Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2008.02010.x
Short Communication
Summary
objectives To determine the frequency of knockdown resistance (kdr) mutations in the malaria vector
Anopheles gambiae s.s. from continental Equatorial Guinea; and to relate kdr genotypes with
susceptibility to DDT and pyrethroid insecticides in this vector.
methods Female mosquitoes were collected in two villages, Miyobo and Ngonamanga, of mainland
Equatorial Guinea. Insecticide susceptibility tests were performed following WHO procedures. Anopheles
gambiae complex specimens were identified to species and molecular form by PCR. Genotyping of the
kdr locus was performed by allele-specific PCR and direct sequencing in a subset of samples.
results Both M and S molecular forms of A. gambiae were found in Ngonamanga whereas only the
S-form was identified in Miyobo. The two kdr mutations were detected in S-form samples of both
villages, with a higher frequency of the kdr-e (Leu-1014-Ser) allele (Miyobo: 16%; Ngonamanga: 40%).
The kdr-w (Leu-1014-Phe) mutation was also detected in 3% of the M-form. All individuals tested for
pyrethroids were susceptible. A mortality rate of 86% was obtained for DDT. An overall kdr allele
frequency (i.e. kdr-e + kdr-w) of 22% was detected in DDT resistant individuals, whereas susceptible
individuals had a kdr frequency of 6%.
conclusion The co-occurrence of both kdr mutations and reduced susceptibility to DDT found in
A. gambiae highlights the importance of implementing efficient surveillance of insecticide resistance in
Equatorial Guinea.
keywords Anopheles gambiae s.s., DDT, pyrethroids, kdr mutations, Equatorial Guinea
expression of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase detoxifying enzymes (David et al. 2005). Knockdown resistance (kdr) is a type of target-site resistance
arising from point mutations in sodium channel genes of
the insect nervous system and conferring cross-resistance
to DDT and pyrethroids (Soderlund & Knipple 2003).
In A. gambiae, two kdr mutations have been described.
One involves the substitution of a leucine amino acid
(TTA: wild-type allele hereafter termed kds) by a phenylalanine (TTT: hereafter termed as kdr-w) at position
1014 and is widely distributed in West Africa (MartinezTorres et al. 1998; Gentile et al. 2004). The other was
described in East Africa and involves the substitution of a
n
kds
kdr-w
kdr-e
kds kds
kdr-w kdr-w
kdr-e kdr-e
kds kdr-w
kds kdr-e
kdr-w kdr-e
Miyobo
Ngonamanga
S-form
M-form
S-form
95
0.75
0.09
0.16
0.61
0.07
0.16
0.14
0.02
174
0.97
0.03
0.95
0.01
0.04
20
0.32
0.28
0.40
0.10
0.05
0.15
0.25
0.25
0.20
kds kds
kdr-w kdr-w
kdr-e kdr-e
kds kdr-w
kds kdr-e
kdr-w kdr-e
Total
Ngonamanga
Susceptible
Resistant
Susceptible
Resistant
19
0
0
1
1
0
21
1
0
0
3
1
0
5
30 (30 0)
0
0
3 (2 1)
0
1 (0 1)
34 (32 2)
4 (4 0)
0
0
0
0
0
4 (4 0)
Acknowledgements
We thank the National Malaria Control Program,
Republic of Equatorial Guineas Ministry of Health and
Social Welfare, for technical support. This study received
financial support from the Spanish International Cooperation Agency, the Institute of Health Carlos III within the
Network of Tropical Diseases Research Centers and from
the Foundation for Science and Technology, Portugal. J.P.
was funded by Foundation of Science and Technology,
Portugal.
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Corresponding Author M Moreno, Centro Nacional de Medicina Tropical, Instituto de Salud Carlos III, c Sinesio Delgado, Madrid,
Espana. Tel.: +34 91 822 22 23; Fax: +34 387 77 56; E-mail: martamor@isciii.es
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