What is a Constitution?

A constitution is a written document that contains a set of rules for a

government. It defines the fundamental political principles, and establishing the
structure, procedures, powers and duties, of a government.
By limiting the governments own reach, most constitutions guarantee
certain rights to the people. The term constitution can be applied to any
overall law that defines the functioning of a government.

Introduction to the Indian Constitution ?

The Constitution of India is the world's lengthiest written constitution with 395 articles
and 8 schedules. It contains the good points taken from the constitution's of many
countries in the world. It was passed on 26 Nov 1949 by the 'The Constituent Assembly'
and is fully applicable since 26 Jan 1950.
The Indian Constitution is basically federal in form and is marked by the traditional characteristics of a
federal system, namely Supremacy of the Constitution, division of power between the Union
and State, and the existence of an independent judiciary in the Indian Constitution. The
three organs of the State State, Legislature and Judiciary have to function within their own
spheres demarcated under the Constitution.

FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS
1. RIGHT OF EQUALITY

Equality before law

Prohibition of discrimination on grounds of religion, race, caste, sex or place of
birth

Equality of opportunity in matters of public employment

2. RIGHT TO FREEDOM
Protection of certain rights regarding freedom of speech etc
Protection in respect of conviction for offences
Protection of life and personal liberty

3. RIGHT AGAINST EXPLOITATION

Prohibition against forced labour
Prohibition of employment of children in factories
4. RIGHT TO FREEDOM OF RELIGION
Freedom of conscience and free profession, practice and propagation of religion .Freedom to manage religious affairs
Freedom as to payment of taxes for promotion of any particular religion
Freedom as to attendance at religious instruction or religious worship in certain
educational institutions
5 CULTURAL AND EDUCATIONAL RIGHTS

Indian Legal System Hierarchy

Legal systems are among the most imperative requisites of a country to ensure that it remains a safe &
peaceful place to live. The Indian legal system hierarchy or simply saying the Indian Judicial system is
partially the British legal systems continuation, the system which was established in the mid era of the
19th century by English government.
The Indian Judicial system has a systematic arrangement of the all types of courts that exist and run in
India currently. Broadly saying this gets divided into 3 levels. The Indian legal system hierarchy is briefly
explicated as below in chronological order means starting with the highest level court of the hierarchy and
ending with the lowest one:

Supreme Court In Indian legal system hierarchy, the Supreme

Court is at the top level of the Indian court system. The Supreme
Court is the utmost authority holder court system in India whose
decision cant be challenged by any other Indian court. If someone
wishes to challenge it, he/she has to file a letter to President or Prime
Minister of India to do so.

Indian legal system has only one Supreme Court and that is in Delhi, the
national capital of India. The Supreme Court came into existence in the year
1950 on 28th of January; soon 2 days after the constitution of India came
into continuation. Ever since that time, this highest court has been in Delhi.
State Courts / High Court The State Courts come direct under the
Supreme Court of India in the Indian legal system hierarchy. Every state of
India is provided with a court that has the utmost power of judicial system
employed in that state only. This state court is termed as High Court and is
usually in the capital of that particular state. The final decisions for that
states cases are judged by that court and only Supreme Court has the
power & authority to challenge the verdicts that come from High Court
decisions.
District Court Every state of India further incorporates some lower courts
that are lower in terms of power and authority than the High Court of that
state. These courts are in terms of district means every district of a state
has a court that employs maximum government judicial power in that
district only. The district court is further sub categorized into 3 parts as
below
Session Courts These are a part of District Court with high power.
These employ maximum power in a district.
Lower Courts These are the lower level courts and most of the
times, all the cases of nearby areas are sent to these courts.
Panchayat These are a kind of courts basically but in villages where
a jury of 5 (or more) people of that village is appointed head and they take
care of the local issues. If some issue is beyond their power, those are sent
to Lower Court then.
Civil law deals with disputes between private parties, or negligent
acts that cause harm to others . For example, if individuals or
companies disagree over the terms of an agreement, or who owns
land or buildings, or whether a person was wrongfully dismissed from
their employment, they may file a lawsuit asking the courts to decide
who is right.

Criminal law, one of two broad categories of law, deals with acts of
intentional harm to individuals but which, in a larger sense, are
offences against us all. It is a crime to break into a home because the
act not only violates the privacy and safety of the home's occupants -

it shatters the collective sense that we are secure in our own homes. A
crime is a deliberate or reckless act that causes harm to another
person or another person's property, and it is also a crime to neglect a
duty to protect others from harm.

Common Law:
Law developed in the course of time from the rulings of judges, as
opposed to law exemplified in statutes passed by legislatures
(statutory law) or law exemplified in a written constitution

Religious Law:

Law, in the religious sense, also includes codes of ethics and morality
which are upheld and required by God. Examples include customary
Hindu law, Islamic law, and the divine law of the Mosaic code or Torah.
Some governments establish state churches. In some jurisdictions,
this means that they operate legal systems of their own or play a part
in the legal system of those governments. Canon law is one such type
of legal system; it was administered in ecclesiastical courts.

Legal and Regulatory Factors Affecting Business

Legal and Regulatory Factors Affecting Business

Legal and Regulatory Factors Affecting Business

The legal and regulatory environment plays a very crucial role
in determining the success of any businesses. The government
imposes taxes among other regulatory measures to promote
economic growth and to cushion consumers from
exploitation. Therefore, before establishing or when running a
business, it is imperative to understand the role of regional tax
measures and regulatory measures to determine how they
affect your business.
Understanding legal and regulatory measures also help you to
adapt to your business environment and to account for all
your regional economic analysis.
Tax
Tax is one of the legal and regulatory factors that affect
business. Tax codes may vary from one country to the other
and from one region in a country to the other. They can
support a business while other tax restricts certain business
operations. The government can also increase or reduce taxes
to promote or control economic growth. Increase in tax can

affect a business negatively because it reduces consumer

spending and vice versa.

It is also essential to note that tax come in form of income tax,

individual income tax, corporate income tax, gross receipts tax
and fiscal balance tax among others. Therefore, as a business
person, it is wise to understand the kind of tax imposed in
your location, population and the criterion used to run your
business smoothly and profitably.
Trade policies
Trade policies also affect business. They include tax policies,
monetary policies, fiscal policy, government policy, regulatory
policy and property rights policies. These policies can allow for
business growth or prevent growth of business. For example
trade policies can prevent free trade in a specific area.
Establishing a business under strict trade policies can mean
trading in losses.
Politics
Politics can affect a business a great deal. This is form of
government where political environment determines whether
a business will be stable or not. A stable political environment
builds investor confidence and boosts the growth of a
business.
It is also essential to note that parliament can exert pressure
on the government to allow for establishment of certain

businesses and closure of others. As a business person, it is

therefore, imperative to keep in mind the role of government
in creating a stable political environment.
A good government does not allow for politics to affect
business. Instead it creates rules and regulations that cushions
businesses from political interferences.
Whats more, there are governments that encourage
diplomatic events that promote growth of business for the
benefit of its people. Such a government creates a good
business environment thus, allowing for increased productivity
and profitability.

Economic policy
Economic policy of the government also affects business. It is a
legal and regulatory factor that helps to promote economic
growth in a country. With favorable economic policy, a
business can grow enormously without any problem.
However, a bad economic policy that restricts businesses and
free trade cripples much business.
Other legal and regulatory factory includes high costs of
business operations to prevent establishment of certain
business. Therefore, before running a business, it is important
to consider legal and regulatory factors in your country or
location. This will enable you to operate a successful business.
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Socio-cultural Environment