Motion along a straight line

Lecture 3 Objectives
Describe motion in one dimension (1D) in
terms of distance, displacement, speed,
average and instantaneous velocities
Analyse 1D motion using verbal, graphical
and algebraic representations

Motion along a straight line

Mechanics is the study of relationships among
force, matter, and motion

Kinematics describes motion.

Physical quantities involved:

Displacement,
Velocity,
Acceleration,
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Lecture 3: Displacement, time, average and

instantaneous velocity
Galileo is credited as being the first to
measure speed by considering the
distance covered and the time it takes.
Speed is how fast an object is moving.

A cheetah is the fastest

land animal over
distances less than
500 meters and can
achieve peak speeds
of 100 km/h.
http://library.thinkquest.org/03oct/02144/basics/planetary.htm

Motion along a straight line

Motion along the -axis
(unit vector )
Every moving body is
treated as a point
particle

Right (+-direction):
POSITIVE
Left (-direction):
NEGATIVE
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Distance and displacement describe

an objects position.
Distance,
Scalar (no direction)
No need for chosen
origin and positive
direction
Needs actual path
traversed
Cannot be negative
=

Displacement,
Vector (with direction)
Need to chose an origin
and a positive direction
No need for actual path
traversed
Can be negative
=
5

Speed and velocity describe the change

of an objects position with time.
Speed,
Scalar (no direction)

Velocity,
Vector (with direction)

Average speed,

=
=

Average velocity,

=
=

Units of speed/velocity:
Units of
position/distance/displacement:
m/s, mph, kph
m, km, mile
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Average speed and average velocity

Average speed,
Scalar (no direction)
Net distance per unit
time
No need for chosen
origin and positive
direction
Needs actual path
traversed
Cannot be negative

Average velocity,
Vector (with direction)
Net displacement per
unit time
Need to chose an origin
and a positive direction
No need for actual path
traversed
Can be negative
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Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to

be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled
b) Your net displacement
c) The time it took for your eastward trip
d) The time it took for your westward trip
e) The total time of your entire trip
f) Average speed of your entire trip
g) Average velocity of entire trip
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Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to

be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:

a) Your total distance traveled: 600 m

Total distance = 315m + 285m = 600m

b) Your net displacement: 30 m

Net displacement = 315m - 285m = m

Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to

be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled: 600 m
b) Your net displacement: 30 m
c) The time it took for your eastward trip: 63.0 s
d) The time it took for your westward trip: 67.9 s

=
= .
. /

=
= .
. /

10

Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to

be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled: 600 m
b) Your net displacement: 30 m
c) The time it took for your eastward trip: 63.0 s
d) The time it took for your westward trip: 67.9 s
e) The total time of your entire trip: 130.9 s
Total time = 63.0s + 67.9s = 130.9s

11

Sample problem:
Distance, displacement, speed and velocity.

Starting from a pillar, you run 315 m east (taken to

be the +-direction) at an average speed of 5.00
m/s, and then run 285 m west at an average speed
of 4.20 m/s to a post. Calculate:
a) Your total distance traveled: 600 m
b) Your net displacement: 30 m
c) The time it took for your eastward trip: 63.0 s
d) The time it took for your westward trip: 67.9 s
e) The total time of your entire trip: 130.9 s
f) Average speed of your entire trip: 5 m/s
g) Average velocity of entire trip: 0.2 m/s

=
=
= /

=
=
= . /
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Positive and negative average

velocities
>
Move in the chosen
positive direction
+-direction
<
Move opposite of the
chosen positive
direction
-direction
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Graphical analysis of position as a

function of time

Position,
Time,

graph
position at time
position at time

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Graphical analysis of average and

instantaneous velocity

Average velocity,

=
=

Slope of the line

connecting ( , ) and
( , )

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Graphical analysis of average and

instantaneous velocity

Instantaneous velocity,

Velocity at any specific

instant of time or specific
point along a path

= lim
=
0

Slope of the line tangent

to a point in the plot
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Graphical analysis of velocity as

a function of time

plot

plot

17

Graphical analysis of velocity as

a function of time

plot

Velocity
Speed
Steepness & orientation
Steepness
Very steep, very fast
Very steep, very fast
Positive slope: always Positive slope: motion in
the positive direction
the case
Negative slope: motion
Negative slope: not
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in the negative direction
possible

At which of the labeled points is the velocity

of an object:
Zero?
Constant and positive?
Constant and negative?
Increasing in magnitude?
Decreasing in magnitude?

19

At which of the labeled points is the velocity

of an object:
Zero? IV
Constant and positive?
Constant and negative?
Increasing in magnitude?
Decreasing in magnitude?

20

At which of the labeled points is the velocity

of an object:
Zero? IV
Constant and positive? I
Constant and negative? V
Increasing in magnitude?
Decreasing in magnitude?

21

At which of the labeled points is the velocity

of an object:
Zero? IV
Constant and positive? I
Constant and negative? V
Increasing in magnitude? II
Decreasing in magnitude? III

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Examples
Average and instantaneous velocity.
a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity?
b) Can you have zero average velocity and
nonzero instantaneous velocity?
c) Can you have negative net displacement and
zero average velocity?
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity?
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Examples
Average and instantaneous velocity.
a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity? YES (momentarily stopped)
b) Can you have zero average velocity and
nonzero instantaneous velocity?
c) Can you have negative net displacement and
zero average velocity?
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity?
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Examples
Average and instantaneous velocity.
a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity? YES
b) Can you have zero average velocity and
nonzero instantaneous velocity? YES (0displacement)
c) Can you have negative net displacement and
zero average velocity?
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity?
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Examples
Average and instantaneous velocity.
a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity? YES
b) Can you have zero average velocity and
nonzero instantaneous velocity? YES
c) Can you have negative net displacement and
zero average velocity? NO (negative number/any number
cannot be zero)

d) Can you have negative net displacement and

positive instantaneous velocity?
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Examples
Average and instantaneous velocity.
a) Can you have zero instantaneous velocity and
nonzero average velocity? YES
b) Can you have zero average velocity and
nonzero instantaneous velocity? YES
c) Can you have negative net displacement and
zero average velocity? NO
d) Can you have negative net displacement and
positive instantaneous velocity? YES(momentarily +
velocity)
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Summary
Distance,
Scalar (no direction)
Needs actual path traversed
Cannot be negative
=

Speed
Steepness
Very steep, very fast
Positive slope: (always)
Negative slope: not possible

Displacement,
Vector (with direction)
Need to chose an origin and a
positive direction
=

Velocity
Steepness & orientation
Very steep, very fast
Slope depends on the direction of
motion
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Homework

29

6 and 7. What is the magnitude and

direction relative to the +x-axis of
vector q?
= 2.0 + 4.0
2 + 2 = (2)2 +(4)2 = 4.5
1
1
4
o
= tan
=
tan

=
63.4

2
=

Any angles that

differ by 180O
have the same
tangent

or 360 63.4 = 295.6 or 116.6

ANS: 116.6o (2nd quadrant)

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(1) and (2) multiple choice (from previous long exam):

= 12.0 + 28.030 = 26.0 = 2 + 2 = .

= 28.030 = 24.2

= 50065 = 453
= 50065 = 211

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Perform the following vector operations:

=
=
1. + = +
2. =

3. =
4. =
5. =
6. = +
7. ( ) =

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8-9. What is the magnitude and direction of

vector z + 2m (include which quadrant)?
= 2.0
= 2.0

= 4.0 + 2.0
2 + 2 = (2)2 +(4)2 = 4.5
1
1
2
o
= tan
=
tan

=
27

4
=

Any angles that

differ by 180O
have the same
tangent

or 153 27 = 333 or 153

ANS: 153o in the 2nd quadrant

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Seatwork
- solve problems in your
notebooks
- write the answers only in
your bluebook
- indicate the date

Date:
1. Blah?
2. Blah blah!
3. Blah blah blah!
4. Blah blah blah blah!

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(1) multiple choice (from previous long exam)

= 3.00 + 4.002()

Graphical analysis.
Given the following plots below, answer the
following questions:
2. Which pertains to an object with constant speed?
3. Which pertains to an object that reverses direction?
4. Which pertains to an object that starts slowly and
then speeds up?
5. Which pertains to an object that starts fast then
slows down?

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You normally drive between UP and your home at an

average speed of 60km/h and the trip takes 2hours. On
a Friday afternoon, however, heavy traffic slows you
down and you drive the same distance at an average
speed of only 40km/h.
6. Calculate the distance from UP to your home.

7. How much longer does your trip take on during

Fridays compared to other days of the week? (express
your answers in minutes)
8. How fast must you travel from UP to your home if
you want to get home in 1hour?
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