NEEM

ACOB, PAULINE SIMEONETTE

ADAP, VIELKA ANGELA
ALDA, MARIAN LENA
AMURAO, REGINA ANGELA
ANTE, MICHAEL ANGELO
ARCILLA, SAMANTHA GAIL
GROUP 1 3APH
August 22, 2016
I. SCIENTIFIC NAMES:
Melia indica Brand
Melia azadirachta A. Juss
Azadirachta indica A. Juss
II. COMMON NAMES:
Nim
Neem Tree
Margosa Tree
Indian Lilac
Bead Tree
Pride of China
Divine Tree
Holy Tree
Ku lian
Nimbay
III. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION:
Kingdom: Plantae
Phylum: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Azadirachta
Species: Azadirachta indica A. Juss

IV. ETHNOMEDICINAL/ FOLKLORIC USES:

Poultice of leaves are used for swollen glands, bruises, and sprains.
Its fresh leaf tea is used to treat malaria.
Tree and root barks are used for intestinal parasitism and jaundice.
Edible pulp of the fruit is used for hemorrhoids
It is used for post coital contraception(a method used to prevent pregnancy after
unprotected sexual intercourse)

PHARMACOLOGICAL USES:

Oil is used intravaginally for spermicidal and contraceptive properties.

Used for gingivitis
Used as an antipyretic and antidiabetic
Used for gastrointestinal disease, immune dysfunction respiratory disease, and
inflammatory infection

V. CONSTITUENTS
Chemical investigations of neem were carried out by Indian pharmaceutical
chemists in 1919, through which they isolated acidic principle in neem oil (margosic
acid). However, real chemical research originated in 1942 with the isolation of three
active constituents: nimbin, nimbidin and nimbinene.
In 1963, the chemistry of the active principles of neem were broadly examined,
wherein it was found that most of them are chemically similar and biogenetically
derivable from tetracyclic terpenes and limonoids, the plants major chemical
constituents.
Biologically active principles isolated from different parts of the plant are slightly
hydrophilic, but freely lipophilic and highly soluble in organic solvents like, hydrocarbon,
alcohols, ketones and esters (Schmutterer and Singh, 1995). These active principles
include azadirachtin, meliacin, gedunin, salannin, nimbin, valassin and many other
derivatives of these principles.
Leaves
Its leaves mainly produce quercetin (a polyphenolic flavonoid), nimbosterol (sitosterol), and liminoids (nimbin and its derivatives). Quercetin is known to have
antibacterial and antifungal properties that may account for the curative properties of
leaves for sores and scabies. Fresh matured leaves yield an odorous viscous essential
oil, which exhibits antifungal activity against Trichophyton mentagrophytes in vitro.
The principal constituents of neem leaves include protein (7.1%), carbohydrates
(22.9%), minerals, calcium, phosphorus, vitamin C, carotene etc. But they also contain
glutamic acid, tyrosine, aspartic acid, alanine, praline, glutamine and cysteine-like
amino acids, and several fatty acids (dodecanoic, tetradecanoic, elcosanic, etc.).

Flowers
Besides the essential oil consisting of sesquiterpene derivatives, the flowers
contain nimbosterol and flavonoids (kaempferol and melicitrin). Its flowers also yield a
waxy material consisting of several fatty acids: behenic (0.7%), arachidic (0.7%), stearic
(8.2%), palmitic (13.6%), oleic (6.5%) and linoleic (8.0%). The pollen of neem contains
several amino acids like glutamic acid, tyrosine, arginine, methionine, phenylalanine,
histidine, arminocaprylic acid and isoleucine.
Bark
The trunk bark contains nimbin (0.04%), nimbinene (0.001%), nimbidin (0.4%),
nimbosterol (0.03%), essential oil (0.02%), tannins (6.0%), a bitter principle margosine
and 6-desacetyl nimbinene. The stem bark contains tannins (12-16%) and non-tannins
(8-11%). The bark contains anti-inflammatory polysaccharide consisting of glucose,
arabinose and fructose at a molar ratio 1:1:1 with molecular weight of 8,400. It also
yields an antitumor polysaccharide. Besides that, several diterpenoids (nimbinone,
nimbolicin, margocin, nimbidiol, nimbione) have been isolated from stem and root barks
as well.
Along with -sitosterol, 24-methylenelophenol and nimatone, the heartwood
contains calcium, potassium and iron salts. On destructive distillation, the heartwood
gives charcoal (30%) and pyroligeneous acid (38.4%). Neem wood also contains
cellulose, hemicellulose (14.00%) and lignin (14.63%), while the wood oil contains sitosterol, cycloeucalenol and 24-methylenecyceloartenol.
Gum
The tree secretes gum, which on hydrolysis yields, L-arabinose, L-fucose, Dgalactose and D-glucoronic acid. The older tree oozes sap containing free sugars
(glucose, fructose, mannose, xylose), amino acids (alanine, aminobutyric acid, arginine,
asparagine, aspartic acid, glycine, norvaline, praline) and organic acids (citric, malonic,
succinic, fumaric). The sap is reported to be useful in the treatment of general
weakness and skin diseases.
Seed
The seed is very important both because of its high lipid content as well as the
occurrence of a large number of bitter principles (azadirachtin, meliacin, azadiradione,
fraxinellone, nimbin, salannin, salannol, vepinin, vilasinin) in considerable quantities.
Azadirachtin has proven effectiveness as a pesticide against about 300 insect species
and is reported as non-toxic to humans. Meliacin forms the bitter principles of neem
seed oil, the distinctive odour of which is produced by tignic acid (5-methyl-2-butanic
acid) found in the seed (Schmutterer, 1990; Uko and Kamalu, 2001; Lale, 2002).

Kernel Lipids and Cake

Brownish-yellow, non-drying oil with an acrid taste and unpleasant odour, neem
kernel lipids are similar to the normal glycerides from other oil seeds. It contains oleic
acid (50-60%), palmitic acid (13-15%), stearic acid (14-19%), linoleic acid (8-16%) and
arachidic acid (1-3%).
The composition of neem cake after the extraction of oil varies widely depending
on the raw material used for expelling. The range of the composition are: crude protein
(13-35%), carbohydrates (26-50%), crude fibre (8-26%), fat (2-13%), ash (5-18%), acid
insoluble ash (1-7%).
The neem cake contains a large number of triterpenoids and is rich in most of the
amino acids that makes it a potential source of organic manure. It has many plant
nutrients including nitrogen (2-3%), phosphorus (1%) and potassium (1.4%). It also
contains tannic acid (1.0-1.5%) and has the highest sulfur content (1.07 1.36%)
among the oil cakes.

VI. BOTANICAL DESCRIPTION

Azadirachta indica is a tall, evergreen tree that is 12-15 meters or higher when
mature. It has a straight trunk with wide, spreading branches forming a crown. It has a
rough bark which is dark brown in color. The leaves of the tree are pinnately compound.
The leaves measure 20-40 centimeters long. The leaflets are lanceolate, acuminate
with serrated margins, and are arranged in alternate pairs. They measure 3-8
centimeters long. The flowers are white, abundant, often fragrant, panicles growing

mainly in the leaf axis. The fruit is a smooth, olive-like drupe that is green when unripe,
and turns yellow upon ripening.
References:
1. I.P. Ogbuewu, V.U. Odoemenam, H.O. Obikaonu, M.N. Opara, O.O. Emenalom,
M.C. Uchegbu, I.C. Okoli, B.O. Esonu and M.U. Iloeje. (2011). The growing
importance of neem (Azadirachta indica A. Juss) in agriculture, industry,
medicine and environment: A review. Research Journal of Medicinal Plants, 5:
231-232.
2. Chemistry of neem. (2014, April 14). Retrieved August 20, 2016, from Neem
Foundation, http://www.neemfoundation.org/about-neem/chemistry-of-neem/
3. Philippine Medicinal Plants. (2014, September). Neem., [online] Available at:
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Neem.html
Image source: Tree - File: http://www.greenerpro.com/img/neemtree.jpg
Fruit - File: http://3.bp.blogspot.com/4xKV5xci0bo/T92Otpd34vI/AAAAAAAAA_I/
R9H4idmXZlw/s1600/neem+tree-fruit-leaves+1.jpg

NAMES: BALLADA, Theodore Daniel

BAARES, Selah Faye
BELEN, Rosh Camille
BERGONIA, Roy Jr.
CARAIG, Rochelle Zaira
CAA, Nazarene Joy
GROUP NO. 2
DATE: August 22, 2016

3A-PHARMACY

TALINUM
SCIENTIFIC NAME: Talinum paniculatum
COMMON NAMES: Jewels of Opar
Fame flower
Pink Baby-Breath
TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION:
KINGDOM: Plantae
SUBKINGDOM: Tracheobionta
SUPERDIVISION: Spermatophyta
DIVISION: Magnoliophyta
CLASS: Magnoliopsida
SUBCLASS: Caryophyllidae
ORDER: Caryophyllales
FAMILY: Portulacaceae
GENUS: Talinum Adans.
SPECIES: Talinum paniculatum (Jacq.) Gaertn.
ETHNOMEDICINAL AND PHARMACOLOGICAL USES:
The ethnomedicinal use of the plant varies per country. In Asia, it is use primarily
as a reproductive tonic and is used to regulate menses. It is used also as treatment for
cough, general debility, and diarrhea. In Indonesia, it is used to for liver and kidney
problems. While in Brazil, the plant is known to treat inflammatory conditions. In
Thailand, the plant is used to treat diabetes and inflammatory skin problem, induce
lactation and restore uterine functions postpartum. Other uses include treatment of bad
smelling urine, gastrointestinal disorders, and general debility. The leaves of talinum are
mostly used topically in the treatment of edemas, skin inflammation, minor scratches,
cuts, and scrapes. While the decoction of its roots provide treament for scurvy, arthritis,
stomach inflammation, and pneumonia.

The pharmacologic uses being studied include:

-Antiviral; Anti-inflammatory

-Antidiarrheal

-Antinociceptive; Edematogenic

-Aphrodisiac

- Anti-Fertility / Anti-Implantation / Abortifacien

-Diuretic

-Tocolytic

-Tonic

- Antioxidative / Anti-Aging

-Sedative

CONSTITUENTS:
From the root of Talinum paniculatum GAERTNER (Portulacaceae), a mixed
compound of 1-hexacosanol, 1-octacosanol and 1-triacontanol, its acetate, and a mixed
compound of campesterol, stigmasterol and -sitosterol together with -sitosteryl--Dglucoside were identified. Its root has saponin, steroid and essential oil. Phytochemical
screening of hexane and ethyl acetate extracts yielded potassium nitrate; the mixture of
long chain hiodrocarbons hentriacontane, dotriacontane, tritriacontane and
pentatriacontane; heneicosanoic acid; the ester nonacosyl nonacosanoate; urea; 3-O-D- glucosyl--sitosterol; the mixture of -sitosterol and stigmasterol, and a pentaciclyc
triterpene 3-O-acethyl-aleuritolic acid. Methanolic leaf and root extracts yielded various
phytosterols: campesterol, -sitosterol, stigmasterol, stigmastan-3-ol, stimast-22-en-3-ol
and stigmastanol.
IMAGE AND DESCRIPTION:

Talinum is a fleshy, erect herb, growing to 50 centimeters. Its leaves are in

whorls, obovate-lanceolate, flat, glossy and bright green up to 12 cm long. The stem is
narrow and the flowers are in terminal panicles, small and pink colored.

Sources:
- Talinum paniculatum. (n.d.). Retrieved August 17, 2016, from
https://florafaunaweb.nparks.gov.sg/special-pages/plant-detail.aspx?id=2494
- Plants Profile for Talinum paniculatum (jewels of Opar). (n.d.). Retrieved August
18, 2016, from http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=tapa2
- Talinum paniculatum - Portulaca paniculata Jacq -- Discover Life. (n.d.).
Retrieved August 18, 2016, from http://www.discoverlife.org/mp/20q?search=Talinum
paniculatum
- Talinum Paniculatum Herb Uses, Benefits, Cures, Side Effects, Nutrients
Repertory. (n.d.). Retrieved August 18, 2016, from http://herbpathy.com/Uses-andBenefits-of-Talinum-Paniculatum-Cid3064
- Talinum. (n.d.). Retrieved August 18, 2016, from
http://www.stuartxchange.com/Talinum.html

Names:
Co, Patricia Anne
Cuevas, Arianne
David, Crissabelle

Section: 3APH
De Asis, Patricia Esperanza
de Leoz, Vernine Mara
del Rosario, Josh Patrick

Group #3
Date: August 22, 2016
GUYABANO
I. Scientific Name: Annona muricata Linn.
II. Common Names:
Atti (Ibn.)
Babana (P. Bis.)
Bayubana (Ilk.)
Brazilian papaw (Engl.)
Ci guo fan li zhi (Chin.)
Graviola (Portg.)
Soursop (Engl.)
Labanos (Bik.)
III. Taxonomic Classification:
Domain: Eukarya
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Magnoliales
Family: Annonaceae
Genus: Annona
Species: A. muricata Linn.
IV. Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacologic Uses:
Folkloric
Unripe fruit for dysentery
Ripe fruit antiscorbutic
Seeds and green fruit astringent
Flowers antispasmodic
Infusion of leaves - sudorific, antispasmodic and emetic
Decoction of leaves - used for head lice and bedbugs
Used as tonic by Chinese and Malays
Flowers - used to alleviate catarrh
Fruits and leaves (in some cultures) - used for tranquilizing and
sedative properties
Decoction of leaves - used as compresses for inflammation and
swollen feet
Poultice of mashed leaves and sap of young leaves - used for
eczema and skin eruptions
Juice of ripe fruit - used as diuretic and for hematuria and urethritis
Pharmacologic

Cytotoxic/antileishmanial the pericarp has been found to have

cytotoxic and antileishmanial activity
Antidiabetic aqueous extracts of A. muricata on pancreatic betaislet cells were found to improve beta cell integrity by endogenous
production of antioxidants
Anti-hyperlipidemia methanolic extracts were found to
significantly reduce total cholesterol, LDL, and VLDL
Antimicrobial studies showed that extract of A. muricata leaves
exhibited broad spectrum against bacteria such as B. subtilis,
Staph. aureus, K. pneumoniae, and P. vulgaris

V. Constituents:
Extracts from the fruit and the leaves of Guyabano (Annona
muricata - Annonaceae) contains three alkaloids, annonaine (1),
nornuciferine (2) and asimilobine (3), that upon tests have shown to
inhibit binding of [3H]rauwolscine to 5-HTergic 5-HT1A receptors in
calf hippocampus. These results imply that Guyabano fruit (Annona
muricata) possesses anti-depressive effects.
Major phytochemicals include tannins, steroids, and cardiac
glycosides
Alcoholic extract of leaves yielded an essential oil when distilled
with steam
Studies isolated sterols
Seeds yielded lactone, annominicina, annomontacina, annonacina,
annomuricatina, annonacinona, and javoricina among others
Leaf oil yielded compounds, major ones include -caryophyllene, cadinene, -muurolene, and - and -cadinols among others.
VI. Images

Guyabano leaves are oval

shaped with smooth, shiny texture. Guyabano leaves are 7 to 20 centimeters in
length, pointed on both ends, with petioles about 5 mm long. Guyabano flowers
bloom all year round but its peak is from May to June. Guyabano has a solitary
flower that is large, yellow or greenish-yellow in color. The three outer petals are

broadly ovate with a heart-shaped base, up to 5 centimeters long, and 3

centimeters wide; and the inner three are also large, elliptic to obviate, and
rounded.
VII. Sources
Arango G.J., Gonzalez M.C., Jaramillo M.C., Robledo S.M., and Velez I.D. (2000).
Cytotoxicity and antileishmanial activity of Annona muricata pericarp.
Fitoterapia, 71(2), 183-186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0367-326X(99)00138-0
Alexandra T., Benoit M.Z., Desire D.D., Florence N.T., Jonas K., Pierre K., and
Theophile D. (2014). Antidiabetic and antioxidant effects of Annona muricata
(Annonaceae), aqueous extracts on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats.
Journal
of
Ethnopharmacology,
151(2),
784-790.
http://dx.doi.org/ 10.1016/j.jep.2013.09.021
Adewole S., Adeyemi D., Komolafe O., and Obuotor E. (2008). Anti hyperlipidemic
activities of Annona muricata (Linn). The Internet Journal of Alternative
Medicine, 7(1).
United States Department of Agriculture. (n.d.). Annona muricata L. soursop.
Retrieved
20
August
2016
from
the
USDA
website:
http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=anmu2

Names:
19 Dela Pea, Monique Anne
20 Delos Reyes, Chenalee
21 Fernandez, Jorell Jasper
22 Francisco, Jenny
23 Frial, Samantha Marie
24 Gill, Gurvir
Group No. 4

Section: 3A-Ph

I. SCIENTIFIC NAMES:
Gumira odorata (Blanco) Kuntze
Gumira vestita (Schauer) Kuntze
Premna curaranii H.J. Lam
Premna flavida Miq.
Premna goeringii Turcz.
Prema odorata Blanco
Premna vestita Schauer
II. COMMON NAMES:
Abgau (Panay Bisaya)
Adgau (Panay Bisaya, Bikol)
Adiyo (Tagalog)
Aggau (Cebu Bisaya)
Alagau (Tagalog, Iloko)
Alagaw (Tagalog)
Anobran (Iloko)
Argau (Panay Bisaya)
Atigi (Gaddang)
Duragau (Subanum)
Fragrant premna (English)
Guachal (Igorot)
Lagau (Maguindanao)
Lassi (Ibanag)
Pumuhat tangli (Pangasinan)
Saliargao (Cebu Bisaya)
Tibanggen (Bontok)
III. TAXONOMICAL CLASSIFICATION
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Magnoliophyta
Class Magnoliopsida
Order Lamiales
Family Verbenaceae
Genus Premna L.
Species Premna odorata Blanco

IV.
ETHNOMEDICINAL
AND
PHARMACOLOGICAL
USES
The decocted leaves of Alagaw plant are said to have a number of healing properties.
They can alleviate stomach aches, fever, colds, bronchitis, etc. and is also used as
treatment for beriberi and tuberculosis. When crushed, the leaves can also be used to
cure headaches by placing it on the forehead and temple. The leaves are used as one
of the ingredients in preparing Pito-Pito, an herbal tea blend that is considered effective
for relieving headaches, migraine, diarrhea, asthma, etc. The other parts of the plant
also have a lot of use: decocted shoots are used as parasiticide; flowering tops can be
used as a vaginal douche; and roots can be chewed and the saliva swallowed is
believed to cure cardiac troubles.
V. CONSTITUENTS
The parts of Premna odorata with significant medicinal use are the leaves and flowering
tops, whether fresh or dried. A yellowish-green essential oil may be derived from Alagaw
leaves. The leaves however, do not contain alkaloids, tannins, saponins, or any
cyanogenetic substance. Furthermore, the iridoid glycosides 2- and 3-caffeoyl-6--Lrhamnopyranosyl catalpol, were extracted from Alagaw. These compounds were shown
to have antidiabetic and antioxidant effects. Other compunds were also isolated from P.
odorata which include: O-acylated derivatives of catalpol and asystasioside E,
monoterpenediol diesters, premnaodorosides A, B, and C, phenethyl alcohol
glycosid4es, verbscoside, isoacteoside, bioside (decaffeoylverbascoside) and
cistanoside F.
VI. IMAGE AND DESCRIPTION

With a height of 3 to 8 meters, Alagaw is a small, hairy tree. The Leaves are ovate to
broadly ovate at 10-20 centimeters long with broad, rounded or seemingly heart-shaped
base, and pointed tips. Short hairs cover the Under surface of the blade which leave an

aroma when crushed. Flowers are greenish-white or nearly white with a length of 4 to 5
millimeters and borne on terminal inflorescences (cymes) 8 to 20 centimeters in
diameter. The Fruit is fleshy, dark purple, rounded and is 5 millimeters in diameter.
REFERENCES:
Alagaw/ Premna odorata: Philippine Medicinal Herbs / Philippine Alternative Medicine.
(n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2016, from http://www.stuartxchange.com/Alagaw.html
Healing Wonders of Philippine Medicinal Plants. (n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2016, from
http://www.filipinoherbshealingwonders.filipinovegetarianrecipe.com/alagaw.htm
Otsuka, H., Kubo, N., Yamasaki, K., & Padolina, W. G. (1989). Two iridoid glycoside
caffeoyl esters from Premna odorata. Phytochemistry, 28(2), 513515.
doi:10.1016/0031-9422(89)80044-5
Plants Profile for Premna odorata (fragrant premna). (n.d.). Retrieved August 19, 2016,
from http://plants.usda.gov/core/profile?symbol=PROD
Zhu, H., Wang, Y., Liu, Z., Wan, D., Feng, S., & Yang, X. (2016). Antidiabetic and
antioxidant effects of catalpol extracted from Rehmannia glutinosa (di Huang) on rat
diabetes induced by streptozotocin and high-fat, high-sugar feed. Chinese medicine.,
11, . doi:10.1186/s13020-016-0096-7

Names: #25 Javier, Danlled

#26 Kiok, Elizabeth
#27 Lee, Steven Matthew
#28 Lubo, John Harold
#29 Lumbao, Pearl Kristine
#30 Mercado, Johanna Patricia
Group No. 5
Date: August 22, 2016
I

Scientific Name: Euphorbia hirta Linn.

II

Common Name: Tawa-tawa, Bell orchid, Gatas-gatas

III

Section: 3A-PH

Taxonomical Classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Subkingdom: Tracheobionta
Superdivision: Spermatophyta
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Subclass: Rosidae
Order: Malpighiales
Family: Euphorbiaceae
Genus: Euphorbia
Species: hirta

IV

Ethnomedicinal and Pharmacological Uses:

- Called gatas-gatas because of the healing property of the milky juice
- Used as a drink for dengue fever
- Leaves are mixed with Datura metel leaves and flowers in the preparation of
"asthma-cigarettes"
- Latex is prescribed for asthma
- Entire plant prescribed as an antidote; considered hemostatic, sedative, and
soporific
- Decoction used to allay the dyspnea of asthmatics
- Fluid extract of tincture is used in asthma, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema,
also in pulmonary cardiac disease and angina pectoris
- Used for acute and chronic dysentery
- Tincture is used as anthelmintic
- Juice used for colic
- Juice used as ophthalmic drops for conjunctivitis or ulceration of the cornea.
Stem sap used in the treatment of styes

- Leaf poultice used for swellings and boils

- Infusion or tea of the plant, 4 glasses daily, for bronchitis and labored breathing,
asthma, chronic dysentery
- Used for boils and wounds
- Decoction of dry plant used for skin disease
- Decoction of fresh plant used as gargle for the treatment of thrush
- Decoction of the root used to allay vomiting, chronic diarrheas, and fevers
- Root decoction also beneficial for nursing mothers deficient in milk: 4-5 glasses
of tea
- The same root decoction as an enema for constipation
- Root used for snake bites
- Used in sores, wounds, boils. As ear drop for pustular swellings in the ear
- Superficial bleeding: Crush leaves and apply on affected part, as local
hemostatic
- Paste of bulb used for treating sores and intestinal afflictions
- Macerated orchid used for treating aphthae
V

VI

Constituents:
- Studies have isolated gallic acid, quercetin, triacontane, cetyl alcohol,
phytosterol, phytosterolin (phytosterol glucoside); jambulol, melissic, and a
mixture of acids consisting chiefly of palmitic, oleic, and linoleic acid.
- Phytochemicals screenings have yielded alkaloids, essential oil, phenols, sterol,
flavones and fatty acids.
- Yields flavonoids: euphorbianin, leucocyanidol, camphol, quercitrin and
quercitrol.
- Study has suggested that some of the constituents of the plant are similar to
those of the jambul (Syzygium cumini) seeds.
- Dried leaves yielded a moisture content of 9.70%, protein 13.5% 0.15, fat
1.13% 0.06, ash 3.13% 0.06, crude fiber 3.57% 0.06, and carbohydrate 69.5%
0.20. Vitamin content showed ascorbic acid 26.1 mg/100g, thiamine 0.60,
riboflavin 1.20, and niacin 0.70.
- Phytochemical screening of extracts yielded the presence of carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins resins, steroids, acidic compounds,
tannins, glycosides, phenols and terpenoids. (see study below)
- Study of aerial parts (leaves and stems) revealed saponin, sterol, terpene,
alkaloids, polyphenols, tannins, flavonoids and especially mucllage.
- Physiochemical study yielded mineral analysis of magnesium, potassium,
calcium, zinc, and traces of chrome.
Image of Plant

Gatas-gatas is a slender-stemmed, annual hairy plant with many branches from

the base to the top, the branches simple or forked and ascending or spreading, up to 40
centimeters tall, reddish or purplish in color. Leaves are opposite, elliptic-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, distichous, 1 to 2.5 centimeters long, usually blotched with purple in
the middle, toothed at the margin. Involucres are numerous, purplish to greenish in
color, borne in dense, axillary, stalkless or short-stalked clusters or crowded cymes,
about 1 millimeter in length. Capsules are broadly ovoid, hairy, three-angled, about 1.5
millimeters long.
References:

Olayiwola Olajumoke Abidemi . Proximate Composition and Vitamin Levels of

Seven Medicinal Plants. International Journal of Engineering Science Invention,
Volume 2, Issue 5, May, 2013, pp .47-50.
Nur Aishah Abdul Wahab, Hanina Mohd Noor, Salina Mat Radzi, Jalil Kader.
Study on anti-quorum sensing potentials and phytochemical constituents of
Euphorbia hirta. Journal of Natural Sciences Research, Vol 4, No 3, 2014.
Minerals salt composition and secondary metabolites of Euphorbia hirta Linn., an
antihyperglycemic plant / N'Guessan Bra Yvette Fofie, Rokia Sanogo, Kiyinlma
Coulibaly, Dinba Kone Bamba / Pjarmacognosy Research, Vol 7, Issue 1, pp
7-13, 2015.
Philippine Medicinal Plants. Reference cited from:
http://www.stuartxchange.org/Tawa-tawa.html. Stuart Exchange.

Nolasco, Jazmin Crisha D.

Pascual, Genevene A.
Qui, Janina Rayla R.
Rayos, Al Kim R.
Santos, Francis Guiller B.
Sea, Angelica Camille B.

3APH

Group 6
August 22, 2016
I.
II.

Scientific Name : Tabernaemontana pandacaqui Poir.

Common Names : Pandakaki
Pandakaking-puti
Kampupot
Banana Bush
Windmill Bush

III.

Taxonomical Classification :
Kingdom Plantae
Phylum Anthophyta
Class Dicotyledoneae
Order Gentianales
Family Apocynaceae
Genus Tabernaemontana
Species T. pandacaqui

IV.

Ethnomedicinal & Pharmacological Uses

a. Herbal viagra
Leaves - used as cataplasm on the belly to induce menstruation
Poulticed leaves - applied on the abdomen to hasten childbirth
Leaf juice - applied for wound healing.
Decoction of root and bark - for stomach and intestinal ailments.
Repellent against hematophagous insects: Decoction of fresh leaf
and roots is drunk, while leaves and stems are hung inside the
house
Hot Foot Baths (immersion bath covering the feet, ankles and legs)
o to relieve head, chest and pelvic congestion;

o
o
o
o
V.

to
to
to
to

stop nosebleeds;
relieve spasms and pains of feet and legs;
induce sweating;
relieve menstrual cramps and headaches.

Constituents
Phytochemical screening of leaves yielded terpenoids, flavonoids
and anthraquinones. Stems yielded alkaloids and terpenoids.
IV.

Image of Plant with Brief Description :

The Pandakaki is a shrub 1 to 4 meters in height. Its leaves are

elliptic-lanceolate to oblong-elliptic, 5 to 12 centimeters in length. It is
also known to have few white peduncled flowers. Its fruits are red and
fleshy. The Pandakaki is found throughout the Philippines, mostly in
islands and provinces. Its leaves and stems are a great source of
terpenoids, flavonoids, and anthraquinones, and alkaloids. However,
toxicity is attributed to contact to its milky sap and consumption of its
fruit.

Names:

Group 7

Tablizo, Marie Kathleen

Tan, Brent Fredrich Tan
Tejada, Anne Marie Albert
Thongsata, Jamie
Tigas, Christian Dominic
Timbang, Frances Patricia

Section: 3APH

August 22, 2016

Scientific Names: Artemisia vulgaris Linn., Artemisia wallichiana
Besser, Artemisia superba Pamp.
Common Names: Damong Maria (Tagalog), Chinese honeysuckle
(English), Cintura de San Jose (Spanish)
Taxonomical Classification:
Plantae
Viridiplantae
Streptophyta
Embryophyta
Tracheophyta
Spermatophyta
Magnoliopsida
Astetranae
Asterales
Asteraceae
Artemisia
Artemisia vulgaris
Ethnomedicinal:

Artemisia is used as hemostatic, antiseptic, and carminative in

China. It is also used as decoction for hemoptysis, dysentery,
menorrhagia and postpartum hemorrhages as a wash for wounds.

In the native spirits, the tincture of the plant is used as nerve

sedative for abdominal pain and when in labor.

Countries like Persia, India and Afghanistan have strong and

weak decoction. Strong decoction used as anthelminthic and
weak decoction for the children who have measles.

The leaves of this plant were also used by the Malaya and Anman
countries for epistaxis, hematemesis, hemostatic, carminative,
and hematuria.

Pharmacological Uses:

The water extract of Artemisia might lower blood sugar levels in

people with type 2 diabetes.

Some parasitic infections like tapeworm, hookworms, flukes and

pinworms can be reduced when taking this plant.

The cut fragments of the leaves that were used to cauterize

wounds.

Decoction of its fresh leaves and flowering tops were used as

expectorant, abdominal colic pains, headache, asthma, skin
diseases and dyspepsia.

Constituents:

The Artemisia plant yields volatile oils consisting of cineol,

thujone, paraffin and aldehyde.

The roots contain inulin, tannin, resin and 0.1% of volatile oils.

Study of crude extract yielded alkaloids, coumarins, flavonoids,

saponins, sterols, tannins and terpenes.

Essential oil from aerial parts yielded 14 compounds (93.34 % of

the oil). The main constituents were Isobornyl isobutyrate
(38.06%), -pinene (30.13 %), dl-Limonene (6.23%), -3- Carene
(4.80%), -pinene (4%), -Terpinene (2.76%) and trans-Rose oxide
(2.00%).

Elemental analysis yielded average concentrations (ppm):

Pb 25.8001.95

Cr 05.3750.41

Fe 393.1300.67

Cu 13.6000.46

Cd 0.5000.79

Ni 00.0000.14

Zn 31.700 0.70

Mn 41.6500.05

Co 2.0500.27

Na 1118.8000.52

K 15325.000.67

Ca 7177.5000.67

Mg 910.0000.12

The major components of essential oil from stems were camphor,

camphene,
-thujone,
1,8-cineole,
-muurolene
and
caryophyllene.

Image of Plant:

Damong-maria is an erect perennial herb, hairy, aromatic, rank

smelling, often half-woody, and growing to a height of 1 m or less. The
stems are leafy and branched about 30-60 cm tall. Its leaves are
pinnately lobed, dividided into 2-4 pairs of segments, are 5 to 14
centimeters long, hairy, gray beneath, with nearly smooth surface
above. The inflorescences are spikelike, ascending, and branched and
the florets are brownish. Its fruit is a minute achene.
REFERENCES:
[1]

http://stuartxchange.com/Damong.html
[2]
http://www.itis.gov/servlet/SingleRpt/SingleRpt?
search_topic=TSN&search_value=35448
[3]
http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1156artemisia%20herbaalba.aspx?
activeingredientid=1156&activeingredientname=artemisia%20herbaalba
[4]http://www.globinmed.com/index.php?
option=com_content&view=article

Tolentino, Joy C.

3A PHARMACY

Umali, Joseph Patrick A.

Zacarias, Grace Ann A.
Zamora, Meriel Jessa S.
Zaraspe, Pauline Marielle E.
GROUP 8
August 22, 2016
Tsitsirika
Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don.
PINK PERIWINKLE
Zhang chun hua
1. Scientific Name

Catharanthus roseus (L.) G.Don.

2. Common Names

Amnias (Tag.)
Atai-bia (Tag.)
Atay-bia (Tag.)
Kantotan (Tag.)
Lubitos (Ivan.)
Sirsirika (Bik.)
Sitchirika (Tag.)
Tsitsirika (Tag.)
Madagascar periwinkle (Engl.)
Pink periwinkle (Engl.)
OTHER VERNACULAR NAMES:
CHINESE: Yan lai hong, Ri ri cao, Ri ri xin, San wan
hua, Zhang chun hua.
FRENCH: Kihapai, Prevenche de Madagascar.
HAWAIIAN: Pervenche de Madagascar, pervenche du
pays
MALAYSIA: Kemunting cina.
MYANMAR: Thenbanmahnyoban.
SPANISH: Chatas, chavelas, chula.lai hong, pervinca
de Madagascar, Chichirica, San Pedro.
TONGAN: Siale, siale vao.

3. Taxonomical
Classification

KINGDOM Plantae
DIVISION Magnoliophyta

CLASS Magnoliopsida
ORDER Gentianales
FAMILY Apocynaceae
GENUS Catharanthus
SPECIES Catharanthus roseus
4. Ethnomedicinal and
- In the Philippines, decoction of leaves used in diabetes.
Pharmacological Uses - Decoction of young leaves used for stomach cramps.
- Root decoction for intestinal parasitism; as
emmenagogue; may produce abortion.
- Infusion of leaves used for treating menorrhagia.
- Crude leaf extract has anticancer activity.
- Recent use of roots for anticancer applications.
- Roots used for dysentery.
- In Madagascar, the bitter and astringent leaves used as
vomitive; roots used as purgative, vermifuge,
depurative, hemostatic and toothache remedy.
- In Orissa, juice of leaves used as application to wasp
stings.
- In Mauritius, infusion of leaves used for indigestion and
dyspepsia.
- In Ayurveda, used for diabetes.
- In India, juice of leaves used for bee stings.
- In India, West Indies, and Nigeria used for diabetes.
- In Cuba and Jamaica, flower extract used for eyewash
in infants.
- In the Bahamas, flower decoction used for asthma.
- In Bermuda, used for high blood pressure.
- In Malaysia, plant decoction used for diabetes,
hypertension, insomnia, and cancer.
- In Indo-China, used for dysmenorrhea.
5. Constituent

- Leaves yield a volatile oil containing aldehyde,

sesquiterpenes, furfural, sulphur-containing
compounds, lochnerol, vincamine, vinpocetin (ethyl
aponvincminate), vincarosin.
- Plant yields an amorphous alkaloid, vincarosin.
- Compounds identified: Alkaloids (vincristine, vinblastine,
ibogaine, yohimbine, raubasine), flavonoids
(hirsutidin).
- Plant yields more than 100 monoterpenoid indole
alkaloids.
- Leaves and stems yield dimeric alkaloids vincristine and
vinblastine.
- Roots yield ajmalicine and serpentine.

- Study on elemental composition of leaves yielded

6. Image of Plant

Tsitsirika is an erect, smooth or slightly hairy, simple or slightly branched plant, 30 to 50

centimeters high. Stems are somewhat woody. Leaves are oblong, 4 to 7 centimeters long,
rounded at tip, pointed at base. Flowers are white, pink, or red, or variegated white and red, 3.5
cm to 5 centimeters across, borne in the axils of the leaves. Calyx-lobes are green and very
slender. about 4 millimeters long. Corolla-tube is slender, 2.5 to 3 centimeters long, and pale
green; the limb is spreading with obliquely obovate lobes 1.7 to 2.5 centimeters wide. Fruit is a
hairy and cylindric follicle, 2 to 3 centimeters long. It is an ornamental which flowers all yearround. It is a native of tropical America but also established in many parts of the Philippines and
is often very abundant along sandy seashores. It is now pantropic.

Source: http://www.stuartxchange.org/Tsitsirika.html