Air

Air is a mixture of gases - 78% nitrogen and 21% oxygen - with traces of water vapor, carbon dioxide,
argon, and various other components. Air is usually modeled as a uniform (no variation or fluctuation)
gas with properties averaged from the individual components.
The three major constituents of air, and therefore of Earth's atmosphere, are nitrogen, oxygen,
and argon. Water vapor accounts for roughly 0.25% of the atmosphere by mass. The concentration of
water vapor (a greenhouse gas) varies significantly from around 10 ppm by volume in the coldest
portions of the atmosphere to as much as 5% by volume in hot, humid air masses, and concentrations
of other atmospheric gases are typically quoted in terms of dry air (without water vapor).[4] The
remaining gases are often referred to as trace gases,[5] among which are the greenhouse gases,
principally carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and ozone. Filtered air includes trace amounts of
many other chemical compounds
Crude Oil
The Components of Crude Oil
Crude oil is essentially a mixture of many different hydrocarbons, all of varying lengths and
complexities. In order to separate the individual components that make up the raw natural resource,
the crude oil must be fractionally distilled so that chemical components can be removed one at a time
according to their boiling points.

a) Light Distillates:
i) Naphtha - Made into gasoline/petrochemicals
ii) Methane Pentane
b) Middle distillates
i) Light gas oil - made into jet/diesel furnace fuels
ii) Heavy gas oil - further processing to produce naphtha and other products. The components
of crude oil are petrol, tar, oil, dissolved gases and kerosene also known as petroleum.
c) Residue
Further processed into refinery fuels, heavy fuel oil, waxes, greases, asphalts [the lighter the
stuff the higher the price]
Nutritional Components in Milk
This page describes the function of nutritional components in milk: Energy, Water, Carbohydrate, Fat,
Protein, Vitamins, Minerals, and Minor Biological Proteins & Enzymes. Links are provided to move
the reader to pages that present the content of specific nutrients in milk, important background
information on the chemistry of milk carbohydrate (lactose), fat, protein, and enzymes, and other
topics that are covered in more depth in other sections of this website.

The energy in milk comes from its protein, carbohydrate and fat content, with the exception of skim
milk that has virtually no fat. The energy content of some milk varieties is shown in the Nutrient
Content Tables.Food provides energy to the body in the form of calories (kcal). There are many
components in food that provide nutritional benefits, but only the macronutrients protein,
carbohydrate and fat provide energy. The energy value of a food is calculated based on the calories
provided by the amount of protein (4 kcal/gram), carbohydrate (4 kcal/gram), and fat (9 kcal/gram)
that is present.
The Components in Soft Drinks
Soft drinks, also called sodas or pop, originated in the 19th century as an alternative to alcoholic
beverages. Originally served in drugstores, they were flavored with fruit and vegetable extracts such
as birch bark, dandelion or fruit juice. Today, soft drinks are available in hundreds of flavors and
contain a wide variety of ingredients. A number of other substances can be added to soft drinks.
Coloring agents can be used to make the drink visually appealing. Some of these are synthetic, while
others are natural substances such as caramel, which gives a brown color, or carotenoids, which create
a yellow or orange color. Chemicals called saponins are added to soft drinks such as cream soda to
give them a foamy head. Some soft drinks contain preservatives such as sodium benzoate or
potassium sorbate, which prevent drinks from spoiling.
Steel Components

The Component: Machining stainless steel components

Your Challenge: Reduce the risk of catastrophic, premature insert failure during lights-out
manufacturing when there are no machine operators present.
What You Need: A solution to prevent premature insert wear that can damage components
during machining. This type of wear is due to stringy, sticky, poor chips that cause poor
quality parts. They can wrap around your part and damage it or the insert. Whats worse, you
discover the damage the next day when you return to the shop.
The parts have to be scrapped or fixed. Stainless steel scratches easily, so quality has to be
consistent, predictable, and reliable. You need to be able to trust your tools will do their job
during lights-out machining.
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A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

A.P.J. Abdul Kalam is an Indian scientist and politician who served his country as president from
2002 to 2007.

Synopsis
Born in 1931 in Dhanushkodi, India, A.P.J. Abdul Kalam joined India's defense department
after graduating from the Madras Institute of Technology. He was a central figure in the
development of the country's nuclear capabilities, and was hailed as a national hero after a
series of successful tests in 1998. Kalam served as India's president for one term, and died of
a heart attack on July 27, 2015.

Early Years
Avul Pakir Jainulabdeen Abdul Kalam was born into a Muslim family on October 15, 1931,
on the island of Dhanushkodi off the southeastern coast of India. He developed an early
fascination with flight by watching birds, which developed into an interest in aeronautics
after he saw a newspaper article about a British fighter plane.
Despite his modest beginnings his dad built and rented boats Kalam was a bright student
who showed promise in science and mathematics. He attended St. Joseph's College, and went
on to earn a degree in aeronautical engineering from the Madras Institute of Technology.

Rise to the Presidency

His hopes of becoming a fighter pilot was dashed when he narrowly missed out on a spot
with the Indian Air Force. Kalam instead joined the Defense Research and
Development Organization (DRDO) as a senior scientific assistant in 1958. After moving to
the newly formed Indian Space Research Organization (ISRO) in 1969, he was named
project director of the SLV-III, the first satellite launch vehicle designed and produced on
Indian soil.
Returning to the DRDO as director in 1982, Kalam implemented the Integrated Guided
Missile Development Program. He then became the senior scientific adviser to India's
defense minister in 1992, a position he used to campaign for the development of nuclear
tests.
Kalam was a key figure in the May 1998 Pokhran-II tests, in which five nuclear devices were
detonated in the Rajasthan Desert. Although the tests resulted in condemnation and economic
sanctions from other world powers, Kalam was hailed as a national hero for his stanch
defense of the countrys security.
In 2002, India's ruling National Democratic Alliance helped Kalam win an election against
Lakshmi Sahgal and become India's 11th president, a largely ceremonial post. Known as the
People's President, Kalam set a goal of conducting 500,000 one-on-one meetings with young
people over the course of his five-year term. His immense popularity led to him being
nominated by MTV for a Youth Icon of the Year award in 2003 and 2006.

After leaving office in 2007, Kalam became a visiting professor at several universities. He
formed the "What Can I Give Movement" in 2011 with the goal of creating a compassionate
society, and in 2012, his efforts to improve healthcare led to the release of a tablet for medical
personnel to use in remote areas.

Death and Legacy

On July 27, 2015, Kalam suffered a massive heart attack while lecturing at the Indian
Institute of Management and subsequently died at the age of 83.
Kalam was laid to rest on July 30 with full state honors in his native Tamil Nadu. In honor of
the scientist and former president, the southeast Indian state government of Tamil Nadu
created a "Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam Award," which recognizes exceptional individuals who
promote the sciences, students and humanities. The government has also established Kalam's
birthday (October 15) as "Youth Renaissance Day." Discussion about building a large-scale
memorial at his burial site is underway.
Among his many accolades, including honorary doctorates from 40 universities, he was
granted the Padma Bhushan (1981), the Padma Vibhushan (1990) and the Bharat
Ratna (1997) India's highest civilian awards for his contributions in modernizing
government defense technology. He also wrote several books, including the autobiography
Wings of Fire in 1999.

The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

Since ancient times, people have put together many
seven wonders lists. Examples include the Seven
Wonders of the Natural World, the Seven Wonders of
the Modern World and the Seven Natural Wonders of
the U.S. The content of these lists tends to vary, and
none is definitive. The original list of seven wonders
is the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World, which is
made up of a selection of ancient architectural and
sculptural accomplishments. The seven wonders that are most widely agreed upon as being in
the original list are outlined below.

The Pyramids of Egypt

A group of three pyramids, Khufu, Khafra, and Menkaura located at Giza, Egypt, outside
modern Cairo, is often called the first wonder of the world. The largest pyramid, built by
Khufu (Cheops), a king of the fourth dynasty, had an original estimated height of 482 feet
(now approximately 450 feet). The base has sides 755 feet long. It contains 2,300,000 blocks.
The average weight of each block is 2.5 tons. Estimated date of construction is 2680 B.C. Of
all the Ancient Wonders, the pyramids is the only one still standing.

Hanging Gardens of Babylon

Often listed as the second wonder, these gardens, which were located south of Baghdad, Iraq,
were supposedly built by Nebuchadnezzar around 600 B.C. to please his queen, Amuhia.
They are also associated with the mythical Assyrian queen, Semiramis. Archeologists think
that the gardens were laid out atop a vaulted building, with provisions for raising water. The
terraces were said to rise from 75 to 300 feet.

Statue of Zeus (Jupiter) at Olympia

Phidias (fifth century B.C.) built this 40-foot high statue in gold and ivory. All trace of it is
lost, except for reproductions on coins. It was located in Olympia, Greece.

Temple of Artemis (Diana) at Ephesus

The temple was a beautiful marble structure, begun about 350 B.C., in honor of the goddess
Artemis. The temple, with Ionic columns 60 feet high, was destroyed by invading Goths in
A.D. 262. It was located in Ephesus, Turkey.

Mausoleum at Halicarnassus
This famous monument was erected in Bodium, Turkey, by Queen Artemisia in memory of
her husband, King Mausolus of Caria in Asia Minor, who died in 353 B.C. Some remains of
the structure are in the British Museum. This shrine is the source of the modern word
mausoleum, which is a large above-ground tomb.

Colossus at Rhodes
This bronze statue of Helios (Apollo), about 105 feet high, was the work of the sculptor
Chares. He worked on the statue for 12 years, finishing it in 280 B.C. It was destroyed during
an earthquake in 224 B.C. Rhodes is a Greek island in the Aegean Sea.

Pharos of Alexandria
The seventh wonder was the Pharos (lighthouse) of Alexandria. Sostratus of Cnidus built the
Pharos during the third century B.C. on the island of Pharos off the coast of Egypt. It was
destroyed by an earthquake in the thirteenth century.

WONDERS OF THE MODERN WORLD

The Great Wall of China

Considered one of the New Seven Wonders of the world, the Great Wall of China was
constructed 7th century BC. It is a series of fortification built to protect the Chinese states and
empires against the raids and invasions of the various nomadic groups of the Eurasian Steppe.
Petra

It is an archeological city of Jorden that is famous for its rock-cut architecture and water
conduit system. Another name for Petra is the Rose City due to the color of the stone out of
which it is carved. Established during 312 BCE as the capital city of the Arab Nabataeans, it
is a symbol of Jordan.
Cristo Redentor Statue

It is largest Art Deco statue in the world and the 5th largest statue of Jesus in the world. A
symbol of Christianity across the world, the statue has also become a cultural icon of both
Rio de Janeiro and Brazil, and is listed as one of the New Seven Wonders of the World. It is
made of reinforced concrete and soapstone, and was constructed between 1922 and 1931.
Taj Mahal of Agra

It was constructed by famous Mughal ruler Shah Jahan in memory of his beloved wife
Mumtaz Mahal. The Taj Mahal is regarded as the best example of Mughal architecture and is
widely recognized as the jewel of Muslim art in India. It is one of the worlds most

celebrated structures and a symbol of Indias rich history. The Taj Mahal attracts more than 3
million visitors a year. In 2007 it was declared one of the top 10 Wonders of the World.
Chichen Itza

Chichen was founded by the Maya civilization in 400 AD and it is located in the north
central, north of Yucatan Peninsula now called Mexico. Chichen has a history that is 1500
years old and is located 75 miles from Merida. It is said to have been the main regional point
for different ceremonies. During the earlier days & time, it was governed by priests. Chichen
means At the mouth of the well of Itza. The word Chi stands for mouth, Chen for well
and Itza for the Itza tribe.
Colosseum

The Colosseum, or the Coliseum, originally the Flavian Amphitheatre is an elliptical

amphitheatre in the centre of the city of Rome, Italy. This is one of the greatest architecture
ever built in the history of Rome. The Colosseum was originally known as the Flavian
Amphitheatre and is the largest amphitheater to have ever been built in the Roman Empire. It
is a circular structure that occupies a site east of the Roman Forum.
Leaning Tower of Pisa

This tower is constructed first in Pisa a city of Italy in August 14, 1173.It is know due to its
inclinations towards right side. Till now it is stable and nothing happened to it instead of its
tilt.