower is in advanced stages of construction.
In addition, building
that require the maintenance of safety inspection records
code regijlations
,

are presented in Section 8. Appendix A contains a compilation of pertinent

excerpts from the OSHA regulations.

All of the guidelines are based on the existing safety regulations of OSHA.
These include:

OSHA Standards
1.

29 CFR 1926.20 - General safety and health provisions.

2.

29 CFR 1926.251 - Rigging equipment and material handling.

3.

29 CFR 1926.451 - Scaffolding.

4.

29 CFR 1926.550 - Cranes and derricks.

5.

29 CFR 1926.552 - Material hoists,

6.

29 CFR 1926.700 - General provisions for concrete,

personnel hoists, and elevators.

concrete forms

and shoring.
7.

29 CFR 1926.701 - Forms and shoring.

Reference Standards
1.

ANSI AlO. 5-1975 - Safety requirements for material hoists.

2.

ANSI AlO. 8-1977 - Safety requirements for scaffolding.

3.

AnSI AlO. 9-1970 - Safety requirements for concrete construction and

masonry work.

4.

ASTM C31-69 - Standard method for making and curing concrete test
specimens in the field.

5.

ASTM C39-72 - Standard test method for compressive strength of cylindrical concrete specimens.

Frequent references to specific regulations are provided and a compilation

of important provisions affecting construction of this type is provided
in Appendix A.
5

APPROACH

For the construction of cooling towers, it is recommended that OSHA use a

specialist-engineer/consultant to review the proposed construction plan
for conformance with OSHA regulations preferably prior to initiation of
major construction or soon after construction commences. If an OSHA

specialist is not available, the OSHA field office should engage the services of a consultant to assist in review of the plan. The complex engineering aspects of the partially completed structure and the erection
system indicate that any such consultant must be a registered engineer.
The specialist-engineer/consultant should brief the OSHA compliance
officers on the key elements of the construction plan and suggest inspection
techniques to check on these elements. The plan should contain specific
"bench marks" against which the OSHA compliance officer can check compliance
of critical tasks affecting the safety of the worker while construction
is in progress.

The approach for subsequent inspections by OSHA compliance officers should

be to first check the job site for overall conformance with the construction
plan and, in particular, for proper observance of the "bench marks". The
compliance officers will also have available to them detailed records of
critical operations which are required to be kept by building code regulations.
These can be checked to determine whether the "bench marks" are being regularly
observed between visits. After general safety is inspected to ensure that
the overall work surfaces are not in danger of collapse, then more routine
individual related safety checks can be carried out.

PRECONSTRUCTION PLAN REVIEW

6.

The effectiveness of OSHA safety regulations in maintaining a safe working

environment during construction of cooling towers can be greatly improved
by reviewing the basic construction plan in advance of the construction
operations
6

Basic Construction Plan Component

The OSHA regulations require that the contractor have the responsibility
for providing a safe working environment for his workers [29 CFR 1926.20].
He is responsible that formwork is adequately designed, erected, supported,
braced and maintained so that the formwork together with the partially
completed structure will safely support all loadings including construction
loads.
Since this general
[29 CFR 1926.701(a)(1) and ANSI AlO. 9-6.1].
type of construction clearly should be classified as complex formwork, the
formwork must be designed or approved for use by an engineer or experienced
form designer [ANSI AlO .9-6 .2 .2]
The formwork must be planned in every
particular and designed and constructed with an adequate factor of safety
[ANSI AlO .9-6 .2 1]
Thus, to comply with these regulations, the contractor
must have a comprehensive concrete construction plan with design, or approval
for use, by an engineer or experienced form designer acting in his behalf.
.

The basic construction plan should include, but not necessarily be limited
to, the following specific items:

Design loads for construction.

b.

Design calculations.

c.

Criteria for form removal and imposition of construction loads.

d.

Establishment of bench marks for each stage.

6.1.1

Design Loads for Construction.

The loads used for design of the formwork and scaffolding systems should
be clearly listed so that they can be checked readily when considering
The
the imposition of loads not foreseen in the design or the plan.
loads considered in design should include:
1.

Design loads of construction materials.

2.

Dead loads of formwork and scaffolds.

3.

Dead loads of hoisting systems.

4.

Live loads for workers.

5.

Live loads for hoisting systems plus impact.

6.

Live loads for equipment plus impact.

7.

Lateral loads for wind, cable tension, inclined support, impact of

concrete placement, starting and stopping of equipment.

When a partially completed and partially matured concrete shell structure

is to be subjected to construction loads, the regulations require that the
contractor must confirm that the shell is designed specifically to support
such loads and must acquire approval for the application of such loads
from the engineer/architect [29 CFR 1926.701(a)(4) and ANSI AlO .9-6 .3 .4]
6.1.2

Design Calculations

Design calculations for the formwork system, the hoisting system, and all
components shall be made available at the job site
29 CFR 1926.701(a)(2)].
These calculations may be used to assess compliance with regulations pertainIncluded in these are the design of formwork,
ing to construction safety.
scaffolding, and hoisting assemblies, minimum strength of concrete required
for different phases of construction operation and the design of any other
equipment or structural component used in the construction work.
[

For ease of reference, the design calculations for the formwork and scaffolding systems and other supporting elements should list critical items which
were considered in the design. These may include, but are not limited to,
the following items:
a.

Loading conditions.

b.

Load factors or safety factors.

c.

Design unit stresses and material grades.

d.

Reuse criteria for forms and associated design unit stresses.

e.

Safety factors used for form accessories.

f.

Any special provisions considered in the design.

6.1.3

Criteria for Form Removal and Imposition of Construction Loads

A key operation affecting worker safety is form removal and relocation.

Criteria for stripping concrete forms and moving falsework shall be
set by an engineer [ANSI AlO .9-6 .4 .7]
In addition, specific provisions for testing field cured concrete cylinders prior to removal
of forms is addressed.
This requirement is a means of preventing
premature removal of forms (i.e., before the specified strength needed
for the support of construction loads is achieved).
This is one of the
most critical safety related provisions in cooling tower construction.
.

The life safety of a large number of workers is directly dependent on the

structural integrity of partially cured concrete which is used to support
the formwork, scaffolds, various assemblies and the personnel involved
in the casting operations.
This support system must not be susceptible
to initiation of a chain reaction collapse if a small part is damaged by
a minor accident.
The incomplete provision for premature removal of
important elements can make some systems extremely susceptible to such
chain reactions. OSHA regulations require that the engineer's specifications and local building codes be followed for form removal [ANSI
AlO. 9-6. 4. 7] and require specific approval for the imposition of construction construction loads on the partially completed structure by the
engineer-architect responsible for the design of the structure [29 CFR
1926.701 (a)(4) and ANSI AlO .9-6 .3 .4]
This approval will usually consist
of setting certain minimum concrete strengths which must develop before
various operations can commence. There may be different values for different
types of construction operations and loadings (one value for fonn removal,
another for form movement, another for hoist loading, etc.).
.

6.1.4

Establishment of Bench Marks

The key for practical enforcement is the "bench mark" which indicates a
specific measurement or check which may be used by the OSHA compliance
officer to affirm whether critical safety procedures are being adhered
These "bench marks" are predetermined
to during the construction process.
norms against which job records and other supplementary information acquired
from independent observations in the field can be compared to ensure that
safe construction practices are being followed.
Typical bench marks may include:
a.

Minimum concrete strength for form removal.

b.

Minimum concrete strength for falsework movement.

c.

Minimum concrete strength for operation of hoisting devices

attached to or supported by the partially completed structure.

d.

Minimum concrete strength for placement of new concrete.

e.

Number, size, and location of fastenings, ties, anchor devices

or other supports required so that the falsework and forms perform
safely at each stage of construction.

f.

Criteria to be met before removal or relocation of any fastenings,

ties, anchor devices or other supports.

g.

Maximum hoisting load and maximum operating speed.

h.

Minimum hoist clearance and size of sheaves.

i.

Size of cables and sheaves.

6 .2

Personnel Training In Construction Operation

An awareness of the critical safety aspects of the operations by all

employees in the field will be a key factor in reducing the risk of
catastrophic construction failures.

Training and education of personnel in safe conduct of work is part of

OSHA safety regulations [29 CFR 1926.20 and 29 CFR 1926.21(b)(2)]. A
detailed procedure manual for use in training personnel in safe operations
should be developed as part of the basic construction plan. The manual
should spell out the sequence of key operations, the number and sequence
of attachments, key limits for decisions on major operations, safety checks,
periodic inspection of safety-related ifems and any other action that can
be foreseen and that would prevent unsafe situations from developing during
the operations.
Key personnel shall be thoroughly trained in this plan
and all personnel should have basic knowledge of important details. Having

this key information on record will enable the OSHA compliance officers
to conduct their field investigations with regard to safety education of

personnel
The supervisors, lift equipment operators, and the material hoists operators
shall be trained for the operations of their particular system and shall
be particularly knowledgeable with regard to the critical safety aspects
of the overall construction plan.

An important element of this task is the training of inexperienced workers

as well as job orientations of other workers not previously engaged in
cooling tower construction operations.

INSPECTION TASKS DURING CONSTRUCTION PHASE

7.

In cooling tower construction the OSHA compliance officer must check the
overall safety of the working place as well as the detailed personal safety
requirements normally applicable to all construction.

The nature of this type of construction requires certain specific types

of checks which involve construction operations that are critical to
the maintenance of safety.
These are covered in the following sections.
7

Concrete

The development of concrete strength is affected primarily by mix

proportions of material ingredients, age, and curing temperature.
Particularly, in cold weather, concrete gains strength slowly. Special
curing, such as steam curing, can accelerate strength gain.
Certain
types of cements and admixtures will slow down strength development
while other types will accelerate strength development. Concrete
strength therefore cannot be determined by visual inspection or by
"tradition. The safety of formwork operations often depends almost
completely on the concrete having reached certain strength values.
These values should be clearly indicated as "bench marks."
On job-site inspections, the records of tests of field cured (not
laboratory cured) concrete specimens should be checked to determine
that specimens were tested prior to formwork removal or other key
construction operations and that the minimum strengths required (bench
marks) were met.
Failure to meet these requirements is a severe violation
of ANSI AlO.9-6.4.7 and imposes great risks on the working force.
7 .2

Formwork Operations

Each individual construction system will have a series of key attachment

requirements and construction operation sequences.
"Bench marks" should
be established to identify these critical factors.
Records for form placement, removal and other construction operations should be checked to

determine that requirements are being followed. These should be cross

with materials test records to see that proper strength was developed
checked
.3
before operations were carried out. Visual inspection of current operations
should be carried out to determine that all key equipment and operations
Particular attention should
are in accordance with the construction plan.
be.4 given to the number, location, and sequencing of attachment and anchor
devices which support the traveling forms and scaffolding.

Construction Loadings

The construction loadings for which the construction system has been
designed should be outlined in the construction plan. Visual inspection
should be made to determine if additional construction loadings are being
imposed. Extra equipment, material stockpiles, excess hoist loads created
by hurried operations can cause excessive construction loadings.
Structural Integrity

If the construction operations are being supported by the partially completed

structure, the OSHA compliance officer must be concerned with the integrity
If signs of structural inadequacy are present
of the support structure.
a structural engineering specialist should be consulted.

Such items as severe honeycombing of concrete, exposed reinforcement,

omission of reinforcement, severe cracking, gross tolerances, or crumbling
concrete indicate potential distress.

Hoisting System

Overall safety requirements for material and personnel hoists are specified
in 29 CFR 1926.552 and ANSI A10.5.
In addition, the hoisting system and
its interaction with the construction system and the partially completed
structure should be checked.
Signs of severe impact can indicate overload
on the support structure.
Failure of a hoist wire rope can cause severe
consequences if the payload then impacts the scaffolding, formwork, or
support structure.

Detailed inspection records for all hoisting machinery should be checked

Specific checks should be made to determine that
[29 CFR 1926.550(a)].
required daily visual inspections of hoisting machinery are being performed
and manufacturers specifications adhered to [ANSI AlO .5-16 .19]
A thorough
annual inspection of the hoisting machinery shall be performed by a competent person or a government or private agency recognized by the U.S.
Department of Labor. The employer shall maintain records of dates and
results of inspections for each hoisting machine and piece of equipment.
The following highlight the various ANSI inspection specifications:
.

ANSI 10.5-14.2.1 - Period of inspection is defined.

29 CFR 1926.25(a)(1)
ANSI AlO .5-14 .2

.2

Method of wire rope inspection is defined.

ANSI AlO. 5-14. 3.1 - Criteria for wire rope removal and replacement
is given.

ANSI AlO. 5-14. 4 - Requirements for wire rope installation are given.
After the wire rope has been in use for a maximum of one month, all nuts
on all wire rope clips shall be retightened to the manufacturers* torque
recommendations [ANSI 10.5-15.3]. The minimum number of clips, spacing
of clips and torque tightening of clips shall conform to manufacturers*
recommendations [ANSI 10.5-15.2].

All drums and sheaves shall conform to ANSI 10.5, Sections 14.5.1 through
14.5 .13.

Electrical communication during hoist operations shall conform to ANSI 10.5,

Section 19.0. The OSHA compliance officer shall inspect the communication
systems according to a preestablished "bench mark" to ensure compliance.
Records of the designated inspections and conclusive findings shall
be maintained at the job site by the designated inspector and made
available to the OSHA compliance officer.
7.6

Detailed Personal Safety Checks

After the OSHA compliance officer has checked the construction-erection

procedures critical to the support of work surfaces for which failure
might result in multiple injuries and fatalities, he should proceed with
more detailed and routine checks for compliance with regulations whose
violation might result in injury to a single worker or a small group of
workers

8.

MAINTAINING SAFETY-RELATED RECORDS

Current building code provisions (ACI

Section 1.3 and 3.1)
require important construction and safety records, which are vital for
the OSHA Inspection of overall construction safety, be kept during progress
of work and for two years after completion of work.
In addition, these
,

Building Code Requirements for Reinforced Concrete, ACI 318-77, American

Concrete Institute, Detroit, Michigan.

10

provisions require that all concrete construction shall be inspected

throughout the various work stages by a competent engineer or architect,
or their competent representative normally representing the owner.
Thus
a designated inspector must maintain a record which covers many items which
can indicate if construction is in accordance with the construction plan.
Some of the key items required by ACI 318-77 Sections 1.3 and 3.1 include:
a.

Maintaining records for quality, proportions, mixing, placing and curing

concrete.

b.

Maintaining detailed temperature and curing records in cold and hot

weather.

c.

Maintaining records for reinforcing placement, form placement and removal.

d.

Maintaining records for any significant construction loadings on completed walls.

e.

Maintaining a complete record of tests of materials including concrete.

The contractor should identify individuals who are responsible for inspecting
and maintaining the records of these items.

Since ANSI AlO.9-6.4.7 requires that tests shall be made on field-cured

concrete specimens prior to form removal, records of these early age
concrete tests must be maintained as well as the more usual 28-day tests
to determine quality of the mature concrete.
These records should be
checked against the "bench mark" values from the construction plan.

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APPENDIX A

CONTENTS
A.l

Excerpts from Safety and Health Regulations for Construction

29 CFR Part 1926, Bureau of Labor Standards, Department of Labor,
Washington, D.C., June 24, 1974.

A. 2

Excerpts from Safety Requirements for Material Hoists, American

National Standard ANSI AlO. 5-1975, American National Standards
Institute, New York, New York.

A. 3

Excerpts from Safety Requirements for Concrete Construction and

Masonry Work, American National Standard ANSI AlO. 9-1970, American
National Standards Institute, New York, New York.

A-1

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Excerpt from
Safety and Health Regulation
for Construction,
29 CFR Part 1926
Bureau of Labor Standards
Department of Labor
Washington , D C
June 24, 1974
.

1926^0

General

rafety

and

health

proviaions.
(a)

Contractor reqiiireTnents.

Sec-

Reorganlaatlon Plan

Number 14 of 1950
(64 Stat. 1267). as defined In 5 1926.12,
and is for construction, alteration, and/
or repair. Including painting and decorating. that no contractor or subcontractor for any part of the contract work
shall require any laborer or mechanic
employed in the performance of the contract to work in surroundings or under
working conditions which are unsanitary,
hazardous, or dangerous to his health or
safety.
(b) Accident prevention responsibiU^
ties. (1) It shall be the responsibility
of
the employer to initiate and maintain
such programs as may be necessary to
comply with this part.
(2) Such programs shall provide for

frequent and regular inspections of the

job sites, materials, and equipment to
be made by competent persons designated by the employers.
(3) The use of any machinery, tool,
material, or equipment which is not in
compliance with any applicable requirement of this part is prohibited. Such
machine, tool, mateiiail. or equipment
shall either be identified as unsafe by
tagging or locking the controls to render
them inoperable or shall be physically
removed from its place of operation.
(2)
(4) The employer shall permit only
those employees qualified by training or
experience to operate equi pme nt and

machinery.

Safety training and edneatioo.

General requirements. The Secretary Shan, pursuant to section 107(f) of
the Act, establish and supervise programs
(a)

for the education and training of employers and employees in the recognition,
avoidance and prevention of unsafe conditions in employments covered by the

act

(b)

Employer responsibUity.

(a)

(i)

The

employer should avafi himself of the

safety and health training programs the

Secretary provides.

The employer shall Instruct each

employee In the recognition and avoidance of unsafe conditions and the regulations applicable to his work environment to control or eliminate any hazards
or other exposure to Illness or injury.

Rigging equipment for ma-

handling.

General. (1)

Rigging equipment

for material handling shall be inspected

prior to use on each shift and as nec-

essary during its use to ensure that it is

safe. Defective rigging equipment shall
be removed from service.
(2) Rigging equipment shall not be
loaded in excess of its recommended safe
working load, as prescribed in Tables
H-1 through H-20 in this subpart, following i 1926.252(e) for the specific

equipment.
(3) Rigging equipment, when not in
use, shall be removed from the immediate work area so as not to present a
hazard to employees.
(4) Special
custom design grabs,
hooks, clamps, or other lifting accessories, for such units as modular panels,
prefabricated structures and similar materials, Shan be marked to indicate the
safe working loads and shaU be prooftested prior to use to 125 percent of their
rated load.
(b) Alloy steel chains. (1) Welded alloy steel chain slings shaU have permanently aflBxed durable identification stating size, grade, rated capacity, and sUng

manufacturer.
(2) Hooks, rings, oblong links, pearshaped links, welded or mechanical coupling Unks, or other attachments, when
used with aUoy steel chains, shaU have
a rated capacity at least equal to that
of the chain.
(3) Job or shop hooks and Unks, or
makeshift fasteners, formed from bolts,
rods,

1926.21
.

1926.251
terial

tion 107 of the Act requires that it shall

be a condition of each contract which Is
entered into under legislation subject to

etc.,

or other such attachments,

ShaU not be used.

(4) Rated
capacity (working load
Umit) for aUoy steel chain slings shaU
conform to the values shown in TtUale
H-1.
(5) Whenever wear at any point of
any chain link exceeds that shown in
Table H-2, the assembly shaU be removed
from service.
(c) Wire rope. (1) Tables H-3 through
H-14 ShaU be used to determine the safe
working loads of various sizes and classifications of Improved plow steel wire
rope and wire rope slings with various
types of terminals. For sizes, classifications, and grades not Included in these
tables, the safe working load recommended by the manufacturer 'for specific, identifiable products shaU be fol-

lowed. provided that a safety factor of

not

less

than 5

Is

maintained.

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(2)

splices

Protruding

on

slings

ends

and

of strands In
bridles shall be cov-

ered or blunted.
(3) Wire rope shall not be secured by
knots, except on haul back lines on
scrapers.
(4) The following limitations shall
apply to the use of wire rope:
(I) An eye splice made In any wire
rope shall have not les than three full
tucks. However, this requirement shall

not operate to preclude the use of another form of splice or connection which

can be shown to be as

efficient

and which

not otherwise prohibited.

(II) Except for eye splices in the ends
of wires and for endless rope slings, each
wire
(5) rope used in hoisting or lowering,

Is

or in pulling loads, shall consist of one

continuous piece without knot or splice.
(ili) Eyes in wire rope bridles, slings,
or bxrll wires shall not be formed by wire
rope clips or knots.
(iv) Wire rope shall not be used if, in
any length of eight diameters, the total
number of visible broken wires exceeds
10 percent of the total number of wires,
or if the rope shows other signs of excessive wear, corrosion, or defect.
.When u-bolt wire-rope clips are

used to form eyes. Table H-20 shall be

used to determine the number and spacing of cUps.
(1)
When used for eye splices, the
u-bolt shall be applied so that the u
section is in contact with the dead end
of the rope.
(d) Natural rope, and synthetic fiber
(1) General. When using natural or syn-

thetic fiber rope slings. Tables H-15, 16,

17, and 18 shall apply.
(2) AU splices in rope slings provided
by the employer shall be made in accordance vdth fiber rope manufacturers

recommendations.
(1)
In manlla rope, eye splices shall
contain at least three f\iU tucks, and
short splices shall contain at least six full
tucks (three on each side of the centerline of the splice)
(li) In layed synthetic fiber rope, eye
splices shall contain at least four fuU
tucks, and short splices shall contain
at least eight full tucks (four on each
side of the centerline of the splice)

tails shall not be

(fiush with the surface
of the rope) immediately adjacent to the
full tucks. This precaution applies to
both eye and short splices and all types
of fiber rope. For fiber ropes under 1-inch
diameter, the tails shall project at least
six rope diameters beyond the last full
tuck, fk>r fiber ropes 1-inch diameter and
larger, the tails shall project at least 6
Inches beyond the last full tuck. In applications where the projecting tails may
be objectionable, the tails shall be tapered and spliced into the body of the
rope using at least two additional tucks
(which will require a tail length of approximately six rope diameters beyond
(ill)

Strand end

trimmed short

the last fuU tuck)

(iv) For all eye splices, the eye shall
be sufficiently large to provide an included angle of not greater than 60* at
the splice when the eye is placed over the
load or support.
(V) Knots shall not be used in lieu of
splices.
(e) Synthetic webbing (.nylon, polyester, and polypropylene). (1) The em-

ployer shall have each synthetic web

sling marked or coded to show:
(1) Name or trademark of manufacturer.
(U)
hitch.

Rated capacities for the type

Tj-pe of material.
shall not be ex-

(iii)
.

(2)

of

Rated capacity

ceeded.
(f)

Shackles

and hooks.

(1)

Table

shall be used to determine the safe

working loads of various sizes of shackles. except that higher safe working loads

H-19

are permissible when recommended by

the manufacturer for specific, identifiable products, provided that a safety factor of not less than 5 is maintained.
(2)

The manufacturer's recommenda-

tions shall be followed in determining the

safe working loads of the various sizes
and types of specific and identifiable
hooks. All hooks for which no applicable

manufacturers

recommendations

are

available shall be tested to twice the intended safe working load before they are
initially put into use. The employer shadl
maintain a record of the dates and results of such tests.

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(10)

1926.451

Scafifolding.

() General retjuirements. (1) Scaffolds shall be erected tn accordance with

requirements of this section.
(2) The footing or anchorage for scaffolds shall be sound, rigid, and capable
of carrying the maximum Intended load
without settling or displacement. Unstable objects such as barrels, boxes,
loose brick, or concrete blocks, shall not
be used to support scaffolds or planks.
(3) No
scaffold shall be erected,
moved, dismantled, or altered except
\inder the supervision of competent
persons.

Guardrails and toeboards shall be

on aU open sides and ends of
platforms more than 10 feet above the
ground or floor, except needle beam scaf-

All planking shall be Scaffold

Grades, or equivalent, as recognized by
approved grading rules for the species of

wood

floats (see paragraphs (p) and

(w) of this section) Scaffolds 4 feet to
10 feet in height, having a minimum

folds

and

horizontal dimension in either direction

of less than 45 inches, shall have standard guardrails Installed on all open sides
and ends of the platform.
(5) Guardrails shall be 2 x 4 inches,
or the equivalent, approximately 42
inches high, with a mldrall, when required. Supports shall be at intervals not
to

exceed 8

feet.

Toeboards shall be a

minimum of 4 Inches in height.

() Where persons are required
work or pass under the

to

scaffold, scaffolds

shall be provided with a screen between

the toeboard and the guardrail, extending along the entire opening, consisting
of No. 18 gauge U.S. Standard wire Viinch mesh, or the equivalent.
(7) Scaffolds and their components
shall be capable of supporting without
failure at least 4 times the maximum intended load.
(8) Any scaffold including accessories
such as braces, brackets, trusses, screw
legs, ladders, etc. damaged or weakened
from any cause shall be hnmediately re-

paired or replaced.
(9) All load-carrying timber members of scaffold framing shall be a miniof 1,500 flber (Stress Grade) construction grade lumber. All dimensions
are nominal sizes as provided in the
American Lumber Standards, except that
where rough sizes are noted, only rough
or undressed lumber of the size specified
will satisfy Tninimnm requirements.

mum

The maximum

Tabls

permissible

Ij-3

Matebial

Working load (pA.f.)....

Permissible span (it.)__.

(4)

installed

used.

spans for 2- x 10-lnch or wider planks

shall be as shown in the following:

Nominal

Nominal

Full thickness
undressed

thickness

lumber

lumber

25
10

fiO

76

thickness lumber not

25
8

recommended

60
6

for

heavy duty use.

(11) The maximum permissible span

for 1V4- X 9 -inch or wider plank of full
thickness shall be 4 feet with medium
duty loading of 50 p.sff.
(12) All planking of platforms shall
be overlapped (minimum 12 Inches), or

secured from movement.

(13) An access ladder or equivalent
safe access shall be provided.
(14) Scaffold plaiiks shall extend over
their end supports not less than 6 inches

nor more

th^ 12 inches.

(15) The poles, legs, or uprights of

scaffolds shall be plumb, and securely
and rigidly braced to prevent swaying

and displacement.
(16) Overhead protection shall be provided for men on a scaffold exposed to
overhead hazards.
(17) Slippery conditions on scaffolds
shall be eliminated as soon as possible
after they occur.
(18) No welding, burning, riveting, or
open flame work shall be performed on
any staging suspended by means of fiber
or synthetic rope. Only treated or protected flber or synthetic ropes shall be
used for or near any work involving the
use of corrosive substances or chemicals.
Speciflc requirements for boatswains
chairs and float or ship scaffolds are
contained in paragraphs (1) and (w) of
this section.
(19) Wire, synthetic, or fiber rope used
for scaffold suspension shall be capable of
supporting at least 6 times the rated
load.
(20) The use of shore or lean-to scaffolds is prohibited.
(21) Lumber sizes, when used in this
subpart, refer to nominal sizes except
where otherwise stated.

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(g)

beams

Outrigger scaffolds. ( 1 ) Outrigger

shall extend not more than 6 feet

beyond the face of the building. The inboard end of outrigger beams, measured
from the fulcnim point to anchorage
point, shall be not less than 1 V2 times the
outboard end in length. The beams shall
rest on edge, the sides shall be plumb, and
the edges shall be horizontal. The fulcrum point of the beam shall rest on a
secure bearing at least 6 inches in each
horizontal dimension. The beam shall be
secured in place against movement and
shall be securely braced at the fulcrum
point against tipping.
(2) The Inboard ends of outrigger
beams shall be securely anchored either
by means of struts bearing against sills
in contact with the overhead beams or
celling, or by means of tension members
secured to the floor Joists underfoot, or
by both if necessary. The inboard ends of
outrigger beams shall be secured agsdnst
tipping and the entire supporting structure shall be securely braced in both directions
to
prevent any horizontal

movement.
(3) Unless outrigger scaffolds are designed by a registered professional engineer competent in this fleld, they shall be
constructed and erected in accordance
with Table L-13. Outrigger scaffolds, designed by a registered professional engineer, shall be constructed and erected in
accordance with such design.

Tabls L-13 MiKiMtTM Nominal 3n* and MAxnroii

Spacinq or

Mmbsr3

VfRTjmMTT) scaffold
load.

Medium duty

Light duty
25

Outrigger

Maximum

or Odtbigoeb Scattolds

outrigger

pgj.

2 T 10 In
10 It. 0 In

60pj.i.

3 1 10 In;

6(t. Oln.

spacing.
PIftnlr1ng._

1926.552

2 1 10 In

Guardrail
... 2x4 In
Guardrail uprights... 2 I tin

Toeboards

4 in.

(mini-

mum).

2 T 4 In.
.

2x

lln.

4 In. (mini-

mum).

(4) Flanking shall be laid tight and

shall extend to within 3 Inches of the
building wall. Planking shall be secured

to the beams.
(5) Guardrails made of lumber, not
less than
Inches (or other material

2x4

providing equivalent protection)

approximately 42 Inches high, with a midrail of 1 X 6 inch lumber (or other material providing equivalent protection),
and toeboards, shall be Installed at all
open sides and ends on all scaffolds more
than 10 feet above the ground or floor.
Toeboards shall be a mlnlmmn of 4
Inches in height. Wire mesh shall be installed in accordance with paragraph
,

(a)( 6 ) of this section.

Hoists,

personnel

applicable to the operation of all hoists

elevators. Where manufacturer's
speciflcations are not available, the limitations assigned to the equipment shall
be based on the determinations of a professional engineer competent in the field.
(2) Rated
load capacities, recommended operating speeds, and special
hazard warnings or instructions shall be

and

posted on cars and platforms.

(3) Wire rope shall be removed from
service when any of the following conditions exists:
(1) In hoisting ropes, six randomly
distributed broken wires in one rope lay
or three broken wires in one strand in
one rope lay;
(it) Abrasion, scrubbing, flattening, or
peening, causing loss of more than onethird of the original diameter of the
outside wires;
(ill) Evidence of any heat damage resulting from a torch or any damage
caused by contact with electrical wires;

(Iv)

eter of

Reduction from nominal diammore than three sixty-fourths

Inch for diameters up to and Including

three-fourths inch; one-sixteenth inch
for diameters seven-eighths to IVe
inches: and three thirty-seconds inch for
diameters 1 4 to 1
Inches.
(4) Hoisting ropes shall be Installed
In accordance with the wire rope manufacturer's recommendations.
(5) The Installation of live booms on
hoists is prohibited.
( 6)
The use of endless belt-type manUfts on construction shall be prohibited,
(b)

...

Material

and elevators.
The
(a) General requirements. (1)
employer shall comply with the manufacturers specifications and limitations
hoists,

Material hoists,

(1) (i)

Operating

rules shall be established and posted at

the operator's station of the hoist. Such
rules shall Include signal system and
allowable line speed for various loads.
Rules and notices shall be posted on the
car frame or crosshead in a conspicuous
location, including the statement No

Riders Allowed."
(ii) No person shall be allowed to ride
on material hoists except for the purposes of inspection and maintenance.
(2) All entrances of the hoistwasrs
shall be protected by substantial gates
or bars which shall guard the full width
of the landing entrance. All hoistway
entrance bars and gates shall be painted
with diagonal contrasting colors, such
as black and yellow stripes.
(1) Bars shall be not less than 2- by
4-lnch wooden bars or the equivalent,
located 2 feet from the hoistway line.
Bars shall be located not less than 38

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(4)

Inches nor
the hoco:.

more than 42 inches above

(ill)

A means

Gates or bars protecting the entrances to holatwavs shall be equipped

with a latching device.

ineffective.

(3) Overhead protective covering of

2-tnch planMng. %-lnch plywood, or
material of equivalent
other
solid
strength, shall be provided on the top
of every material hoist cage or platform.
(4) The operators station of a hoisting machine shall be provided with overhead protection equivalent to tight
planking not less than 2 inches thick.
The support for the overhead protection
Shan be of equal strength.
(5) Hoist towers may be used with or
without an enclosure on all sides. However, whichever alternative is chosen, the
fonowing applicable conditions shall be

ments for

(il)

met:

When

a hoist tower

enclosed, it
for its entire height with a screen enclosure of
'Vi-lnch mesh. No. 18 UJ3. gauge wire or
equivalent, except for landing access.
(ii)
When a hoist tower is not enclosed, the hoist platform or car shall be
totally enclosed (caged) on all sides for
(1)

shan be enclosed on

full

(1)
neer.

(8) All material hoists shall conform

to the requirements of ANSI A10.5-1S69,

Requirements

Safety

for

Material

Hoists.
1926.'533

Base-mounted drum

hoists.

General requirements. (1) Ex(a)

posed moving parts such as gears, projecting screws, setscrews, chain, cables,
chain sprockets, and reciprocating or
rotating parts, which constitute a hazard,
shall be gtiarded.
(2) All controls tised during the normal operation cycle shall be located
within easy reach of the operators
station.

Electric motor operated hoists

(3)
shall be provided with:
device to disconnect all motors
from the line upon power failure and not
permit any motor to be restarted until
the controller handle is brought to the

off position;
(ii)

Where

applicable,

preventive device:

an overspeed

when any

remotely
control

is

All base-mounted drum hoists in

use shall meet the applicable requiretion,

and

design, construction, installainspection, maintenance,

operations, as prescribed by the
testing,

manufacturer.

Subparf Q Concrete, Concrete

Forms, and Shoring
General provision*.
1926.700
(a) General. All equipment and materials used in concrete construction and
masonry work shall meet the applicable
requirements for design, construction. Inspection, testing, maintenance and operations as prescribed in ANSI AlO.9-1970,
Safety Requirements for Concrete Construction and Masonry Work.

is

siU sides

height between the floor and the

overhead protective covering with %inch mesh of No. 14 UjS. gatige wire or
equivalent. The hoist platform enclosure
shall include the required gates for loading and unloading. A 6-foot high enclosiire shall be provided on the imused
sides of the hoist tower at ground leveL
(6) Car arresting devices shall be installed to function in case of rope failure.
(7) All material hoist towers shall be
designed by a licensed professional engithe

whereby

operated hoists stop

1926.701

Forms and shoring.

General provisions. (1) Formwork and shoring shall be designed,

(a)

erected, supported, braced, and maintained so that it will safely support all
vertical and lateral loads that may be

Imposed upon

it

during placement of

concrete.
(2) Drawings or plans showing the
Jack layout, formwork, shoring, working
decks, and scaffolding, .shall be available
at the jobsite.
(3) Stripped forms and shoring shall
be removed and stockpiled promptly
after stripping, in all areas in which persons are required to work or pass. Protruding nails, wire ties, and other form
aocessories not necessary to subsequent
work shall be pulled, cut, or other means
taken to eliminate the hazard.
(4) Imposition of any construction
loads on the partially completed structure shall not be permitted unless such
loading has been considered in the design and approved by the engineer-

architect.

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A. 2

Excerpts from
Safety Requirements for Material Hoists
American National Standard ANSI AlO. 5-1975
American National Standards Institute
New York, New York

The Excerpts from ANSI AlO. 5-1975 are

reproduced herin by permission of the
American National Standards Institute,
New York, New York 10018.

American National Standard

Safety Requirements for
Material Hoists

1.

General

American National Standard Safety Standard

for MePower Transmission Apparatus, B15. 1-1972

chanical
1.1

Scope. This standard applies to material hoists

2.3

1.1.1
used
to raise or lower materials during construction,

alteration, or demolition.

not applicable to the

It is

temporary use of permanently

American National Standard National

installed personnel

Fire Extinguishers,

This standard shall not apply to:

and operated

Code,

American National Standard Installation of Portable

3.

elevators as material hoists.

(1) Elevators constructed

Electrical

Cl-1971 (NFPANo. 70-1971)

Z1 12.1-1974 (2nd ed) (NFPA No.

10-1974)
in

con-

American

Institute of Steel Construction^

formance with American National Standard Safety

Code for Dumbwaiters, Escalators, and Moving Walks,

AJSC S3 10,

A17.1-1971, including Addenda A17. la-1972, A17.1b-

and Erection of Structural Steel

1973, and A17.1c-1974

1969

Specification for the Design, Fabrication,

for Buddings,

Feb

12,

(2) Personnel hoists constructed and operated in

conformance with American National Standard Safety
Requirements for Personnel Hoists, A1 0.4- 1973

(3) Manlifts constructed and operated in confor-

mance with American National Standard Safety

Definitions

Stan-

dard for Manlifts, A90. 1-1969, including Supplement

In this standard the following defiiutions shall apply:

A90.1a-1972
approved. Accepted as satisfactory by a duly consti1.2 Purpose. This standard

is

designed to provide pro-

tuted administrative or regulatory authority.

tection for those engaged in occupations requiring the

use of material hoists and sets forth the

minimum

re-

bucket.

metal container attached to the cage or cage

frame and used to distribute concrete or other materials

quirements for that purpose.

to various elevations.
1.3

Exceptions. In cases of practical difficulties, unnec-

essary hardships, or

new developments, exceptions

the literal requirements

may

to

be granted by the enforcing

cage/car.

The load-carrying

form, a top, and a

full

authority to permit the use of other devices or methods,

but only when

tection

is

it is

clearly indicated that equivalent pro-

car-arresting device.

unit, consisting of a plat-

or partial side enclosure.

A device

that will stop and hold the

car with its rated load in the event of the failure of the

thereby secured.

wire rope, rack, pinion, or other car suspension means.

cathead. The structure for the support of the overhead
2.

2.1

Related Standards
General. This standard

sheaves.

is

intended for use in con-

equivalent. Denotes an alternate design, feature, device,

or protective action that provides an equal degree of

junction with the standards listed in 2.2 and 2.3.

safety.

2.2 American National Standards (See Section 24)

gross load (static load).

American National Standard Safety Requirements

Scaffolding,

A 10.8- 1969

Available from American National Standards

1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018.

'

for

all

The ma.ximum load imposed on

rope by the platform, cage, car, or bucket and

its

rated load.

Institute, Inc,

Available from American Institute of Steel Constructioit,

101 Park Avenue,

New

York, N.Y. 10017.

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(

*]

hoistway.

temporary shaftway

the space traveled

by the platform or bucket.

and

hoistway enclosure. The structure that isolates the

hoistway from

all

braces, and similar parts shall be regularly inspected

after the installation
as required.

is initially

and worn parts

All broken, defective,

other parts of the building and on

placed in operation

(Monthly inspections are recommended.)

shall

be repaired

or replaced immediately.

which the hoistway doors or gates and door or gate

assemblies are installed.

4.4 Car-Arresting-Device Test. Before the hoist

inside hoists. Hoistways contained entirely within the

performed

car-arresting-device test shall be

building being served and which sometimes use the

dance with

building structure itself for the support of the top

is

placed in service and every four months thereafter, a

in accor-

1.9.6.

5.

beams, guide rads, and appurtenant parts necessary for

the proper functioning of the platform.
iive/luffing

boom. A boom

fixed radius and

is

4.5 Design. All material hoist towers, masts, guys or

braces, counterweights, drive machinery supports,

that does not operate

on a

sheave supports, platforms, supporting structures and

by licensed professional

accessories shall be designed

capable of vertical movement.

engineers.

mast (tower).

vertical structure that

supports and

6.

guides the platforms or buckets (and the counterweight,

when used) on

the outside of the mast structure.

material hoist.

A mechanism

Design and Construction of Foundations

for use in

connection with

the hoisting of construction or demolition materials.

is

equipped with

moves

vertically

It

platform, car, cage, or bucket that

on guide members.

Hoist-tower foundations shall be constructed to support the towers intended

and

platform. The load-carrying unit, including the frame,

live

and dead loads safely

not exceed the safe bearing capacity of the

shall

ground or floor upon which they

rest.

that directly supports the load.

4.

rated load.

The maximum

structure

designed to operate.

is

live

load for which the hoist

Erection

rope. Refers to wire rope only.

Vertical Alignment. Hoist towers shall be plumb.

6.1
shall.

The word shall

is

to be understood as

manda-

tory.

6.2 Guide Rails.

The guide

rails

of hoists

should. The word should

is

to be

understood as ad-

be of

tower.

and

shall deflect

no more than 1/4 inch under normal

operation.

visory.

A vertical

structure that supports and guides the

platforms or buckets (and the counterweight,

when

6.3 Grounding. Hoist towers shall be electrically

grounded.

used) within or on the tower structure.

6.4 Hoist-Tower Enclosures. Hoist towers

with or without an enclosure on

whichever alternative

Requirements for Hoist Towers

in 6.4.1

Construction. Structural

closed on

members of material

hoist towers shall be constructed of strong,

is

through 6.4.3

6.4.1
4.1

shall

structural metal, or the equivalent, securely fastened,

When
all

sides for

may

be used

However,

chosen, applicable conditions

shall

a hoist

sides.

all

be met:

tower

its

is

enclosed,

entire height

by

it

shall

be en-

a wire-screen

enclosure of not less than No. 19 U.S. gage wire or

sound

equivalent material, with openings not exceeding 1/2

timber, steel, or other structural materials.

inch, securely fastened to the tower structure, with

4.2 Initial Inspection. Before the hoist

vice,

and each time after the tower

is

is

placed in

extended,

parts of the tower or mast, cage, bucket,

boom,

ser-

all

plat-

form, hoisting machine, guys, and other equipment

shall

be thoroughly inspected by qualified and com-

petent personnel.
4.3 Periodic Inspection. All sheaves, racks and pinions,

guy

ties,

bolt connections, miscellaneous clamps.

openings formed onto each landing.

6.4.2

When

a hoist

tower

is

not enclosed, the hoist

platform or car shall be totally enclosed as set forth

in 11.7.

6.4.3

For hoists located outside of structures, the

may be

enclosures, except those at the lowest landing,

omitted on the sides where there

is

no

floor or scaffold

adjacent to the hoistway. Enclosures on the building

,'

isft

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Table

Minimum

Sizes of Various

Members

Post

Horizontal
Tie

Diagonal
Brace

Maximum

Platform

Bucket

Top Down

Sizes

Sizes

Sizes

Tie Spacing

(lb)

(yd^

(ft)

(in)

(in)

(in)

(in)

To 500

4X4
4X6
4X4
4X6
6X6
4X6
4X6
6X6
4X6
6X6
6X8

Top

to 72
72 to 198

500
1000
1000
1000

Top

72
72 to 126
126 to 198

1/4
1/4
1/4

2000
2000
2000

Top

to

80
80 to 128
128 to 208

1/2
1/2

1/2

4000
4000
4000

Top

to

80
80 to 128
128 to 208

1
1

to

Requirements for Inside Hoists

entire height with wire

mesh

on each

floor for their

or equivalent material and

reinforced to withstand a horizontal force of 100

X 6

X 6

2X6
2X6
2X6
2X6
2X6
2X6
2X6
2X8

Enclosure. The sides of the hoistways not used

for entrances shall be enclosed

X 6

2X6

is

10.1

Wooden Towers

Height from

Capacity

10.

in

1.5

X 6
X 8

6
6

X 8

X 8

8
8

2X6
2x6
2X6
2x6

Seeming Long

down

all

8
8

Material.

When

a cage or platform

used for long material, the several pieces of the mate-

rial shall

fall

made

be securely fastened together and

to the cage or platform so that

or project

beyond

fast

no part of the load can

the sides of the cage or platform.

with metal

shall

have a slip-resistant surface.

11.7 Platform Enclosme.

10.2 Covering at Cathead. Protective covering of heavy

to prevent objects falling

11.6 Slip-Resistant Floors. Platform floors covered

pounds per square foot, applied at any point. The openings in the mesh shall not exceed 1/2 inch.

planking shall be provided at the cathead of

hoists

the hoistway.

When

a hoist

tower

is

not

enclosed, the hoist platform shall be totally enclosed

(caged) on

all

sides, including the roof, for the full dis-

tance between the floor and the cage top.

The

walls

and the gates of the cage shall be constructed of 2-inch

No. 14 U.S. gage wire mesh, or the equivalent. The
11.

11.1

Hoist Platforms and Cages

Prohibition of Riders.

Workmen

hoist platform enclosure will include the required gates

for loading
shall

hibited from riding the hoist platform except for authorized inspection

and maintenance.

on the car frame or enclosure;

11.2 Rolling Equipment.
rolling

equipment

securely in place
shall

A sign

shall

be posted

NO RIDERS ALLOWED.

When wheelbanows

11.8 Load-Rating Plate.

hoist platform.

The platform

(1)
(2)

ing of 2-inch planking, 3/4-inch

plywood, or other

solid

material of equivalent strength shall be provided on the

be used with a material platform or a platform

its

the

and

.9.1

it

1.9.1

The

car-arresting device,

1.9.2

The

they cannot strike any part of the tower.

shall

car-arresting device shall be securely at-

manner

be designed and constructed so that

.9.6.

rated load.

tions that can be raised

shall

A 10.4- 1973.

tached to the frame of the platform or bucket

Hinged covers

when engaged,

top of the cage or platform

may be made in hinged secwhen long material is hoisted.

con-

shall

through

be capable of stopping and holding the platform with

the hoist.

The protective covering on

1 1

Safety Requirements for Personnel Hoists,

1

11.4 Hinged Covers.

in

However, under no circumstances shall it be required to

satisfy the requirements of American National Standard

top of every material hoist cage or platform to prevent

on the workmen loading or unloading

be

A car-arresting de-

11.9 Car-Arresting Safety Device.

vice shall

form to the requirements given

11.3 Overhead Protection. Overhead protective cover-

shall

load capacity

The platform with the cage installed

The bucket and supporting structure

installed in conjunction with a bucket,

ing rolling equipment.

objects falling

live

of:

or other

be level with the landing prior to loading or unload-

A load-rating plate

attached to the hoist to indicate the

are transported, they shall be held

on the

and unloading.

be pro-

that the platform will not

in

such

become separated

from the car-arresting device under the conditions cited

in 11.9.1.

'

<^''

ais^ij

iKl#

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T(|^cu tar*>#1 yiMUttti^-/ lu^y

lis*

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1^ .vd^rioS^ I

r^^Mi

oA>t/M of

nedbutW

ftnoljui^ \c,^,fp ad.icl

nmAtiki

i:^<

v^

>tTf

biw WiT

ilai

nJl

ijkii^i

Hmkd nhir iOM'

btitvia

lun

JMt 4w
ftiUOli 1(11^

rft

<n^ ,q.if65

Sts

ttai^iUA'iK*

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ftdJ

b}oi

ly

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t

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4>ib u

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(*>Wh)aJ

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191

V ttw<jt imti

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10

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9iii

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14.

Any

1.9.3

platform used with a car-arresting de-

vice shall be capable of

1 1

without resultant

.9.1

Any

11.9.4

failure or loss

of

its

Breaking Strength. All hoisting rope shall be of

rails

and

their attachments,

and any

parts affected by the action of the car-arresting device,

when

Rope and Sheaves

Material Hoist Wire

load.

material hoist structure, including tower

components, guide

14.1

meeting the conditions cited in

subjected to the conditions cited in

such breaking strength as to provide

of safety of

minimum

The factor of safety (F)

7.

shall

factor

be calcu-

by the following formula:

lated

1.9.1 shall

sustain the platform with its rated load without structural failure.

11.9.5
a positive

The car-arresting device shall be activated by

means in the event of car suspension failure,

and when engaged

shall

be released only by raising the

11.9.6 Car-arresting devices shall be tested in accor1. 9.6.1

through

W = Maximum

gross load

1. 9.6.3.

For rope-supported cars the

11.9.6.1

rope

N= Number of parts of rope under load

platform from the stopped position.

dance with

where
S = Manufacturers rated breaking strength of one

test shall

and attach the

test

shall

Rope

Inspection

Periods of Inspection. Inspection periods

14.2.1

be conducted in the following manner:

(1) Pull a loop in the lifting rope

14.2 Wire

be set up for each material-hoist wire rope. The

rope to each side of the loop above the bucket or plat-

frequency of inspection shall be determined by con-

form

sideration of environment, degree of hazard to materials,

Raise platform or bucket to allow the load to be

(2)

supported by the

Cut the

(3)

test

the rope

rope

test

rope to allow the load to

fall

and

1.9. 6.2

shall

is

subjected to

be made before

its

capacity limits. Inspections

use and not less often than

initial

once each month thereafter.

activate the car-arresting device

1

frequency of operation, and the frequency with which

For car suspension other than rope sup-

14.2.2

Method of

Inspection.

The

entire

working

ported, the test shall be conducted by creating an over-

length of the wire rope shall be inspected. Thorough

speed condition of the car.

inspection shall be

11.9.6.3 Structural

components

shall

be

in-

spected for damage after the test and before the hoist
is

12.1

pletely inspected prior to operation.

14.3.1

When men

in the Pit.

in the pit, the

make

opposing turns. The rope close to end attachments

shall

14.2.3 Inspection of Wire Rope on Idle Equipment.

The wire rope on equipment that has been idle or shut
down for a period of one month or more shall be com-

Buckets

Work

the rope sections that pass

be carefully inspected.

placed in operation again.

12.

made of

over sheaves, drums, or contact saddles, or which

bucket

shall

are required to

work

be shored on two sides with

timbers, or their equivalent, of sufficient strength to

support the bucket. Timbers

shall

not protrude into an

14.2.4 Inspection of Surfaces Contacted

Rope. Sheaves, guards, guides, drums,

surfaces contacted

by Wire
and other

flanges,

by wire rope during operation

be examined at the time of inspection.

harmful to the rope in use

at the

shall

Any condition

time shall be corrected.

adjacent hoistway.

12.2 Prohibition of Riding.

Workmen

14.3 Wire
shall

be pro-

hibited from riding the bucket except for authorized

Rope Removal and Replacement

Wire rope with one or more of the following

defects shall be

removed or replaced immediately:

inspection and maintenance.

(1) Corrosion.

Broken wires:

(2)

(a)

13.

Booms

One

or

more

valley breaks.

(A

valley break

is

break occurring in the valley between two adja-

a wire

cent strands.)
13.1

Fixed Radii.

All

booms mounted on

a material

hoist tower shall operate at fixed radii.

13.2 Live Booms.

13.3
at

Boom

no time

Live

Location.

will a

booms

Booms

boom

hoist operators normal

or

its

shall

shall

be prohibited.

be located so that

load be directly above the

working position.

(b) Six

randomly distributed broken wires

in

one

is the length of rope along which one

makes a complete revolution around the rope.)

rope lay. (A rope lay

strand

NOTE: If a broken wire or wires are localized in the end attachment of an operating rope and this condition may be eliminated
by making a new attachment, this may be done instead of replacing the entire rope.

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Groove Radii for

(3) Abrasion: Abrasion, scrubbing, flattening, or

peening causing loss of more than one-third of the

ori-

New and

Reconditioned Sheave Grooves

diameter of the outside wires.

ginal

(4) Kinking: Severe kinking, crushing, bird caging,

or other

damage

Root
Wire Rope

resulting in distortion of the rope

(nom

structure.
(5) Heat damage: Evidence of any heat
sulting

from

a torch or

damage

caused by contact with

5/16

electri-

3/8
1/2
5/8
3/4
7/8

from

nominal diameter of more than 3/64 inch for diameters

up

and including 3/4 inch, of more than 1/16 inch

to

for diameters 7/8 to 1-1/8 inches,

dia)

1/4

re-

cal wires.

(6) Reduction of rope diameter: Reduction

Groove

and of more than

1-1/8

1-1/4

3/32 inch for diameters 1-1/4 to 1-1/2 inches. (Marked

(min)

Radius
(max)

0.140
0.170
0.205
0.265
0.330
0.390
0.460
0.525
0.585
0.655

0.150
0.180
0.215
0.275
0.340
0.400
0.475
0.540
0.600
0.670

reduction in diameter indicates deterioration of the

core.)

Table 3
14.4 Wire
stalled in

Rope

Installation. Hoisting ropes shall be in-

Minimum

accordance with the wire rope manufacturers

recommendations. The hoisting ropes

shall

to the drum, counterweight, or platform

be secured

14.5.1 Pitch Diameter. Pitch diameters of

shall

Diameter

Minimum

of Hoisting

Rope

Tread Diameter
of Sheaves*

(in)

(in)

by clamps or

Drums and Sheaves

be a

minimum of 24X

is

the nominal rope diameter.

at the highest point

of

6-1/2
7-1/2

3/8

10
12-1/2
15
17-1/2

1/2

5/8
3/4
7/8

travel.

Rope Turns on Drum. The winding drum

have not less than three turns of rope when the

14.5.2
shall

1/4

5/16

drums

The drum flange shall extend at least 2 inches radially

beyond the last layer of rope when the platform, cage,
or bucket

Rope Diameter

to Sheave Tread Diameter

by an approved equivalent means.

14.5

Ratio of

20

1-1/8

22-1/2
25

1-1/4

platform, cage, or bucket

is

at the

lowest point of

travel.

Based on 20X rope diameter.

Rope Grade. All hoisting wire rope

shall be improved plow steel grade or stronger, and
equal in flexibility to 6 X 19 classification wire rope.

see Table 3.

14.5.3 Wire

The joining of hoisting ropes by

splicing

is

prohibited.

14.5.4 Clearance at Cathead. There shall be at least

the

14.5.7 Prohibition of Fiber

wire rope.

when

sheaves that

feet of clearance

either

is

at the

uppermost terminal or landing.

Groove
The arc of the bottom of the sheave
be smooth and concentric with the bore or
sheave. The centerline of the groove shall

14.5.5 Sheave
14.5.5.1

groove

shall

shaft of the

is

measured

at

Rope Sheaves. Sheaves

intended for use with fiber rope

between the cathead sheave and the

hoisting-rope fastening on the platform, cage, or bucket
4

(The diameter of a sheave

bottom of the grooves.)

shall

not be used with

14.5.8 Defective Sheaves. Defective and

may

worn

cause equipment failure or damage

pUlow blocks are

mounted on top of beams and seOpen bearings shall not be used.

to the wire rope shall be replaced. If

used, they shall be

curely bolted.

14.5.9 Prohibition of Snatch Blocks.

No

snatch

be in a plane perpendicular to the axis of the bore or

blocks or hood-type sheaves shall be used on any hoist

shaft of the sheave above.

tower.

14.5.5.2 Sheave grooves shall be

cast, providing the

bottom of

machined or

the groove has a radius

subtending an arc of 150 degrees and conforms to

Minimum Sheave

Diameter. Load-bearing

sheaves for wire rope shall be grooved to

accommodate
20X that of

the rope and shall have a diameter at least

the wire rope. For

minimum

tread diameter of sheaves

steel,

or the equivalent.

14.5.11 Sheave Bearings. All sheave bearings shall

have

Table 2.
14.5.6

14.5.10 Sheave Material. All sheaves shall be of

ball or roller bearings, or bearings lined

with bab-

bitt or other equivalent bearing metal.

14.5.12 Bearing Lubrication. Sheave bearings shall

be provided with adequate means for lubrication.

14.5.13 Bolt and Pin Specification. All bolts and

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pins securing sheaves and

AISC S3 10, Feb

12,

drums

1969

shall

comply with

unbalanced

lateral forces resulting

16.7 Machinery Platform Rails.

chinery

Wire Rope Fastenings

15.

pull of the

is

set

Wire Rope Attachment. Ropes

shall

be securely

When

hoisting

ma-

on an elevated platform, the platform

be designed and constructed to support the

shall

tended load without

15.1

from the

hoisting ropes.

(see 2.3).

guardrails

failure

and

shall

in-

be provided with

and toeboards that conform to American

attached with drop- forged steel wire rope clips and

National Standard Safety Requirements for Scaffolding,

thimbles or other approved equivalent fastening de-

AlO.8-1969.

When

on top of the
frame of the hoist platform, a drum and clamp tiedown or equivalent-type anchoring device, which will

vices.

extra wire rope

is

carried

mum

Qip Number, Spacing, and Torque. The mininumber of wire rope clips, spacing of clips, and

tightening torque of clips shall be in accordance with

maximum

on

the torque

all

of one month, at each inspection

wire rope clips shall be retightened to

recommended by

Hoisting ropes within 7

be guarded by an enclosure

16.9 Gear Guards. All gears on hoisting machines shall

be guarded in conformity with American National Stan-

dard Safety Standard for Mechanical Power Transmission

16.10 Prohibition of Multiple Unit Operation.

15.3 Retightening of Clips. After the rope has been

the nuts

shall

Apparatus, B1 5.1 -1972.

the instructions of the clip manufacturer.

in use for a

Rope Guards.

of floor or ground

or fence.

not damage the wire rope, shall be used.

15.2

16.8 Hoisting
feet

any one hoisting machine

be in motion at the same

shall

time.

the clip manufacturer.

Brake Drums. Brake drums

Qips work loose because of oscillating tension stresses

as well as vibration, and shall be checked periodically

oil,

for tightness.

ficiency.

16.1

grease, or

shall

be kept free of

any other substance that reduces

16.12 Mechanical Brakes. Mechanical brakes

so installed as to stop

16.

No more

than one platform, cage, boom, or bucket operated by

Hoisting Machines

and

shall

their ef-

shall

be

movement of the winding drum

be equipped with a positive acting device, de-

signed as part of the hoist, that will hold the brake in

16.1 Capacity. Hoisting machines shall be designed,
installed,

and maintained to

raise

the rated load plus the weight of

and lower

equipment and ropes.

16.2 Brakes. The hoisting machine shall be equipped

with brakes capable of stopping and holding

its

rated hoisting capacity under

all

the engaged position.

vertically

125% of

16.13 Ratchet and Pawl. Each friction-clutch-driven

winding drum hoisting machine

shall

be equipped with

an effective pawl and ratchet capable of holding the

rated load capacity

when

suspended.

it is

operating condi-

16.14 Engine Exhaust. Internal -combustion-engine

tions.

exhaust pipes shall be arranged to exhaust away from

The hoisting machine shall be secured

position so as to prevent lateral movement, shifting,

16.3 Stability.

workmen and from combustible

in

shall

materials.

A muffler

be installed to reduce the noise.

or dislodgment.

16.15 Fuel Cans. Safety cans shall be used for handling

16.4 Location and Arrangement. The location and

ar-

rangement of the hoisting machine, tower, and related

sheaves shall be such as to assure proper wrapping of
the wire rope
fouling,
will

on the drum

to prevent overriding,

improper spacing, or any other condition that

cause damage to the wire rope or hoisting machine

16.5 Manning. The hoisting machine shall be attended

by the operator, who shall not leave the controls while
the load

is

suspended or the master clutch

is

engaged.

fuel for internal-combustion engines.

fuel

systems are used, a cutoff valve

When

shall

gravity-type

be installed

between the internal-combustion engine and the

fuel-

supply tank.

16.16 Refueling Precautions. Open

lights, flames,

spark-producing devices shall be kept

at least

or

25 feet

away while intemal<ombustion engines are being refueled, and no person shall smoke or carry lighted
smoking materials in the immediate area. The engine
shall

be stopped during refueling.

16.6 Blocking and Bracing. Blocking and bracing shall

be provided between the hoisting machine and the

16.17 Fire Extinguishers.

An

tower to prevent the transmission to the tower of any

guisher for Class A, B, and

all-purpose fire extin-

fires,

which meets the

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requirements of American National Standard Installa-

The support

tion of Portable Fire Extinguishers, Z1 12.1-1974 (2nd

equal strength.

ed)

(NFPA No.

10-1974), shall be part of the hoisting

equipment.
16.18 Hoisting during Maintenance. Material hoisting

men

not be carried on while

tion,

maintenance, or repair of the hoisting machine.

are

engaged

in erec-

16.19 Daily Inspection. All hoisting machines, including brakes, gears, levers,

and wire rope,

shall

be visually

inspected daily. All broken, worn, or defective parts

shall

18.2 Enclosure,

chine and

shall

be repaired or replaced

when

its

ments and

shall

be grounded in conformance with

American National Standard National

Cl-1971

(NFPA No.

Electrical

Code,

70).

direct-coupled-drive hoisting machines shall be pro-

vided with a mechanical automatic motor brake, or an

closure.

power

16.22 Rack and Pinion Drives. For rack and pinion

and rack

factor of 4.

shall

The

be of

drive

steel

When

other types of heaters are necessary,

18.4 Heater Requirements. Heating systems shall be

compliance with American National Stan-

dard Safety Requirements for Temporary and Portable

Space Heating Devices and Equipment Used in the

Construction Industry, AlO. 10-1970.

operation of the hoisting machine shall be provided,

but

in

no case

shall

it

be

than 5 footcandles.

less

18.6 Glass. All glass used in the operators enclosure

shall

be safety

19.

Signal Systems

glass, or the equivalent.

may be

with a mini-

located on

the counterweight or on the platform.

16.23 Hoisting Machine Location. The hoisting machine shall be located so that no part of

it

or

its

enclo-

gle

Hand Signals. Hand signals may be used on a sindrum hoist when the hoist tower does not exceed

50

feet in height

19.1

visible to the

provided that the signals are clearly

operator at

all

times.

17. extends into the hoistway.

sure

19.2 Electrical Communication.

16.24 Power Failure Disconnect. Electric -motor-oper-

trical

ated hoists shall be provided with a device to automatiall motors from the line upon power
and not permit any motor to be restarted until

cally disconnect
failure

18.controller
the

open-

failure.

drives the pinions

mum safety

No

they shall be properly vented.

equivalent device, to hold the load automatically in

case of

be heated in cold weather.

18.5 Lighting. Lighting adequate for maintenance and

Direct-Coupled Machine Brakes. Electric-motor,

16.21

shall

18.3 Prohibition of Open-Flame Heaters.

installed in

equipment

The area occupied by the hoisting ma-

operator shall be protected from the ele-

flame heaters shall be allowed inside any operators en-

discovered.

16.20 Electrical Equipment Protection. Electrical

for the overhead protection shall be of

is

brought to the off position.

16.25 Machine Controls. Hoisting machines of more

than one-drum capacity

shall

have bank or console con-

communication system

A closed-circuit

shall

be used

height of the tower exceeds 50 feet and on

when
all

elec-

the

multiple

well towers regardless of height.

The electrical intercommunicatwo-way system with a speaker

21.
located at the hoist operators position so that he can
hear from and talk to each station.
19.3 Speaker Location.

tion system shall be a

19.4 Electrical System Protection. All wires and de-

trols.

18.1

vices used in

connection with the signal system

shall

be

protected from the weather.

Operator Qualification

When

required by law, each operator, before starting

20. Indicators

the job and at least annually thereafter, shall obtain a

physicians certificate of fitness.

A positive

system

shall

be used to indicate when the

load has reached specific positions.

Protection of Operator
Electric

Overhead Protection. The operator of a hoisting

shall be provided with overhead protection

Motor

Motors
Motor

installations shall

be

machine

21.1

equivalent to tight planking not less than 2 inches thick.

made in accordance with provisions of applicable local

Installations.

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23.

Capacity Statement and Design

codes and American National Standard National Electrical

Code, Cl-1971

(NFPA No.

70-1971).

21.2 Switches. Only enclosed switches with grounded

be of such design that

cases and fuses or circuit breakers shall be used.

21.3 Control Panels. Control panels shall be enclosed,

and unauthorized persons

shall

23.1 Design. All material hoist towers, masts, etc, shall

intended loads will

not stress any members beyond safe

by applicable engineering formulas.

not be permitted access

23.2
to such panels.

maximum

Booms and

limits established

Auxiliary Equipment Loads.

The

de-

ample strength for loads imposed by

the use of booms attached to a tower or mast. Where,

sign shall provide

22.
21.4 Emergency Electrical Cutoff.

means

shall

An emergency

be provided within reach of the operator

in addition to the

loaded platform or bucket, auxiliary

equipment or other load-bearing devices

to cut off the electric power.

are supported

by
24.the tower, the tower shall be built to withstand
these additional loads and stresses safely. The rated
load, specified by the manufacturer, shall not be ex-

Landings and Runways

ceeded.
22.1

Design. Landing platforms and runways that con-

nect the hoistway or tower to the building shall be designed and constructed to sustain the

maximum

intended

load without failure. Metal-covered floors or platforms

shall

have slip-resistant surfaces.

22.2 Railings. Railings and toeboards that conform to

American National Standard Safety Requirements for

Scaffolding, AlO. 8-1969, shall be placed on the open
sides of

runways connecting the tower to the

structure.

Revision of American National Standards

Referred to in This Document

When

American National Standards redocument are superseded by a revision

approved by the American National Standards Institute,
the following

ferred to in this

Inc, the revision shall apply:

22.3 Overhead Protection. All landing platforms where

workmen may be exposed

to falling objects shall be

provided with a solid overhead protection composed of

landing.

A barricade

The barricade

shall

shall

be required

extend a

at

minimum

each

distance

of 6 feet laterally along the outer edge of the landing

from each

side

of the hoistway or runway and

minimum

shall ex-

36 inches above the level

of the landing, runway, or structure floor. The material
used for the barricade shall be of No. 19 U.S. gage wire
tend a

distance of

mesh, or the equivalent, with openings not exceeding

1

for

A 10.4- 1973

American National Standard Safety Requirements

2-inch planking or the equivalent.

22.4 Barricades.

American National Standard Safety Requirements

Personnel Hoists,

for

Scaffolding, AlO.8-1969

American National Standard Safety Requirements for

Temporary and Portable Space Heating Devices and
Equipment Used in the Construction Industry, AlO. 101970
American National Standard Safety Code for Dumband Moving Walks, A17. 1-1971,
including Addenda A17. la-1972, A17. lb-1973, and

waiters, Escalators,

/2-inch.

A17.1C-1974

22.5 Working Platforms. Working platforms of ample

and strength, and railings and toeboards that conform to American National Standard AlO.8-1969 shall
be built at each level where men are required to work,

size

such

as

bucket dumps and hopper headers.

American National Standard Safety Standard for Manlifts, A90. 1-1969, including Supplement A90. la-1972
American National Standard Safety Standard for MePower Transmission Apparatus, B 15. 1-1 972

chanical

22.6 Housekeeping. Access to and the arei around

American National Standard National

landings and the hoisting machine shall be kept clear

Cl-1971 (NFPA No. 70-1971)

of rubbish and waste material.

American National Standard

22.7 Prohibition of Material Storage. Materials shall

Fire Extinguishers,

not be stored on landing platforms or landing runways.

No. 10-1974)

Electrical

Code,

Installation of Portable

Z1 12.1-1974 (2nd ed) (NFPA

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A. 3

Excerpts from
Safety Requirements for
Concrete Construction and Masonry Work
American National Standard ANSI AlO. 9-1970
American National Standards Institute
New York, New York

The excerpts from ANSI AlO. 9-19 70 are

reproduced herein by permission of the
American National Standards Institute,
1430 Broadway, New York, New York 10018.

.1

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OU

Vtoiija

l.T4rw

6.2
6.1

6.

Formwork Construction

Form Design
6.2.1

General. Section 6 deals with the design,

releasing, and raising of formwork. It also
deals with the design, fabrication, and handling of forms. Formwork must be adequately

designed, erected, supported, braced, and

maintained so that it will safely support all
vertical and lateral loads that may be applied
until such loads can be supported by the
concrete structure.
6.1.1

Good housekeeping shall be mainall times, and stripped lumber and

tained at

materials intended for reuse should be cleaned

of nails and wire and removed from the immediate work area.
6.1.2 Lumber, concrete, form hardware,

and other materials

shall not be permitted to

scaffolds, and walk-

accumulate on walers,
ways.

6.1.3 Fire protection shall be provided in

areas where wood forms and other combustible materials are being used.
6.1.4 Watchmen or fireguards shall be provided where salamanders or similar heaters
are used to provide winter protection,
6.1.5 Where tarpaulins or other flammable
materials are used to form protective enclosures for winter protection, the material
shall be fire-resistant and installed so as to
prevent contact with the heating unit.
6.1.6 Form supports and wedges shall be

checked during concrete placement to prevent

distortion or failure.

Any

form, regardless of

size, shall

be

planned in every particular and designed and

constructed with an adequate factor of safety.
In addition to computable loading, additional
form pressures may result from impact during
concrete placement, sudden lowering of temperatures retarding the set and increasing the
liquid head or static pressure, vibrations of
the form or concrete, uneven stressing resulting from failure or weakening of form
members, or impact from concrete buckets or
placing equipment. As a result, an adequate
factor of safety is required to offset these
unpredictable conditions.
6.2.2 The thoroughness of planning and
design shall be governed by the size, complexity, and intended use of the form. Formwork which is complex in nature or which will
be subjected to unusually high concrete pressures shall be designed or approved for use by
an engineer or experienced form designer.
6.2.3 Unit stresses for use in the design of
formwork, exclusive of accessories, should
conform to applicable codes and specifications
in Formwork for Concrete, American Concrete Institute Special Publication No. 4,
1969. When fabricated formwork, shoring, or
scaffolding units are used, manufacturers recommendations for allowable loads may be
followed if supported by test reports or successful experience records.

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6.2.4 Forms of a temporary nature with

limited reuse shall conform to allowable
stresses as specified in appropriate design
codes or specifications for temporary structures or for temporary loads on permanent
structures, as approved by the authority having jurisdiction.
6.2.5 Where a considerable number of reuses are intended and where the forms to be
used are fabricated from material such as
steel, aluminum, or magnesium, it is recommended that the formwork be designed as a
permanent structure carrying permanent

weight of freshly placed concrete is dead load.

The live load consists of the weight of workmen, equipment, runways, and impact, and
shall be computed in pounds per square foot
of horizontal projection. (See 8.1.5.)
6.3.2 Lateral Loads. Braces and shores
shall be designed to resist all foreseeable lateral loads such as wind, cable tensions, inclined
supports, impact of placement, and starting
and stopping of equipment. The assumed value of load due to wind, impact of concrete, and
equipment acting in any direction at each
floor line shall not be less than 100 pounds per
lineal foot of floor edge or 2 percent of total
dead load of the floor, whichever is greater.
Wall forms shall be designed for a minimum
wind load of 10 psf, and bracing for wall forms
should be designed for a lateral load of at least
100 pounds per lineal foot of wall, applied at
the top. Walls of unusual height require special consideration.
6.3.3 Special Loads Formwork shall be
designed for all special conditions of construction likely to occur, such as unsymmetrical
placement of concrete, impact of machinedelivered concrete, uplift, and concentrated
(psf)

loads.

6.2.6
in

The minimum

Table

1,

safety factors

shown

which are based on ultimate

strength of the accessory, shall be used in the

design and use of formwork hardware and
accessories.

6.2.7 For safety considerations relating to

the design of shores, see Section 8, Vertical
Shoring.

6.3 Loads
6.3.1 Vertical Loads. Vertical loads consist
of a dead load plus an allowance for live load.
The weight of formwork together with the

loads.

Table 1
Design Capacities of Formwork Accessories* J
Accessory

Form

tie

Type

Safety factor

of construction

1.5

Light formwork; or ordinary single

2.0

Heavy formwork;

all

lifts at

grade and 16

formwork more than

16

ft

ft or less above grade

above grade or unusually

hazardous

Form anchor

1.5

Light form panel anchorage only; no hazard to

2.0

Heavy forms

failure would endanger

life

life

involved in failure

supporting

form weight and con-

crete pressures only

Form hangers

Lifting inserts

Expendable strand

3.0

Falsework supporting weight of forms, concrete, working

1.5

Light formwork. Design load including total weight' of forms and concrete,
with 50 psf minimum live load is less than 150 psf

2.0

Heavy formwork; form

hazardous work

plus concrete weight

2.0

Tilt-up panels

3.0

Precast panels

2.0

Pretensioned concrete members

3.0

Pretensioned concrete members

100

psf

loads,

or more;

and impact

unusually

deflection devicest

Re-usable strand
deflection devicest

Design capacities guaranteed by manufacturers may be used in lieu of tests for ultimate strength.
fThese safety factors also apply to pieces of prestressing strand which are used as part of the deflection device.
tThis Table is reproduced from Ainerican National Standard Recommended Practice for Concrete Formwork, A145. 11968 (ACI 347-68). Copyright 1967 by the American Concrete Institute. Reprinted by permission.

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6.3.4 Construction Loads.

any construction loads on the

Imposition of
partially

com-

pleted structure shall not be permitted unless

6.4
such loading has been considered in the design
and approved by the engineer-architect.

Placing and Removal of Forms

When moved or raised by crane, cableway, A-frame, or similar mechanical device, forms shall be securely attached to wire
rope slings having a minimum safety factor of
6.4.1

5. Use of No. 9 tie wire, fiber rope, and similar

makeshift lashing shall be prohibited.
6.4.2 Taglines shall be used in moving panels or other large sections of forms by crane or

hoist.

6.4.3 All hoisting equipment, including

hoisting cable used to raise and move forms,
shall have a minimum safety factor in-

corporated in the manufacturers design, and

the manufacturers recommended loading
shall not be exceeded. Field- or shop-fabricated hoisting equipment shall be designed or

approved by a registered professional engineer, incorporating a

of 5 in

its

minimum

design. Panels

safety factor

and built-up form

sections shall be equipped with metal hoisting

brackets for attachment of slings.

6.4.4 Forms intended for use where there is
a free fall of over ten feet shall be equipped

with adequate scaffolding and guardrails, or

employees working on the forms shall be required to wear safety belts during forming and

Form

crete placement. In addition, tests shall be

made on

field-cured concrete specimens in

order to insure that concrete has obtained
sufficient
strength to safely support the load
6.4.8
prior to removal of forms.
When field operations are not controlled by the engineers specifications or local
building codes, under ordinary conditions
form and supports shall remain in place for
not less than the periods of time shown in
Table 2. These periods represent cumulative
number of days or fractions thereof, not necessarily consecutive, during which the temperature of the air surrounding the concrete is
above 50* F. If high-early-strength concrete is
used, these periods may be reduced as approved by the engineer-architect. Conversely,
if low-temperature concrete or retarding
agents are used, these periods may be increased at the discretion of the engineer-architect,

6.5 Vertical Slip Forms

6.5.1 Slip forms shall be designed and conand the form movement carried out,

structed,

under the immediate supervision of a person

or persons experienced in slip form design and
operation. Drawings prepared by a qualified
engineer, showing the jack layout, formwork,
working decks, and scaffolding, shall be available at the jobsite, and followed.
6.5.2 The steel rods or pipe on which the
jacks climb or by which the forms are lifted

scaffolding shall

shall be especially designed for the purpose.

be designed and constructed as provided in

Section 7 unless an alternative design is specifically approved by the authority having

Such rods must be adequately braced where

stripping operations.

jurisdiction.

6.4.5 Vertical forms being raised or rein sections shall not be released until
adequately braced or secured. Likewise, overhead forms shall not be released until ad-

moved

equately braced or secured.

6.4.6 Workmen or others at lower levels
shall be protected from falling materials, and
appropriate warning signs shall be erected
along walkways.
6.4.7 Forms shall not be removed prematurely. The concrete should be adequately
set in order to permit safe removal of the
forms, shoring, and bracing. Engineers specifications and local building codes shall be
adhered to in determining the length of time
forms should remain in place following con-

not encased in concrete.

6.5.3 Jacks and vertical supports shall be
positioned in such a manner that the vertical
loads are distributed equally and do not exceed the capacity of the jacks.
6.5.4 The jacks or other lifting devices
should be provided with mechanical dogs or
other automatic holding devices to protect
against failure of the power supply or the
lifting

mechanism.

proceed steadily and

uniformly and shall not exceed the predetermined safe rate of lift, A jacking system,
which provides precise, simultaneous movement of the entire form in small preselected
increments, is recommended for large struc6.5.5 Lifting shall

tures,

6.5.6 Lateral and diagonal bracing of the

forms shall be provided to prevent excessive

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'

NBS*114A (REV.
U.S.

s-78)

DEPT. OF COMM.

1.

PUBLICATION OR REPORT NO.

2Gov^t..

Aec^sfoi

No>i

BIBLIOGRAPHIC DATA

SHEET
TITLE AND SUBTITLE

4.

Recommended Guidelines for Safety Inspection of Construction

of Concrete Cooling Towers
7.

AUTHOR(S)

9.

PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS

H.

S.

Lew and S. G.

Publication Date

6.

P(oTOmg,Ofgam 2aaotv Code

8.

Performing Organ. Report No.

Fattal
lintt

NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS

DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
WASHINGTON, DC 20234

No.

11. Contract/Grant No.

SPONSORING ORGANIZATION NAME AND COMPLETE ADDRESS

12.

5.

rSh-.et, City, st^te,

ZIP)

13.

Type

of Report

&

Period Covered

Occupational Safety and Health Administration

Department of Labor
Washington, D.C.
20210
SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

15.

!
I

16,

Document

(jescribes a computer program; SF-185,

FIPS Software Summary,

is

ABSTRACT

attached.

(A 200^worxi or less factual ^uaunary of most significant information*

literature survey, mention it here*)

If

document includes

a significant bibliography or

draft cooling tower construction disaster at Willow

Island, West Virginia, the National Bureau of Standards (NBS) reivewed existing
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) construction safety and
health regulations and developed guidelines for use by the OSHA compliance
officers for safety evaluation of reinforced concrete shell cooling tower
construction
As a result of the natural

The guidelines furnished are based on existing OSHA regulations, but highlight
their application to this type of construction by pointing out critical construction operations, their safety aspects, and needed compliance inspection procedures.
Major regulatory provisions affecting the basic construction plans, safety
aspects of design criteria and responsibilities, record keeping, and inspections
Special attention is given to construction loadings, construction
are summarized.
hoisting
systems, and personnel safety training.
sequences,

Detailed identification is made of items relating to concrete inspection, concrete

control, formwork operations, construction loadings, hoisting systems, and
construction safety planning.
17.

KEY WORDS

("s/x to twelve entries; alphabetical order; capitalize only the

separated by semicolons)

first letter of the first

key word unless a proper name;

Concrete; construction, cooling tower; formwork; hoisting system; regulations;

safety; standards
18.

AVAILABILITY

19.

Unlimited

SECURITY CLASS
REPORT)

(THIS
lIj For Official Distribution.

'

Do Not Release

to

NTIS

Order From Sup. of Doc., U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington,

20402, SD Stock No. SN003-003-

Order From National Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield,

VA. 22161

NO. OF
PRINTED PAGES

21.

UNCLASSIFIED

DC

20.

SECURITY CLASS

22. Price

(THIS PAGE)

UNCLASSIFIED

USCOMM-OC

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