Mastering Physics CH 14 HW College Physics I LCCC

5/6/2016
Ch14HW
Ch14HW
Due:9:30amonMonday,May9,2016
Youwillreceivenocreditforitemsyoucompleteaftertheassignmentisdue.GradingPolicy
Position,Velocity,andAccelerationofanOscillator
LearningGoal:
Tolearntofindkinematicvariablesfromagraphofpositionvs.time.
Thegraphofthepositionofanoscillatingobjectasafunctionoftimeisshown.
Someofthequestionsaskyoutodeterminerangesonthegraphoverwhichastatementistrue.
Whenansweringthesequestions,choosethemostcompleteanswer.Forexample,iftheanswer
"BtoD"werecorrect,then"BtoC"wouldtechnicallyalsobecorrectbutyouwillonlyrecieve
creditforchoosingthemostcompleteanswer.
PartA
Whereonthegraphisx
> 0
ANSWER:
AtoB
AtoC
CtoD
CtoE
BtoD
AtoBandDtoE
Correct
PartB
Whereonthegraphisx
< 0
ANSWER:
AtoB
AtoC
CtoD
CtoE
BtoD
AtoBandDtoE
Correct
PartC
Whereonthegraphisx
= 0
https://session.masteringphysics.com/myct/assignmentPrintView?assignmentID=4057520
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ANSWER:
Aonly
Conly
Eonly
AandC
AandCandE
BandD
Correct
PartD
Whereonthegraphisthevelocityv
> 0
Hint1.Findinginstantaneousvelocity
Instantaneousvelocityisthederivativeofthepositionfunctionwithrespecttotime,
v(t) =
dx(t)
dt
Thus,youcanfindthevelocityatanytimebycalculatingtheslopeofthex vs.t graph.Whenistheslopegreaterthan0onthisgraph?

ANSWER:
AtoB
AtoC
CtoD
CtoE
BtoD
AtoBandDtoE
Correct
PartE
< 0
ANSWER:
AtoB
AtoC
CtoD
CtoE
BtoD
AtoBandDtoE
Correct
PartF
= 0
Hint1.Howtotellifv = 0
dx(t)
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Thevelocityiszerowhentheslopeofthexvs.tcurveiszero:
dx(t)
dt
= 0.
ANSWER:
Aonly
Bonly
Conly
Donly
Eonly
AandC
AandCandE
BandD
Correct
PartG
Whereonthegraphistheaccelerationa
> 0
Hint1.Findingacceleration
Accelerationisthesecondderivativeofthepositionfunctionwithrespecttotime:
a=
x(t)
dt
Thismeansthatthesignoftheaccelerationisthesameasthesignofthecurvatureofthexvs.tgraph.Theaccelerationofacurveis
negativefordownwardcurvatureandpositiveforupwardcurvature.Whereisthecurvaturegreaterthan0?
ANSWER:
AtoB
AtoC
CtoD
CtoE
BtoD
AtoBandDtoE
Correct
PartH
< 0
ANSWER:
AtoB
AtoC
CtoD
CtoE
BtoD
AtoBandDtoE
Correct
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PartI
= 0
Hint1.Howtotellifa = 0
Theaccelerationiszeroattheinflectionpointsofthexvs.tgraph.Inflectionpointsarewherethecurvatureofthegraphchangessign.
ANSWER:
Aonly
Bonly
Conly
Donly
Eonly
AandC
AandCandE
BandD
Correct
CosineWave
Thegraphshowsthepositionx ofanoscillatingobjectasafunctionoftimet .Theequationof
thegraphis
x(t) = A cos (t + ) ,
whereAistheamplitude,istheangularfrequency,and isaphaseconstant.Thequantities
M , N ,and T aremeasurementstobeusedinyouranswers.
PartA
WhatisAintheequation?
Hint1.Maximumofx(t)
Whatisthemaximumvalueofx onthegraphandwhatisthemaximumofx(t)asdescribedbytheequation?Theequationisjustaconstant
multipliedbyacosinefunction.Cosinecanonlyrangefrom1to1 .
ANSWER:
T
M
2M
M /T
T /2
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Correct
PartB
Whatisintheequation?
Hint1.Period
Thinkofthesimplerequationx
.
.TheperiodT isthesameasbefore.Whatdoesx equalwhent
= cos (t)
= T
?Usetheresulttosolvefor
ANSWER:
T
M
2T
2/T
2/T
1/T
Correct
PartC
Whatis intheequation?
Hint1.Usingthegraphandtrigonometry
Whatisx equaltowhent
= N
?Useyourresultfortosolvefor intermsofT ,M ,andN .
Hint2.UsingthegraphandPartB
Youmightbeabletofind intermsofandthenuseyourresultfromPartB.
ANSWER:
N
T N
2N /T
2N /T
arccos(2N /T )
Correct
MassandSimpleHarmonicMotionConceptualQuestion
Theshakercart,showninthefigure,isthelatestextremesportcraze.Youstandinsideofasmallcartattachedtoaheavydutyspring,thespringis
compressedandreleased,andyoushakebackandforth,attemptingtomaintainyourbalance.Notethatthereisalsoasandbaginthecartwithyou.
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Attheinstantyoupassthroughtheequilibriumpositionofthespring,youdropthesandbagoutofthecartontotheground.
PartA
Whateffectdoesdroppingthesandbagoutofthecartattheequilibriumpositionhaveontheamplitudeofyouroscillation?
Hint1.Howtoapproachtheproblem
Droppingthesandbagattheequilibriumpointmayormaynotchangethetotalenergyinthespringcartsystem.First,determineifthesandbag
itselfhasenergyattheequilibriumpoint.Ifso,itwillcarrythatenergyoutofthesystem.Inthatcase,determinehow(ifatall)thelossof
energyandthelossofthesandbag'smassaffectstheamplitudeofthemotion.Ifnot,thesystem'stotalenergywillnotchange.Inthatcase,
determinehow(ifatall)thelossofthesandbag'smassaffectstheamplitudeofthemotion.
Hint2.Energyandtheequilibriumpoint
Atequilibrium,boththecartandthebagaremovingattheirmaximumspeedandthedisplacementiszero.Recallthattheenergyofthe
systemisthesumofthekineticenergyandthepotentialenergystoredinthespring.Notethatthetotalenergyofthesystemisequaltothe
2
kineticenergyatequilibrium,(1/2)mv 2max ,whichisequaltothepotentialenergyatmaximumdisplacement,(1/2)kA .
ANSWER:
Itincreasestheamplitude.
Itdecreasestheamplitude.
Ithasnoeffectontheamplitude.
Correct
Atequilibriumthesandbaghaskineticenergy,whichleavesthesystemwiththesandbag.Sincetheamplitudeisrelatedtotheenergyofthe
2
systembytheequationE = 1/2 kA ,areductionintheenergyofthesystemmustleadtoareductionintheamplitudeofthemotion.
PartB
Whateffectdoesdroppingthesandbagoutofthecartattheequilibriumpositionhaveonthemaximumspeedofthecart?
Attheequilibriumpoint,thesandbagismoving,soithaskineticenergy.Itwillcarrythatenergyoutofthesystem.Italsocarriesitsownmass
outofthesystem.Doesthespeedofthecartchangewhenthesandbagisdroppedout?
Notethatthesandbagleavesthecartwhilethecartismovingatitsmaximumspeed.Whateverthespeedofthecartistheinstantafterthe
sandbagleaves,themaximumspeedwillkeepthisvalueintothefuture.
ANSWER:
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Itincreasesthemaximumspeed.
Itdecreasesthemaximumspeed.
Ithasnoeffectonthemaximumspeed.
Correct
Droppingthesandbagdoesn'tchangethespeedofthecart.Sinceenergydoesn'tleavethesystematanytimeafterthebagisdropped,thecart
willalwaysreturntotheequilibriumpointwiththesamekineticenergy,andthereforethesamemaximumspeed.
Insteadofdroppingthesandbagasyoupassthroughequilibrium,youdecidetodropthesandbagwhenthecartisatitsmaximumdistancefrom
equilibrium.
PartC
Whateffectdoesdroppingthesandbagatthecartsmaximumdistancefromequilibriumhaveontheamplitudeofyouroscillation?
Droppingthesandbagatthepointofmaximumdisplacementmayormaynotchangethetotalenergyinthespringcartsystem.First,
determineifthesandbagitselfhasenergyatthepointofmaximumdisplacement.Ifso,itwillcarrythatenergyoutofthesystem.Inthatcase,
determinehow(ifatall)thelossofenergyandthelossofthesandbag'smassaffectstheamplitudeofthemotion.Ifnot,thesystem'stotal
energywillnotchange.Inthatcase,determinehow(ifatall)thelossofthesandbag'smassaffectstheamplitudeofthemotion.
Hint2.Energyatmaximumdisplacement
Atitsmaximumdistancefromequilibrium,boththecartandthebagareatrest.Bydroppingthebagatthispoint,noenergyislostfromthe
springcartsystem,sincealloftheenergyisstoredaspotentialenergyinthespring.Therefore,boththeelasticpotentialenergyatmaximum
displacementandthekineticenergyatequilibriummustremainconstant.
ANSWER:
Itincreasestheamplitude.
Itdecreasestheamplitude.
Ithasnoeffectontheamplitude.
Correct
Atthepointofmaximumdisplacement,allofthesystem'senergyisstoredinthespring.therefore,droppingthesandbaghasnoeffectonthe
system'stotalenergyE .SinceE = 1/2 kA2 ,theamplitudecannotchange.
PartD
Whateffectdoesdroppingthesandbagatthecartsmaximumdistancefromequilibriumhaveonthemaximumspeedofthecart?
Bydroppingthesandbagatmaximumdisplacement,youreducethemassofthesystemwithoutreducingthetotalenergy.Howwillthe
maximumspeed,attainedwhenallofthisenergyisconvertedtokineticenergy,comparetothemaximumspeedbeforethesandbagwas
dropped?
ANSWER:
Itincreasesthemaximumspeed.
Itdecreasesthemaximumspeed.
Ithasnoeffectonthemaximumspeed.
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Thesystemhasnotchangedenergy,butitsmasshasdecreased.SinceE
decreasedmass.
/2 mv max
,themaximumspeedmustincreasetobalanceoutthe
SimpleHarmonicMotionConceptualQuestion
Anobjectofmassmisattachedtoaverticallyorientedspring.Theobjectispulledashortdistancebelowitsequilibriumpositionandreleasedfromrest.
Settheoriginofthecoordinatesystemattheequilibriumpositionoftheobjectandchooseupwardasthepositivedirection.Assumeairresistanceisso
smallthatitcanbeignored.
Refertothesegraphswhenansweringthefollowingquestions.
PartA
Beginningtheinstanttheobjectisreleased,selectthegraphthatbestmatchesthepositionvs.timegraphfortheobject.
Tofindthegraphthatbestmatchestheobject'spositionvs.time,firstdeterminetheinitialvalueoftheposition.Thiswillnarrowdownyour
choicesofpossiblegraphs.Then,interpretwhattheremaininggraphssayaboutthesubsequentmotionoftheobject.Youshouldfindthatonly
onegraphdescribesthepositionoftheobjectcorrectly.
Hint2.Findtheinitialposition
Theoriginofthecoordinatesystemissetattheequilibriumpositionoftheobject,withthepositivedirectionupward.Theobjectispulledbelow
equilibriumandreleased.Therefore,istheinitialpositionpositive,negative,orzero?
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
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PartB
Beginningtheinstanttheobjectisreleased,selectthegraphthatbestmatchesthevelocityvs.timegraphfortheobject.
Hint1.Findtheinitialvelocity
Theobjectisreleasedfromrest.Istheinitialvelocitypositive,negative,orzero?
ANSWER:
positive
negative
zero
Hint2.Findthevelocityashorttimelater
Aftertheobjectisreleasedfromrest,inwhichdirectionwillitinitiallymove?
ANSWER:
upward(positive)
downward(negative)
ANSWER:
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Correct
PartC
Beginningtheinstanttheobjectisreleased,selectthegraphthatbestmatchestheaccelerationvs.timegraphfortheobject.
Hint1.Findtheinitialacceleration
Theobjectisreleasedfromrest,andashorttimelateritismovingupward.Basedonthisobservation,whatisthedirectionoftheinitial
acceleration?
ANSWER:
positive
negative
neitherpositivenornegative(i.e.,thereisnoacceleration)
ANSWER:
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A
B
C
D
E
F
G
H
Correct
Problem14.3
Anairtrackgliderisattachedtoaspring.Thegliderispulledtotherightandreleasedfromrestatt =0s .Itthenoscillateswithaperiodof1.60s anda
maximumspeedof46.0cm/s.
PartA
Whatistheamplitudeoftheoscillation?
Expressyouranswerwiththeappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
11.7cm
Correct
PartB
Whatistheglider'spositionatt =0.200s ?
ANSWER:
8.28cm
Correct
Problem14.4
PartA
Whatistheamplitudeoftheoscillationshowninthefigure?
Expressyouranswertothreesignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
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ANSWER:
A
= 20.0cm
Correct
PartB
Whatisthefrequencyofthisoscillation?
Expressyouranswertotwosignificantfiguresandincludetheappropriateunits.
ANSWER:
f
= 0.25Hz
Correct
PartC
Whatisthephaseconstant?
Expressyouranswerindegreesusingtwosignificantfigures.
ANSWER:
= 60
Correct
PhETTutorial:Masses&Springs
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandhowthemotionandenergeticsofaweightattachedtoaverticalspringdependonthemass,thespringconstant,andinitialconditions.
Forthistutorial,usethePhETsimulationMasses&Springs.Youcanputaweightontheendofahangingspring,stretchthespring,andwatchthe
resultingmotion.
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Startthesimulation.Whenyouclickthesimulationlink,youmaybeaskedwhethertorun,open,orsavethefile.Choosetorunoropenit.
Youcandragaweighttothebottomofaspringandreleaseit.Youcanputonlyoneweightonanyspring.Withtheweightonthespring,youcanclickand
dragtheweightupordownandreleaseit.Adjustingthefrictionsliderbarattoprightincreasesordecreasestheamountofthermaldissipation(duetoair
resistanceandheatingofthespring).Youcanadjustthespringconstantofspring#3usingthesoftnessspring3sliderbar.Thehorizontaldashedlineas
wellastherulercanbedraggedtoanyposition,whichishelpfulforcomparingpositionsofthesprings.
Feelfreetoplayaroundwiththesimulation.WhenyouaredoneandbeforestartingPartA,setthefrictionsliderbartothemiddleandthegravitational
accelerationbackto"Earth".
PartA
Placea50g weightonspring#1,andreleaseit.Eventually,theweightwillcometorestatanequilibriumposition,withthespringsomewhatstretched
comparedtoitsoriginal(unweighted)length.Atthispoint,theupwardforceofthespringbalancestheforceofgravityontheweight.
Withtheweightinitsequilibriumposition,howdoestheamountthespringisstretcheddependonthemassoftheweight?
ANSWER:
Thestretchdoesnotdependonmass.
Thespringstretcheslessforaheavierweight.
Thespringstretchesmoreforaheavierweight.
Correct
Sincetheforceofgravityontheweightincreasesasthemassincreases,theupwardforceofthespringmustincreaseforthetwoforcesto
balance(andtheweighttothereforebeinequilibrium).Theforcethespringexertsontheweightincreasesthemorethespringisstretchedfrom
itsunweightedlength.
PartB
Usethesimulationtoestimatethemassesofthethreecolored,unlabeledweights.Then,placethemintotheappropriatemassbins.
YoulearnedinPartAthataheavierweightstretchesthespringmoreattheequilibriumposition.Comparetheequilibriumpositionsforeachof
thecoloredweightstothosefortheweightswithlabeledmasses.Youmightwanttoverifythatthethreespringsallstretchthesameamount
foraparticularweight,soyoucancomparetheequilibriumpositionssimultaneously.
ANSWER:
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Correct
PartC
Recallthatintheequilibriumposition,theupwardforceofthespringbalancestheforceofgravityontheweight.Usethisconcepttoestimatethe
springconstantk ofspring#1.
ExpressyouranswerinN/m toonesignificantfigure.
Thespringconstantk isusedinHookeslawfortheforceexertedbythespring:F = kx,wherex istheamountthespringisstretched.
Whenthespringisstretchedtotheequilibriumposition,theforceexertedbythespringpullingupontheweightisequaltotheforceofgravity
pullingdown.Usethisrelationshiptosolvefork .
ANSWER:
k
= 10 N/m
Correct
PartD
Now,forpartsDF,youllinvestigatetheenergeticsofthespring.
Select1intheShowEnergyofbox,whichshowsanenergybardiagram.Selecttheg=0option(undertheplanetnames),whichsimulateswhat
happenswithoutanygravitationalforces(andconsequentlyremovesgravitationalpotentialenergyfromtheenergetics).Adjustthefrictionsliderto
none(thispreventsanythermalenergyfrombeinggenerated).Placeaweightonspring#1,stretchit,andreleaseit.Watchhowthekineticenergy
andelasticpotentialenergyvarywithtime.(Youcanslowdownorstoptimeusingthebuttonsnexttothelistofplanets.)
Whenistheelasticpotentialenergyofthespringamaximum?
ANSWER:
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Bothwhenthespringismostcompressedandwhenthespringismoststretched
Whenthespringismoststretched
Whenthespringisntstretchedorcompressed
Whenthespringismostcompressed
Correct
Theelasticpotentialenergydependsonthemagnitudeofthechangeinthelengthofthespring.Mathematically,theelasticpotentialenergyis
givenbyUelas = (1/2)kx 2 ,wherek isthespringconstantandx isthedifferencebetweenthelengthofthespringanditsunweightedlength.A
compressionofx thereforeresultsinthesameelasticpotentialenergyasastretchofx .
PartE
Whenisthekineticenergyofthemassamaximum?
ANSWER:
Whenthespringismoststretched
Whenthespringisatitsunweightedlength(whenitisntstretchedorcompressed)
Bothwhenthespringismostcompressedandwhenthespringismoststretched
Whenthespringismostcompressed
Correct
Thetotalenergyofthesystemisequaltothekineticenergyofthemass(sincethespringhasnegligiblemass)plustheelasticpotentialenergy.
Sincethistotalenergyisconserved,thekineticenergyisamaximumwhentheelasticpotentialenergyisaminimum,whichoccurswhenthe
springisatitsunweightedlength.
PartF
SelectEarthinthemenuboxsothatthereisnowaforceofgravity.Nowthetotalenergyofthemass/springsystemisthesumofthekineticenergy,
theelasticpotentialenergy,andthegravitationalpotentialenergy.
Whenisthekineticenergyamaximum?(Itmayhelptowatchthesimulationinslowmotion1/16time.)
ANSWER:
Whenthespringisatitsunweightedlength(itsequilibriumpositionwithouttheweightattached)
Whenthespringismoststretchedormostcompressed
Whenthemassisattheequilibriumposition
Correct
Thetotalpotentialenergy(thegravitationalpotentialenergypluselasticpotentialenergy)isaminimumattheequilibriumposition,eventhough
thereissomeelasticpotentialenergywhenthemassisatthislocation.Thekineticenergyisalwaysamaximumwhenthetotalpotentialenergy
isaminimum(sincethetotalenergyisconserved).
PartG
Now,forpartsGI,youllinvestigatewhatdeterminesthefrequencyofoscillation.Fortheseparts,turnoffthefrictionusingthesliderbar.
Selectthestopwatch,andtimehowlongittakesforaweighttooscillatebackandforth10times.Theperiodofoscillationisthistimedividedby10.
Thefrequencyofoscillationisonedividedbytheperiod.
Howdoesthefrequencyofoscillationdependonthemassoftheweight?
ANSWER:
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Thefrequencyincreasesasthemassincreases.
Thefrequencyisindependentofthemass.
Thefrequencydecreasesasthemassincreases.
Correct
Agreatermassresultsinalowerfrequencyandalongerperiodofoscillation.
PartH
Theamplitudeofoscillationisthemaximumdistancebetweentheoscillatingweightandtheequilibriumposition.Determinethefrequencyof
oscillationforseveraldifferentamplitudesbypullingtheweightdowndifferentamounts.
Howdoesthefrequencydependontheamplitudeofoscillation?
ANSWER:
Thefrequencyisindependentoftheamplitude.
Thefrequencydecreasesastheamplitudeincreases.
Thefrequencyincreasesastheamplitudeincreases.
Correct
Eventhoughtheweighthastotravelfarthereachoscillationiftheamplitudeisgreater,thespringonaverageexertsastrongerforce,causinga
greateraccelerationandagreateraveragespeed.Theeffectsofthelongerdistanceandfasterspeedcanceloutsothattheperiodofoscillation
doesntchange!
PartI
Thespringconstantofspring#3canbeadjustedwiththesoftnessspring3sliderbar(hardermeansagreaterspringconstant,orstifferspring).
Howdoesthefrequencyofoscillationdependonthespringconstant?
Youcanplaceaweightonspring#3withthesoftnessofspring3settoaverylow(soft)valueandplaceanotherweightwiththesamemass
onspring#1.Then,releasethetwoweightsandcomparetheirfrequenciesofoscillation.
ANSWER:
Thefrequencyisindependentofthespringconstant.
Thefrequencydecreasesasthespringconstantincreases.
Thefrequencyincreasesasthespringconstantincreases.
Correct
Itturnsoutthatthefrequencyofoscillationdependsonthesquarerootoftheratioofthespringconstanttomass:f
= (k/m) /2
,wheref is
thefrequency.Astifferspringconstantcausesthefrequencytoincrease.Sportscarsusestiffsprings,whereaslargeplushCadillacsusesoft
springsfortheirsuspension.
PhETInteractiveSimulations
UniversityofColorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
Problem14.15
A1.15kg blockisattachedtoaspringwithspringconstant16.5N/m .Whiletheblockissittingatrest,astudenthitsitwithahammerandalmost
instantaneouslygivesitaspeedof50.0cm/s.Whatare
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PartA
Theamplitudeofthesubsequentoscillations?
ANSWER:
13.2cm
Correct
PartB
Theblock'sspeedatthepointwherex =0.300A?
ANSWER:
47.7 cm
s
Correct
Problem14.17
Aspringwithspringconstant14N/m hangsfromtheceiling.Aballisattachedtothespringandallowedtocometorest.Itisthenpulleddown9.5cm
andreleased.Theballmakes33oscillationsin25s seconds.
PartA
Whatisitsthemassoftheball?
ANSWER:
m
= 200g
Correct
PartB
Whatisitsmaximumspeed?
ANSWER:
v max
= 79
cm
s
Correct
ChangingthePeriodofaPendulum
AsimplependulumconsistingofabobofmassmattachedtoastringoflengthLswingswithaperiodT .
PartA
Ifthebob'smassisdoubled,approximatelywhatwillthependulum'snewperiodbe?
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Hint1.Periodofasimplependulum
TheperiodT ofasimplependulumoflengthLisgivenby
T = 2
L
g
whereg istheaccelerationduetogravity.
ANSWER:
T /2
T
2 T
2T
Correct
PartB
Ifthependulumisbroughtonthemoonwherethegravitationalaccelerationisaboutg/6,approximatelywhatwillitsperiodnowbe?
Recalltheformulaoftheperiodofasimplependulum.Sincethegravitationalaccelerationappearsinthedenominator,theperiodmustincrease
whenthegravitationalaccelerationdecreases.
ANSWER:
T /6
T /6
6 T
6T
Correct
PartC
Ifthependulumistakenintotheorbitingspacestationwhatwillhappentothebob?
Recallthattheoscillationsofasimplependulumoccurwhenapendulumbobisraisedaboveitsequilibriumpositionandletgo,causingthe
pendulumbobtofall.Thegravitationalforceactstobringthebobbacktoitsequilibriumposition.Inthespacestation,theearth'sgravityacts
onboththestationandeverythinginsideit,givingthemthesameacceleration.Theseobjectsaresaidtobeinfreefall.
ANSWER:
Itwillcontinuetooscillateinaverticalplanewiththesameperiod.
Itwillnolongeroscillatebecausethereisnogravityinspace.
Itwillnolongeroscillatebecauseboththependulumandthepointtowhichitisattachedareinfreefall.
Itwilloscillatemuchfasterwithaperiodthatapproacheszero.
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Correct
Inthespacestation,whereallobjectsundergothesameaccelerationduetotheearth'sgravity,thetensioninthestringiszeroandthebobdoes
notfallrelativetothepointtowhichthestringisattached.
PhETTutorial:PendulumLab
LearningGoal:
Tounderstandtherelationshipsoftheenergetics,forces,acceleration,andvelocityofanoscillatingpendulum,andtodeterminehowthemotionofa
pendulumdependsonthemass,thelengthofthestring,andtheaccelerationduetogravity.
Forthistutorial,usethePhETsimulationPendulumLab.Thissimulationmimicsarealpendulumandallowsyoutoadjusttheinitialposition,themass,
andthelengthofthependulum.
Startthesimulation.Youcandragthependulumtoanarbitraryinitialangleandreleaseitfromrest.Youcanadjustthelengthandthemassofthe
pendulumusingthesliderbarsatthetopofthegreenpanel.Velocityandaccelerationvectorscanbeselectedtobeshown,aswellastheformsof
energy.
Feelfreetoplayaroundwiththesimulation.Whenyouaredone,clicktheResetbutton.
PartA
Selecttoshowtheenergyofpendulum1.Besurethatfrictionissettonone.
Dragthependulumtoanangle(withrespecttothevertical)of30 ,andthenreleaseit.
Whenthependulumisat30 ,whatform(s)ofenergydoesithave?
Checkallthatapply.
ANSWER:
Thermalenergy
Potentialenergy
Kineticenergy
Correct
Thependulumstartsoffwithnokineticenergysinceitisreleasedfromrest,soitinitiallyonlyhaspotentialenergy.Whenthependulumisat
30 ,itisjustashighabovethegroundaswhenitstarted,soitmusthavethesameamountofpotentialenergyasitinitiallyhad.Sincethe
totalenergyisconserved,itcanthaveotherformsofenergyat30 (ifitdid,itwouldhavemoreenergytherethanitinitiallyhad)soitagainhas
onlypotentialenergy.
PartB
Whereisthependulumswingingthefastest?
ANSWER:
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at0
at30
at30
at15
Correct
Thependulumhastheleastpotentialenergyatthislocationsinceitisatthelowestpointinthearc(infact,forthissimulation,thepotential
energyreferencelocationishere,soithasnopotentialenergy).Thismeansthatthekineticenergyisgreatesthere,sothependulumismoving
thefastest.
PartC
Dragthependulumtoanangle(withrespecttothevertical)of30 ,andthenreleaseit.Selecttoshowtheaccelerationvector.
Withthependulumswingingbackandforth,atwhichlocationsistheaccelerationequaltozero?
ANSWER:
Theaccelerationiszerowhentheangleiseither+30 or30 .
Theaccelerationisneverequaltozeroasitswingsbackandforth.
Theaccelerationiszerowhentheangleis0 .
Correct
Thependulumismovinginacircularpathsoitsvelocityisneverconstant.Infact,formostlocations,theaccelerationhasbotharadial
component(thecentripetalacceleration,whichisdirectedalongtherope)andatangentialcomponent(duetothespeedchanging,directedalong
thepaththeonlyplacethetangentialaccelerationiszeroiswhentheangleis0 ).
PartD
Withthependulumswingingbackandforth,howdoesthetensionoftheropecomparetotheforceofgravitywhentheangleis0 ?
Lookatthedirectionoftheaccelerationwhentheangleis0 (youcanslowdownorpausethesimulationtoseethismoreclearly),andthink
abouttherelationshipbetweenthenetforceactingonthependulumandtheacceleration(Newtons2ndlawofmotion).Itwouldprobablyhelpto
drawafreebodydiagramforthemass.
ANSWER:
Thetensionisgreaterthantheforceofgravityonlyifitisswingingreallyfast.
Thetensionisgreaterthantheforceofgravity.
Thetensionisequaltotheforceofgravity.
Thetensionislessthantheforceofgravity.
Correct
Sincetheaccelerationofthependulumisdirectedupwhentheangleis0 ,thenetforcemustbedirectedup(Newtons2ndlaw).Thismeans
thattheupwardforceoftensionmustbestrongerthanthedownwardforceofgravity.
PartE
Withthependulumswingingbackandforth,whereisthetensionequaltozero?
ANSWER:
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5/6/2016
Ch14HW
Thetensioniszerowhentheangleis+45 and45 .
Thetensioniszeroattheangles +90 and90 .
Thetensionisneverzero.
Thetensioniszerowhentheangleis0 .
Correct
Attheselocations,theaccelerationissolelyduetogravityanddirecteddownward.Thus,thenetforceactingonthependulumisalsodirected
downward,meaningtherearenohorizontalforces.Thisrequiresthetensiontobezero.
PartF
Now,forpartsFI,youwillinvestigatehowtheperiodofoscillationdependsonthepropertiesofthependulum.
Theperiodofoscillationistheamountoftimeittakesforthependulumtotakeafullswing,goingfromtheoriginalangletotheotherside,and
returningtotheoriginalangle.Youcandeterminetheperiodbyselectingothertools,whichgivesyouastopwatch.Withthependulumswinging,you
canstartthestopwatchwhenthependulumisatitsoriginalangleandtimehowlongittakestocomplete10swings.Theperiodwillbethistime
intervaldividedby10(thismethodismoreaccuratethantryingtotimeoneswing).
Setthelengthofthependulumto1.0mandthemassto1.0kg .ClickReset,andthendragthependulumtoanangle(withrespecttothevertical)of
30 andreleaseit.Whatistheperiodofoscillation?
ANSWER:
4.0s
1.0s
2.0s
0.5s
20.0s
1.5s
Correct
A1.0m/1.0kg pendulumcompletesoneoscillationin2.0s .
PartG
Howdoestheperiodofoscillationdependontheinitialangleofthependulumwhenreleased?(Besuretomeasuretheperiodforinitialanglesmuch
greaterthan30 .)
ANSWER:
Theperiodisshorterwhentheinitialangleisgreater.
Theperiodislongerwhentheinitialangleisgreater.
Theperiodisindependentoftheinitialangle.
Correct
Unlikeaharmonicoscillatorsuchasamassonaspring,theperiodactuallydependsontheinitialangle.Forsmallangles(e.g.,<
prettygoodapproximationthattheperioddoesntchange,butforlargeranglestheperioddoesinfactincrease.
30
),itisa
PartH
Keepingthelengthofthependulumfixed,determinetheperiodforafewdifferentmasses.(Alternatively,youcansetuptwopendulumsbyselecting
Show2ndpendulum.Adjustthelengthstobethesame,andhaveonependulumwithahighermass.Youcanreleaseoneandthenreleasethe
other,withthesameangle,whenthefirstoneisbackatthatangle.)
Howdoestheperiodofthependulumdependonmass?
ANSWER:
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Ch14HW
Theperiodisindependentofthependulumsmass.
Aheavierpendulumhasashorterperiod.
Aheavierpendulumhasalongerperiod.
Correct
Theperiodofapendulumdoesnotdependonmass.Thereasonforthisresultisverysimilartothereasonthat,withoutairresistance,allobjects
falltothegroundatthesamerate(changingthemasschangesboththeinertiaandtheforceofgravitybythesameamount).
PartI
Now,keepthemassfixedtoanyvalueyouchooseandmeasuretheperiodforseveraldifferentpendulumlengths.
Howdoestheperiodofthependulumdependonthelength?
ANSWER:
Alongerpendulumhasalongerperiod.
Theperiodisindependentofthelengthofthependulum.
Alongerpendulumhasashorterperiod.
Correct
Alongerlengthcausestheperiodtoincrease.Infact,asyoucanverifywiththestopwatch,theperiodofoscillationisproportionaltothesquare
rootofthelengthifyouincreasethelengthfrom0.5mto2.0m,theperioddoubles.
PartJ
Now,changetheplanetwheretheexperimenttakesplacetoseehowtheperiodofoscillationdependsontheaccelerationduetogravity,g (onEarth,
g 10m/s/s g islargerthanthisvalueonJupiterandsmallerthanthisvalueontheMoon).
Howdoestheperiodofoscillationdependonthevalueofg ?
ANSWER:
Theperiodofoscillationisshorteronplanetswithahighervalueofg .
Theperiodofoscillationisindependentofthevalueofg .
Theperiodofoscillationislongeronplanetswithahighervalueofg .
Correct
Ahighervalueofg givesrisetogreateraccelerations,moreenergy,andthusgreateraveragespeeds.Infact,forsmallanglesofoscillation,the
periodisinverselyproportionaltothesquarerootofg T L/g,whereListhelengthandT istheperiod.
PhETInteractiveSimulations
UniversityofColorado
http://phet.colorado.edu
Problem14.20
A173g ballistiedtoastring.Itispulledtoanangleof7.2 andreleasedtoswingasapendulum.Astudentwithastopwatchfindsthat18oscillations
take14s .
PartA
Howlongisthestring?
ANSWER:
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5/6/2016
L
Ch14HW
= 15cm
Correct
Problem14.48
Acompactcarhasamassof1240kg .Assumethatthecarhasonespringoneachwheel,thatthespringsareidentical,andthatthemassisequally
distributedoverthefoursprings.
PartA
Whatisthespringconstantofeachspringiftheemptycarbouncesupanddown1.80timeseachsecond?
ANSWER:
3.97104 N/m
Correct
PartB
Whatwillbethecar'soscillationfrequencywhilecarryingfour81.0kg passengers?
ANSWER:
1.60 Hz
Correct
Problem14.62
ThefigureisatopviewofanobjectofmassmconnectedbetweentwostretchedrubberbandsoflengthL.Theobjectrestsonafrictionlesssurface.At
equilibrium,thetensionineachrubberbandisT .
PartA
Findanexpressionforthefrequencyofoscillationsperpendiculartotherubberbands.Assumetheamplitudeissufficientlysmallthatthemagnitudeof
thetensionintherubberbandsisessentiallyunchangedasthemassoscillates.
Giveyouranswerintermsofm,L,T andappropriateconstants.
ANSWER:
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Ch14HW
2T
Lm
Correct
Problem14.24
Auniformsteelbarswingsfromapivotatoneendwithaperiodof1.2s .
PartA
Howlongisthebar?
ANSWER:
L
= 54cm
Correct
Problem14.36
Themotionofaparticleisgivenbyx(t)
,wheret isins .
= (25cm) cos(10t)
PartA
Whatisthefirsttimeatwhichthekineticenergyistwicethepotentialenergy?
ANSWER:
t
= 9.6102s
Correct
VibratingHydrogenMolecule
Whendisplacedfromequilibriumbyasmallamount,thetwohydrogenatomsinanH2 moleculeareactedonbyarestoringforceFx
530N/m .
= k 1 x
withk 1 =
PartA
Calculatetheoscillationfrequencyf oftheH2 molecule.Usemef f
hydrogenatom.
Takethemassofahydrogenatomas1.008u,where1
asthe"effectivemass"ofthesystem,whereminthemassofa
= m/2
u = 1.661 10
27
.Expressyouranswerinhertz.
kg
Hint1.Formulafortheoscillationfrequency
Theformulafortheoscillationfrequencyf ofsuchasystemis
f =
1
2
m ef f
wherek isthespringconstantandmef f istheeffectivemassofthesystem.

ANSWER:
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5/6/2016
f
Ch14HW
= 1.271014 Hz
Correct
ScoreSummary:
Yourscoreonthisassignmentis98.6%.
Youreceived83.77outofapossibletotalof85points.
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Mastering Physics CH 14 HW College Physics I LCCC

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Thus,youcanfindthevelocityatanytimebycalculatingtheslopeofthex vs.t graph.Whenistheslopegreaterthan0onthisgraph?

.TheperiodT isthesameasbefore.Whatdoesx equalwhent

?Useyourresultfortosolvefor intermsofT ,M ,andN .

periodisinverselyproportionaltothesquarerootofg T L/g,whereListhelengthandT istheperiod.

wherek isthespringconstantandmef f istheeffectivemassofthesystem.

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