Abbreviations

Ac = Cross section area of a convolution

Ae = Bellows effective area, cm2
Cd = Factor used in design to relate U shape convolutions to a strip beam.
Cf = Factor used in design to relate U shape convolutions to a strip beam.
Cm = Material strength factor,
Cp = Factor used in design to relate U shape convolutions to a strip beam.
Db = Inside diameter of bellow, cm.
Dc = Collar diameter, cm.
Dm = Mean diameter of bellow, cm.
E/E = modulus ratio or flexibility parameter
Eb = E = Modulus of elasticity of bellow material at room temperature, N/cm2
ex = Axial movement per convolution, cm / convolution
ey = Maximum Lateral deflection, cm/convolution
e = Angular movement per convolution, degree / convolution
Fa = Force required to deflect expansion joint, N.
fiu = Initial spring rate of bellow, N/cm/convolution.
Fs = Static thrust due to internal pressure, N.
fw = Working Spring rate of bellow, N/cm/convolution.
H = w = Height of convolutions, cm
Kr = Circumferential stress factor
K = Stiffening factor
L = Initial length of the pipe.
Lb = Length of a below
Lc = Collar length, cm
Lt = Tangent length, cm
N = Number of convolutions
n = Number of plies
n1, n2, n3 ... = Number of each stress cycles
N1, N2, N3 = Maximum number of stress cycles
P = Design pressure, N/cm2
Psc = Column Buckling pressure, N/cm2
Psi = In-plane Buckling pressure, N/cm2

q = Pitch of convolutions, cm
r = Plastic strain ratio = w / t
S1 = Bellows tangent circumferential membrane stress, N/cm2
S11 = Collar circumferential membrane stress, N/cm2
S2 = Bellows circumferential membrane stress, N/cm2
S3 = Bellows meridional membrane stress due to pressure, N/cm2
S4 = Bellows meridional bending stress due to pressure, N/cm2
S5 = Bellows meridional membrane stress due to deflection, N/cm2
S6 = Bellows meridional bending stress due to deflection, N/cm2
St1, St2, St3 = Stress cycles
Sy = Yield strength of material, N/cm2
T = Design temperature, 0C
t = Thickness of material, cm
tc = Collar thickness, cm
tp = Thickness after thinning = t

Db
Dm

U = Cumulative usage factor

x = Total axial movement of a bellow, cm

f n = Axial vibration, hertz.

= thermal expansion coefficient,
= elongation of pipe, cm
T = change in temperature, K
t = true strain in the thickness direction
w = true strain in the width direction
= Shell parameter of bellow

Basic research is like shooting an arrow into the air and, where it lands, painting a target.
Homer Adkins

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