Muscular System

Functions
Producing body movements
Stabilizing body positions
Storing and moving substances in the body
Generating heat
Communication with other systems

regulated by the brain

generates heat to raise bodyy
temperature
Relations of Muscular System to other body
systems
Endocrine System:
Regular activity of skeletal muscles
(exercise) improves
action of some hormones, such as insulin
Producing body movements
Muscle protects some endocrine glands
Walking or running, and localized
Relations of Muscular System to other body
movements.
systems
Grasping a pencil or nodding the head.
Cardiovascular System:
rely on integrated functioning of bones,
Cardiac muscle powers pumping action of
joints and skeletal muscles
the heart
Storing and moving substances in the body Contraction and relaxation of smooth
muscle in blood
Sustained contractions of ringlike bands of
vessel walls help adjust the amount of blood
smooth muscle called spincters may prevent
flowing
outflow of the contents of a hollow organ
through various body tissues
Temporary storage of food in

Contraction of skeletal muscles in the legs

the stomach or urine in the
assists return
urinary bladder
of the blood to the heart
Cardiac muscle contractions
pump blood through the blood Relations of Muscular System to other body
systems
vessels
Cardiovascular System:
Regular exercise causes cardiac hypertrophy
Communication
(enlargement)
Skeletal muscles are involved in different
and increases hearts pumping efficiency
types of communicating
Lactic acid prooduced by active skeletal
Facial expressions
muscles may be
Hand gestures
used for ATP production by the heart
Frowning
Relations of Muscular System to other body
Writing
systems
Speaking
Relations of Muscular System to other body Lymphatic and Immune System:
Skeletal muscles protect some lymph nodes
systems
& lymphatic
For all Body Systems:
vesses provide flow of lymph inside lymphatic
Produce body movements
vessels
Stabilize body positions
Exercise may increase or decrease some
Move substances within the body
immune responses
Produces heat
Relations of Muscular System to other body
Helps maintain normal body temperature
systems
Relations of Muscular System to other body
Respiratory
System:
systems
Skeletal muscles involved with breathing
Integumentary System:
cause air to flow intoo and out of the lungs
Pull of skeletal muscles on attachments to
Smooth muscle fibers adjust size of airways
skin
Vibrations in skeletal muscles of larynx
of face cause facial expressions
control air flowing past vocal cords,
Muscular exercise increases skin blood flow
regulating voice production
Relations of Muscular System to other body
Coughing and sneezing, due to skeletal
systems
muscle contractions, help clear airways
Nervous System:

Regular exercise improve efficiency of

Smooth, cardiac, & skeletal muscles carry
breathing
out commands
Relations of Muscular System to other body
for the nervous system
systems
Shivering
Digestive
System:
involuntary contraction of skeletal
muscles

Skeletal muscles protect and support organs

in the abdominal cavity
Allternating contraction and relaxation of
skeletal muscles power chewing and initiate
swallowing
Smooth muscle sphincters control volume of
organs of the gastronintestinal (GI) tract
Smooth muscles in walls of GI tract mix and
move its contents through the tract
Relations of Muscular System to other body
systems
Urinary System:
Skeletal and smooth muscle sphincters and
smooth
muscle in wall of urinary bladder control
whether
urine is stored in the bladder or voided
(urination)
Reproductive Systems:
Skeletal and smooth muscle eject semen for
male
Smooth muscle contractions:
propel oocyte along uterine tube
help regulate regular flow of
menstrual blood from uterus
force baby from uterus during
childbirth
During intercourse, skeletal muscle
contractions are asssociated
with orgasm and pleasurable sensations in
both sexes

Properties of Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Electrical excitability
Contractility
Extensibility
Elasticity
Electrical excitability
Ability to respond to certain stimuli by
producing
electrical signals such as action potentials.

Action potentials can travel along a cells

plasma membrane due to the presence of
specific voltage-gated channels

Contractility
Ability of muscle tissue to contract forcefully
when stimulated by an action potential.
When muscle contracts, it generates tension
Isometric contraction
Isotonic contraction
Contractility
Isometric contraction
the muscle develops tension but
doesnt shorten.

holding a book in an
outstretched hand
Isotonic contraction
the tension developed by the muscle
remains almost constant while the
muscle shortens
lifting a book off the table
Extensibility
Ability of muscle to stretch without being
damaged
Allows a muscle to contract forcefully even
though
it is forcefully even if it is already stretched
Smooth muscle is subject to the greatest
amount of stretching.
Stomach fills with food
Cardiac muscle is also
stretched
Elasticity
Ability of muscle tissue to return to its
original strength and shape after contraction
or extension

Types of Muscle Tissue

Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Cardiac Muscle Tissue
Smooth Muscle Tissue
Skeletal Muscle Tissue
Skeletal muscle tissue is striated
marked by transverse dark and light
bands
Works in a mainly voluntary manner
Function to move bones of the skeleton
Connected to the tendons of the skeletal
system
Never attaches with another skeletal
muscle.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Forms most of the heart wall
Also striated
contraction of our beating heart
Voluntary in action
Autorhythmicity the built-in or
intrinsic rhythm

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Located in the walls of hollow internal
structures
blood vessels, airways, and most
organs in the abdominopelvic cavity
Also found in the skin, attached to hair
follicles
Looks nonstriated or smooth
Action is involuntary, some has
autorhythmicity
regulated by neurons
part of the autonomic nervous system

Muscles from Head to Neck

Buccinator
Depressor anguli oris
Extrinsic Tongue Muscle
Extensors
Flexors
Infrahyoid
Intrinsic Tongue Muscle
Lateral pterygoid
Medial pterygoid
Levator labii superioris

Masseter
Occipitofrontalis
Orbicularis oculi
Orbicularis oris
Sternocleiodmastoid
Suprahyoid
Temporalis
Trapezius
Zygomaticus major
Zygomaticus minor

MEDIAL PTERYGOID
Protracts and depresses mandible;
involved in excursion

Muscles of Mastication
INTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE
Changes shape of tongue
EXTRINSIC TONGUE MUSCLE
Moves tongue
SUPRAHYOID
Elevates or stabilizes hyoid
Geniohyoid, Stylohyoid, hypoglossus
INFRAHYOID
Depresses or stabilizes hyoid;
thyrohyoid

Muscles of Facial Expression

BUCCINATOR
Retracts angle of mouth; flattens
cheek
DEPRESSOR ANGULI ORIS
Depresses angle of mouth
LEVATOR LABII SUPERIORIS
Elevates upper lip
OCCIPITOFRONTALIS
Moves scalp; elevates eyebrows
Muscles of Facial Expression
ORBICULARIS OCULI
Closes eye
ORBICULARIS ORIS
Closes lip
ZYGOMATICUS MAJOR
Elevates and abducts upper lip and
corner of mouth
ZYGOMATICUS MINOR
Elevates and abducts upper lip
Muscles of Mastication
TEMPORALIS
Elevates and retracts mandible;
involved in excursion
MASSETER
Elevates and retracts mandible;
involved in excursion
LATERAL PTERYGOID
Protracts and depresses mandible;
involved in excursion

Neck Muscles
FLEXORS
Flex head and neck
EXTENSORS
Extend head and neck
STERNOCLEIDOMASTOID
Individually rotate head; together flex
neck
TRAPEZIUS
Extends and laterally flexes neck

Muscles moving the Vertebral Column

ERECTOR SPINAE
Group of muscles on each side of the
back
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
Spinalis
Longgisimus
Responsible for keeping the back
straight and the body erect

Muscles moving the Vertebral Column

DEEP BACK MUSCLE
Located between the spinous and
transverse process
of adjacent vertebrae
Responsible for movements of the
vertebral column
i.e. extension, lateral flexion, and
rotation
Flexors
Extensors

Thoracic Muscles
Involved almost entirely in the process of
breathing.

Thoracic Muscles
SCALENES
EXTERNAL INTERCOSTALS

Elevate the ribs during inspiration

INTERNAL INTERCOSTALS
Contract during forced expiration,
depressing the ribs
DIAPHRAGM
Produces the major movement in the
thorax during quiet breathing
Dome-shaped

Abdominal Wall Muscle

The muscles of the abdominal wall flex and
rotate the vertebral column.
Compress the abdominal cavity
Hold in and protect abdominal organs.
Abdominal Wall Muscle
LINEA ALBA
Tendinous area of the abdominal wall
White Line
RECTUS ABDOMINIS
Flexes the vertebral column;
compresses the abdomen
Found on each side of the Linea Alba
Abdominal Wall Muscle
EXTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE*
Compresses the abdomen; flexes and
rotates vertebral column
INTERNAL ABDOMINAL OBLIQUE*
Compresses the abdomen; flexes and
rotates vertebral column
TRANSVERSUS ABDOMINIS*
Compresses the abdomen

(** - Pelvic Floor)

(*** - Perineum)

Vaginal contractions are contractions of

the pelvic muscles surrounding the vagina,
(pubococcygeus muscle).
involuntary muscular response to sexual
stimulation.
Upper Limb
The muscles of the upper limb include those
that attach the limb and pectoral girdle to
the body and those in the arm, forearm, and
hand.
Muscle acting on the Scapula
LEVATOR SCAPULAE
Elevates, retracts, and rotates
scapula; laterally flexes neck
PECTORALIS MINOR
Depresses scapula; elevates ribs
MAJOR RHOMBOIDS
Retracts, rotates, and fixes scapula

Pelvic Floor and Perineal Muscles

The Pelvis:
ring of bone with an inferior opening
closed by a muscular floor through
the anus and the openings of
the urinary tract and
reproductive tract penetrate.
Pelvic Floor and Perineal Muscles
LEVATOR ANI**
It forms the Pelvic Floor
Elevates the anus, supports pelvic
viscera
BULBOSPONGIOUS***
Constricts urethra
MALE: Erects Penis
FEMALE: Erects Clitoris
Pelvic Floor and Perineal Muscles

Pelvic Floor and Perineal Muscles

SUPERFICIAL TRANSVERSE PERINEI
Fixes Central Tendon

(* - Three layers of muscle)

ISCHIOCAVERNOSUS
MALE and FEMALE: Compresses the
bases of Penis and Clitoris
EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER
Keeps orifice of anal closed
DEEP TRANSVERSE PERINEAL
Supports Pelvic floor

Muscle acting on the Scapula

MINOR RHOMBOIDS
Retracts, slightly elevates, rotates,
and fixes scapula
SERRATUS ANTERIOR
Rotates and protracts scapula;
elevates ribs
TRAPEZIUS
Elevates, depresses, retracts, rotates,
and fixes scapula; extends head and
neck
Muscle acting on Arm Movements
DELTOID
Flexes and extends shoulder
abducts and medially and laterally
rotates arm
LATISSIMUS DORSI
Extends shoulder

adducts and medially rotates arm

Muscle acting on Arm Movements

PECTORALIS MAJOR
Flexes shoulder
extends shoulder from flexed position
adducts and medially rotates arm
TERES MAJOR
Extends shoulder; adducts and
medially rotates arm
Muscle acting on Arm Movements
INFRSPINATUS****
Stabilizes and extends shoulder and
laterally rotates arm
SUBSCAPULARIS****
Stabilizes and extends shoulder and
medially rotates arm
SUPRASPINATUS****
Stabilizes shoulder and abducts arm
TERES MINOR****
Stabilizes and extends shoulder;
adducts and laterally rotates arm

(**** - ROTATOR CUFF)

Arm Muscles
BICEPS BRACHII
Flexes elbow; supinates forearm;
flexes shoulder
SUPRAGLENOID
TUBERCLE/LONG HEAD
CORACOID PROCESS/SHORT
HEAD
BRACHIALIS
Flexes elbow

Arm Muscles
TRICEPS BRACHII
Extends elbow; extends shoulder;
adducts arm
LATERAL BORDER OF
SCAPULA/LONG HEAD
LATERAL AND POSTERIOR
SURFACE OF
HUMERUS/LATERAL HEAD
POSTERIUR HUMERUS/MEDIAL
HEAD
Muscles acting in Forearm Movements
ANTERIOR FOREARM
PALMARIS LONGUS
Tightens skin of palm
FLEXOR CAPRI RADIALIS
Flexes and abducts wrist
FLEXOR CAPRI ULNARIS
Flexes and abducts wrist

Muscles acting in Forearm Movements

FLEXOR DIGITORIUM PROFUNDUS
Flexes fingers and wrist
FLEXOR DIGITORIUM SUPERFICIALIS
Flexes and abducts wrist
PRONATOR QUADRATUS
Pronates forearm
PRONATOR TERES
Pronates forearm
Muscles acting in Forearm Movements
EXTENSOR CAPRI RADIALIS BREVIS
Extends and abducts wrist
EXTENSOR CAPRI RADIALIS LONGUS
Extends and abducts wrist
EXTENSOR CAPRI ULNARIS
Extends and abducts wrist
EXTENSOR DIGITORUM
Extends finger and wrist
SUPINATOR
Supinates forearm

Other Upper Limb and Trunk Muscles

VERTEBRAL COLUMN
SEMISPINALIS DORSI
SEMISPINALIS CERVICIS
SEMISPINALIS CAPITIS
MULTIFIDUS
ROTATORES
INTERSPINALES
INTERTRANSVERSARII
CAPITIS
CERVICIS

THORACIC
SUBCOSTALES
TRANSVERSUS THORACIS
IEVATORES COSTARUM
(INFERIOIR/EXTERIOR)
ABDOMEN
PYRAMIDALIS
CREMASTER
QUADRATUS LUMBORUM

Other Upper Limb and Trunk Muscles

PELVIS AND PERINEUM
COCCYGEUS
ILLOCOCCYGEUS
PUBOCOCCYGEUS
PUBORECTALIS
EXTERNUS SPHINCTER ANI
INTERNUS SPHINCTER ANI
TRANSVERSUSS PERINEI
PROFUNDUS
SPHINCTER URETHRAE
MEMBRANACEAE
SCAPULA

SUBCLAVIUS

ARM MUSCLE
CORACOBRACHIALIS
ANCONEUS
FOREARM MUSCLE
EXTENSOR DIGITI MINIMI
EXTENSOR INDICIS
ABDUCTOR POLICIS LONGUS
EXTENSOR POLICIS BREVIS
EXTENSOR POLICIS LONGUS
Other Upper Limb and Trunk Muscles
HAND MUSCLE
OPPONENS POLICIS
FLEXOR POLLICIS BREVIS
ABDUCTOR POLLICIS BREVIS
ADDUCTOR POLLICIS
PALMARIS BREVIS
ABDUCTOR DIGITI MINIMI
FLEXOR DIGITI MINIMI BREVIS
OPPONEN DIGITI MINIMI
LUMBRICAL
DORSAL INTEROSSEI
PALMAR INTEROSSEI

GLUTEUS MAXIMUS
Located under the buttocks
One of the strongest muscles in the
body
It is the one responsible for the
movement of the hips and thigh
Causes the leg to straighten at the
hip when a person either walks, runs,
or climbs.
SOLEUS
located on the back of the lower leg
A plantar flexor muscle of the ankle
Capable of applying powerful and
strong forces onto the ankle joint
This muscle is used for pushing off
the ground while walking
Aids to maintain posture by
preventing the body from falling
forward.

Adductor
Abductor
Muscles of the Hip
Anterior
bend or flex
Posterior
extend or straighten
Adductor
moves the thigh towards the bodys
midline
Abductor
moves the thigh away from the
bodys midline

Adductor Brevis Muscle

Adductor Longus Muscle
Adductor Magnus Muscle
Biceps Femoris Muscle (Long Head)
Gluteus Medius Muscle
Gluteus Minimus Muscle
Gracilis Muscle
Iliacus Muscle
Iliopsoas Muscle
Iliotibial Tract

Inferior Gemellus Muscle

Pectineus Muscle
Piriformis Muscle
Rectus Femoris Muscle
Sartorius Muscle
Semimembranosus Muscle
Semitendinosus Muscle
Superior Gemellus Muscle
Vastus Intermedius Muscle
Vastus Lateralis Muscle

Muscles of the Knee

To flex, extend and stabilize the knee joint
Allow the body to accomplish important
movements
walking, running, kicking, and
jumping.
Quadriceps, Hamstrings, and the Muscles of
the Calf

Muscles of the Hip

The hip joint is one of the most flexible joints

in the body.

These muscles provide movement, strength,

and stability

There are four groups namely

Anterior

Posterior

Adductor Magnus Muscle

Biceps Femoris Muscle (Long Head)
Biceps Femoris Muscle (Short Head)
Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle
Gastrocnemius Muscle (Lateral Head)
Gastrocnemius Muscle (Medial Head)
Gracilis Muscle
Iliotibial Tract
Lateral Patellar Retinaculum
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
Peroneus Longus Muscle

Plantaris Muscle
Popliteus Muscle
Quadriceps Femoris Tendon
Sartorius Muscle
Semimembranosus Muscle
Semitendinosus Muscle
Semitendinosus Tendon
Soleus Muscle
Tibialis Anterior Muscle
Vastus Intermedius Muscle
Vastus Lateralis Muscle
Vastus Medialis Muscle

Rectus Femoris Muscle

Sartorius Muscle
Semimembranosus Muscle
Semitendinosus Muscle
Soleus Muscle
Superior Extensor Retinaculum
Superior Gemellus Muscle
Tibialis Anterior Muscle
Tibialis Posterior Muscle
Vastus Intermedius Muscle
Vastus Lateralis Muscle
Vastus Medialis Muscle

Muscles of the Leg and Foot

To Support, Balance, and Propel the body
These muscles can exert great power while
continuously making adjustments for
balance
To move the ankle, foot, and toes

Abductor Digiti Minimi Muscle of Foot

Abductor Hallucis Muscle
Adductor Brevis Muscle
Adductor Longus Muscle
Adductor Magnus Muscle
Biceps Femoris Muscle (Long Head)
Biceps Femoris Muscle (Short Head)
Calcaneal (Achilles) Tendon
Dorsal Interosseous Muscles of Foot
Extensor Digitorum Longus Muscle
Extensor Hallucis Brevis Muscle
Extensor Hallucis Longus Muscle

Common Diseases
Muscle Cramps
Cerebral Palsy
Muscle Atrophy
Myasthenia Gravis (MG)
Rotator Cuff Tear
Muscle Cramps
Muscle cramps occur when muscles forcibly
contract
Can occur suddenly because of the overuse
of muscles or injury
May be stopped by stretching the affected
muscle area

Flexor Digitorum Brevis Muscle

Flexor Digitorum Longus Muscle
Flexor Hallucis Longus Muscle
Flexor Retinaculum of Foot
Gastrocnemius Muscle (Lateral Head)
Gastrocnemius Muscle (Medial Head)
Gluteus Maximus Muscle
Gluteus Medius Muscle
Gluteus Minimus Muscle
Gracilis Muscle
Iliacus Muscle
Iliopsoas Muscle

Iliotibial Tract
Inferior Extensor Retinaculum
Inferior Gemellus Muscle
Lumbrical Muscles of Foot
Pectineus Muscle
Peroneus Brevis Muscle
Peroneus Longus Muscle
Peroneus Tertius Muscle
Piriformis Muscle
Plantaris Muscle
Plantaris Tendon
Popliteus Muscle

Cerebral Palsy
Usually caused by brain damage
Appears during infancy or early childhood
This disease permanently affects the
following:
body movement
muscle coordination
balance
motor skills

Muscle Atrophy
Muscles Wasting
Decrease in muscle size due to a decreased
number of myofilaments
Main reason for muscle wasting is lack of
physical activity
It can happen when a disease makes it
difficult for a part of the body to move.

Myasthenia Gravis (MG)

An autoimmune disorder
Antibodies are formed against acetylcholine
receptors.
As a result, acetylcholine receptors in the
postsynaptic
membranes of skeletal muscle are destroyed.
It causes muscle weakness and fatigue
An autoimmune disease, but can be genetic
in origin

Rotator Cuff Tear

The tear of a tendon of the rotator cuff

Weakens the shoulder to do everyday
chores
Single injury/ inflammation or complete tear

Common to:
painters, carpenters, baseball,
basketball, and tennis players.