Environmental Testing Market v2

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations
GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET

The global market for environmental sensing and monitoring technologies was worth $9.1 billion in 2008 and an estim
$10.1 billion in 2009. This should reach $13 billion in 2014, for a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2%. The gl
market consists of radon, gps, remote sensing, new related technologies, terrestrial sensing and monitoring technologies amo
other segments.
Radon, GPS, remote sensing and new technologies have the largest share of the market, generating $4.9 billion in 2008 and a
estimated $5.1 billion in 2009. This segment is expected to be worth $6.8 billion in 2014, for a CAGR of 6.2%.
Terrestrial sensing and monitoring technologies combine for the second-largest market share, generating $2.6 billion in 2008 a
estimated $2.7 billion in 2009. This is expected to grow at a CAGR of 4.7% to reach $3.4 billion in 2014. - June 2009
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0128141/Environmental-Sensing-and-Monitoring-Technologies-Global-Markets.html
Global Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics Market (comprised by food residue diagnostics, environmental tes
and microbiology testing) to Reach US$2.4 Billion by 2015, According to a New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. September 27, 2010.
GIA announces the release of a comprehensive global report on Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics market. The globa
market for agricultural and environmental diagnostics is forecast to reach US$2.4 billion by the year 2015. Rising concerns ove
food and water safety worldwide continue to increase the need for testing contaminants thereby generating strong demand for
Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics. Increasing trend towards globalization, implementation of Hazard Analysis and Cr
Control Point System (HACCP), developments such as genetically modified (GMO) crops, and concerns over food borne disea
are key factors driving the market for food diagnostics.
San Jose, CA (Vocus) September 27, 2010 -- Increasing occurrence of ailments from contaminated water and food has resulte
tougher measures and regulations over the years, boosting the demand for agriculture and environment diagnostics. As per th
WHO estimates, contaminated food leads to 2.0 billion illnesses and 1.8 million deaths each year. Rising public concerns over
safety has created demand from the food industry regarding safety of food and food products, and the microbiological quality.
uplifting of trade barriers and the resulting improvement in international trade also indicate an increasing need for consolidation
food safety testing regulations since incidence of food-borne illness in various countries worldwide, are often attributed to impo
contaminated food products.
Europe constitutes the largest regional market for Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics, accounting for more than 30% o
global market, as stated by the new market research report on Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics. Growth is mainly
expected to emanate from developing regions such as Latin America and Asia-Pacific. In terms of market segments, the globa
market is primarily driven by the Microbiology Testing sector, which account for more than 60% of the global market. Microbiolo
tests are expected to register higher growth rates due to transition to rapid methods from conventional microbiological testing
methods. These include immunoassay-based, convenience-based, and molecular-based methods. Global demand for Food
Residue Diagnostics is projected to rise at a CAGR of more than 4.0% during the analysis period. Demand for
Environmental Testing in the US is projected to rise to US$46.2 million by 2012.
Major players profiled in the report include Biomerieux SA, Charm Sciences, C-Qentec Diagnostics, Eurofins Scientific, IDEXX
Laboratories Inc., 3M company, Neogen Corp., R-Biopharm, and Strategic Diagnostics Inc.
http://www.streetinsider.com/SEC+Filings/Global+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Diagnostics+Market+to+Reach+US$2.4+B
Summary
The global market for environmental sensing and
monitoring technologies was worth $9.1 billion in 2008
and an estimated $10.1 billion in 2009. This should
reach $13 billion in 2014, for a compound annual
growth rate (CAGR) of 5.2%. The global market
consists of radon, gps, remote sensing, new related
technologies, terrestrial sensing and monitoring
technologies among other segments.
2.4+Billion+by+2015,+According+to+a+New+Report+by+Global+Industry+Analysts,+Inc./5997917.html

CHINESE ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET
REGULATION

CHINESE ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET
China's environmental testing market presents enormous opportunities for analytical instrument
companies. It is a market in which many of the larger instrument companies have firmly established
themselves, investing in manufacturing and sourcing operations, extensive sales networks, and
partnerships with academic and government bodies. For many large instrument companies, China
is their fastest growing market, consistently posting double-digit sales growth. Instruments for
environmental testing of air, water, soil and waste, including atomic spectroscopy, molecular
spectroscopy, chromatography and electrochemistry techniques, are one of the fastest
growing segments of the Chinese instrument market. China's State Environmental Protection
Agency (SEPA) estimates that between 2006 and 2010, the country will invest 1.3 trillion yuan
($162.5 billion) in environmental protection, up from 700 billion yuan ($75 billion) in the 20012005 period. Average annual investment is estimated to be 260 billion yuan ($32.5 billion), or more
than 1.5% of China's annual gross domestic product.
Goals of China's 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010)

* The creation or amendment of 1,400 environmental standards, consisting of 121 for control
pollution and 1,122 to "pinpoint environmental requirements of different sectors," according to
SEPA.
* 20% reduction of sulfur dioxide emissions to under 22.95 million tons
* Provision of safe drinking water to 100 million rural residents
* 70% wastewater treatment rate in cities and 2.8 million cubic meters of wastewater treated annually
* 70% of sewage treated in cities
3/12/07: http://www.allbusiness.com/services/health-services/3898619-1.html
REGULATION
"Generally, China patterns virtually all of their environmental regulations and methods after
the US EPA. It is a common denominator in the global testing arena to be able to do US methods
with US data accuracy requirements," he said. "I would say in general, and particularly given the
growing presence of multinational testing labs in China, that the standard is pretty high. I don't
sense that the capabilities and general workflow within labs in China is in any way behind what you
find in the developed parts of the world."
3/12/07: http://www.allbusiness.com/services/health-services/3898619-1.html
ated annually
Summary
As part of China's 11th Five-year Plan (2006-2010), the
country plans on creating or amending 1,400
environmental standards. As a result, instruments for
environmental testing is one of the fastest growing
segments of the Chinese instrument market. China's
State Environmental Protection Agency estimates that
between 2006 and 2010, the country will invest $162.5
billion in environmental protection, up 117% from the
prior 5 year period.

US ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET
The environmental market had seen its share of milestones with roots dating back to the 1950s with the
Act, followed by the Clean Air Act of 1963. Throughout the next half-century, the Clean Air Act has seen
revisions and additions. However, it wasnt until 1990 when congress passed the Clean Air Act Amendm
addressed the environmental concerns in several folds, including Air Pollution and Prevention, emission
moving sources, acid deposition controls, permits, ozone protection, and various other controls. As a re
analytical instruments market received a boost in new instrument sales, particularly in gas chromatogra
LC, LCMS, and atomic absorption.
Currently, the environmental instrument market (comprised of lab separations, atomic spectrosco
related technologies) is nearing $4 billion with signs of solid growth. President Obamas American
Reinvestment Act (ARRA) was signed into law on February 17, 2009. Among many other sectors, the A
stimulus money for the NIH, NSF, DOE, USDA, NIST, various institutes such as National Cancer Institut
National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, and the National Institute of Allergy and
Infectious Diseases.
Through the EPA, the stimulus provided $4 billion in grant money for Clean Water State Revolvin
and $2 billion for capitalization grants for the Safe Drinking Water Act. The Department of the Int
Bureau of Reclamation was allocated $126 million for water reuse and reclamation projects, and
$60 million for rural water projects. The USDAs Rural Utilities Services received $2.82 billion for
and $986 million for grants to rural water and waste disposal facilities.
Instruments for water quality testing are expected to benefit from the ARRA. Laboratory separations, wh
HPLC, GC, LCMS, and GCMS accounted for nearly a third of the 2008 environmental instrumentatio
Atomic spectroscopy, which includes atomic absorption among other techniques, accounted for only 16
share, while the remaining 54% of the environmental instrumentation market included technologies suc
electrochemistry, water analyzers, gas analyzers, and molecular spectroscopy. - July 2009
July 2009: http://chromatographyonline.findanalytichem.com/lcgc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=608919

Laboratory Testing Services
Products & Services

Product/Services
Product
performance/safety testing
Product certification
Environmental testing
Agriculture/food testing
Biological/chemical testing
Other testing
Environmental Testing is estimated to be $3.1 billion in 2009.
7/22/10: http://www.ibisworld.com/industry/default.aspx?indid=1408
Demand for Environmental Testing in the US is projected to rise to US$46.2 million by 2012. -9/27
http://www.streetinsider.com/SEC+Filings/Global+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Diagnostics+Market
REGULATION
http://www.ehso.com/environmental40cfrtxt.php
http://www.kdheks.gov/environment/evrythng.html
gulations
Summary
oots dating back to the 1950s with the Air Pollution

alf-century, the Clean Air Act has seen various
ess passed the Clean Air Act Amendments, which
Air Pollution and Prevention, emission standards for
on, and various other controls. As a result, the
sales, particularly in gas chromatography, GCMS,
lab separations, atomic spectroscopy and other

growth. President Obamas American Recovery and
009. Among many other sectors, the ARRA provides
itutes such as National Cancer Institute (NCI),
e of Allergy and
oney for Clean Water State Revolving Funds

Water Act. The Department of the Interiors
euse and reclamation projects, and at least
s Services received $2.82 billion for loans
facilities.
the ARRA. Laboratory separations, which include

he 2008 environmental instrumentation market.
her techniques, accounted for only 16% of the
tion market included technologies such as
spectroscopy. - July 2009
article/articleDetail.jsp?id=608919
Key Industry Statistics

Key Industry Figures
2009 ($mm)
Industry Revenue
Revenue Growth
Industry Gross Product
Number of Establishments
15,373.4
4.1%
10,077.4
9,619
Number of Enterprises
Employment
Total Wages
8,580
106,769
7,670.1
As of 2009, the environmental instrument market,

which comprises of lab separations, atomic
spectroscopy and other related technologies, was
nearing $4 billion with signs of solid growth.
Additionally, through the EPA, the economic stimulus
provided $4 billion in grant money for Clean Water
State Revolving Funds and $2 billion for capitalization
grants for the Safe Drinking Water Act. Furthermore,
the Department of the Interiors Bureau of Reclamation
was allocated $126 million for water reuse and
reclamation projects, and at least $60 million for rural
water projects. The USDAs Rural Utilities Services
received $2.8 billion for loans and $986 million for
grants to rural water and waste disposal facilities.
ise to US$46.2 million by 2012. -9/27/10.

d+Environmental+Diagnostics+Market+to+Reach+US$2.4+Billion+by+2015,+According+to+a+New+Report+by+Global+Industry+Analysts,+
strument market,
ons, atomic
echnologies, was
olid growth.
e economic stimulus
y for Clean Water
llion for capitalization
er Act. Furthermore,
Bureau of Reclamation
ater reuse and
t $60 million for rural
al Utilities Services
d $986 million for
disposal facilities.
y+Global+Industry+Analysts,+Inc./5997917.html

Chart 3: UK Environmental Goods & Services Market by Sub Sector 2005
Air Pollution Control
583
Cleaner Technology and Processes
177
Contaminated Land Remediation
494
Energy Management
2,648
Environmental Consulting Services
1,230
Environmental Monitoring, Instrumentation
189
22
Marine Pollution Control

Noise and Vibration Control
369
Renew able Energy
290
Waste Management
Water and Wastew ater Treatment
0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Million

Global Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics Market to Reach US$2.4 Billion by 2015, According to a New Report by Gl
Industry Analysts, Inc. - September 27, 2010.
Europe constitutes the largest regional market for Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics, accounting for more t
30% of the global market, as stated by the new market research report on Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics
European Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics Market is expect to have reached US$720 million by 2015.
http://www.streetinsider.com/SEC+Filings/Global+Agricultural+and+Environmental+Diagnostics+Market+to+Reach+US$2.4+B
Western Europe's Environmental Monitoring and Instrumentation market is expected to be $4.6 billion, rising from $3.
billion in 2000.
http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file34688.pdf
UK ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET
Chart 3: UK Environmental Goods & Services Market by Sub Sector 2005
Air Pollution Control
583
Cleaner Technology and Processes
177
Contaminated Land Remediation
494
Energy Management
2,648
Environmental Consulting Services
1,230
Environmental Monitoring, Instrumentation
189
22
Marine Pollution Control

Noise and Vibration Control
369
Renew able Energy
290
Waste Management
8,100
9,400
Water and Wastew ater Treatment

0
2,000
4,000
6,000
Million
www.bis.gov.uk/files/file35633.doc
Chart 5: Growth by Sub-sector 2005-2015
8,000
10,00
UK EMI (Environmental Monitoring and Instrumentation) Forecasts
Chart 5: Growth by Sub-sector 2005-2015
million
20000
2005
2010
2015
15000
10000
5000
WWT
WM
RE
NVC
MPC
EMI
ECS
EM
CLR
CTP
APC
Sub-sector
The market for EMI is estimated at 189m for 2005, growing to 219m in 2010 and on to
UKCEED: UK Centre for Economic & Environmental Development. JEMU: Joint Environmental Markets Unit.
REGULATION
The market has been driven largely by legislation, in particular the Environmental Protection Act, IPPC and more recently the W
Framework Directive. Increasingly, the price of energy has been influencing demand in certain parts of the sector, particularly
connection with smart metering and building management systems. There is likely to be growing demand for water metering
equipment in the short to medium term, as water shortages in the south and southeast lead to mandatory metering.
2.4+Billion+by+2015,+According+to+a+New+Report+by+Global+Industry+Analysts,+Inc./5997917.html
2005
2010
2015
n to 254m by 2015.

JAPANESE ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET

JAPANESE ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET
Japan's Environmental Monitoring and Instrumentation market is expected to be $1.8 billion,
rising from $1.6 billion in 2000.
2000:http://www.bis.gov.uk/files/file34688.pdf
Frost & Sullivan
This Frost & Sullivan research service titled World Environmental Testing Equipment
Markets provides an overview of the worldwide market for different product segments in
terms of revenues by end-users and geographic regions, along with a complete analysis of
key market drivers, restraints and trends that impact the growth of this market. In this
research, Frost & Sullivan's expert analysts thoroughly examine the following end-user
markets: communications, electronics manufacturing, defense and aerospace and industrial
and automotive.
http://www.frost.com/prod/servlet/report-brochure.pag?id=F048-01-00-00-00
Strategic Directions
The Forgotten Market: Environmental Testing, A North American Survey of the
Environmental Market is an exhaustive analysis provides invaluable insights for all levels of
management, marketing, engineering, and sales personnel. The report gives you a clear
view of every aspect of this market. Each section provides in-depth analyses of the survey
responses, as well as a list of key observations.
http://www.strategic-directions.com/apps/reports/index.cfm?action=detail&sdi=-270721622
IBIS World
As environmental awareness and corporate responsibility - or fear of litigation - expands,
laboratory testing service providers are standing by to reap the rewards. The impending
introduction of a carbon emissions trading scheme, government R&D investment, and
regulations requiring safety testing of all manner of products from cars to food, ensures a
minimum level of demand for industry services even during the tough times.
In-depth industry market research presented in a logical and consistent format. Including 33
pages of insights covering industry conditions, key statistics, competitor analysis and market
share, product and customer segmentation and a 5 year forecast.
http://www.ibisworld.com/industry/default.aspx?indid=1408
BizAcumen Inc
Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics - A World Market Review

Myriad of contaminants are discovered in food, water and commodities such as poultry,
fruits, vegetables, and milk, which are routinely used in daily life. Pathogens such as E.coli,
listeria, salmonella and several others are linked to various food borne illnesses, which affect
several millions across the globe. As per the WHO estimates, contaminated food leads to 2
billion illnesses and 1.8 million deaths each year. Increasing occurrence of ailments from
contaminated food and water and rising public concerns have resulted in stringent levels of
industry and public sector regulations over the years that boost the demand for agriculture
and environment diagnostics.
Recent testing techniques involve immunoassay technologies and rapid tests that have
replaced traditional wet chemistry, bacterial culturing, and chromatographic analysis. Initially,
testing was implemented on dairy products for detecting anti-biotic contaminants, while the
recent focus has turned towards soil and water contaminants such as polychlorinated
biphenyls, dioxins, and on agricultural residues including fungicides and pesticides.
These and other market data and trends are presented in Agricultural and Environmental
Diagnostics: A World Market Review by BizAcumen, Inc. Our reports are designed to be
most comprehensive in geographic coverage and vertical market analyses.
http://www.reportlinker.com/p0164207/Agricultural-and-Environmental-Diagnostics-A-World-Market-Review.html
Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics - A World Market Review

http://217.114.165.229/reportinfo.asp?report_id=1095112&t=t&cat_id=
s-A-World-Market-Review.html
http://www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/9
A systematic review of US state environment

Lauren Zajac1
, Eli Sprecher1
, Philip J Landrigan1,2
and Leonardo Trasande1,2
Department of Community and Preventive Medicine, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
Department of Pediatrics, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
author email
corresponding author email
Environmental Health 2009, 8:9doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-9
The electronic version of this article is the complete one and can be found online at: http://www.ehjournal.net/conten
Introduction
More than 80,000 new synthetic chemicals have been developed and disseminated in the United States over the pa
Federal regulation of chemicals that are widely dispersed into the environment through industrial and other activities
Restrictions instituted by the city of Atlanta on vehicular travel during the 2000 Olympic Games were associated with
States also can influence the environment in which children live, work (i.e., go to school), and play, both through pub
National and international agencies have developed reports to evaluate the effectiveness of environmental legislatio
State regulation and legislation can serve as models for the improvement of national policy, yet few comparisons of
Methods
We began by selecting chemicals which had sufficiently strong evidence to support a possible etiologic link with neu
While "best practices" do exist for clinical and public health practice,[33,34] few studies have compared the effective
For lead exposure, we identified lead-based paint hazards as the major source of childhood lead exposure, and foc
For pesticide exposures, the authors identified three major pathways take-home exposures for children with paren
Exposures to criteria air pollutants are largely a product of safety thresholds set by USEPA and federal legislation su
We then proceeded to develop a search method for these chemicals to identify the relevant environmental regulatio
Table 1. Search Terms Applied in the Systematic Review
When LN search results or secondary sources (see Table 1) referred to a specific state regulation, we subsequently
As we could not identify a previous published approach to analyzing state environmental regulation and legislation w
Having divided the results of our search into issue area subgroups, two of the authors assessed whether the legisla
Results
Neurodevelopmental Disabilities
With the exception of lead, state environmental regulation and legislation rarely addressed children specifically. How
In the five categories of lead paint that we examined (screening, data tracking, lead abatement funding, lead preven
Figure 1. Comparison of State Lead Regulation/Legislation.
Most states statutorily require the tracking of elevated lead levels: some states require the reporting of all results, wh
In limiting mercury exposure, multiple states in the Northeast and Midwest have instituted model legislation to preve
Figure 2. Comparison of State Mercury Regulation/Legislation.
Twenty-six states and the District of Columbia have enacted model legislation that bans smoking in all, or virtually a
While twelve states require Integrated Pest Management (IPM) for school grounds and/or public lands, only Californ
A number of states have enacted other pesticide regulations that are less likely to reduce children's exposure to pes
Recent federal activity has resulted in a lower maximum contaminant level for arsenic (10 parts per billion) in water
States have also undertaken a number of statutory efforts to limit dioxin contamination, monitor and limit its emissio
Asthma
We identified few states that specifically designed regulation and legislation to protect children from asthma, but did
To limit exposures in the school setting, four states have implemented legislation or regulation that limits the time all
Figure 3. School Bus Regulation/Legislation Among States.
Illinois, Maine, and New York have passed legislation that most effectively reduces exposure to VOCs in school indo
Five states have more aggressive safety thresholds than USEPA for volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions fro
Seven states have legislation that specifically require the disclosure of mold on property transactions, and Virginia h
Discussion
Our analysis identified few regulations or laws that are specifically intended to protect children. Nonetheless, we ide
We limited our analysis to those chemical factors in the environment that have been associated with an increased ri
We do comment that the absence of a regulation or legislation may underrepresent the effort devoted by states to d
It is important to note that some state regulations may also result in benefits that cross political boundaries. Regulat
Further research is also needed to examine the impact of interest groups in shaping how epidemiologic knowledge
Our analysis represents the first published systematic review of children's environmental health legislation at the sta
By eliminating public health programs and policies from our analysis, we did eliminate good initiatives which states h
Recognizing these limitations, the differences in environmental regulation and legislation we identified are likely to le
We identified a number of environmental issues for which states exceeded federal standards for environmental prot
Conclusion
Few states have regulations or laws that are specifically intended to protect children from environmental hazards bu
Abbreviations
AAP: American Academy of Pediatrics; DPM: Diesel Particulate Matter; LN: Lexis Nexis; PBDE: Polybrominated Dip
Competing interests
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Authors' contributions
LZ and ES collected the primary data and performed the preliminary analysis of state environmental regulation and
Acknowledgements
Funding for this research was provided by the Beldon Fund. We wish to thank Tracey Easthope and Genevieve How
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41. Wasserman GA, Liu X, Parvez F, Ahsan H, Factor-Litvak P, van Geen A, Slavkovich V, Lolacono NJ, Cheng Z
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42. Kwon E, Zhang H, Wang Z, Jhangri GS, Lu X, Fok N, Gabos S, Li XF, Le XC: Arsenic on the Hands of Child
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43. Townsend T, Solo-Gabriele H, Tolaymat T, Stook K, Hosein N: Chromium, Copper, and Arsenic Concentrat
Soil and Sediment Contamination 2003 , 12:779-798. Publisher Full Text
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44. Committee on Environmental H: Ambient Air Pollution: Health Hazards to Children.

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45. Adgate JL, Church TR, Ryan AD, Ramachandran G, Fredrickson AL, Stock TH, Morandi MT, Sexton K:
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46. Seltzer JM, Fedoruk MJ: Health Effects of Mold in Children.
The Pediatric Clinics of North America 2007 , 54:309-333. Publisher Full Text
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47. Lexis Nexis Academic: State Codes, Constitutions, Court Rules & Advance Legislative Service
48. State and Local Programs, Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program [http://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lea
49. State of Tobacco Control 2006: National Grades [http://lungaction.org/reports/rank-states06.html] webcite
50. National Conference of State Legislators (NCSL): Environmental Health Database. [http://www.ncsl.org/prog
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51. National Research Council (Subcommittee on Arsenic in Drinking Water): Arsenic in Drinking Water.
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54. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC): DIESEL AND GASOLINE ENGINE EXHAUSTS.
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56. Trasande L, Schechter CB, Haynes KA, Landrigan PJ: Mental retardation and prenatal methylmercury tox
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57. Bernholz P, Vaubel R: Political Competition and Economic Regulation: Routledge.
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vironmental legislation and regulation with regards to
ew York, NY, USA
www.ehjournal.net/content/8/1/9
United States over the past 50 years. Children are at special risk of exposure to the 2,800 high-volume chemicals that are produced in qua
ustrial and other activities has proven successful in the reduction of childhood disease and disability.[13] Reductions in exposure associated
mes were associated with significant reductions in ambient ozone and in asthma acute care events [16].
and play, both through public health programs and policies as well as environmental regulation and legislation. Public health programs and p
of environmental legislation and regulation designed to protect children from environmental hazards. The World Health Organization (WHO)
y, yet few comparisons of state policy have been made. The National Conference of State Legislatures has produced a database of propose
ible etiologic link with neurodevelopmental disabilities and asthma. In this effort, the authors relied heavily upon a recent systematic review
ve compared the effectiveness of state-level regulatory/legislative interventions to reduce exposure. [13] As the WHO indicators for children
d lead exposure, and focused our analysis on primary prevention (e.g., efforts to encourage eradication of hazards) and secondary prevent
res for children with parents who work in agricultural settings, [38] residues from food sprayed with pesticides,[39] and home exposures whe
and federal legislation such as the Clean Air Act,[29] but we considered state efforts to supersede these thresholds and to encourage clean
nt environmental regulation and legislation in each of the fifty states and the District of Columbia. Lexis-Nexis (LN) is internationally known
gulation, we subsequently obtained the regulation from the relevant state agency's website, and reviewed the entire statute for completenes
egulation and legislation with regard to children's environmental health, we performed a final validity screen to our results. We compared ou
essed whether the legislation/regulation could actually reduce children's exposure. Two of the authors then compared effectiveness of the re
children specifically. However, states did vary in the number of approaches that were intended to protect the general public and effective in
ment funding, lead prevention programs, and lead paint bans), eleven states had regulation or legislation in four or more areas, twenty-eight
reporting of all results, while others require the reporting only of elevated lead levels, often defined as 10 g/dL. Statutes in California and
model legislation to prevent prenatal methylmercury toxicity (Figure 2). Connecticut, New Hampshire, Maryland, Michigan and Pennsylvania
moking in all, or virtually all, public places such as bars, restaurants, places of employment, schools and child-care centers, and three more
public lands, only California, Texas, and West Virginia require the use of least toxic pesticides, which is most likely to reduce risk for neurod
children's exposure to pesticides. Louisiana and Pennsylvania require schools to maintain a pesticide sensitivity registry, and Michigan, Colo
parts per billion) in water and a voluntary withdrawal of arsenic-containing wood products from market. With the exception of California, whi
onitor and limit its emissions, or outright ban it. While some states have instituted caps on dioxin emissions from waste treatment facilities an
dren from asthma, but did identify a number of approaches that many states took to protect the whole population and also are effective in lim
tion that limits the time allowed for school bus idling and/or requires a minimum distance for the parking of buses near school buildings (Fig
re to VOCs in school indoor air by requiring schools to phase in the use of green cleaning products. In contrast, Connecticut only requires a
ound (VOC) emissions from indoor materials or consumer products. Of these, California and Rhode Island have implemented model regula
ansactions, and Virginia has model regulation that requires landlords to disclose any "visible evidence" of mold and permits tenants to break
dren. Nonetheless, we identified a number of states that have implemented measures to protect the general public that also are effective in
ciated with an increased risk of developmental disability or asthma. There are no doubt other important policies that states have pursued to
ort devoted by states to debating the importance of these issues. Another important caveat to our analysis is that some states may choose
itical boundaries. Regulation of mercury emissions by coal-fired power plant in the Northeast and Midwest prevents mercury pollution from b
epidemiologic knowledge is translated into policy. The openness and responsiveness of the various state legislatures to adopting model legi
ealth legislation at the state level, and we recognize that our approach may not be perfect. However, our validity screen identified only one s
d initiatives which states have implemented to limit children's exposure to hazardous chemicals. Fish advisories are likely to reduce prenata
we identified are likely to lead to differences in exposure. Reduction of children's exposure to diesel exhaust, a known human carcinogen [54
ds for environmental protection. While federal regulation and legislation can produce greater uniformity in prevention of childhood disease a
environmental hazards but many states that have implemented measures to protect the general public that also are effective in limiting morb
BDE: Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers; PCB: Polychlorinated Biphenyls; USEPA: US Environmental Protection Agency; VOC: Volatile Orga
ronmental regulation and legislation. LT conceived the study and obtained primary funding, and PJL and LT reviewed and refined the analys
hope and Genevieve Howe of the Michigan Network for Children's Environmental Health, William Weil of Michigan State University and Ted
Database).
wanson J, Wadhwa PD, Clark EB, et al.: The National Children's Study: a 21-year prospective study of 100,000 American children.
argolis HG, Peters JM: Asthma in exercising children exposed to ozone: a cohort study.
ors in the etiology of childhood cancers: the Childrens Cancer Group epidemiology program.
er Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
ds in incidence and mortality.
e Systems.
ospective study.
ubMed Central Full Text
hisis in metropolitan Atlanta, 1968 through 2000.
blisher Full Text
lence, Recognition, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Sample of US Children.
ental Toxicants and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in US Children.
Text | PubMed Central Full Text
ediatrics and Its Impact on Government Health Policy.
he Reduction in Children's Exposure to Lead in the United States.
ull Text | PubMed Central Full Text
Diaz D, Dietrich J, Reyes A: Prenatal Insecticide Exposures and Birth Weight and Length among an Urban Minority Cohort.
Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text
nges in Transportation and Commuting Behaviors During the 1996 Summer Olympic Games in Atlanta on Air Quality and Childhoo
cline in Fish Consumption Among Pregnant Women After a National Mercury Advisory.
ww.who.int/ceh/indicators/en/] webcite
hildren/] webcite
n/envhealth/cehdb.cfm] webcite
ge, IL: American Academy of Pediatrics; 2003.
ng N: Methylmercury Exposure Biomarkers as Indicators of Neurotoxicity in Children Aged 7 Years.
50:301-305.
dhand smoke exposure and child neurodevelopment.
ychlorinated Biphenyls in Utero.
iishi K, Todaka T: Effects of Prenatal Exposure to Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Dioxins on Mental and Motor Development in Japa
ntral Full Text
morbidities.
uchalla RS, Morgan WJ, O'Connor GT, et al.: Cost-effectiveness of a home-based environmental intervention for inner-city children w
s of household mold associated with respiratory symptoms in the first year of life in a cohort at risk for asthma.
posure to volatile organic compounds with asthma in young children.
obacco Control Programs-2007. [http:/ / www.cdc.gov/ tobacco/ tobacco_control_programs/ stateandcommunity/ best_practices/ ] webcite
evention: A Sourcebook for Community Action. [http:/ / www.helpingamericasyouth.gov/ exhibithall/ CDC%20-%20Best%20Practices%20
d Autistic Spectrum Disorder: A Critical Review of Published Original Data.
ringhouse for Inventories and Emissions Factors. 2003. [http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief] webcite
ces of methyl mercury toxicity to the developing brain.
PubMed Central Full Text
pson B: Evaluation of take-home organophosphorus pesticide exposure among agricultural workers and their children.
Lower Children's Dietary Exposure to Organophosphorus Pesticides.
rg A, Godbold J, Wolff MS: Integrated pest management in an urban community: a successful partnership for prevention.
V, Lolacono NJ, Cheng Z, Hussain I: Water Arsenic Exposure and Children's Intellectual Function in Araihazar, Bangladesh.
ic on the Hands of Children after Playing in Playgrounds.

and Arsenic Concentrations in Soil Underneath CCA-Treated Wood Structures.
andi MT, Sexton K: Outdoor, Indoor, and Personal Exposure to VOCs in Children.
gislative Service [http:/ / www.lexisnexis.com/ us/ lnacademic/ search/ loadForm.do?formID=AC07STFedStCodes Srch&random=0.677043
p://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/grants/contacts/CLPPP%20Map.htm] webcite
k-states06.html] webcite
. [http://www.ncsl.org/programs/environ/envhealth/toxics.htm] webcite
Drinking Water. Washington, DC: National Academy Press; 1999.
Wood Preservative Products and Amendments to Terminate Certain Uses of other CCA Products [http://www.epa.gov/EPA-PEST/2003
GINE EXHAUSTS.
utants and Disease in American Children: Estimates of Morbidity, Mortality, and Costs for Lead Poisoning, Asthma, Cancer, and D
natal methylmercury toxicity.
egards to the prevention of neurodevelopmental disab
that are produced in quantities greater than one million tons per year and that are most widely dispersed in air, water, food crops, communi
ns in exposure associated with the elimination from lead in gasoline in the United States resulted in IQs among preschool aged children in t
blic health programs and policies, such as fish advisories for mercury, can reduce exposure to chemical factors in the environment, [17] but
ealth Organization (WHO) has developed children's environmental health indicators so that countries can judge the effectiveness of their leg
ed a database of proposed and enacted legislation on issues of children's environmental health, but does not compare the effectiveness of
recent systematic review of the industrial chemicals known to be neurotoxic in humans, [21] and the American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP
HO indicators for children's environmental health are currently only designed to judge legislative and regulatory success,[18] we could not u
s) and secondary prevention efforts (e.g., screening programs), recognizing that the former programs have been cited as the most effective
and home exposures when pesticides are sprayed to treat infestations.[40] Recognizing that these exposure pathways contribute to differen
ds and to encourage clean fuel usage. We also considered school bus idling and retrofit programs for school buses [44] given that children
) is internationally known as the leading database for legal documents, and provides ongoing updates of legislative and regulatory activity in
e statute for completeness. When our search results referred to another statute, we went directly to this statute and determined relevancy f
results. We compared our results using LN and secondary sources with those from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Childh
red effectiveness of the regulatory/legislative initiatives, and identified the regulatory/legislative initiatives that could most effectively reduce
eral public and effective in limiting morbidity from neurotoxic exposures.
more areas, twenty-eight had in two or more, and thirty-six (and the District of Columbia) had policies in at least one area (Figure 1). We id
Statutes in California and New Jersey require that databases contain geographical data that can be used to map locations where lead pois
ichigan and Pennsylvania have implemented model regulations that protect children from this neurotoxic exposure by lowering mercury em
centers, and three more states ban smoking in most public places. Of the twenty-one states that have not enacted wide-ranging indoor-sm
to reduce risk for neurodevelopmental impact. California also has enacted legislation that requires notification for pesticide spraying in othe
gistry, and Michigan, Colorado and Washington maintain registries of patients who are certified by a physician to be sensitive to pesticide u
xception of California, which required a disclosure for bottled water with arsenic levels between 5 and 10 parts per billion in October 2007, s
aste treatment facilities and require testing of dioxin emissions, Maine, New Jersey and New Hampshire have model regulation that require
nd also are effective in limiting morbidity from childhood asthma. In the previous section, we described differences in state legislation and re
near school buildings (Figure 3). However, Connecticut is the only state to explicitly enforce these limits and ensure that these regulations ha
onnecticut only requires air quality testing for compounds such as VOCs in school buildings built or renovated in 2003 or beyond, and Mary
mplemented model regulation that most proactively protects children by banning the sale or manufacture of products with VOC levels greate
d permits tenants to break a lease within five days if the landlord reports there is visible mold. Four states have policies that address mold in
that also are effective in limiting morbidity from asthma and neurodevelopmental disabilities in children. Some of these measures, such as
t states have pursued to limit other exposures of concern for children. Our approach did not compare policies regarding polybrominated dip
some states may choose not to enact regulation or legislation to limit exposures for contaminants that are not commonly experienced or do
s mercury pollution from being swept by air currents into the Southeast and may reduce contamination in fish caught elsewhere but sold in
es to adopting model legislation or regulations may be an important determinant of health in its own right. It is beyond the scope of this pap
creen identified only one significant difference between our results and those from other sources for lead screening. We recognize that the
e likely to reduce prenatal exposure more immediately [17] than future reduction of mercury emissions of coal-fired power plants. We also c
wn human carcinogen [54] and exacerbant of asthma [29], is likely to have quantifiable impact on children's health as well. Lead [55] and m
ion of childhood disease and disability across states, political and other considerations can prevent enactment of federal law even when sci
e effective in limiting morbidity from asthma and neurodevelopmental disabilities in children. Some of these measures are models that othe
ency; VOC: Volatile Organic Compound.
ed and refined the analysis of state environmental regulation and legislation.
n State University and Ted Schettler of the Science Environmental Health Network for their comments regarding a draft of this manuscript.
0 American children.
inority Cohort.
Air Quality and Childhood Asthma.
or Development in Japanese Children at 6 Months of Age.
for inner-city children with asthma.
/ best_practices/ ] webcite
%20Best%20Practices%20of%20V iolence%20Prevention.pdf] webcite
eir children.
or prevention.
ar, Bangladesh.
s Srch&random=0.6770431099682575] webcite
.epa.gov/EPA-PEST/2003/April/Day-09/p8372.htm] webcite
Asthma, Cancer, and Developmental Disabilities.
ental disabilities and asthma
ater, food crops, communities, waste sites and homes.[1] Rates of many common diseases are increasing in American children, and eviden
eschool aged children in the 1990s that were 2.24.7 points higher than they would have been if those children had a distribution of blood le
he environment, [17] but they are routinely implemented under broad public health authority, and no database exists to analyze how states
e effectiveness of their legislation and regulation. [18] USEPA has produced reports on America's Children and the Environment which utilize
mpare the effectiveness of state approaches to protecting children from environmental hazards [20]. We therefore chose to review systemati
ademy of Pediatrics (AAP) text Pediatric Environmental Health. [22] The AAP text was the authors' main source for identifying chemicals wh
ccess,[18] we could not use the WHO criteria to judge whether legislative or regulatory approaches were effective. We therefore relied upo
ited as the most effective programs to produce reductions in children with lead poisoning. [26] While use of lead paint in toys does appear t
ways contribute to different degrees in individual children, the authors chose to weight each pathway equally in considering legislation and r
s [44] given that children spend five days per week and nine months per year commuting to and from school. We also identified as models
e and regulatory activity in each of the fifty states. The State Codes, Constitutions, Court Rules & Advance Legislative Service combined gro
d determined relevancy for the report. The relevant results (as of July 2007) were summarized for each chemical and policies were organiz
ol and Prevention's Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program's review of state programs for lead, [48] the American Lung Association
d most effectively reduce exposure. These initiatives were identified as "models" for other states to consider. The results presented below re
ne area (Figure 1). We identified only thirty states which statutorily require screening, but also found that nearly all states have established
locations where lead poisoning has occurred, which permits further targeting for lead hazard abatement efforts and primary prevention. A nu
e by lowering mercury emissions from coal-fired power plants to 8090% of 1990 levels. While USEPA has banned use and manufacture of
d wide-ranging indoor-smoking bans, virtually all of them ban smoking in schools, daycare and healthcare facilities, although some states p
pesticide spraying in other public facilities such as parks, going so far as to requiring the posting of bilingual signs. Maine and New Hampsh
be sensitive to pesticide use, so that they receive prior notification before pesticide use in their area. These registries unfortunately do not fu
billion in October 2007, states have thus far pursued few additional efforts besides funding programs to remove arsenic from water supplies
del regulation that requires "best available" technology be used to limit dioxin emissions. Maine also has established a "Dioxin Monitoring Pr
s in state legislation and regulation with regard to tobacco smoke, which is associated with impacts on neurodevelopment and asthma. Calif
e that these regulations have their intended effect of protecting children by making it a finable infraction to leave a school bus idling for more
003 or beyond, and Maryland only requires portable classrooms to be built with materials that have low VOC content. Several states includi
ts with VOC levels greater than state standards, while Maine has model regulation that bans the sale or manufacture of any "architectural o
icies that address mold in school buildings; of these, California has model regulation that requires school districts to ensure that schools are
hese measures, such as establishment of incentives for lead hazard abatement, reduction of mercury emissions, requirements for schools
arding polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), a type of flame retardants for which there is laboratory evidence to support toxicity of anim
monly experienced or do not originate in that state. Given that most coal-fired power plants are located in the Northeast and Midwest, effort
ght elsewhere but sold in the Southeast or other parts of the country. We also applied the same evaluation approach to each state, when in
ond the scope of this paper to analyze the historical underpinnings of the legislation and regulation we identified, and this too could be an im
ing. We recognize that the AAP's support and educational efforts to encourage provider screening may be as important if not more so to the
d power plants. We also comment that we did not analyze efforts by states to perform the necessary inspection and testing to confirm enfor
as well. Lead [55] and mercury [37,56] exposure each pose significant economic burdens on America, and reduction of these exposures is
ederal law even when scientific evidence abounds to support efforts to limit exposure. Policy makers in the states do not have the luxury of
ures are models that other states and the federal government may wish to consider in the interest of preventing childhood disease.
draft of this manuscript.
ican children, and evidence is accumulating that environmental exposures are partially responsible for these alarming trends.[2] These illne
d a distribution of blood lead levels found among children in the 1970s [14]. Before the US Environmental Protection Agency's (USEPA) ph
sts to analyze how states implement programs to reduce chemical exposures under this authority.
Environment which utilize data from extant national sources to evaluate trends in children's exposure to environmental chemicals and dise
chose to review systematically environmental regulation and legislation that has been enacted in the fifty states with respect to children's en
identifying chemicals which had sufficiently strong evidence to support a possible epidemiologic association with the exacerbation or devel
. We therefore relied upon knowledge of the exposure pathways, bioavailability and toxicity for each of these chemicals to judge regulation
aint in toys does appear to pose a hazard, this was deemed a lower risk for exposure across the population of children, and regulation and
nsidering legislation and regulation. For arsenic, water contamination [41] and dermal exposure through play on copper chromium arsenate
also identified as models those regulations that could reduce exposure to volatile organic compounds (VOC) and mold in schools given the
tive Service combined group file [47] contains the statutory codes, state constitutions, court rules and current laws from the fifty states. We
and policies were organized into issue area subgroups. For example, we divided the diesel exhaust legislation results into three distinct sub
merican Lung Association's review of state tobacco regulation and legislation, [49] and the review performed by National Conference of Stat
esults presented below represent a comparison of states with respect to approaches they have taken to protect children from neurodevelop
l states have established a screening program through broad public health authority. [48] This was the only area in which our validity screen
d primary prevention. A number of states also have implemented legislation that is likely to be extremely effective in preventing childhood le
d use and manufacture of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), another fish contaminant that has been documented to cause damage to the d
s, although some states permit smoking in designated areas.
. Maine and New Hampshire require public notification for aerial spraying. These laws empower parents somewhat to prevent exposure, an
es unfortunately do not fully recognize the scientific knowledge that pesticides can cause toxicity to the developing brain in populations who
rsenic from water supplies (California and New Mexico). Through our systematic review, we identified no state with a lower maximum contam
ed a "Dioxin Monitoring Program" to test for levels near wastewater treatment plants and fish in their waters. New Hampshire has enacted m
opment and asthma. California has consistently protected children by exceeding federal diesel emissions requirements, instituting a cap on
school bus idling for more than three consecutive minutes. Ten states have implemented retrofit programs for school buses, but only Rhode
ent. Several states including Connecticut, West Virginia, and Wisconsin have set specific indoor air quality standards for schools. Of the nin
ure of any "architectural or industrial maintenance coating," manufactured after January 2006, that contains VOCs in excess of specific stan
to ensure that schools are in "good repair," including no evidence of mold. Nine states created specific mold programs or working groups to
requirements for schools to phase in green cleaning products, and limits on school bus idling are models that other states and the federal g
o support toxicity of animals, but not in humans. Nine states have banned the use or sale of products containing Penta- or Octa-PBDE, whi
heast and Midwest, efforts to limit mercury emissions from these sources in Southeastern states may not reduce methylmercury contamina
ch to each state, when in actuality, some policy measures may be more important than others. In agricultural states, legislation preventing t
nd this too could be an important area for further research.
ortant if not more so to the prevention of lead exposure, and thus a comparison of states by this metric only provides one perspective on a la
nd testing to confirm enforcement of environmental legislation and regulation. These are important caveats to judgments that policy makers
tion of these exposures is likely to result in economic benefits to those states that pursue prevention of environmental hazards. Policy make
do not have the luxury of waiting for research to unfold in considering regulation and legislation, and must weigh the scientific evidence for
ildhood disease.
ming trends.[2] These illnesses include asthma,[3,4] certain childhood cancers,[5,6] certain birth defects, [7-9] and neurodevelopmental disa
on Agency's (USEPA) phase out of diazinon and chlorpyrifos, these two pesticides were frequently detected in the cord blood of New York C
ental chemicals and diseases of environmental origin over time [19].
h respect to children's environmental health. A major goal of our analysis was also to identify initiatives that could serve as models for disea
the exacerbation or development of asthma. This approach yielded the following list of candidate chemicals for neurodevelopmental disabil
micals to judge regulation and legislation in different states with respect to the extent to which they could reduce burden of disease. [13] Poli
dren, and regulation and legislation that banned lead in toys were not considered model policies for prevention. For mercury exposure, for e
pper chromium arsenate wood [42] were considered the most effective pathways, while soil contamination was identified as another contrib
mold in schools given the many hours that young children spend in these environments, and the evidence that these exposures can contribu
from the fifty states. We began our analysis by running preliminary searches with each of the chemicals we identified in LN and made furth
ults into three distinct subgroups: diesel emissions, school bus policies, and diesel truck and commercial vehicle idling.
tional Conference of State Legislatures for other chemical exposures.[50]
hildren from neurodevelopmental disabilities and asthma, and an identification of those enacted laws and regulations that are most likely to
which our validity screen yielded different results from that which we obtained using our base methodology. Many states exceeded the Cen
n preventing childhood lead poisoning, ranging from tax credits to grants and loans for lead abatement (Rhode Island, Massachusetts, Miss
o cause damage to the developing brain, twenty-eight states also have statutes regarding its disposal. California bans the incineration of P
t to prevent exposure, and should be considered as a model approach for other states to prevent disease, but not a very good model in tha
brain in populations who are not classified as sensitive. New York has a registry to track all pesticide use in the state, which may be useful
h a lower maximum contaminant level than USEPA, even though toxicity has been documented at lower levels of exposure.[51] North Caroli
Hampshire has enacted model legislation that bans building of new medical waste incinerators and will prohibit all medical waste incineratio
ments, instituting a cap on particulate matter emissions beginning in model year 2004. Several years later, the federal government implemen
ool buses, but only Rhode Island has required that these retrofit programs will be implemented by September 2010, thereby reducing expos
ds for schools. Of the nine states have policies for indoor air quality monitoring and/or assessment for public and/or private dwellings, only f
in excess of specific standards. The Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 establish tighter VOC emission standards for automobiles and truc
ams or working groups to assess mold issues in the state, and several states have public education programs.
r states and the federal government may wish to consider in the interest of preventing childhood disease.
enta- or Octa-PBDE, while three states have authorized studies of the hazard posed by use of Deca-PBDE, and Washington has banned it
methylmercury contamination of fish eaten by women and children in those states. Nonetheless, we identified many gaps in environmental r
s, legislation preventing take-home exposures from agricultural workers may be more important, while legislation regarding integrated pest
es one perspective on a larger problem. We did not analyze funding of lead screening programs, or effectiveness of state health departmen
ments that policy makers and the public should consider in weighing the results of our analysis.
ntal hazards. Policy makers may wish to consider the model legislation and regulation we identified for their own states as a proactive inves
he scientific evidence for prevention against the many social and political factors that diminish or enhance interest in protecting children's he
neurodevelopmental disabilities. [10-12]
cord blood of New York City children and associated with decrements in birth weight and length. After these phaseouts, the pesticides and
serve as models for disease prevention in other states and across the country. We focused our review upon environmental regulation and le
urodevelopmental disabilities: pesticides, mercury, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), arsenic, dioxins, lead, and environmental tobacco sm
rden of disease. [13] Policies are identified in this manuscript if, based upon a review of the literature cited in this manuscript, they were jud
or mercury exposure, for example, the authors focused their analysis on policies that limited exposure to methylmercury, as ethylmercury ex
entified as another contributor. [43] Human milk exposure, the primary pathway for exposure to dioxin, [22] was deemed unlikely to be imme
se exposures can contribute to asthma exacerbations. [45,46] Building materials are more likely to contribute to VOC emissions in the long-
fied in LN and made further refinements in the search terms to ensure that our search terms did not inadvertently exclude results on the ba
ns that are most likely to prevent disease and disability from environmental exposures. We identify these laws and regulations as "model le
states exceeded the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention guidelines that encourage screening of high risk children by requiring ma
and, Massachusetts, Missouri and Minnesota). Many states have limited or banned the use of lead paint in common products that are acce
bans the incineration of PCB containing materials while Connecticut, Idaho, Indiana, Minnesota and North Carolina limit it or have notificatio
a very good model in that it gives the citizen a "choice" to essentially restrict his/her activities or those of his/her family in order to accommo
ate, which may be useful to guide studies for possible etiologic associations, but have limited promise otherwise to prevent disease.
xposure.[51] North Carolina has prohibited chromated copper arsenate-treated wood for future use on school grounds, and requires testing
medical waste incineration, a major source of dioxin exposure, by 2014. A number of states have banned dioxin in dust-mitigating compoun
ral government implemented similar regulations including requiring ultra-low sulfur diesel fuel and capping particulate matter emissions from
0, thereby reducing exposures to children most immediately and effectively. Other state retrofitting programs have uncertain impact in reduc
or private dwellings, only five states have taken the most effective approach of establishing specific standards or guidelines for indoor air qu
s for automobiles and trucks and also set minimum requirements for a fee system for VOC emissions [53]. Many states have implemented p
Washington has banned its use outright. More human studies are needed to identify whether these legislative interventions may indeed hav
ny gaps in environmental regulation and legislation that could prevent disease and disability in all states. Lead paint hazards do not obey sta
egarding integrated pest management may be more important in more densely populated, urban states. State government officials may wis
of state health departments in executing lead abatement where affected children live.
tates as a proactive investment in the future health of their states' children.

in protecting children's health. Our analysis suggests that many states have many opportunities for improvement, and need not be original
eouts, the pesticides and the association with predictors of cognitive potential were no longer detected [15]. Local policy can also dramatica
onmental regulation and legislation with regard to prevention in two disease categories: neurodevelopmental disabilities and asthma, those
nvironmental tobacco smoke. We chose not to include perfluorinated compounds, polybrominated diphenylethers (PBDEs), manganese, pe
manuscript, they were judged by two of the authors to be able to reduce exposure to one of the chemicals that have been associated with n
ercury, as ethylmercury exposure has not been associated with adverse effects on neurodevelopment in multiple human studies.[35] Consu
emed unlikely to be immediately reduced through environmental regulation and legislation, and fish advisories were identified to be largely
OC emissions in the long-term than furnishings or consumer products, [22] and we therefore we considered as models those laws and regu
exclude results on the basis of differing terminology or nomenclature. Table 1 presents the chemicals and the associated search terms we u
d regulations as "model legislation" and "model regulation" to call attention to them in the subsequent section.
k children by requiring mandatory screening of all children. Massachusetts has model regulation that most proactively identifies children with
on products that are accessible to children, such as toys, but these efforts are less likely to reduce the burden of lead poisoning than progra
a limit it or have notification requirements for PCB incineration.
amily in order to accommodate the application of pesticides. More effective approaches would limit use of pesticides in public places to the l
o prevent disease.
unds, and requires testing for arsenic in new private wells. No state has proceeded to implement regulation or legislation that bans the sale
dust-mitigating compounds and the District of Columbia and Georgia have banned the use of all dioxin containing materials for dust suppre
ate matter emissions from heavy duty engines. Three other states have implemented additional diesel policies including emissions testing a
uncertain impact in reducing childhood exposures because they only provide inducements (e.g., grants) to encourage implementation. The
uidelines for indoor air quality. Oregon is the only of these states that has enacted regulations that most effectively protect children by requi
tates have implemented policies to reduce VOC emissions and impose emissions fees as well. Five states provide financial incentives or o
ventions may indeed have prevented neurodevelopmental disabilities in children.
t hazards do not obey state boundaries, yet many states have not implemented programs to accelerate process towards eradication of thes
vernment officials may wish to view our analysis with this caveat, and researchers may wish to study the impact of "lab experiments" in whic
and need not be original in developing new legislation. As Justice Louis Brandeis stated in a 1932 US Supreme Court case, "It is one of the
policy can also dramatically influence children's exposure to environmental chemicals, and result in reductions in childhood morbidity.
ilities and asthma, those for whom the most evidence has been established for causation of environmental factors, and for possible preven
(PBDEs), manganese, perchlorate and flouride due to the lack of high quality human studies. [21] For asthma, the authors identified mold,
ve been associated with neurodevelopmental disabilities or asthma. Those legislative and regulatory efforts that were judged by two of the a
uman studies.[35] Consumption of contaminated fish is the major source of human exposure to methylmercury, and the authors used Toxic
re identified to be largely executed through broad public health authority. While dermal, ingestion and inhalational exposures to dioxin are lik
dels those laws and regulations that could effectively limit these exposures. Programs to eradicate mold exposure in homes were identified
ociated search terms we used for neurodevelopmental disabilities and asthma.
ely identifies children with lead poisoning by requiring the most intensive screening regimen, with the first test done between the ages of 9 a
ad poisoning than programs to eliminate lead-based paint hazards in homes.
es in public places to the least toxic available or eliminate pesticide use entirely. California is the only state to ban pharmaceutical use of Lin
slation that bans the sale of chromated copper arsenate treated wood, though a plan has been announced by USEPA to have producers vo
g materials for dust suppression or road treatment. Further, action levels for remediation vary widely across states. Oregon requires action a
uding emissions testing and purchasing of low emission vehicles for use by state agencies. In addition, fourteen states have implemented l
age implementation. The Rhode Island legislation also requires that newer buses either be retrofitted with a crankcase ventilation system; a
y protect children by requiring an adequate margin of safety for sensitive populations. Nine states have included indoor air quality improvem
e financial incentives or other benefits for "clean fuel" with low VOC emissions. Three states require or recommend the use of clean fuel or
owards eradication of these hazards. Similarly, chloralkali plants are largely located in the Southeast, yet we identified no regulation in those
"lab experiments" in which states with highly prevalent risks manage them with legislation that reflects local contexts. Our approach also fa
ourt case, "It is one of the happy incidents of the federal system that a single courageous state may, if its citizens choose, serve as a labora
childhood morbidity.
, and for possible prevention through environmental regulation and legislation. [13]
e authors identified mold, volatile organic compounds, diesel exhaust, criteria air pollutants and environmental tobacco smoke as chemical f
ere judged by two of the authors to reduce exposure most effectively when fully implemented were identified as "model legislation" and "mo
nd the authors used Toxic Release Inventory data to identify most common sources of methylmercury contamination through mercury emiss
exposures to dioxin are likely to contribute less to children's daily exposure, we did compare states with respect to the regulation and legisla
in homes were identified as being implemented under broad public health authority, and therefore not included in this analysis.
e between the ages of 9 and 12 months, followed by testing at ages 2 and 3. Children in high risk areas must also be tested at age 4 years.
pharmaceutical use of Lindane, an organochloride pesticide used to treat lice and scabies.
EPA to have producers voluntarily cease sale of this wood.[52]

Oregon requires action at 3.9 parts per trillion (ppt), while Minnesota requires action at 200 ppt.
tates have implemented legislation or regulation that limits the time allowed for idling of diesel-fueled commercial vehicles.
case ventilation system; a model year 2007 or later engine; or the use of alternative fuels, such as compressed natural gas, which achieve r
door air quality improvements in the definition of energy savings measures that are eligible for tax breaks or other financial incentives, or ex
d the use of clean fuel or clean fuel vehicles, and one state has established working groups to study clean vehicle implementation.
ied no regulation in those states to limit mercury emissions from these sources.
xts. Our approach also fails to highlight special risks experienced by vulnerable subpopulations of children with genetic predispositions or co
choose, serve as a laboratory; and try novel social and economic experiments without risk to the rest of the country." [57]. The states truly s
acco smoke as chemical factors with sufficient evidence for further analysis. As a secondary confirmation, we confirmed that these chemical
model legislation" and "model regulation." A summary of the criteria used for each chemical exposure in judging legislation and regulation is p
on through mercury emissions, such as coal-fired power plants. [36,37]

the regulation and legislation they have implemented to reduce exposures through these pathways.
this analysis.
be tested at age 4 years.
tural gas, which achieve reductions of diesel particulate matter (DPM) emissions.
financial incentives, or exempt from regulatory limitations. These fiscal incentives are also very effective approaches that other states shoul
implementation.
netic predispositions or coexisting exposures that may have additive/synergistic effects.
y." [57]. The states truly serve that President Thomas Jefferson envisioned for them as policy laboratories for children's environmental healt
rmed that these chemicals have been associated with impacts on neurodevelopment or asthma in one or more human studies.[15,23-32] A
islation and regulation is provided below.
es that other states should consider to encourage limitation of indoor air pollutants that increase morbidity from asthma.
dren's environmental health, and provide opportunities for improvement in federal policy as well.
uman studies.[15,23-32] A lack of human studies prevented us from examining the impact of mixtures in assessing candidate chemicals in th
candidate chemicals in this study.
9/25/09: http://cnx.org/content/m16744/latest/
ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS & REGULATIONS
INTRODUCTION
Although environmental laws are generally considered a 20th century phenomenon, attempts have been made to le
Significant environmental action began at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1906, Congress passed the Antiqui
With the establishment of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970, environmental law became a field s
Because of the legal and technical complexities of the subjects covered by environmental laws, persons dealing wi
FEDERAL LAWS
Early attempts by Congress to enact laws affecting the environment included the Antiquities Act in 1906, the Nation
Many consider NEPA to be the most far-reaching environmental legislation ever passed by Congress. The basic pu
Since 1970, Congress has enacted several important environmental laws, all of which include provisions to protect
* The Federal Clean Air Act (1970, 1977 & 1990) established national standards for regulating the emission of po
* The Federal Water Pollution Control Act (1972) amended by the Clean Water Act (1977, 1987), established wa
* The Federal Safe Drinking Water Act (1974, 1977 & 1986) set drinking water standards for levels of pollutants;
* The Toxic Substances Control Act (1976) provided for the regulation of chemical substances by the EPA and th
* The Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (1976) established cradle-to-grave regulations for the handling o
* The Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act (1980), also known as the Supe
* The Food Security Act (1985, 1990) later amended by the Federal Agriculture Improvement and Reform Act (19
The application, or enforcement, of an environmental law is not always straightforward, and problems can arise. Of
STATE LAWS
Most states, like California, have enacted their own environmental laws and established agencies to enforce them.
Some of California's environmental regulations preceded similar federal laws. For example, California established t
California's state environmental regulations are sometimes more stringent than the federal laws (e.g., the California
Despite the states leadership in environmental programs and laws, the creation of a cabinet-level environmental ag
INTERNATIONAL TREATIES AND CONVENTIONS
Conventions, or treaties, generally set forth international environmental regulations. These conventions and treaties
The UN often facilitates international environmental efforts. In 1991, the UN enacted an Antarctica Treaty, which pro
* The 1987 Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. As a result of this global agreement,
* The Prior Informed Consent Procedure for Certain Hazardous Chemicals and Pesticides in International Trade
* The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). This agreeme
* In 1995 UNEP and the International Olympic Committee (IOC) signed a partnership agreement to develop envi
* The Rotterdam Convention (1998) addressed the growing trade in hazardous pesticides and chemicals. Import
* The International Declaration on Cleaner Production (1998). The signatories commit their countries to impleme
In 1992, the UN member nations committed their resources to limiting greenhouse gas (e.g., carbon dioxide) emiss
mpts have been made to legislate environmental controls throughout history. In 2,700 B.C., the middle-eastern civilization in Ur passed laws
gress passed the Antiquities Act, which authorizes the president to protect areas of federal lands as national monuments. A few years late
ental law became a field substantial enough to occupy lawyers on a full-time basis. Since then, federal and state governments have passed
laws, persons dealing with such laws must be knowledgeable in the areas of law, science and public policy. Environmental laws today enco
es Act in 1906, the National Park Service Act in 1916, the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act in 1947 and the Water Pollutio
y Congress. The basic purpose of NEPA is to force governmental agencies to comprehensively consider the effects of their decisions on the
lude provisions to protect the environment and natural resources. Some of the more notable laws include:
ulating the emission of pollutants from stationary and mobile sources.
77, 1987), established water quality standards; provides for the regulation of the discharge of pollutants into navigable waters and for the pr
ds for levels of pollutants; authorizing the regulation of the discharge of pollutants into underground drinking water sources.
tances by the EPA and the safety testing of new chemicals.
ulations for the handling of hazardous wastes.
), also known as the Superfund program, provided for the cleanup of the worst toxic waste sites.
ement and Reform Act (1996), discouraged cultivation of environmentally sensitive lands, especially wetlands, and authorized incentives for
nd problems can arise. Often, the biggest problem is that Congress fails to allocate the funds necessary for implementing or enforcing the la
gencies to enforce them. California faced some of its first environmental challenges in the mid-1800s, with regard to debris from the hydrau
e, California established the nations first air quality program in the 1950s. Much of the federal Clean Air Act amendments of 1990 were bas
al laws (e.g., the California Clean Air Act and vehicle emissions standards). In other program areas, no comparable federal legislation exists
net-level environmental agency in California lagged more than two decades behind the establishment of the federal EPA. Originally, organiz
e conventions and treaties often result from efforts by international organizations such as the United Nations (UN) or the World Bank. Howe
ntarctica Treaty, which prohibits mining of the region, limits pollution of the environment and protects its animal species. The United Nations
of this global agreement, industrialized countries have ceased or reduced the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances
des in International Trade. This agreement enhances the world's technical knowledge and expertise on hazardous chemicals management.
ra (CITES). This agreement protects over 30,000 of the world's endangered species.
greement to develop environmental guidelines for sports federations and countries bidding to host the Olympic games.
es and chemicals. Importing countries must now give explicit informed consent before hazardous chemicals can cross their borders.
heir countries to implement cleaner industrial production and subsequent monitoring efforts.
.g., carbon dioxide) emissions at or below 1990 levels, as put forth by the UN Framework Convention on Climate Change. Unfortunately, the
ization in Ur passed laws protecting the few remaining forests in the region. In 80 A.D., the Roman Senate passed a law to protect water sto
numents. A few years later, Alice Hamilton pushed for government regulations concerning toxic industrial chemicals. She fought, unsuccess
overnments have passed numerous laws and created a vast network of complicated rules and regulations regarding environmental issues.
onmental laws today encompass a wide range of subjects such as air and water quality, hazardous wastes and biodiversity. The purpose of
947 and the Water Pollution Control Act in 1956. The Wilderness Act of 1964, protected large areas of pristine federal lands from developme
ts of their decisions on the environment. This is effected by requiring agencies to prepare detailed Environmental Impact Statements (EIS) f
able waters and for the protection of wetlands.
authorized incentives for farmers to withdraw highly erodible lands from production.
menting or enforcing the laws. Administrative red tape may make it impossible to enforce a regulation in a timely manner. It also may be unc
to debris from the hydraulic mining of gold. Water quality concerns, dangers of flooding, negative impact on agriculture and hazards to nav
dments of 1990 were based upon the California Clean Air Act of 1988. California also pioneered advances in vehicle emission controls, con
e federal legislation exists. For example, the California Integrated Waste Management Act established a comprehensive, statewide system o
al EPA. Originally, organization of California's environmental quality programs was highly fragmented. Each separate program handled a spe
or the World Bank. However, it is often difficult, if not impossible, to enforce these regulations because of the sovereign rights of countries.
ecies. The United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) is a branch of the UN that specifically deals with worldwide environmental problem
ne-depleting substances such as chlorofluorocarbons.
chemicals management.
ross their borders.
Change. Unfortunately, the agreement was non-binding and by the mid-1990s, it had had no effect on carbon emissions. The 1997 Kyoto P
a law to protect water stored for dry periods so it could be used for street and sewer cleaning. During American colonial times, Benjamin F
s. She fought, unsuccessfully, to ban the use of lead in gasoline. She also supported the legal actions taken by women who were dying of c
ng environmental issues. Moreover, international organizations and agencies including the United Nations, the World Bank, and the World T
odiversity. The purpose of these environmental laws is to prevent, minimize, remedy and punish actions that threaten or damage the environ
eral lands from development and ushered in the new age of environmental activism that began in the 1960s. However, it was the National E
mpact Statements (EIS) for proposed projects. The EPA is the government's environmental watchdog. It is charged with monitoring and ana
anner. It also may be unclear as to which agency (or branch of an agency) is responsible for enforcing a particular regulation. Furthermore,
ulture and hazards to navigation prompted the state to act.
cle emission controls, control of toxic air pollutants and control of stationary pollution sources before federal efforts in those areas. The Port
nsive, statewide system of permitting, inspections, enforcement and maintenance for solid waste facilities and sets minimum standards for
te program handled a specific environmental problem (e.g., the Air Resources Board), with enforcement responsibility falling to both state a
ereign rights of countries. In addition rules and regulations set forth in such agreements may be no more than non-binding recommendations
de environmental problems. It has helped with several key efforts at global environmental regulations:
ssions. The 1997 Kyoto Protocol was a binding resolution to reduce greenhouse gases. Although the United States initially supported the re
olonial times, Benjamin Franklin argued for "public rights" laws to protect the citizens of Philadelphia against industrial pollution produced by
men who were dying of cancer from their exposure to the radium then used in glow-in-the-dark watch dials. During the early 1960s, biologi
rld Bank, and the World Trade Organization have also contributed environmental rules and regulations.
en or damage the environment and those that live in it. However, some people believe that these laws unreasonably limit the freedom of pe
ever, it was the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) enacted in 1969 and the formation of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
d with monitoring and analyzing the state of the environment, conducting research, and working closely with state and local governments to
regulation. Furthermore, agency personnel decline to enforce a regulation for political reasons.
in those areas. The Porter-Cologne Act of 1970, upon which the states water quality program is based, also served as the model for the fe
s minimum standards for solid waste handling and disposal to protect air, water and land from pollution. Also, Proposition 65 (Safe Drinking
bility falling to both state and local governments. It was not until 1991 that a California EPA was finally established and united the separate p
binding recommendations, and often countries are exempted from regulations due to economic or cultural reasons. Despite these shortcom
s initially supported the resolution, the Senate failed to ratify the treaty, and by 2001 the resolution was opposed by President Bush as threa
trial pollution produced by animal hide tanners.
g the early 1960s, biologist Rachel Carson pointed out the need to regulate pesticides such as DDT to protect the health of wildlife and hum
bly limit the freedom of people, organizations, corporations and government agencies by placing controls on their actions.
Protection Agency (EPA) in 1970 that started environmental legislation in earnest. The main objective of these two federal enactments was
and local governments to devise pollution control policies. The EPA is also empowered to enforce those environmental policies. Unfortunate
ed as the model for the federal Clean Water Act.
position 65 (Safe Drinking Water and Toxic Enforcement Act) requires the Governor to publish a list of chemicals that are known to the State
and united the separate programs under one agency.
s. Despite these shortcomings, the international community has achieved some success via its environmental agreements. These include a
y President Bush as threatening the United States economy.
health of wildlife and humans.
o federal enactments was to assure that the environment would be protected from both public and private actions that failed to take into acc
ental policies. Unfortunately, the agency is sometimes caught up in conflicts between the public wanting more regulation for environmental r
at are known to the State of California to cause cancer, birth defects or other reproductive harm.
eements. These include an international convention that placed a moratorium on whaling (1986) and a treaty that banned the ocean dumpin
that failed to take into account the costs of damage inflicted on the environment.
ulation for environmental reasons and businesses wanting less regulation for economic reasons. Consequently, the development of a new r
banned the ocean dumping of wastes (1991).
e development of a new regulation can take many years.

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GLOBAL ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations

Goals of China's 11th Five-Year Plan (2006-2010)

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations

July 2009: http://chromatographyonline.findanalytichem.com/lcgc/article/articleDetail.jsp?id=608919

Products & Services

Environmental Testing is estimated to be $3.1 billion in 2009.

oots dating back to the 1950s with the Air Pollution

lab separations, atomic spectroscopy and other

oney for Clean Water State Revolving Funds

the ARRA. Laboratory separations, which include

Key Industry Statistics

As of 2009, the environmental instrument market,

ise to US$46.2 million by 2012. -9/27/10.

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations

Chart 3: UK Environmental Goods & Services Market by Sub Sector 2005

Air Pollution Control

Cleaner Technology and Processes

Contaminated Land Remediation

Environmental Consulting Services

Environmental Monitoring, Instrumentation

Marine Pollution Control

Renew able Energy

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations

UK ENVIRONMENTAL TESTING MARKET

Chart 3: UK Environmental Goods & Services Market by Sub Sector 2005

Air Pollution Control

Cleaner Technology and Processes

Contaminated Land Remediation

Environmental Consulting Services

Environmental Monitoring, Instrumentation

Marine Pollution Control

Renew able Energy

Water and Wastew ater Treatment

Chart 5: Growth by Sub-sector 2005-2015

UK EMI (Environmental Monitoring and Instrumentation) Forecasts

Chart 5: Growth by Sub-sector 2005-2015

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations

Environmental Testing Market & Regulations

Frost & Sullivan

Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics - A World Market Review

Agricultural and Environmental Diagnostics - A World Market Review

A systematic review of US state environment

18. World Health Organization: Children's environmental health indicators. [http://www.who.int/ceh/indicators/e

20. Environmental Health Legislation Database [http://www.ncsl.org/programs/environ/envhealth/cehdb.cfm] w

Version 3, July 2003. Accessed May 18, 2004.

44. Committee on Environmental H: Ambient Air Pollution: Health Hazards to Children.

Am J Ind Med 2006 , 49:153-158. PubMed Abstract | Publisher Full Text

vironmental legislation and regulation with regards to

ew York, NY, USA

er Full Text | PubMed Central Full Text

ds in incidence and mortality.

ubMed Central Full Text

hisis in metropolitan Atlanta, 1968 through 2000.

blisher Full Text

lence, Recognition, and Treatment of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in a National Sample of US Children.

ental Toxicants and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder in US Children.

Text | PubMed Central Full Text

ediatrics and Its Impact on Government Health Policy.

he Reduction in Children's Exposure to Lead in the United States.

ull Text | PubMed Central Full Text