Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
For
Engineers
Roger L. Brauer
Session Nine
23 October 2015
Agenda
Chemicals
Compound that are not normally dangerous may because so for certain uses
Indoor
Continues to grow on the concern about indoor air quality
Chemicals
Chemical Regulation and Standards
Outdoors
Many laws and regulations governing air and water quality and the handling and
disposal of hazardous materials
Water (clean water act 72 ; safe drinking water, act 74/92 standards for the
taste, color, appearance, and limit for certain chemicals and bacteria)
Right to know (Right to know act 86) Public demand for more information
about dangers of particular chemicals
Product
There are regulations covering chemicals in certain products. For example
additives and coloring agents fall under control of Food and Drug Administration
(FDA), which also controls certain chemicals in cosmetics.
Chemicals
Chemical Regulation and Standards
Processes
Chemical engineers and other specialist work on the safety of equipment ,
system, and process for the manufacture of chemicals, petroleum, and other
products. The Process may use heat, pressure, chemical reactions, and other
methods to achieve the end products.
Many process are based on continuous and control materials instead of batch.
Part of the design responsibility is to reduce or eliminate risks in the processes
and to include sensors, warning system, automated or manual adjustment, or
shutdown when processes go outside the acceptable range.
OSHA has established a performance standard for evaluating hazards and risks
of such process and defining control for the hazards.
Workplaces
American Conference of Government Industrial Hygienist (ACGIH) has published
a booklet listing the recommended exposure limits for workers. It is intended a
guide to help limit harmful chemical exposure for workers.
ACGIH standards are recommended practice for industrial hygienist practicing in
industry .
OSHA standards are enforceable as government regulations.
Chemicals
Hazards
3 items of information to determine the hazardous agents
- what the agent is and what form it is
- the concentration
- the duration and form of exposure
The main hazard for chemicals
1. Health effect
2. Fire and explosions
3. Reactivity with other materials
Dust (airborne solids, 0.1-26 micron. Dust larger than 5 micron settle out in air). Result
from process breaking materials into small size (grinding and mixing)
Fumes (fine solids less than 1 micron, are often formed by condensation of vapors).
Exp. Heating of lead vaporizers, some lead material that quickly condenses to small,
solid particles.
Smoke (carbon or soot particles, less than 0.1 micron, result from incomplete
combustion of carbonaceous material)
Mist (fine droplets suspended in or falling through air. Condensation from gas to the
liquid state, or breaking up of liquid by atomizing, splashing or foaming)
Chemicals
Hazards
Health Effect
Degree of damage depends on
- type and form of substances
- type and rate of exposure
- what happens to the substance in the body
Chemicals
Hazards
Asphyxiate
Asphyxiate material do not have direct effects on the body or its organs, but
they displace oxygen in a breathing atmosphere.
Nuisance Dust
Some materials are simply a nuisance. They may cause irritation, coughing,
or similar symptom, but have no long term effects. Certain dusts are
classified as nuisance dust.
Individual Differences
Not everyone exhibits the same effects or degree of effects from a chemical
exposure
Pneumoconiosis
Pneumoconiosis is a disease of the lung resulting from the inhalation of
various kinds of dusts and other particles. The disease has several names
depending on the material one is exposed (asbestosis asbestos fibers,
silicosis free silica).
Carcinogens
A substance that produce cancer in animals or humans under certain
quantified exposure. There are specific test to determine when a material to
be classified as carcinogen.
Chemicals
Toxicology
Toxicity is the capacity of materials to produce injury or harm after it reaches a site
in or on the body where harm can result.
Toxicology is the science that deals with the nature and effects of poisons.
Toxicity Rating System
Rating
Description
Remark
Unknown
None /
No toxicity
Chemicals
Toxicology
Rating
1
Description
Low slight toxicity
(Four types)
Remark
a. Acute local
- Slight effect on the skin, eyes, regardless the
extend of exposure
b. Acute systemic
- Enter the body by inhalation, ingestion, or
dermal contact
- Slight effect
c. Chronic local
- Repeated or continuous exposure
- Slight effect
d. Chronic systemic
- Continuous exposure by inhalation, ingestion,
or dermal contact
- Slight effect
Chemicals
Toxicology
Rating
2
Description
Moderate toxicity
(Four types)
Remark
May cause reversible or irreversible changes in
the body, but it not necessary severe enough to
cause serious physical impairment or threaten
life
a. Acute local
- Single exposure lasting seconds, minutes, or
hours
- Moderate toxicity
b. Acute systemic
- Single exposure absorbed by inhalation
- Moderate toxicity
c. Chronic local
d. Chronic systemic
Chemicals
Toxicology
Rating
3
Description
Remark
a. Acute local
Single exposure
- Sufficient severity threaten life, permanent
physical impairment
-
b. Acute systemic
Single exposure
- Sufficient severity
-
c. Chronic local
d. Chronic systemic
Chemicals
Toxicology
Chemicals
Toxicology
Routes of Entry
Inhalation
- during respiration, airborne gas and particulates are carried into the upper
respiratory system and lungs
- body may absorb the materials into the blood stream or may encapsulate
the material in the lung tissue
- inhaled materials or portion of them maybe exhaled as well
Ingestion
- involves eating and drinking materials
- ingested materials are absorbed into the blood after traveling to the
intestinal track
Injection
- material maybe injected purposely or accidentally
Safety and Health/MA/Oct'15
Chemicals
Toxicological Data
Human Experimentation
One way to collect data on toxicity of materials is through experimentation
with human
- In general society does not condone human experimentation
- Strong national concern for some disease or illness
- When a pharmaceutical has high benefit and relatively low risk
Chemicals
Toxicological Data
Human experience
Sometimes accidental exposure provide opportunity to complete data on the toxicity
substance (chronic or acute)
- No control on exposure difficult to know the exposure level
- Exposure level and conditions were estimated from limited information by using
epidemiological procedure (epidemiology is the study of disease in human population)
- Based on pattern of disease could be related to the exposure
(exp. Workers exposed to certain pesticides exhibited similar disease patterns that
stimulated further testing, which ultimately lowered exposure standards, or
even led a
Animal Studies ban on certain materials
-
Most toxicity data come from controlled and replicated animal studies
A problem in toxicity testing involves time
- Some substance produce disease after a long latency period or chronic
exposure
- To replicate slow exposure or wait for latency periods would be very expensive
Microorganism testing
- Monitor the growth pattern of particular bacteria, and contrast bacteria
exposed to a chemical compared with unexposed samples
- Screen substances rapidly for particular characteristics
Safety and Health/MA/Oct'15
Chemicals
Controls
Substitution
- Replacing a hazardous material with a non hazardous one
- If the proposed alternative material does not perform, substitution may not
be a desirable situation
Chemicals
Controls
Engineering control (cont..)
Isolation
- Uses a barrier between a source of contaminants and workers
- Usually involves an exhaust ventilation
- Some time there is a port with built-in gloves for worker to perform
some function inside the enclosure
- Workers are located in the enclosure with a controlled uncontaminated
atmosphere from which they can see an operation and control it
remotely
- Separating hazardous operation from non hazardous ones
Ventilation
- Useful for airborne contaminants
- General ventilations : Moves fresh outside air into the general work space
to dilute or displace contaminants to keep concentration as or below
allowable levels. Several limitations :
- requires movement of large volume of air
- outdoor air may already contaminated
- heating, cooling, or dehumidifying outdoors air is costly
- may not dilute substances at cell location
Safety and Health/MA/Oct'15
Chemicals
Controls
Ventilation (cont..)
- Local Exhaust Ventilations
- requires smaller volume than general ventilation
- capture contaminants at or near the sources (before hazardous
substances reach the breathing zone)
- exhaust air need treatment to remove and collect contaminant
House Keeping
- Removal of dust accumulation and rapid clean up of spills
- Regular removal hazardous dust from floors, walls, and other surfaces is
important
- Removal should avoid dispersing into the air
- Vacuum cleaning equipment should be used
- Sweeping, compressed air, or blower should not be used, it causes
airborne
- In certain case, spraying water on materials may eliminate the source of
dust
Safety and Health/MA/Oct'15
Chemicals
Controls
Work practices and administrative controls
Training
- Proper training of workers and supervisors to supplement other controls
- Standard and low training is required to encounter and protect from hazard
Personal Hygiene
- Cleaning skin that becomes contaminated during normal working days or
as the result of a spill or accidents
- Evaluate washing facilities, emergency showers, and other proper
cleaning agents to remove contaminants
- Emergency eyewash for possibility for contaminating and injury eyes
Safety and Health/MA/Oct'15
Chemicals
Controls
Work practices and administrative controls (cont..)
Chemicals
Confined Space
Hazard
- Three main hazard of confine space
- Oxygen deficiency (<18%)
- Presence of substances heavier than air gases then settle in a closed
container
- Oxygen depleting bacteria that consume oxygen (rusting process)
- Flammable and Combustable Gases
- Heat may ignite material
- Result from residual fuel, methane produce (anaerobic)
- Pressurized Atmosphere
- Produce injury when open
Chemicals
Confined Space
Control
- Before entering, confine space must be depressurized
- Connection to potential hazardous, material must be isolated and sealed,
energy sources must be locked and tag out
- Atmosphere must be tested for oxygen content, toxic material, and flammable
gasses and vapors
- Ventilation for breathable air supply, reduce flammable hazard to less than
LFL
- If heated process involved, precautions for fire protection is necessary
- Activities may create noise, heat, and cold hazard, precautions must be in
place
- At least two workers involve and permit
Chemicals
Confined Space Entry
Individual Competence
Before an individual enters a confined space:
Be physically fit
P.P.E
When required:
Personal monitors
Safety harness/lifeline
Gloves
Hearing protection
Breathing apparatus
To monitor entrants during the job and during entry & exit to help insure
their safety
The attendant may not abandon his post for any reason while personnel
are in the space unless relieved by another qualified attendant.
To control access to the confined space
To summon emergency assistance as needed
To assess hazards in and around the space, and take action on the
same
To keep records of confined space work, such as air test results,
personnel entry/exit, etc.
Lighting
Electrical Equipment
Double wound full isolation stepdown transformer to reduce outlet voltage below
50 volts
Battery operated
Transformers must be kept outside the confined space
Time
8 Hours
1 Hour
1 Hour
1/2 - 1 Hour
CARBON MONOXIDE
Time
8 Hours
3 Hours
1 Hour
Smoking
Common Types:
COMMUNICATION
Options
Voice
Radio
Lifeline
Whistle