BDK 1

BDK
Buckling Resistance of Steel Members

SOFiSTiK 2016
BDK
BDK Manual, Version 2016-0
Software Version SOFiSTiK 2016
c 2015 by SOFiSTiK AG, Oberschleissheim, Germany.
Copyright
SOFiSTiK AG
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reproduced, in any form or by any means, without written permission from SOFiSTiK AG.
SOFiSTiK reserves the right to modify or to release new editions of this manual.
The manual and the program have been thoroughly checked for errors. However, SOFiSTiK
does not claim that either one is completely error free. Errors and omissions are corrected as
soon as they are detected.
The user of the program is solely responsible for the applications. We strongly encourage the
user to test the correctness of all calculations at least by random sampling.
Front Cover
Project: MILANEO, Stuttgart, Germany | Client: Bayerische Hausbau and ECE | Architect: RKW Rhode Kellermann Wawrowsky
| Structural Engineering for Bayerische Hausbau: Boll und Partner | Photo: Dirk Mnzner
Contents | BDK
Contents
Contents
Task Description
1.1
Task Outline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Supported Design Codes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.3
Assumptions and Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1-1
1-1
1-1
1-1
Theoretical Principles
2.1
Model System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Boundary Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Buckling Types . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
Eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.5
Modes of analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6
Design: Buckling Curves . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.7
Lateral torsional buckling according to EN 1993-1-1 [2] . .
2.7.1
Interaction factors - Annex A, Method 1 . . . . . .
2.8
Lateral torsional buckling according to DIN 18800-2 [1]
OEN 4300 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.9
British Standard - BS 5950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-3
2-5
2-6
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2-10
2-10
Literature
2-13
3-1
3-1
3-1
3-2
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
3-6
3-7
3-7
3-8
3-8
3-10
Input Description
3.1
Input Language . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Input Records . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3
Conversion of Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.3.1
CADINP Commands . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.4
CVA Support at the beginning . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
CVE Support at the end . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
CV Continuous support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.7
TVAR Template Variables . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8
CTRL Controlling Parameters . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.1
EN 1993-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.2
DIN 18800-2 / OEN 4300 . . . . . . . . . .
3.8.3
BS 5950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.9
LC Selection of the Loadcase to be Designed .
SOFiSTiK 2016
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BDK | Contents
3.10
3.11
4
ii
MEMB Selection of the Elements to be Designed . . . . .

ECHO Control of Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Output Description
4.1
Design Forces and Moments . . . . . . .
4.2
Sectional Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.3
Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4
Support Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.1
Start/End . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.4.2
Continuous . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.5
Buckling eigenvalues . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6
4.6.1
EN 1993-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.6.2
DIN 18800/ OEN 4300 . . . . .
4.7
Summary of the results . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.1
EN 1993-1-1 . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.7.2
DIN 18800/ OEN 4300 . . . . .
4.7.3
BS 5950 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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3-11
3-13
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-3
4-4
4-4
4-6
4-9
4-9
4-9
4-9
SOFiSTiK 2016
Task Description | BDK
Task Description
BDK provides solution to the problem of beam stability. It determines the stability
eigenvalues for buckling of a straight individual member. The member, which
is taken from the entire system, is calculated with STAR2/STAR3 or ASE and
the buckling resistance check of steel members is performed according to the
specified design code.
1.1
Task Outline
At first, the user defines the system selecting straight, individual beam or truss
elements, which are cut out of the entire structural system and are treated independently. The program allows the user to explicitly define the support conditions at the start and end of each selected individual beam, as well as continuous supports, offering a complete control on the properties of the selected
system. Furthermore, standards-related design parameters may also be explicitly defined.
Having available the complete system, the program sets up and solves the
formed stability eigenvalue problem and the eigenvalues and eigenforms are
determined for a prespecified and calculated loadcase. Following the eigenvalues determination and taking into consideration the defined design parameters,
BDK performs the buckling check according to the selected design code.
1.2
Supported Design Codes
The design checks are performed according to one of the following supported
standards:
DIN 18800-2 / OEN 4300: Structural steelwork analysis of safety against
buckling of linear members and frames [1].
EN 1993-1-1: Design of steel structures - Part 1-1: General rules and rules
for buildings [2].
BS 5950-1: Structural use of steelwork in building [3].
1.3
Assumptions and Limitations
BDK can determine the stability eigenvalues under the following assumptions:
General, also unsymmetric cross-sections
SOFiSTiK 2016
1-1
BDK | Task Description
General tapered sections (along the beam axis)
Straight beam axis and centric haunches
Change of the boundary conditions including the elastic warping constraint

and distributed support.
Solution for the complete lateral torsional buckling problem or for the plain
lateral buckling problem with disregard of the normal force.
For the calculation of the lateral torsional buckling safety for an individual beam,
according to DIN 18800-2, the assumptions of this design code hold. This implies that the design is strictly valid only for double symmetric I and H sections,
without the intended torsional loading.
Materials, section profiles and the design code to comply with, are selected by
the user at the early steps of defining the total structural system. Regardless of
the initial design standard selection, the user may explicitly redefine in the BDK
task the specification of a different design standard (see NORM). This practice
should be done with caution, since significant differences exist between the design codes, regarding material mechanical behavior and properties as well as
the considered safety factors.
Furthermore, a cross-section of class 4 of EN 1993-1-1 and EN 1993-1-5 cannot
be treated, since the calculation of the effective width in BDK is not possible.
For the determination of the critical force and moment for buckling, always an
eigenvalue analysis is performed. In the unlikely event that the eigenvalue analysis fails, analytical formulas are used.
1-2
SOFiSTiK 2016
Theoretical Principles | BDK
Theoretical Principles
2.1
Model System
A model system can consist of several beam or truss elements, forming a member, although there are no individual supports between its endings. The user
can select any straight beam or truss element to cut out of the entire structural
system. Each selected member is then treated by BDK as an individual independent system, taking into account the inner forces and displacements derived
from the parental system analysis for a considered loadcase. For a model system that represents a subsystem of the total system, only, the corresponding
support conditions usually have to be "guessed". This applies in particular to
the sway perpendicular to the system plane, for the case where the system was
entered as a planar system.
2.2
Boundary Conditions
BDK assumes that there are no intermediate individual supports between the
endings of the selected individual beam, other than the optionally defined continuous support (CV). The start and end support conditions may be defined in
two ways:
Recommended: The user may explicitly define the exact boundary conditions by assigning spring constant values or fixities, for each end to suppress
a number of degrees of freedom (CVA / CVE).
Alternativelly BDK automatically investigates the start / end support conditions based on the displacements and inner forces of the parental structural
system, for the selected load case. This way, fixed constraints and free endings can be detected. On the other hand, elastic constraints can only be
detected, if most of the loading acts in the investigated area. Therefore, it is
recommended for the user to explicitly enter the support conditions.
2.3
Buckling Types
Literature and design codes distinguish between the following cases for beam
structures:
Lateral Torsional Buckling: the most general case of buckling where deflections towards both axes as well as torsional rotation (twist) occur.
Lateral Buckling: lateral deflection and torsional rotation (twist).
SOFiSTiK 2016
2-1
BDK | Theoretical Principles
Flexural Buckling: buckling about the strong or weak axis, in-plane deformation, no torsional rotation.
Torsional Buckling: buckling about the longitudinal axis, torsional rotation

(twist), the beam axis remain straight.
2.4
Eigenvalues
The case of buckling will occur if an element will suffer from large forces due to
small deformations induced by geometric non-linear effects. This will limit the
ultimate load for slender structures.
The elasto-static theory of stability will not account for material non-linearities,
while the standard plastic design method will not account for the geometric nonlinearities. As both theories are not applicable in a general case, their results will
define basic design parameters used for the combined design of the effects.
For the quite general case treated within the program a solution based on an analytical approach is no longer available. The solution is obtained by a variational
approach based on the energy. The expression of the energy comprehends
quite a lot of terms and is given and explained in detail in the book of P ETERSEN
[5] (eq. 7.65 page 675) or R OIK ET AL . [6]. BDK uses an extended formulation
according to S CHROETER [7].
= 1/ 2
{E z y 00 + E y z 00 + ECm 00 + G t 0 +
N 2z m y 0 0 2ym z 0 0 + y02 + z02 + 2m 02
(2.1)

My 2 z 00 ry 02 +Mz 2 y 00 + rz 02 +

M r 02 2Mt y 0 z 00 + z 0 y 00 }
For the deformations the program uses hermitian polynoms with a degree up
to 8, which can also be selectable by the user. The energy integrals will be
evaluated numerically with Gaussian quadrature based on the available internal
forces and moments, stiffnesses and loads in the database. A complete eigenvalue analysis will give the positive and negative eigenvalues.
The support conditions are defined by springs or distributed beddings. Independently BDK tries to determine the values for these supports, by using the
2-2
SOFiSTiK 2016
displacements and internal forces and moments of the investigated loadcase.

The user is also able to change these manually.
During the analysis one can stipulate if the influence of the normal force should
be taken into account or if these terms should be ignored (lateral buckling).
All buckling cases described in Section 2.3 are special cases of the general case
this equation 2.1 stands for. Therefore, depending on the nature of the problem
under consideration, the corresponding equation components are ommited.
2.5
Modes of analysis
BDK provides the option to the user to partly simplify the problem by selecting
one of three available eigenvalue analysis variants via the MEMB record:
FLEX mode: buckling due to the axial force. BDK assumes a centrally applied axial force and ignores the effects of loading excentricities, transverse
loadings and bending moments.
LAT mode: buckling due to transverse loadings and bending moments. Axial
forces effects are ignored but not the effect of their potential eccentricity on
the inner moments.
LTB mode: buckling due to a combination of loadings. All loading effects

and their excentricities are taken into consideration.
2.6
Design: Buckling Curves
Most current design rules for beams under compression (e.g. DIN 18800-2 / EN
1993-1-1) use a buckling curve, which considers a scaling of the linear Eulerhyperbola for large slenderness values for the yield stress of a elasto-plastic
buckling theory.
The design is performed e.g. for central buckling by means of a degree of utilisation of the buckling load.
N
Nps,d
1
(2.2)
For the evaluation of we need the normalized slenderness:
K =
sK
sK
=p
/ A
SOFiSTiK 2016
(2.3)
2-3
K =
v
u E
t
(2.4)
y,k
(2.5)
A very simple buckling curve is implemented as type E:
1
2
>
<
p
p
(2.6)
This function has been used for many years in the AISC code, but as it is unsafe
for the transition region, therefore one has to use sufficiently high safety factors
when implementing this function.
For steel we therefore utilise four reduced buckling curves, which are defined by
the following functions:
1.0
k+
1
2
k 2 k
1
K (K +)
K 0.2
K > 0.2
K > 3.0
(2.7)
Figure 2.1: Picture 10 of DIN 18800-2 for the buckling curves
2-4
SOFiSTiK 2016
2.7
Lateral torsional buckling according to EN 1993-1-1 [2]
Eurocodes approach to the beam stability design checks depends mostly on

two important factors:
1.
The type of loading:

(a) Compressive axial force (EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.1)
(b) Major axis bending moment (EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2)
(c) Combined bending and axial compression (EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.3)
2.
The type, shape and properties of the cross-section.
BDK performes the design check for the combined bending and axial compression, as it is described in EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.3, Eq. 6.61 and 6.62 with the interaction factors kyy , kyz , kzy , kzz . Interaction factors are calculated according to
Method 1, Annex A, Table A.1.
NEd
y NRk / M1
NEd
z NRk / M1
+ kyy
+ kzy
My,Ed
LT My,Rk / M1
My,Ed
+ kyz
+ kzz
LT My,Rk / M1
Mz,Ed
Mz,Rk / M1
Mz,Ed
Mz,Rk / M1
(2.8)
(2.9)
Special care should be taken for the case of angle cross-sections. In Eurocode
it is stated that all rules relate to principal axis properties, which are generally
defined by the axes y-y and z-z, but for the sections such as angles are defined
by the axes u-u and v-v, as shown in Fig. 2.2. BDK performs the check with
respect to y-y and z-z and not u-u and v-v.
b
v
z
h
y
u
Figure 2.2: Axes of angle section
SOFiSTiK 2016
2-5
A more pictorial representation of the design algorithm according to EN 1993-11, for compression and for bending can be visualised in Fig. 2.3 and 2.4.
As mentioned earlier, for the determination of the critical load Ncr and moment
Mcr , an eigenvalue analysis is performed. In the unlikely event that the eigenvalue analysis fails, e.g. due to non adequate input of the system definition, a
fallback solution with approximatively analytical formulas is used. For the case
of the elastic critical load for flexural buckling Ncr the Euler Formula with effective
buckling length factor sk = 1.0 is used:
Ncr =
2 E
(2.10)
(sk L)2
where L is the total beam length of the defined subsystem. In case the eigenvalue analysis fails, it is recommended, that the user inputs manually an effective
buckling length factor, in order to ensure that a more accurate representation of
the critical force will be used in the design check.
Accordingly, for the case of the critical lateral buckling moment Mcr a fallback
approximate formula is considered, as described in ECCS TC 8 - No. 119 [4]:
v
u
E t L2 Gt
2
Mcr = C1
L2
(2.11)
where C1 is determined for the same distinction of the moment distribution cases
as in the determination of kc in EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.6.
2.7.1
Interaction factors - Annex A, Method 1
For the determination of the interaction factors kyy , kyz , kzy , kzz , Method 1 from
EN 1993-1-1: Annex A [2], is chosen. The intention of the formulae for Method
1 is to present general, transparent, consistent and accurate interaction criteria,
as described in ECCS TC 8 - No. 119 [4]. Each factor involved in this formulae is linked with a physical effect, which allows for the influence of the different
phenomna to be represented. This method can represent both members susceptible and not susceptible to torsional deformation.
Various factors in this method, need to be determined explicitly. BDK employs
the eigenvalue analysis to determine them and does not derive them from analytical formulas, in order to offer a more accurate representation of the system
under consideration:
0 , representing the reduced slenderness for lateral torsional buckling for
the particular case of constant bending moment,
2-6
SOFiSTiK 2016
C1 , the factor depending on the bending moment distribution and end re-
straints conditions,
Ncr,T , the torsional critical force,
m , the maximum non-dimensional slenderness.
SOFiSTiK 2016
2-7
START
Eigenvalue1Analysis
only1axial1force1bKNICk
Yes
Input1of1
SKY1or1SKZ
No
No
Eig/1Anal/1
successful
Yes
Euler1Formula
Slenderness11
Critical1force1Ncr
NEd0Ncr114/44
Effects1of1flerxural1
buckling1may1be1ignored
EN11993F1F1Z16/3/1/2b4k
Calculate1nonFdimensional1slenderness1
EN11993F1F1Z16/3/1/21
Determine1buckling1curve
EN11993F1F1Z1Table16/21
Imperfection1factor1
EN11993F1F1Z1Table16/1
Calculate1
EN11993F1F1Z16/3/1/21
Calculate1reduction1factor1 11/4
EN11993F1F1Z16/3/1/21
Reduction1factor1
Calculate1design1buckling1resistance1NbZRd
EN11993F1F1Z16/3/1/1b3k1
Design1buckling1resistance1NbZRd
Calculate1utilisation1NEd101NbZRd
EN11993F1F1Z16/3/1/1b1k1
NEd101NbZRd
END
Figure 2.3: Flexural Buckling check flowchart

2-8
SOFiSTiK 2016
START
Eigenvalue8Analysis
only8moment8kKIPP1
Analytical8formulas
ECCS8TC8888
No
Eig28Anal28
successful
Yes
Critical8force8Mcr
MEd4Mcr882LT-W
Yes
Effects8of8lateral8torsional8
buckling8may8be8ignored
EN8=99G6=6=-852G2p2pkD1
Wy=Wpl-y8
cross6section8class=8or8p
Wy=Wel-y8
for8cross6section8class8G
EN8=99G6=6=-852G2p2=kG18
Calculate8non6dimensional8slenderness8LT
EN8=99G6=6=-852G2p2p8
Slenderness88LT
EN8=99G6=6=-8Table852q8
No
Cross6section8G=6GG
general8case
Yes
EN8=99G6=6=-8Table852D8
Imperfection8factor8LT
EN8=99G6=6=-8Table852G
Calculate8LT
EN8=99G6=6=-852G2p2Gk=18
Imperfection8factor8LT
EN8=99G6=6=8Table852G
Determine8correction8factor8kc
EN8=99G6=6=-8Table85258
Calculate LT
EN8=99G6=6=-852G2p2pk=18
LT
f88=2W
EN8=99G6=6=-852G2p2Gkp18
LT
Calculate8reduction8factor8LT88=2W8
or888=2W4pLT88EN8=99G6=6=-8Eq2852q78
Calculate8modified8reduction8factor8LT-mod
EN8=99G6=6=-8Eq2852q88
Calculate8reduction8factor8LT88=2W
EN8=99G6=6=-8Eq2852q58
Reduction8factor8LT
Reduction8factor8LT-mod
Reduction8factor8LT
Calculate8design8buckling8resistance8Mb-Rd
EN8=99G6=6=-852G2p2=kG18
Design8buckling8resistance8Mb-Rd
Calculate8utilisation8MEd848Mb-Rd
EN8=99G6=6=-852G2p2=k=18
MEd848Mb-Rd
END
Figure 2.4: Lateral Buckling check flowchart

SOFiSTiK 2016
2-9
2.8
Lateral torsional buckling according to DIN 18800-2 [1] /

OEN 4300
The analysis procedure for the lateral torsional buckling design is made according to DIN 18800, Part 2 Element 301, where it says: For the simplification of
beams, continuous beams and frames, one can evaluate flexural buckling and
lateral torsional buckling separately. Whereby the flexural buckling analysis is
followed by the lateral torsional buckling analysis. Each analysis is made for
individual beams, which are picked from the entire system. Each beam is subjected to the beam-end internal forces and moments, which are determined for
the entire system.
The flexural buckling analysis is made with the programs STAR2/3 or ASE. All
the individual beams, of the system being analysed for flexural buckling, are
provided with support conditions, usually torsional restraints are applied. The
STAR2/3 or ASE calculation has to be made with ultimate loads or -factor
loads. Whereby the analysis procedure elastic-elastic or plastic-plastic (nonlinear theory) according to DIN 18800, Part 2 Table 101 is possible in STAR2/3
or ASE. All the elasto-plastic regions must be fixed laterally against torsion and
deformation, which is required for the conservation of the cross-section.
The individual checks are then calculated with the equations from the elements
310, 318 and 321 of the DIN 18800-2.
2.9
British Standard - BS 5950
If you set the record NORM BS within the program AQUA, you will check lateraltorsional buckling, according to chapter 4.3 of BS 5950-1:2000. The essential
equation is:
Mb
(2.12)
mLT
maximum major axis moment in the segment,
mLT
equivalent uniform moment factor according to Table 18.

It may be input also directly with CURV BMY/BMZ,
Mb
2-10
buckling resistance moment (depends on the class of cross

section)
QKL 1+2:
Mb =pb S
(with S =Wp
QKL 3:
Mb =pb Z
(with Z =We )
QKL 4:
Mb =pb Z,e
(with Z,e =We,e )

SOFiSTiK 2016
pb is a reduced value of the yield strength, which is calculated with the formulas
of Annex B.2.1. BDK will determine the equivalent slenderness LT directly from
the calculated eigenvalues. With this method we avoid the limits of the specified
profile types. If LT is not more than the limiting slenderness L0 , pb is taken as
equal to py .
SOFiSTiK 2016
2-11
2-12
SOFiSTiK 2016
Literature | BDK
Literature
[1] DIN 18800-2:2008. Stahlbauten, Teil 2: Stabilittsflle - Knicken von Stben
und Stabwerken. DIN, November 2008.
[2] EN 1993-1-1:2005. Eurocode 3: Design of steel structures, Part 1-1: General
rules and rules for buildings. CEN, May 2005.
[3] BS 5950-1:2000. Structural use of steelwork in building, Part 1: Code of
practice for design - Rolled and welded sections. BSi, 2001.
[4] N. Boissonnade, R. Greiner, J.P. Jaspart, and J. Lindner. Rules for Member
Stability in EN 1993-1-1, Background documentation and design guidelines.
ECCS Technical Committee 8 - Stability, 2006. No. 119.
[5] Chr. Petersen. Statik und Stabilitt der Baukonstruktionen. Vieweg & Sohn,
Braunschweig, 1980.
[6] K. Roik, J. Carl, and J. Lindner. Biegetorsionsprobleme gerader dnnwandiger Stbe. Wilhelm Ernst & Sohn, Berlin, 1972.
[7] H. Schroeter. Berechnung idealer Kipplasten von Trgern vernderlicher
Hhe mit Hilfe Hermitscher Polynome. Mitteilungen aus dem Institut fr
Bauingenieurwesen I, Heft 5 Technische Universitt Mnchen, 1980.
SOFiSTiK 2016
2-13
BDK | Literature
2-14
SOFiSTiK 2016
Input Description | BDK
Input Description
3.1
Input Language
The input is made in the CADINP language (see general manual SOFiSTiK:
FEA / STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics).
System Definition
Design Parameters
Load case selection

Element selection
Type of analysis
LC
MEMB
Support conditions
CV/CVA/CVE
EN parameters
DIN parameters
BS parameters
CTRL
Template variables TVAR
Eigenvalue analysis
Design check
Output
ECHO
Figure 3.1: BDK input representation
3.2
Input Records
The following records are defined:

Record
Items
CVA
CB
CY
CZ
DX
DY
DZ
CVE
CB
CY
CZ
DX
DY
DZ
CV
DX
CY
CZ
TVAR
NAME
VAL
SCOP
CMNT
CTRL
OPT
CURV
SCL
BETA
LLT0
TAB
BMY
Table continued on next page.
SOFiSTiK 2016
3-1
BDK | Input Description
Record
Items
BMZ
LF
MEMB
ECHO
BMQY
BMQZ
SFAC
REF
FROM
TO
INC
OPT
VAL
NO
SKY
SKZ
TYPE
The record MEMB is used to start a calculation. The other records describe the
attributes of an analysis. They have to be defined before MEMB.
The records HEAD, END and PAGE are described in the general manual
SOFiSTiK: FEA / STRUCTURAL Installation and Basics.
A description of the individual records is given in the following sections.
3.3
Conversion of Projects
3.3.1
CADINP Commands
In this BDK version some CADINP commands have been replaced by new ones.
Below, a list of the corresponding changes is provided, for the right conversion
of projects:
CURV has been replaced by CTRL
EIGE has been replaced by MEMB and LC
ECHO BDK has been replaced by ECHO MEMB
3-2
SOFiSTiK 2016
3.4
CVA Support at the beginning
See also: CVE, MEMB
Item
Description
CB
CY
CZ
CVA
Unit
Default
Spring constant warping bi-moment
kNm3
Spring constant for lateral
kN/ m
displacement y
kN/ m

displacement z
DX
Rotational spring constant Torsion
kNm
DY
Rotational spring constant Moment My
kNm
DZ
Rotational spring constant Moment Mz
kNm
The supports are in the local directions of the beam and are defined as spring
constants (positive values) or as fixities (negative values). The value -1.0 or the
literal FIX represent a fixed constraint.
As a default BDK tries to find a suitable value from the internal forces and moments and the displacements of a beam for a specific loadcase. However this
only works for specific loadings.
A torsional restraint is defined by CY FIX CZ FIX DX FIX.
These input values remain active for the subsequent MEMB-inputs, as long as
they are not newly defined.
SOFiSTiK 2016
3-3
3.5
CVE Support at the end
See also: CVA, MEMB
Item
Description
CB
CY
CZ
CVE
Unit
Default
Spring constant warping bi-moment
kNm3
kN/ m
displacement y
kN/ m

displacement z
DX
Rotational spring constant Torsion
kNm
DY
Rotational spring constant Moment My
kNm
DZ
Rotational spring constant Moment Mz
kNm
The supports are in the local directions of the beam and are defined as spring
constants (positive values) or as fixities (negative values). The value -1.0 or the
literal FIX represent a fixed constraint.
As a default BDK tries to find a suitable value from the internal forces and moments and the displacements of a beam for a specific loadcase. However this
only works for specific loadings.
A torsional restraint is defined by CY FIX CZ FIX DX FIX.
3-4
SOFiSTiK 2016
3.6
CV Continuous support
See also: MEMB
Item
Description
DX
CV
Unit
Default
Torsional support
kNm/ m
CY
Support in local y-direction
kN/ m2
CZ
Support in local z-direction
kN/ m2
For the torsional support the user has to manually add the flexural stiffness of
the flange to the value DX, for the case where the support is created by the
support CX or CY.
SOFiSTiK 2016
3-5
3.7
TVAR Template Variables
See also: CTRL
Item
Description
NAME
VAL
TVAR
Unit
Default
Name of a variable
Lt16
Value of the variable or
Lt64
Lt32
expression in the format =expression

SCOP
Scope of variable
CMNT
If specified, the variable will be saved to the

database
Comment to the variable
SOFiSTiK variables, defined via STO# or LET# are globally valid. For more complex tasks, it becomes necessary to define variables valid only within a scope.
TVAR allows a very general definition of those numeric variables within a freely
selectable scope. The definition of literals or the definition of tables or functions
is not possible.
There is a range of variables in the Eurocodes allowing to adopt national factors
called boxed values. They are defined in the INI files in general. A survey of the
accepted names is given in the file master.ini.
For special cases, these values may be defined with TVAR. If for example a
change of the material safety factor is required, for the design according to a
specific National Annex, then it is possible to specify the factor GAM-S for SCOP
DESI:
TVAR GAM-S 1.1 SCOP DESI
3-6
SOFiSTiK 2016
3.8
CTRL Controlling Parameters
CTRL
Item
Description
Unit
Default
OPT
A literal from the following list:
LT
EN
EN 1993-1-1
DIN
DIN 18800-2 / OEN 4300
BS
BS 5950
CURV
Lateral torsional buckling curve
AUTO
SCL
Cross section class
AUTO
BETA
Additional parameter for analysis option
0.75
LLT0
0.4
TAB
NO
BMY
Moment coefficient for lateral torsional buckling primary bending

Analogous transverse bending
1.35
BMQZ
Moment from transverse load in global ydirection

Analogous transverse bending
1.35
SFAC
System factor n
2.5
LCST
Loadcase number for results
BMZ
BMQY
3.8.1
EN 1993-1-1
EN
Description
CURV
Lateral torsional buckling curve:
Unit
Default
AUTO
a, b, c, d or AUTO (Chapter 6.3.2)

SCL
Cross section class:
AUTO
BETA
1, 2, 3 or AUTO (Ch. 6.3.2.3 Rolled or equivalent welded sections)

G1, G2, G3 or AUTO:G (Chapter 6.3.2.2
General case)
(Chapter 6.3.2.3)
0.75
Table continued on next page.
SOFiSTiK 2016
3-7
EN
Description
LLT0
TAB
LCST
3.8.2
Unit
Default
LT,0 (Chapter 6.3.2.3)
0.4
Correction factor kc from Table 6.6 (Chapter

6.3.2.3). YES activates the table
Load case number for results
NO
Unit
Default
DIN 18800-2 / OEN 4300
DIN
Description
BMY
My moment coefficient for lateral torsional
BMZ
buckling primary bending (Chapter 3.5.1,

Tab. 11)
Mz analogous transverse bending
BMQY
M,Qy moment from transverse load in global
1.35
BMQZ
y-direction (Chapter 3.5.1, Tab. 11)

M,Qz analogous transverse bending
1.35
SFAC
System factor n (Chapter 3.3.4, Tab. 9)
2.5
LCST
Unit
Default
3.8.3
BS 5950
BS
Description
SCL
Cross section class: 1, 2, 3 or AUTO
AUTO
BMY
My moment coefficient for lateral torsional
BMZ
buckling primary bending (Chapter 4.3.6.6,

Tab. 18)
Mz analogous transverse bending
LCST
The control values according to DIN 18800-2, EN 1993-1-1, BS 5950-1, can be

defined with this input record.
For design according to EN 1993-1-1 and BS 5950-1, a cross-section class is
needed. The class, taken as default, is the class that has been previously calculated by the module AQB. Therefore, it is recommended for the user to first
perform a cross-section classification with AQB, which will then be automatically
overtaken by BDK. If this is not the case, then a class 3 will be assumed. As al-
3-8
SOFiSTiK 2016
ready mentioned, cross-sections of class 4 are not treated. For design according
to EN 1993-1-1, a class of G1-G3 can be defined, corresponding to class 1-3,
but design with respect to EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.2 denoted as "general case". If
design according to EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.3 (default case), is to be performed,
then cross-section class 1-3 has to be input. Input AUTO or AUTO:G overtake a
cross-section class from AQB automatically, if it has been calculated and stands
for. AUTO treats cross-section class respectively to EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.3 while
AUTO:G - respectively to EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.2.
Since the default case for lateral torsional buckling design according to EN 19931-1, is done with respect to section 6.3.2.3, the values of and LT,0 are chosen
from the file for the design code (INI file) mostly with 0.75 and 0.4, respectively. If
design according to section 6.3.2.2 is requested through the cross-section class
G1-G3, then and LT,0 are chosen 1.0 and 0.2, respectively, leading to the
simplification of equation 6.57 to 6.56.
The lateral torsional buckling curve is equivalently determined from tables 6.4
and 6.5. For rolled steel shapes of I-section, if no curve is specified, an automatic determination is performed, taking into account the ratio of h/b. For
classification of these sections as welded, a zero root radius has to be input
in the cross-section definition (see AQUA record PROF). In case the automatic
determination is not able to deliver a curve for the type of the cross-section, a
default type d is assumed, corresponding to "other cross-sections" as denoted
in EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.4.
The correction factor kc (EN 1993-1-1, 6.3.2.3), is by default calculated by BDK
and not taken by the limited eight only cases that are provided in EN 1993-1-1,
Table 6.6. According to DIN EN 1993-1-1, C1 = kc2 holds. This enables the
option to determine a more representative value for kc , according to the moment
distribution of the system under consideration, through the eigenvalue analysis
and the C1 factor. In case the user wants to limit the solution to the eight cases
presented in EN 1993-1-1, Table 6.6, then CTRL TAB YES has to be provided
and both kc and C1 will be derived by the table values.
With the option of CTRL LCST a loadcase number can be provided, where the
results of enveloping of the corresponding loadcases and members, i.e. the
maximum utilisation level for the designed members, will be stored and can then
be represented in WinGRAF or Result Viewer. If CTRL LCST 0 is input, then
any further design will not be considered to the previous LCST specified.
SOFiSTiK 2016
3-9
3.9
LC Selection of the Loadcase to be Designed
See also: MEMB
Item
Description
NO
Loadcase number
LC
Unit
Default
LC activates a loadcase. LC is used to select the loadcases to be designed.

Loadcases should consist of calculated loadcases and their respective loads.
Superimposed loadcases are usually not proper.
3-10
SOFiSTiK 2016
3.10
MEMB Selection of the Elements to be Designed
See also: LC
MEMB
Item
Description
Unit
Default
REF
Reference type
LT
CONT
BEAM Beam number

SLN
Structural line number
TRUS
Truss number
CONT Continuation record

FROM
First element number or structural line
TO
Last element number
FROM
INC
Increment of element number
SKY
Effective buckling length factor for major

axis bending
Effective buckling length factor for transverse bending
FLEX Centric compression
LT
LAT
SKZ
TYPE
LAT
Major axis bending
LTB
Combined bending and axial

compression
For every MEMB record an analysis is made for the selected series of beams or
trusses. Therefore an MEMB record must always come last in the input order,
because it concludes the input definition of the requested analysis. A series of
beams or trusses should generally not have any supports, bends or extreme
point loads between its endings, because only a continuous deflection curve is
generated.
The input option CONT serves as a continuation line, offering the possibility to
enter a number of different elements to be considered in the designed member. For example, the following input would process the member consisting of
structural lines 5, 3, 11:
MEMB SLN 5 TYP BDK
CONT 3
CONT 11
SOFiSTiK 2016
3-11
For the buckling design, further eigenvalue analyses may be performed internally for the determination of the critical loads, depending on the specified standard. This is done independenlty of the specification of the MEMB input.
3-12
SOFiSTiK 2016
3.11
ECHO Control of Output
ECHO
Item
Description
Unit
Default
OPT
A literal from the following list:
LT
LT
FORC Design forces and moments

SECT
Sectional values
MAT
Materials
BOUN Support conditions

EIGE
Buckling eigenvalues
MEMB Buckling Resistance of Steel

Members
SUM
Summary of the results
FULL
VAL
Select all the options
Extent of the Output

NO
No output
YES
Normal output
FULL
Extended output
EXTR
Extreme extended output
All options have a normal extent of output as default, except of EIGE with a
default of no output and SUM with an extreme output as default.
The effect of the individual options can be seen in Chapter 4: Output Description.
SOFiSTiK 2016
3-13
3-14
SOFiSTiK 2016
Output Description | BDK
Output Description
4.1
Design Forces and Moments
This table contains the design forces and moments for each beam section.
DESIGN FORCES AND MOMENTS
Beam
Beam number
x[m]
x-value of the beam section
SNo
Cross-section number
N[kN]
Normal force
Vy[kN]
Shear force
Vz[kN]
Shear force
Mt[kNm]
Torsional moment
My[kNm]
Bending moment
Mz[kNm]
Bending moment
Mb[kNm2]
Warping moment
Mt2[kNm]
Secondary torsional moment
ECHO FORC
NO
Table is not printed
YES
Table is printed
4.2
Sectional Values
SECTIONAL VALUES
SNo
Mat
Material number
A[m2]
Cross-sectional area
It[m4]
Torsional moment of inertia
CM[m6]
Warping resistance
Iy[m4]
Area moment of inertia
SOFiSTiK 2016
4-1
BDK | Output Description
Iz[m4]
Area moment of inertia
N-pl,Rd[kN]
Design plastic resistance to normal forces
N-c,Rk[kN]
Characteristic value of resistance to compression
M-pl,y,Rd[kNm]
Design plastic resistance to bending moments

Characteristic value of resistance to bending moments
M-pl,y,Rk[kNm]
M-pl,z,Rd[kNm]
M-pl,z,Rk[kNm]
Design plastic resistance to bending moments

Characteristic value of resistance to bending moments
ECHO SECT
NO
YES
Table is printed
4.3
Materials
MATERIALS
Mat
Material number
Youngs modulus
Shear modulus
f-y
Yield stress
ECHO MAT
NO
YES
Table is printed
4.4
Support Conditions
4.4.1
Start/End
4-2
SOFiSTiK 2016
START/END
S
Beginning of beam
End of beam
CB[kNm3]
Warping moment
CY[kN/ m]
Displacement
CZ[kN/ m]
Displacement
DX[kNm]
Torsion
DY[kNm]
Rotating spring
DZ[kNm]
Rotating spring
positive values are real spring constants

negative values are fixities (-1.0 = fully fixed)
4.4.2
Continuous
CONTINUOUS
DX[kNm/ m]
Torsional support
CY[kN/ m2]
Support in local y-direction
CZ[kN/ m2]
Support in local z-direction
ECHO BOUN
NO
YES
Table is printed
4.5
Buckling eigenvalues
The buckling eigenvalues are given out in a table.

BUCKLING EIGENVALUES
TYPE
Type of eigenvalue analysis
No.
Eigenvalue number
Buckling factor
Buckling factor
SOFiSTiK 2016
4-3
ECHO EIGE
NO
YES
Table is printed
4.6
4.6.1
EN 1993-1-1
DESIGN VALUES
Selection
Selection type and element or sequence to

be designed
Length[m]
Total length of the selected member
SNo
SCL
Cross-section class
-M1
Partial safety factor
Loadcase
Loadcase number
N-Ed [kN]
Maximum compressive force ( < = 0.0)
M-y,Ed [kNm]
Absolute maximum moment My
M-z,Ed [kNm]
Absolute maximum moment Mz
FLEXURAL BUCKLING/TORSIONAL BUCKLING

N-cr [kN]
Elastic critical flexural buckling force
L-cr [m]
Comparative buckling length
y y, z z
Buckling curve for a cross-section
Imperfection factor
Non-dimensional slenderness
Reduction factor for flexural buckling
N-b,Rd [kN]
Design buckling resistance of a compression member
LATERAL BUCKLING
4-4
SOFiSTiK 2016
M-cr [kNm]
Elastic critical moment for lateral torsional

buckling
C-1
Moment factor, depending on bending moment diagram and support conditions
LTB
Recommended lateral torsional buckling

curve
Imperfection factor for lateral torsional
buckling
-LT
-LT
Slenderness for lateral torsional buckling
-LT0
Plateau length for the lateral torsional buckling curve
-LT
Value to determinate the reduction factor
Correction factor for the lateral torsional

buckling curve
-LT
Reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
k-c
Correction factor for moment distribution
Modification factor
-LT,mod
Modified reduction factor for lateral torsional buckling
M-b,Rd [kNm]
Design buckling resistance moment
INTERACTION FACTORS
k-yy, k-yz, k-zy, k-zz
Interaction factors
AUXILIARY TERMS
-0
Non-dimensional slenderness for lateral

torsional buckling due to uniform bending
N-cr,T[kN]
Elastic critical torsional buckling force
C-my,0, C-mz,0
Equivalent uniform moment factor
SOFiSTiK 2016
4-5
CHECK OF FLEXURAL BUCKLING/TORSIONAL BUCKLING

n-y
N-Ed / N-b,y,Rd
n-z
N-Ed / N-b,z,Rd
CHECK OF LATERAL BUCKLING

m-y
M-y,Ed / M-b,Rd
CHECK OF LATERAL TORSIONAL BUCKLING

n-y
N-Ed / N-b,y,Rd
n-z
N-Ed / N-b,z,Rd
m-y
M-y,Ed / M-b,Rd
m-z
M-z,Ed / M-b,Rd
nm-y
Buckling resistance according to EN 19931-1, Eq. 6.61
nm-z
ECHO MEMB
NO
No printing of results
YES
Only design values table and corresponding utilisation table is printed according to
type FLEX, LAT, LTB
FULL
All tables are printed
4.6.2
4-6
DIN 18800/ OEN 4300
SOFiSTiK 2016
DESIGN VALUES
Selection

be designed
Length[m]
Total length of the selected member
SNo
-M1
Partial safety factor
Loadcase
Loadcase number
min-N[kN]
Maximum compressive force ( < = 0.0)
NKi-bdk
Lateral torsional buckling load according to

the elasticity theory
NKi-y
Euler-load primary bending according to

the elasticity theory
NKi-z
Euler-load lateral bending according to the

elasticity theory
NKi,d
Applied branching load/ for design
NKi-(Eig)
Normal force due to the smallest factored

load from the numerical solution of the real
beam
max-My[kN]
Absolut maximum moment
max-Mz[kN]
Absolut maximum moment
MKi,d
Lateral torsional buckling moment according to the elasticity theory, only due to the
effects of the moments My
Eigenvalue
Eigenvalue
Kappa-z
Reduction factor for sway perpendicular to

the beam axis
Corresponding slenderness ratio, only due
to compression
Lambda-Kz
SOFiSTiK 2016
4-7
ky
kz
Coefficient used to consider the moment

distribution My and the corresponding slenderness ratio Lambda-Kz
analogous to y
ay
Coefficient
az
Ccoefficient
Kappa-M
Reduction factor for the lateral torsional

buckling
Lambda-M
Corresponding slenderness ratio, only due

to bending moment effects
Beta-My
Moment coefficient to find the shape of the

bending moments My
Beta-Mz
analogous to y
Beta-Mqy
Moment shape coefficient for the lateral direction

analogous to y
Beta-Mqz
System-Faktor
Buckling Curves
System factor according to Table 9 DIN

18800 Part 2
According to Table 4 DIN 18800 Part 2
CHECK OF TORS.-FLEXURAL BUCKLING

BDK
Utilisation of the lateral torsional buckling

safety
ECHO MEMB
4-8
NO
No printing of results
YES
Only design values table and utilisation table is printed
FULL
All tables are printed
SOFiSTiK 2016
4.7
Summary of the results
4.7.1
EN 1993-1-1
SUMMARY OF THE RESULTS

Selection

be designed
Loadcase
Loadcase number
n-y
N-Ed / N-b,y,Rd
n-z
N-Ed / N-b,z,Rd
m-y
M-y,Ed / M-b,Rd
m-z
M-z,Ed / M-b,Rd
nm-y
nm-z
Check
Passed or Not passed
4.7.2
DIN 18800/ OEN 4300

Selection
Selection of elements forming the member

to be designed
Loadcase
Loadcase number
BDK

safety
Check
4.7.3
BS 5950

Selection

be designed
Loadcase
Loadcase number
BDK

safety
SOFiSTiK 2016
4-9
Check
ECHO SUM
NO
YES
Table for globally maximum utilisation level

will be printed
FULL
Table of utilisation level for every member

will be printed
EXTR
Full table of utilisation level for every member and every loadcase will be printed
4-10
SOFiSTiK 2016

BDK 1

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Buckling Resistance of Steel Members

T +49 (0)89 315878-0

T +49 (0)911 39901-0

This manual is protected by copyright laws. No part of it may be translated, copied or

MEMB Selection of the Elements to be Designed . . . . .

Task Description | BDK

Supported Design Codes

Assumptions and Limitations

General, also unsymmetric cross-sections

BDK | Task Description

General tapered sections (along the beam axis)

Straight beam axis and centric haunches

Change of the boundary conditions including the elastic warping constraint

Theoretical Principles | BDK

Lateral Buckling: lateral deflection and torsional rotation (twist).

BDK | Theoretical Principles

Torsional Buckling: buckling about the longitudinal axis, torsional rotation

N 2z m y 0 0 2ym z 0 0 + y02 + z02 + 2m 02

Theoretical Principles | BDK

displacements and internal forces and moments of the investigated loadcase.

LTB mode: buckling due to a combination of loadings. All loading effects

Design: Buckling Curves

For the evaluation of we need the normalized slenderness:

BDK | Theoretical Principles

A very simple buckling curve is implemented as type E:

Figure 2.1: Picture 10 of DIN 18800-2 for the buckling curves

Theoretical Principles | BDK

Lateral torsional buckling according to EN 1993-1-1 [2]

Eurocodes approach to the beam stability design checks depends mostly on

The type of loading:

The type, shape and properties of the cross-section.

Figure 2.2: Axes of angle section

BDK | Theoretical Principles

Interaction factors - Annex A, Method 1

the particular case of constant bending moment,

Theoretical Principles | BDK

BDK | Theoretical Principles

Figure 2.3: Flexural Buckling check flowchart

Theoretical Principles | BDK

Figure 2.4: Lateral Buckling check flowchart

BDK | Theoretical Principles

Lateral torsional buckling according to DIN 18800-2 [1] /

British Standard - BS 5950

maximum major axis moment in the segment,

equivalent uniform moment factor according to Table 18.

buckling resistance moment (depends on the class of cross

(with Z,e =We,e )

Theoretical Principles | BDK

BDK | Theoretical Principles

Input Description | BDK

Load case selection

Template variables TVAR

Figure 3.1: BDK input representation

The following records are defined:

Table continued on next page.

BDK | Input Description

Input Description | BDK

CVA Support at the beginning

See also: CVE, MEMB

Spring constant warping bi-moment

Spring constant for lateral

Spring constant for lateral