Determination of Gyro-magnetic ratio of electron

by electron spin resonance spectrometer

Harish Madhok 14510037
March 30, 2015

Introduction

Electron spin resonance (ESR)is a useful tool for investigating the energy absorption spectra of any material with unpaired electrons(paramagnetic materials).Using ESR we can find landge g-factor of electron.
1.0.1

Theory

ESR is purely quantum mechanical effect.when paramagnetic material is placed

into magnetic field.Magnetic field interacts with magnetic moment of electrons
which is due to its spin (1/2).In magnetic field electron tends to orient itself
either parallel or anti-parallel to the magnetic field direction.when electron be
in parallel to magnetic field, energy of electron be lowest and in anti-parallel
energy be greatest.the energy difference between these two energy levels(fig.1)
is determined by following formula
E = gB B
where
g is lande g-factor
B is Bohr magneton
B is applied external magnetic field
To make transition from lower state to higher state E amount of energy
is supplied by radio oscillator which generates radio frequency waves.when energy of this radio frequency wave (E = h) equals to the energy difference
between two states(E).Resonance occurs and lower state electron absorbs energy (gB B) and goes to higher state.By knowing that at which frequency for
known magnetic field ,electrons go for transition, we can determine g-factor of
electron by following equation
At resonance
E = h = gB B
g=

h
B B
1

Figure 1: Energy splitting of electron in magnetic field

Experiment

In this experiment we use para magnetic sample Diphenyl-Picryl-Hydrazyl(DPPH)which

is shown in figure 2.The unpaired electron is on the nitrogen atom which is
weakly bounded to the nitrogen atom.This sample is placed in a tube and this
tube is placed in a coil(fig.3). A uniform magnetic field is produced by Helmholtz
coils and R.F signals is generated by radio frequency oscillator.

Figure 2: chemical structure of Diphenyl-Picryl-Hydrazyl(DPPH)molecule

We fix the radio frequency at around 15.0 MHz and change the Helmholtz
coils current.When resonance occurs there be dip in voltage which is pictured
by oscilloscope.In oscilloscope we see four peaks because the current which is
supplied to the Helmholtz coil is A.C signal with 50 Hz frequency.so in one
cycle the magnetic field for which resonance occurs ,comes four times that is
why we see four peaks in oscilloscope.We have to overlap this pour peaks to two
peaks by phase shifter and then measure the difference(Q) between them.For
different-2 values of current ,we measure the spacing between peaks and we get
the date as shown in following table.

Figure 3: Experimental setup

Results

Serial no. I(mA) distance between peaks(mm) 1/I(Amp1 )

1
100
45
10
2
128
35
7.8
3
156
30
6.41
4
212
22.5
4.71
Energy required for transition(h) will be equal to gB H0

Q(mm)
22.5
17.5
15
11.25

h = gB H0
Gyro-magnetic ratio(g)= BhH0
where h=plank constant= 6.62 1034 erg.sec
B =Bohrs magnetron =0.927 1020 erg.gauss
g=lands g-factor
0 = resonance frequency in Hz
H0 = magnetic field on the sample at the resonance in gauss
Magnetic field at the center of Helmholtzs coil is determined by following
formula
32nI
H=
gauss
10 125a
where
n is the number of turns in each coil
a is the radius of the coil
I is the current in amperes
since the current is measured in rms so magnetic field will also be in rms.The
peak to peak magnetic field will be

Hpp = 2 2H
after substituting the values a=7.0 cm, n=500
we get Hpp =168 gauss/amp.
the magnetic field at resonance is
H0 = Hpp

Q
p

H0 = 168

QI
p

where Q is the distance between peaks

p is total x-plate deflection of oscilloscope =66.0 mm
Now
h0 p
g=
168B QI
after substituting the values p=66.0 mm, 0 = 15.07M Hz
g=

42.279 104
slopebetweenQand1/I

Figure 4: plot between Q and (1/I)

slope of the above graph is 2.107103
substituting the value of slope into equation
we get
g = 2.006
actual value of g=2.0023
percentage error = (actual value -measured value)/actual value
=

2.0023 2.006
100 = 0.18
2.0023

Conclusion

We have found the value of lande g-factor 2.006 by electron spin resonance
spectrometer using para magnetic material DPPH which is slightly different
from actual value 2.0023.We have got 0.18 percent error.
4