GRAVIMETRIC ANALYSIS

FOR PRECIPITATION
REACTIONS
Prepared By : Miss Noraishah Binti Abdul Aziz

Learning outcomes
At the end of the lecture, student should be able to:
1. Understand and use concept of solubility.
2. Perform stoichiometric calculations for precipitation reactions
Examples of precipitation reactions
Write ionic/net ionic equation
Identify spectator ions

Gravimetric analysis
Gravimetric analysis is an analytical technique based on the measurement of
mass.
One type of gravimetric analysis is the mass determination of precipitates.
Precipitates are insoluble product from precipitation reactions.
Generally, this procedure is applied to ionic compounds.

Procedure of gravimetric analysis

Sample

Precipitation

Filtration

Drying

weigh

Calculate
mass and %
composition

A. Solubility

 Solubility is the ability of amount of solute

to dissolve in a given amount of solvent.
Solubility depends on certain factors such
as temperature, type of solute and type of
solvent.
Solubility is the maximum amount of
solute that can be dissolved at certain
temperature.
It is expressed in grams of solute in 100
grams of solvent.
Substance is said to be soluble if a fair
amount of solute visibly dissolves when
added to water.
If not, the substance is described as
slightly soluble or insoluble.

SOLUBILITY IN
SOLUTIONS

SATURATED

SUPERSATURATED
UNSATURATED

contains the
maximum quantity of
solute that dissolves
at that temperature.

contain more solute

than is possible to be
dissolved
contains less than the
maximum amount of solute
that can dissolve at a
particular temperature

Solubility rules for ionic solids in water

Soluble if salt contains
NH4+ , Li+ , Na+ , K+ , NO3- , CH3COO- (acetate)

Exceptions

But are soluble

with

Cl- , Br- , I-

Insoluble if salt contain

CO32- , S2- , PO43- , OH-

Ag+ , Pb2+ , Hg22+

But are not
soluble with

SO42-

Ba2+ , Pb2+ , Ca2+ , Sr2+

But are not
soluble with

Examples
Ionic compound
K2S
Ca(NO3)2
PbCl2

Solubility in water
soluble
soluble
Insoluble

NaOH
AlPO4

Soluble
Insoluble

reasoning
contains K+
Contains NO3Is an insoluble
chloride
Contains Na+
Contains PO43-

B. Stoichiometric calculations for

precipitation reactions

A 0.5662 g sample of an ionic compound containing chloride ions and an unknown metal is dissolved in
water and treated with an excess of AgNO3. If 1.0882 g of AgCl precipitate forms, what is the percent by
mass of Cl in the original compound?
+ +

= 1.0882

= 7.59121

103

1
= 7.59121 103
143.35

1
1

= 7.59121 103

= 7.59121 103

35.45
= 0.26911
1

% =
100%

% =

0.26911
100% = 47.53 %
0.5662

C. Examples of precipitation
reaction

Formation of lead(II) iodide precipitate

Reaction is between lead(II) nitrate and potassium iodide.
Yellow precipitate of lead(II) iodide is formed.
3

Type of reaction?
Displacement?

+ 2 2 + 23

2+ + 23 + 2 +

+ 2 2 + 2 + () + 23 (aq)

+ , 3
2+

+ 2 2

Spectator ion : ion that

is unchanged on both
sides of chemical
equation. They just
spectate while ppte is
formed!

Formation of lead(II) iodide precipitate