Advanced

Communication Laboratory

Experiment No: 1
Modulation and Demodulation of PAM, PWM, PPM
AIM:
To perform modulation and demodulation using the following techniques
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
Pulse Position Modulation (PPM)
APPARATUS REQUIRED
Pulse Modulation Trainer DCLT-007, Patch Cords, Digital Storage
Oscilloscope.
THEORY
Introduction
Pulse modulation may be used to transmit information, such as continuous speech or
data. It is a system in which continuous waveforms are sampled at regular intervals. Information
regarding the signal is transmitted only at the sampling times, together with any synchronizing
pulses that may be required. At the receiving end, the original
waveforms may be reconstituted from the information regarding the samples, if these are taken
frequently enough. Despite the fact that information about the signal is not supplied
continuously, as in AM and FM, the resulting receiver output can have negligible distortion.
Pulse modulation may be subdivided broadly into two categories, analog and digital. In the
former case, the indication of sample amplitude is the nearest variable, while in the latter case, a
code, which indicates the sample amplitude to the nearest predetermined level, is sent.
Pulse Amplitude Modulation (PAM)
Pulse Amplitude Modulation system is a system in which the signal is sampled at regular
intervals and each sample is made proportional to the amplitude of the signal to the instant of
sampling. The PAM signal is of two types namely single polarity and double polarity. In single
polarity, a fixed dc level is added to the signal to ensure that the pulses are positive. To
demodulate the PAM signal a low pass filter is enough. This doesnt result in reconstruction of
analog signals with sufficient amplitude. Pulse amplitude modulation is a scheme, which alters
the amplitude of regularly spaced rectangular pulses in accordance with the instantaneous
values of a continuous message signal. Then amplitude of the modulated pulses represents the
amplitude of the intelligence. A train of very short pulses of constant amplitude and fast
repetition rate is chosen the amplitude of these pulse is made to vary in accordance with that of
a slower modulating signal the result is that of multiplying the train by the modulating signal the
envelope of the pulse height corresponds to the modulating wave .The PAM wave contain upper
and lower side band frequencies .besides the modulating and pulse signals. The demodulated
PAM waves, the signal is passed through a low pass filter having a cut off frequencies equal to
the highest frequency in the modulating signal. At the output of the filter is available the
modulating signal along with the DC component PAM has the same signal to noise ratio as AM
and so it is not employed in practical circuits.
Pulse Position Modulation(PPM)
The Amplitude and width of the pulses is kept constant in this system, while the position
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Communication Laboratory

of each pulse, in relation to the position of a recurrent reference pulse is varied by each
instantaneous sampled value of the modulating wave. As mentioned in connection with pulse
width modulation, pulse-position modulations has the advantage of requiring constant transmitter
power output, but the disadvantages of depending on transmitter receiver is synchronization.
Pulse Width Modulation(PWM)
In pulse width modulation of pulse amplitude modulation is also often called PDM (pulse
duration modulation) and less often, PLM (pulse length modulation). In this system, we have
fixed amplitude and starting time of each pulse, but the width of each pulse is made proportional
to the amplitude of the signal at that instant.
MODEL GRAPH

Analog
signal

PAM

PWM

PPM

Procedure
PAM (Pulse Amplitude Modulation)
1. Connect signal source 1 KHz with the help of patch cords.
2. Select the sampling frequency to 8 KHz.
3. Select natural sampling by pushing the switch to the extreme left.
4. Adjust pulse width potentiometer to extreme anti clockwise.
5. Connect the oscilloscope to the input analog signal and to the PAM output.
PWM (Pulse Width Modulation)
1. Connect signal source 1 KHz with the help of patch cords.
2. Select the sampling frequency to 8 KHz.
3. Select flat top sampling by pushing switch to the extreme right.

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Communication Laboratory

4. Adjust Ramp generator potentiometer, such that the peak- to-peak of Ramp is uniformly
higher than the input analog signal on both positive and negative cycle.
5. Connect the oscilloscope to the input analog signal and to the Ramp generator.
1.
2.
3.
4.

PPM (Pulse Position Modulation)

Connect signal source 1 KHz with the help of patch cords.
Select the sampling frequency to 8 KHz.
Select flat top sampling.
Repeat the procedure of PWM modulation to derive proper PWM.

Block Diagram:
PAM Modulator:
Switch to Natural

PAM Modulator
& Transmitter

1kHz

2kHz

Signal
Source

4KHz
8KHz
16KHz
32KHz

PWM Modulator
m(t)

PAM
Modulator

Comparator

Schmitt
trigger

Ramp
generator

PPM Modulator
Modulating signal

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VR3

E1

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Communication Laboratory
PWM
generator

PWM

Monostable
multivibrator

PPM

PAM Demodulator

PAM Modulator

Amplifier

Demodulator
(S&H)

Phase adjust
LPF fc=3.4KHz

Analog signal

PWM Demodulator

PWM Modulator

Amplifier

Low pass filter

Fc=3.4 KHz

PPM Demodulator
PWM Modulator

Low pass filter

Amplifier

Bistable
multivibrator
(Flip flop)

Limiter

Monostable
multivibrator

Phase Adjust for synchronization

Tabulation

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Communication Laboratory

Schem
e
PAM

PPM

PWM

Nature of Signal
Input signal
Modulated signal
Demodulated
signal
Input signal
Modulated signal
Demodulated
signal
Input signal
Modulated signal

Amplitude

Time period

Ton
Toff

Ton
Toff

Ton
Toff

Demodulated
signal

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Result:
Thus the modulation
and
demodulation
is
performed using Pulse
Amplitude
Modulation
(PAM),
Pulse
Width
Modulation (PWM), Pulse
Position
Modulation
(PPM).