ANTIDIFFERENTIATION

Definition

A function F is called an antiderivative of a function f on an interval I if

F (x) = f (x),
for every value of x on I.

Illustration:

If F (x) = 4x3 + x2 + 5, then F (x) = 12x2 + 2x.

If we let F (x) = f (x), then we can have f (x) = 12x2 + 2x.
This means that f is a derivative of F, and F is an antiderivative of f.
Similarly, if G (x) = 4x3 + x2 17, then G (x) = 12x2 + 2x.
In general, if a function F is an antiderivative of a function f on an interval I, and if G is defined by
G(x) = F(x) + c, then G (x) = F (x) = f (x).

THEOREM

If f and g are two functions such that f (x) = g(x), x in I, then there is a constant k such that
f (x) = g (x) + k

Remarks:

Antidifferentiation is the process of finding the set of all antiderivatives of a given function. The symbol

denotes the operation of antidifferentiation, and

f ( x)dx F ( x) C
where
F (x) = f (x)

and

d(F (x)) = f (x)dx.

RULES ON ANTIDIFFERENTIATION

adx a dx ax C .

1.

dx x C .

2.

a f ( x) a f ( x)dx ,

3.

If f1 and f2 are defined on the same interval, then

Also, for any constant a,

a to be any constant.

f ( x) f
1

Similarly, if f1, f2, , fn are defined on the same interval, then

f ( x) f
1

4.

( x)dx f1 ( x)dx f 2 ( x)dx .

( x) ... f n ( x)dx f1 ( x)dx f 2 ( x)dx ... f n ( x)dx

If n is a rational number, then

n
x dx

x n 1
, n 1.
n 1

EXAMPLES:

Find the following indefinite integral.

1.

2.

7.

( x 1)

dx

3.

(2 x 3) dx

5.

x dx

4.

5x

6.

dx

8.

8x 3 9 x 2 7 dx

5
4

3 2 8 dz
z
z

9.

1
x 1 dx
x

y 4 2 y 2 1

dy

8 w3

dw
w

ANTIDERIVATIVES FOR TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

sin x dx cos x C

sec

cos x dx sin x C

csc

Remarks:

x dx tan x C

sec x tan x dx sec x C

x dx cot x C

csc x cot x dx csc x C

Trigonometric Identities
sin x csc x = 1

tan x

sin x
, cos x 0
cos x

cot x

sin 2 x + cos 2 x = 1

Remarks:

tan x cot x= 1

cos x sec x = 1

cos x
, sin x 0
sin x

1 + tan 2 x = sec 2 x

cot 2 x +1 = csc 2 x

sin (x) = sin x

cos (x) = cos x

sin(x y) = sin x cos y cos x sin y

cos(x y) = cos x cos y sin x sin y

sin 2x = 2 sin x cos x

cos 2x = cos 2 x sin 2 x

Recall: Derivatives of Trigonometric functions:

THEOREM

(Derivative of Trigonometric Functions)

Dx(tan x) = sec 2 x

Dx(sin x) = cos x
Dx(cos x) = sin x

EXAMPLES:

Dx(sec x) = sec x tan x

Dx(cot x) = csc x

Dx(csc x) = csc x cot x

sin x dx
cos 2 x

7.

(2 cos x 3 sin x) dx

10.

8.

3sec x tan x 5 csc x dx

11.

tan

9.

cos (tan sec ) d

12.

2 cot x 3 sin 2

sin x

x cot 2 x 4 dx
x
dx

THE SUBSTITUTION METHOD FOR CHAIN RULE

f ( g ( x)) [ g ' ( x)] dx f (u) du

Steps:
1. Substitute u = g(x) and du = g(x) dx to obtain the integral

F (u ) C

2. Integrate with respect to u.

3. Replace u by g(x) in the result.

F ( g ( x)) C
EXAMPLES:

f (u)du .

Find the following indefinite integral using substitution method.

1.

(3 2 x)

dx

2.

3.

28(7 x 2)

4.

5.

cos 8x dx

6.

7.

2 r

r
18 1 dr

8. sec v tan v dv
2 2

dx

x 1dx

2x 3

z 1

9.

4
sin t cos t dt

10.

1
cos dx
x

11.

12.

( x 1)

13.

4 x 7 dx
5

z dz

14.

x 2 dx

1/ 4

x 5 dx

x 3 dx
1 2x2

cot y csc 2 y dy

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF LOGARITHMIC AND EXPONENTIAL FUNCTIONS

1

u du ln u

du e C
u

du ln u C, if n 1

au
C
* a du
ln a
u

Recall: Derivatives of logarithmic and exponential functions:

THEOREM

THEOREM

i) If u is a differential function of x and u(x) > 0, then Dx (ln u )

1
Dx (u ) .
u

ii) If u is a differential function of x, then Dx (ln u )

1
Dx (u ) .
u

iii) If u is a differential function of x, then Dx (log a u )

log a e
Dx (u ) .
u

i) If u is a differential function of x, then Dx e u e u Dx (u)

ii) If a is any positive number and u is a differential function of x, then

Dx a u a u ln a Dx (u)

EXAMPLES:

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1.

2.

3.

dx
3 2x

4.

ln x
dx
x

7.

3x dx
x2 4

5.

dx
x ln x

8.

cos t
dt
1 2 sin t

25 x

6.

dx

9.

2 x 1

dx

1 e 2 x
ex

2x
3 dx

10.

10 3 x dx

11.

2
x
x 10 dx

12.

y e
e
e 2 3 dy

dx

* Integrals yielding the Natural Logarithmic Function

EXAMPLES:

tan u du ln sec u

sec u du ln sec u tan u

cot u du ln sin u

csc u du ln csc u cot u

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

13.

(cot 5x csc 5x) dx

14.

cos 3w 3

dw
sin 3w

15.

(tan 2 x sec 2 x) dx

16.

2
2

cos sin
x
x dx

2
2

2
x sin

INTEGRALS YIELDING INVERSE TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

du

1 u

1 u 2
du

sin 1 u C

tan 1 u C

du
u 2 1

sec 1 u C

u
sin 1 C
a
a2 u2
du

du
1
u
tan 1 C
2
a
u
a
1
u
sec 1 C
a
u2 a2 a
du

If the integrand contains negative coefficients, factor out the negative coefficient outside the integral symbol,
then evaluate the integral using any of the above mentioned rules. This methods eliminates evaluating the
integral using their co inverse functions.

Note:

Recall the derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric functions

THEOREM

If u is a differentiable function of x, then

Dx (sin 1 u )
D x (tan 1 u )

D x (sec 1 u )

EXAMPLES:

Dx (u )

Dx (cos 1 u )

1
D x (u )
1 u 2

D x (cot 1 u )

1 u

1
u u2 1

D x (u )

1
1 u2

Dx (u )

1
D x (u )
1 u 2

D x (csc 1 u )

u u 2 1

D x (u )

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

dx

1.

2.

dx
x 81

3.

dx

1 4x 2

4 x x 2 16

4.

5.

6.

ydy
y 16
4

sin y dy
2 cos 2 y

dy
(1 y ) y

7.

8.

9.

dz
2z z 2
dz
e e z
z

dx

10.

11.

1 x

3x x 2 2
1 x
dx
2

6 dz
(2 z ) z 2 4 z 3

ANTIDERIVATIVES OF HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

AND INTEGRALS YIELDING INVERSE HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS

sinh u du cosh u C

sech

cosh u du sinh u C

csch

Note:

u du tanh u C

sechu tanh u du sechu C

u du coth x C

cschu coth u du cschu C

Hyperbolic Functions

DEFINITION

(HYPERBOLIC SINE AND HYPERBOLIC COSINE)

The hyperbolic sine function, denoted sinh, and the hyperbolic cosine function, denoted cosh, are defined as
follows:
e x ex
e x ex
sinh x
cosh x
2
2
where x is any real number.

DEFINITION

(OTHER FOUR HYPERBOLIC FUNCTIONS)

The hyperbolic tangent, hyperbolic cotangent, hyperbolic secant, and hyperbolic cosecant functions,
denoted respectively as tanh, coth, sech, and csch, are defined as follows:

tanh x

sinh x e x e x

cosh x e x e x

sec h x

1
2

cosh x e x e x

coth x

cosh x e x e x

sinh x e x e x

csch x

1
2
x
sinh x e e x

1
coth x

Remarks:

tanh x

Remarks:

sinh (x) = sinh x

cosh (x) = cosh x

cosh x + sinh x = ex

cosh x sinh x = e x

sinh(x + y) = sinh x cosh y + cosh x sinh y

cosh(x + y) = cosh x cosh y + sinh x sinh y

sinh 2x = 2sinh x cosh x

cosh 2x = cosh2 x + sinh2 x

Dx [sinh u] = cosh u Dx (u)

Dx [tanh u] = sech2 u Dx (u)
Dx [sech u] = sech u tanh u Dx (u)

Dx [cosh u] = sinh u Dx (u)

Dx [coth u] = csch2 u Dx (u)
Dx [csch u] = csch u coth u Dx (u)

Remarks:

1 tanh2 x = sech2 x

cosh2 x sinh2 x = 1

1 coth2 x = csch2 x

* Integrals yielding Hyperbolic Functions

EXAMPLES:

tanh u ln cosh u

sec h u tan

coth u ln sinh u

csc h u ln

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1.

sinh

2.

x sinh x 2 cosh x 2 dx

3.

sinh x

sinh x cosh x
dx
tanh e x

4.

x cosh x dx

dx

5.

ln [csc h 4 y ]
tanh 4 y

7.

coth

(sinh u) C

tanh

u
C
2

dy

2 x dx
cosh 2 x x

6.

8.

csc h (ln t ) coth(ln t )

dt
t

9.

sec h

10.

x dx
2

3e csc h 3 x
sinh 3x tanh 3x

Integrals yielding Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

(Given a > 0, and u is a differentiable function of x)
*

u
sinh 1 C
a
u2 a2

or

u
cosh 1 C
a
u2 a2

or

du

du

1
1 u
a tanh a c if

du

a2 u2
1
u
coth 1 c if
a
a

Note:

du
u a
2

du
u a
2

u a

or

ln u u 2 a 2 C

ln u u 2 a 2 C

du
1
au

ln
, u a and a 0
2
2a a u
u

u a

1
u
sec h 1 C
a
a
a2 u2

or

1
1 u
u a 2 u 2 a csc h a C

or

du

du

1 a a2 u2
ln
a
u
a2 u2

1 a a 2 u 2

u a 2 u 2 a ln
u

du

du

Recall the derivatives of Inverse Hyperbolic Functions

THEOREM

If u is a differentiable function of x, then

D x (sinh 1 u )

D x (cosh 1 u )

D x (tanh 1 u )

EXAMPLES:

1
u 1
2

1
u 2 1

D x (u )

D x (csc h 1u )

D x (u ) , u 1

D x (sec h 1u )

1
D x (u ), u 1
1 u 2

D x (coth 1 u )

1
1 u 2

1
u 1 u 2

D x (u ) , u 0

D x (u ) , 0 u 1

1
D x (u ), u 1
1 u 2

Evaluate the following indefinite integrals.

1.

2.

3.

dx
4 x

4.

5.

dx
, x 5
25 x 2

x dx
x 4 1

6.

cos d
3 cos 2 1

ds
4s 9s 16

8.

m dm
4m 8m 2 1

3e 2 x dx

dp
(sin p) 81 4 sin 2 p

dx

7.

9.

( x ln 2 x) 4 5 ln 2 2 x

e4x 7