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medio

La Gua didctica del docente Lenguaje y Comunicacin I medio es una obra colectiva, creada y diseada por el
Departamento de Investigaciones Educativas de Editorial Santillana, bajo la direccin editorial de:
RODOLFO HIDALGO CAPRILE
SUBDIRECCIN EDITORIAL
Marisol Flores Prado
JEFATURA DE REA
Liliana Ponce Palma
EDICIN
Sebastin Garrido Torres
ASISTENCIA DE EDICIN
Constanza Ternicier Espinosa
AUTORA
Gisela Watson Castro
JEFATURA DE ESTILO
Alejandro Cisternas Ulloa
CORRECCIN DE ESTILO
Eduardo Arancibia Muoz
Rodrigo Olivares de la Barrera
Vernica Snchez Gibbons

La realizacin grfica ha sido efectuada bajo la

subdireccin de:
Vernica Romn Soto
Con el siguiente equipo de especialistas:
COORDINACIN GRFICA
Sergio Prez Jara
DISEO Y DIAGRAMACIN
Alejandra Romero Gonzlez
FOTOGRAFAS
Archivo editorial
CUBIERTA
Sergio Prez Jara
PRODUCCIN
Rosana Padilla Cencever

Las lecturas que hemos seleccionado e incorporado en este texto de estudio han sido escogidas por su calidad lingstica y
didctica. La lectura de estas y las actividades que se realizan facilitan el aprendizaje de los alumnos y alumnas. Agradecemos a
todos los autores por su colaboracin.
Quedan rigurosamente prohibidas, sin la autorizacin escrita de los titulares del copyright, bajo las sanciones establecidas en las
leyes, la reproduccin total o parcial de esta obra por cualquier medio o procedimiento, comprendidos la reprografa y el tratamiento
informtico, y la distribucin en ejemplares de ella mediante alquiler o prstamo pblico.

2013, by Santillana del Pacfico S. A. de Ediciones

Andrs Bello 2299 Piso 10, oficinas 1001 y 1002, Providencia, Santiago (Chile).
PRINTED IN CHILE
Impreso en Chile por Quad/Graphics
ISBN: 978-956-15-2300-5
Inscripcin N: 237.325
Se termin de imprimir esta 3 edicin de
5.600 ejemplares, en el mes de noviembre del ao 2015.
www.santillana.cl

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Irs, iremos juntos por las aguas del tiempo.
Ninguna viajar por la sombra conmigo,
solo t, siempreviva, siempre sol, siempre luna.
Neruda, P.

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me hizo feliz la vida tu noble compaa:
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ya tu barquilla hiende la inmensa lejana.
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Al sentirse acariciado se enderez prontamente, ronroneando con fuerza, se frot contra mi mano y pareci
encantado de mis atenciones. Acababa, pues, de encontrar el animal que precisamente andaba buscando.
De inmediato propuse su compra al tabernero, pero
me contest que el animal no era suyo y que jams lo
haba visto antes ni saba nada de l.
Continu acariciando al gato y, cuando me dispona a
volver a casa, el animal pareci dispuesto a acompaarme. Le permit que lo hiciera, detenindome una y
otra vez para inclinarme y acariciarlo. Cuando estuvo
en casa, se acostumbr a ella de inmediato y se convirti en el gran favorito de mi mujer.
Por mi parte, pronto sent nacer en m una antipata
hacia aquel animal. Era exactamente lo contrario de
lo que haba anticipado, pero sin que pueda decir
cmo ni por qu su marcado cario por m me disgustaba y me fatigaba. Gradualmente, el sentimiento
de disgusto y fatiga creci hasta alcanzar la amargura
del odio. Evitaba encontrarme con el animal; un resto
de vergenza y el recuerdo de mi crueldad de antao
me vedaban maltratarlo. Durante algunas semanas me
abstuve de pegarle o de hacerlo vctima de cualquier
violencia; pero gradualmente muy gradualmente
llegu a mirarlo con inexpresable odio y a huir en
silencio de su detestable presencia, como si fuera una
emanacin de la peste.


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por un espantoso 11 #.1
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Pginas 10 y 11

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Pginas 13 a 15

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Cancin del eco

Christina Rosenvinge

[] Quin eres t, nia loca?

Nia loca Nia loca
Muero antes que darte un beso
Darte un beso Darte un beso
Quiero estar solo en el ro
En el ro en el ro
No pensars que te quiero?
Te quiero Te quiero []
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Dentro del relato
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Fuera del relato

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Omnisciente

Objetivo

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Pginas 28 y 29

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Pginas 30 y 31

KXcc\i[\\jZi`kliX

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Pginas 32 y 33

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Pginas 34 a 41

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Pginas 42 a 46

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X% Carpe diem (aprovecha el da): incitacin a disfrutar de la juventud.
An mientras hablamos, el tiempo huye celoso.
Cosecha el da, incierto es el maana.
Horacio. Odas.
Y% Tempus fugit (el tiempo huye): reflexin sobre el paso inexorable del tiempo.
Juventud, divino tesoro,
ya te vas para no volver!
Daro, R. Cancin de otoo en primavera.
Z% Beatus ille (dichoso aquel): elogio de la vida sencilla y retirada.
Qu descansada vida
la del que huye del mundanal ruido.
De Len, F. L. Vida retirada.

)-

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[% Ubi sunt? (dnde estn?): pregunta retrica por personas u otras realidades desaparecidas a causa de la muerte y del
paso del tiempo.
Qu se hizo el rey don Juan?
Los infantes de Aragn
qu se hicieron?
Qu fue de tanto galn,
qu fue de tanta invencin
como trujeron?
Manrique, J. Coplas a la muerte de su padre.
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La piratera

Opinin: La piratera desincentiva la produccin

artstica nacional.
Argumentos:
1. Haba mayor produccin discogrfica y editorial
antes de 1990.
1.1 Los msicos, antes de esa fecha, grababan
alrededor de un disco por ao.
1.2 Los escritores podan publicar invirtiendo
su propio dinero.
2. Actualmente existe escasa produccin discogrfica y editorial.
2.1 Ahora, los msicos prefieren dar conciertos
que grabar discos.
2.2 Las editoriales no invierten mucho en la
publicacin de nuevos escritores.
3. Causas de la escasa produccin:
3.1 Se necesita mucha inversin para producir
discos o libros.
3.2 Los piratas no invierten, solo copian el producto ya elaborado.
3.3 Los piratas venden los productos a menor
precio que las empresas productoras.
3.4 Las empresas no recuperan su inversin.

Originalidad en el arte

Opinin:
Opcin 1: Las obras de arte pueden ser completamente originales, aun cuando tomen prestados
elementos de otras obras.
Opcin 2: Ninguna obra de arte es absolutamente
original.
Argumentos:
1
1.1

1.2

2
2.1

2.2

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Esto vino a demostrarme que necesitaba muchas cosas fuera de las que haba acumulado; as
como tinta, debo citar la falta que me hacan una azada, pico y pala para roturar la tierra, y tambin
agujas, alfileres e hilo; en cuanto al lienzo, pronto me pas fcilmente sin l.
Tal falta de utensilios tornaba fatigosa toda tarea que emprenda, y transcurri casi un ao antes
de que hubiera terminado mi empalizada y las dems obras.
Defoe, D. (1981). Robinson Crusoe. Barcelona: Bruguera.

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Gustave Caillebotte. (1877).

Los pintores de brocha gorda.

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Drcula es una novela epistolar creada a partir de la historia de folclor hngaro que le contaron al autor por el escritor irlands Bram Stoker. Esta fue publicada en la Inglaterra victoriana
en 1897 y se convirti en un xito que ha sido llevado al teatro y al cine en mltiples ocasiones.

*/

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La novela basa a su protagonista en la figura histrica de Vlad Tepes o Vlad Draculea, prncipe de
Valaquia, famoso porque en su lucha contra del expansionismo del Imperio turco otomano que
amenazaba a Europacastigaba de forma terrible a los enemigos y traidores. Esta obra presenta
el papel de la mujer en la sociedad victoriana, la sexualidad, la inmigracin, el folclore, y narra la
lucha de Jonathan Harker, su esposa Mina, Van Helsing (doctor en artes oscuras) y otros hombres
contra el maldito conde Drcula, el vampiro ms famoso, que ha llegado a Londres, dejando tras
de s una estela de crmenes.
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Pginas 58 y 59

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Pginas 60 y 61

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Pginas 72 y 73

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En realidad, el gnero de la entrevista abandon hace mucho tiempo los predios rigurosos del periodismo para
internarse con patente de corso en los manglares de la ficcin. Lo malo es que la mayora de los entrevistados lo
ignoran, y muchos entrevistados cndidos todava no lo saben. Unos y otros, por otra parte, no han aprendido
an que las entrevistas son como el amor: se necesitan por lo menos dos personas para hacerlas, y solo salen
bien si esas dos personas se quieren. De lo contrario, el resultado ser un sartal de preguntas y respuestas de
las cuales puede salir un hijo en el peor de los casos, pero jams saldr un buen recuerdo.
Garca Mrquez, G. Una entrevista? No, gracias. Recuperado el 30 de diciembre de 2013 de www.elpais.com. (Fragmento).

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Pginas 84 y 85

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Pginas 96 a 100

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Pginas 102 y 103

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En la msica del grupo de rock ms importante de Chile durante los aos noventa se combinan influencias forneas, como el rockn roll y el jazz, con ritmos de raz local, como la cueca o el bolero-sicodlico de
grupos como Los ngeles Negros. Nacidos en la surea ciudad de Concepcin en el ao 1987, el grupo
se articul como cuarteto una vez que se mudaron a Santiago lvaro Henrquez (voz y guitarra), Roberto
Titae Lindl (bajo y contrabajo) y Francisco Molina (batera), y luego de la incorporacin, en 1990, del
guitarrista ngel Parra, quien lleg a la banda luego de una larga preparacin como guitarrista y la participacin en bandas de jazz.
Los tres. La banda smbolo de los noventa. Recuperado el 3 de octubre de 2014 de memoriachilena.cl
en: http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-97568.html (Fragmento).

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Fernando Krahn. (2003). Tomado de

La Vanguardia. (Detalle).

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Rodolfo Lenz (Rudolf Heinrich Robert Lenz Danziger) naci en Halle, Alemania, en 1863. Obtuvo el grado
de Doctor en Filosofa en 1886, en la Universidad de Bonn. Tena una gran habilidad para aprender lenguas
y, aparte del alemn, dominaba el ingls, el francs, el italiano y el espaol. A fines de 1889, con tan solo
27 aos de edad, fue contratado por el Gobierno de Chile para impartir clases en el Instituto Pedaggico,
junto a otros docentes como Federico Hanssen y Federico Johow. En definitiva, no solo se desempe en
la Enseanza Superior, pues entre 1895 y 1903 fue profesor de Gramtica Inglesa en el Instituto Nacional
y, entre 1902 y 1903, rector interino del Liceo de Aplicacin.
Lenz fue pionero en el estudio de la lengua hablada en nuestro pas, tarea a la que imprimi un sello de
rigor metodolgico sin precedentes. Su aproximacin a la lengua como objeto de estudio cientfico lo llev a
realizar exhaustivas investigaciones de campo, con el propsito de registrar empricamente las caractersticas
del habla local. En este sentido, Lenz fue un adelantado a su poca, al propugnar un enfoque descriptivo de
gran modernidad para una disciplina an incipiente y de carcter, para entonces, esencialmente normativo.
Tambin desarroll Lenz una labor esencial en la caracterizacin de la lengua mapuche. Los materiales
recogidos demuestran el carcter cientfico de su trabajo, en oposicin a la poca sistematicidad con la que
operaron los misioneros jesuitas que intentaron describir el mapudungn. La aproximacin filolgica que
imprimi a los estudios araucanos (denominados as por Lenz), incluy otros aspectos de la cultura mapuche
como, por ejemplo, sus ritos y tradiciones orales y el problema de la traduccin del idioma.
Considerado uno de los pioneros del estudio del folclore en el pas, Lenz no solo se ocup de registrar
en terreno las manifestaciones de la cultura oral, sino que adems promovi su divulgacin y estimul el
inters acadmico a travs de iniciativas como la fundacin de la Sociedad Chilena de Folklore, junto a Julio
Vicua Cifuentes y Ramn Laval. Dentro de esta lnea de investigacin, prest especial atencin a la Lira
Popular, llegando a reunir la primera y ms vasta coleccin de pliegos de poesa tradicional que se conozca
hasta ahora. Este tesoro documental se conserva en el Archivo de Literatura Oral y Tradiciones Populares
de la Biblioteca Nacional.
Rodolfo Lenz falleci a los 74 aos, dejando sentadas las bases para el desarrollo de las ciencias humanas
y del lenguaje en Chile.
Rodolfo Lenz (1863-1938). Recuperado el 3 de octubre de 2014
de memoriachilena.cl en: http://www.memoriachilena.cl/602/w3-article-3691.html (Adaptacin).

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Pginas 110 y 111

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Pginas 122 a 124

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Mientras Macondo celebraba la reconquista de los recuerdos, Jos Arcadio Buenda y Melquades le sacudieron el
polvo a su vieja amistad. El gitano iba dispuesto a quedarse en el pueblo. Haba estado en la muerte, en efecto, pero
haba regresado porque no pudo soportar la soledad.
Garca Mrquez, G. (2007) Cien aos de Soledad.
Madrid: Alfaguara. (Fragmento).

Era la hora en que los nios juegan en las calles de todos los pueblos, llenando con sus gritos la tarde. Cuando aun
las paredes negras reflejan la luz amarilla del sol.
Al menos eso haba visto en Sayula, todava ayer a esta misma hora. Y haba visto tambin el vuelo de las palomas
rompiendo el aire quieto, sacudiendo sus alas como si se desprendieran del da. Volaban y caan sobre los tejados, mientras los gritos de los nios revoloteaban y parecan teirse de azul en el cielo del atardecer.
Ahora estaba aqu, en este pueblo sin ruidos. Oa caer mis pisadas sobre las piedras redondas con que estaban empedradas las calles.
Rulfo, J. (1983). Pedro Pramo. Madrid: Ctedra. (Fragmento).

Muchos aos despus, frente al pelotn de fusilamiento, el coronel Aureliano Buenda haba de recordar aquella tarde
remota en que su padre lo llev a conocer el hielo. Macondo era entonces una aldea de veinte casas de barro y caabrava
construidas a la orilla de un ro de aguas claras y difanas que se precipitaba por un lecho de piedras pulidas, blancas
y enormes como huevos prehistricos.
Garca Mrquez, G. (2007). Cien aos de Soledad.
Madrid: Alfaguara. (Fragmento).
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considerados

Espacio psicolgico: adjetivos

considerados

Atmsfera emocional creada

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De la historia

Del relato

Referencial histrico

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Pginas 125 a 126

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Pgina 127

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Pginas 128 y 129

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Pginas 141 a 147

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Pginas 148 y 149

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Pginas 150 y 151

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Pginas 152 y 153

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Pgina 154

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Indicadores de evaluacin

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Gustave Dor. Ilustracin de El cuervo.

Edgar Allan Poe.

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Realizar pequeos cambios en tu estilo de vida puede
generar grandes beneficios para tu salud cardaca.
Pon atencin a los siguientes consejos!
1. Cuida tu peso: Un peso adecuado se logra al equilibrar
las caloras que se ingieren con las que se gastan durante
el da. Lo ideal es gastar ms de lo que se come. El ndice
de masa corporal no debe superar los 25 kg/m2.
2. Come bien: La dieta mediterrnea es un excelente aliado en el cuidado del corazn. Debe contener pescados,
carnes magras, frutos secos, aceite de oliva, lcteos descremados, frutas, verduras y legumbres que aporten los
minerales y vitaminas que el cuerpo necesita. Tambin
incluye cidos grasos, como Omega 3, 6 y 9.
3. Mantente activo: Tu corazn necesita de actividad fsica
regular para mantenerse sano. Gracias al ejercicio mejora la
circulacin sangunea de los pulmones, del corazn y de los
msculos. Adems, tus arterias logran una mayor y mejor
dilatacin, y los niveles de colesterol y de triglicridos en
la sangre se regulan. Junto con esto, la presin arterial disminuye. La indicacin actual son 150 minutos a la semana
de ejercicio aerbico de intensidad moderada.
4. Reljate y disfruta: El estrs y la ansiedad son enemigos
de tu corazn. Intenta generar espacios para desconectarte. Prcticas como el yoga pueden ser de gran utilidad.
5. Vigila la presin: La presin arterial es la fuerza que
ejerce la sangre contra las paredes de las arterias. Los niveles de una persona sana estn bajo los 140/90 mmHg.
Es importante chequearla constantemente, ya que la hipertensin suele ser asintomtica. Una medida til es
disminuir el consumo de sal.
6. No fumes: Un cigarrillo diario es suficiente para aumentar el riesgo de ataque cardaco o cerebral. El tabaco reduce la cantidad de oxgeno en la sangre; estrecha y endu-

rece la capa interna

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po: Se estima que la
FDJ\j[\,^%
mitad de las personas que mueren repentinamente por males coronarios
no saba de su problema. Es fundamental la realizacin
peridica de chequeos mdicos, especialmente si tienes
factores de riesgo.
8. Controla la diabetes: Es una enfermedad crnica que
se manifiesta por un elevado nivel de azcar en la sangre
debido a un dficit total o parcial de insulina. Adems,
puede provocar graves alteraciones en el corazn, riones, visin y extremidades inferiores. Si cualquiera de tus
padres es diabtico o tienes sobrepeso u obesidad, estars
ms predispuesto a desarrollarla.
9. Cuida el colesterol y la glucosa: El exceso de colesterol
se deposita en las paredes de los vasos sanguneos y obstruye el flujo de la sangre. Si en ayunas los resultados del
colesterol superan los 200 mg/dl y la glicemia es superior
a 100 mg/dl, tienes que consultar con un especialista.
Acevedo, M. Reglas de oro para cuidar el corazn.
Recuperado el 30 de diciembre de 2013 de http://redsalud.uc.cl/link.
cgi/MS/RevistaSaludUC/Medicina/reglas_cuidado_corazon.act

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Vivirs ese da, idntico a los dems, y no volvers a recordarlo sino al da siguiente, cuando te sientes
de nuevo en la mesa del cafetn, pidas el desayuno y abras el peridico. Al llegar a la pgina de anuncios,
all estarn, otra vez, esas letras destacadas: historiador joven. Nadie acudi ayer. Leers el anuncio. Te
detendrs en el ltimo rengln: cuatro mil pesos.
Te sorprender imaginar que alguien vive en la calle de Donceles. Siempre has credo que en el viejo
centro de la ciudad no vive nadie. Caminas con lentitud, tratando de distinguir el nmero 815 en este
conglomerado de viejos palacios coloniales convertidos en talleres de reparacin, relojeras, tiendas de
zapatos y expendios de aguas frescas.
Fuentes, C. (1994). Aura. Madrid: Alianza. (Fragmento).
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A principios del mes de julio de 1850 atravesaba la puerta de calle de una hermosa casa de Santiago un
joven de veintids a veintitrs aos.
Su traje y sus maneras estaban muy distantes de asemejarse a las maneras y al traje de nuestros elegantes
de la capital.
Todo en aquel joven revelaba al provinciano que viene por primera vez a Santiago. Sus pantalones negros,
embotinados por medio de anchas trabillas de becerro, a la usanza de los aos de 1842 y 43; su levita de
mangas cortas y angostas; su chaleco de raso negro con largos picos abiertos, formando un ngulo agudo,
cuya bisectriz era la lnea que marca la tapa del pantaln; su sombrero de extraa forma y sus botines
abrochados sobre los tobillos por medio de cordones negros componan un traje que recordaba antiguas
modas, a que solo los provincianos hacen ver de tiempo en tiempo por las calles de la capital.
El modo como aquel joven se acerc a un criado que se balanceaba mirndole apoyado en el umbral de una
puerta que daba al primer patio, manifestaba tambin la timidez del que penetra en un lugar desconocido y recela
de la acogida que le espera. Cuando el provinciano se hall bastante cerca del criado, que continuaba observndole,
se detuvo e hizo un saludo, que el otro contest con aire protector, inspirado tal vez por la triste catadura del joven.
Ser esta la casa del seor don Dmaso Encina? pregunt este con voz en la que pareca reprimirse
apenas el disgusto que aquel saludo insolente pareci causarle.
Blest Gana, A. (1983). Martn Rivas. Santiago: Andrs Bello. (Fragmento).

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Al sentirse acariciado se enderez prontamente, ronroneando con fuerza, se frot contra mi mano y pareci
encantado de mis atenciones. Acababa, pues, de encontrar el animal que precisamente andaba buscando.
De inmediato propuse su compra al tabernero, pero
me contest que el animal no era suyo y que jams lo
haba visto antes ni saba nada de l.
Continu acariciando al gato y, cuando me dispona a
volver a casa, el animal pareci dispuesto a acompaarme. Le permit que lo hiciera, detenindome una y
otra vez para inclinarme y acariciarlo. Cuando estuvo
en casa, se acostumbr a ella de inmediato y se convirti en el gran favorito de mi mujer.
Por mi parte, pronto sent nacer en m una antipata
hacia aquel animal. Era exactamente lo contrario de
lo que haba anticipado, pero sin que pueda decir
cmo ni por qu su marcado cario por m me disgustaba y me fatigaba. Gradualmente, el sentimiento
de disgusto y fatiga creci hasta alcanzar la amargura
del odio. Evitaba encontrarme con el animal; un resto
de vergenza y el recuerdo de mi crueldad de antao
me vedaban maltratarlo. Durante algunas semanas me
abstuve de pegarle o de hacerlo vctima de cualquier
violencia; pero gradualmente muy gradualmente
llegu a mirarlo con inexpresable odio y a huir en
silencio de su detestable presencia, como si fuera una
emanacin de la peste.

Lo que, sin duda, contribuy a aumentar mi odio fue

descubrir, a la maana siguiente de haberlo trado a
casa, que aquel gato, igual que Plutn, era tuerto. Esta
circunstancia fue precisamente la que lo hizo ms grato
a mi mujer, quien, como ya dije, posea en alto grado
esos sentimientos humanitarios que alguna vez haban
sido mi rasgo distintivo y la fuente de mis placeres ms
simples y ms puros.
El cario del gato por m pareca aumentar en el mismo grado que mi aversin. Segua mis pasos con una
pertinencia que me costara hacer entender al lector.
Dondequiera que me sentara vena a ovillarse bajo mi
silla o saltaba a mis rodillas, prodigndome sus odiosas caricias. Si echaba a caminar, se meta entre mis
pies, amenazando con hacerme caer, o bien clavaba sus
largas y afiladas uas en mis ropas, para poder trepar
hasta mi pecho. En esos momentos, aunque ansiaba
aniquilarlo de un solo golpe, me senta paralizado
por el recuerdo de mi primer crimen, pero sobre todo
quiero confesarlo ahora mismo por un espantoso
temor al animal.
Poe, E. A. (1996). El gato negro. En Narraciones
extraordinarias. Santiago: Andrs Bello. (Fragmento).

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Fernando Mnckeberg Barros
No se sabe por qu en las ltimas tres dcadas se han
estado incrementando los casos de exceso de peso y
obesidad, tanto en los pases desarrollados como tambin en los llamados emergentes, hasta convertirse en
un serio problema de salud en cada uno de ellos. Nuestro pas, catalogado como emergente, no ha escapado a
esta realidad. Aun cuando la lgica seala que la causa
primaria est en un desequilibrio entre un incremento
de la ingesta calrica y un menor gasto calrico, que
consecuentemente lleva a una mayor acumulacin de
grasa en los tejidos, se abren numerosas preguntas que
no tienen una respuesta fcil.
Se argumenta, como tambin lo afirman los organismos internacionales, que en los tiempos actuales en
esos mismos pases se ha estado mejorando la disponibilidad y accesibilidad a los alimentos. Hoy es una
realidad que con igual o menor trabajo se obtiene una
igual o mayor disponibilidad alimentaria. Tambin es
cierto que en esos mismos pases se ha ido adoptando
un sistema de vida cada vez ms sedentario. La suma
algebraica de estos dos factores (mayor ingesta y menor
gasto) seran los culpables en principio del desequilibrio calrico con el consecuente incremento de los
depsitos grasos. A pesar de ello sorprende esta verdadera epidemia de obesidad que ha estado ocurriendo
durante los ltimos tres decenios, cuando sabemos que
el organismo humano, como tambin el de los animales superiores (mamferos), evolutivamente ha logrado
desarrollar mecanismos muy precisos de control central
de las necesidades calricas y de su consumo, que hasta hace algn tiempo permita mantener los depsitos
grasos relativamente estables y seguros. Cmo es que
ahora un porcentaje importante est sobrepasando este
control, incrementando la acumulacin de grasa hasta

ms all de los lmites saludables de depsitos grasos?

El incremento de la obesidad no solo est afectando a
las personas que la padecen, sino tambin a la sociedad
entera, al incrementar diversos riesgos biolgicos, psicolgicos y sociales, que la afectan, hasta llegar a constituir
un serio problema de salud. Son estas principalmente las
enfermedades cardiovasculares, la hipertensin, la diabetes y algunos cnceres, que con una prevalencia creciente
se van manifestando en edades posteriores.
Segn estimaciones de la OMS, la erradicacin de la obesidad reducira en un 60% la prevalencia de diabetes, en un
20% la enfermedad coronaria y los accidentes vasculares
y casi en un 30% la hipertensin arterial. Estimaciones
similares muestran que la prctica de actividad fsica
moderada en toda la poblacin reducira en un 30% las
muertes por enfermedades coronarias, 25% por diabetes,
y cncer del colon, 12% por cncer de mamas, 15% por
accidente vascular cerebral y 10% por fractura de cadera.
Es as como la obesidad en los pases afectados ha llegado
a constituir el ms serio problema de salud, tanto por los
costos sociales como econmicos, que directa o indirectamente ella involucra. Desgraciadamente, hasta ahora no
han sido exitosas las intervenciones diseadas para
inducir cambios de hbitos alimentarios y de calidad
de vida, salvo algunos ensayos en escala pequea y
por un tiempo determinado. Muy por el contrario, son
alarmantes las diversas estadsticas de distintos pases,
que continan mostrando incrementos progresivos de
la obesidad y el sobrepeso.
Mnckeberg, F. (2012). Disquisiciones del incremento de
la obesidad. Recuperado el 30 de diciembre de 2013 en
http://www.creces.cl/new/index.asp?tc=1&nc=5&imat=&
art=3056&pr= (Fragmento).

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Gertrudis. Donde hallaris un sauce que crece a las orillas de ese arroyo, repitiendo en las ondas cristalinas la
imagen de sus hojas plidas. All se encamin, ridculamente coronada de rannculos, ortigas, margaritas y luengas
flores purpreas, que entre los sencillos labradores se reconocen bajo una denominacin grosera, y las modestas
doncellas llaman dedos de muerto. Llegada que fue, se quit la guirnalda, y queriendo subir a suspenderla de los
pendientes ramos; se troncha un vstago envidioso, y caen al torrente fatal, ella y todos sus adornos rsticos. Las
ropas huecas y extendidas la llevaron un rato sobre las aguas, semejante a una sirena, y en tanto iba cantando pedazos de tonadas antiguas, como ignorante de su desgracia, o como criada y nacida en aquel elemento. Pero no era
posible que as durarse por mucho espacio. Las vestiduras, pesadas ya con el agua que absorban, la arrebataron a
la infeliz; interrumpiendo su canto dulcsimo, la muerte, llena de angustias.
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Pues y con las manos, cuntas ideas no se expresan? Requerimos, prometemos, llamamos, despedimos, amenazamos,
rogamos, suplicamos, negamos, rechazamos, interrogamos, admiramos, nombramos, confesamos, nos arrepentimos,
tememos, nos avergonzamos, dudamos, damos instrucciones, mandamos, incitamos, animamos, juramos, testimoniamos, acusamos, condenamos, absolvemos, injuriamos, desdeamos, desafiamos, nos despechamos, alabamos, aplaudimos, bendecimos, humillamos al prjimo, nos burlamos, nos reconciliamos, recomendamos, exaltamos, festejamos,
damos muestras de contento, compartimos el dolor de otro, nos entristecemos, damos muestras de abatimiento, nos
desesperamos, nos admiramos, exclamamos, nos callamos; y de qu dejamos de dar muestras con el solo auxilio de
las manos, con variedad que nada tiene que envidiar a las modulaciones ms delicadas de la voz?
De Montaigne. M. Captulo XII Apologa de Raimundo Sabunde en Libro II, Ensayos. Recuperado el 30 de diciembre de 2013 de
http://www.cervantesvirtual.com/obra-visor/ensayos-de-montaigne--0/html/fefb17e2-82b1-11df-acc7-002185ce6064_159.
html#I_76_ (Fragmento).

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Pginas 203 a 205

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Indicadores de evaluacin

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Indicadores de evaluacin

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Indicadores de evaluacin

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Niveles de desempeo
Indicadores de evaluacin

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Hechos

Opiniones

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Innegable, seor.
Es indisimulable.
Est usted aburrido?
Me parece que est usted aburrido.
Dgame, adnde va tan aburrido?
Que usted va a las iglesias con ese aburrimiento?
No es posible, seor; que vaya a las iglesias
con ese aburrimiento.
Que a los museos dice siendo tan aburrido?
Quin no siente en mi andar lo aburrido que estoy?
Alberti, R. (1967). El aburrimiento.
En Roma, peligro para caminantes. Madrid: Seix Barral. (Fragmento).

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NOVIA:
Estas manos que son tuyas,
pero que al verte quisieran
quebrar las ramas azules
y el murmullo de tus venas.
Te quiero! Te quiero! Aparta!
Que si matarte pudiera,
te pondra una mortaja
con los filos de violetas.
Ay, qu lamento, qu fuego
me sube por la cabeza!
Garca Lorca, F. (1971). Bodas de sangre.
En Obras completas. Madrid: Aguilar. (Fragmento).

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Dice LA MUERTE:
Yo soy la muerte cierta a todas criaturas
que son y sern en el mundo durante.
Demando y digo: Oh hombre, por qu curas
de vida tan breve en punto pasante?
pues no hay tan fuerte ni recio gigante
que deste mi arco se puede amparar,
conviene que mueras cuando lo tirar
con esta mi flecha cruel transparente.
Qu locuras es esta tan magnifiesta
que piensas t, hombre, que el otro morir
y t quedars por ser bien compuesta
la tu complexin y que durar?

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Mitre, E. (Comp.). (1992). La danza de la muerte.

En Textos y documentos de la poca medieval: anlisis y comentario.
Barcelona: Ariel. (Fragmento y adaptacin).

La muerte como personaje

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El ao pasado Juan Radrign fue galardonado con el Premio Nacional de Artes de la Representacin y, desde entonces, se ha vuelto un dramaturgo muy taquilla: todos quieren montar
sus obras y homenajearlo. []
Hijo de un mecnico y una profesora, Juan Radrign, al igual que sus tres hermanos, solo recibi
educacin bsica de su madre. A los 12 aos empez a escribir poesa y cuentos, pero se gan la
vida en su juventud desempendose como mecnico, librero y vendedor. En 1979 public su
primera obra teatral, Testimonios de las muertes de Sabina, que fue montada en varios teatros.
Desde entonces ha escrito ms de 30 piezas. Recibi el Premio Altazor en la categora dramaturgia
en 2005, y el Premio Nacional de Artes de la Representacin en 2011. Hoy tiene 75 aos, sigue
escribiendo y enseando dramaturgia.
Solari, C. (2 de mayo 2012). El triunfo de Radrign. En Paula. Recuperado el 30 de diciembre de 2013 de
http://www.paula.cl/tendencia/el-triunfo-de-radrigan/ (Fragmento).

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Pginas 228 a 234

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Pginas 235 a 239

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Apenas acab su plegaria, un pesado sopor invade sus miembros: una delgada corteza cie su tierno pecho, sus cabellos crecen como hojas, sus brazos como ramas,
sus pies hace poco tan veloces se adhieren en races perezosas, en lugar del rostro
est la copa. Solo la belleza queda en ella. Aun as la ama Apolo y, colocando su
diestra en el tronco, todava siente temblar su pecho debajo de la nueva corteza, y
abrazando con sus brazos las ramas como si fueran miembros da besos a la madera;
esquiva, sin embargo, sus besos la madera.

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Bartic, L. y Karczmarczk. K. (2008). Cmo conceban su mundo los mayas? En Enciclopedia visual de las preguntas. Buenos Aires: Santillana.

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En los primeros tiempos de la vida de los mapuches todava exista un espritu malvado que habitaba
en la parte ms alta de las montaas. Frecuentemente descenda a los valles para realizar sus travesuras
y emborracharse con muday que es una chicha de maz, cebada o trigo fermentado, que robaba el
espritu a la gente.
Para no extraviarse, durante el regreso tena la precaucin de colgar de las ramas de los rboles miles
de campanitas encendidas. Estas las consegua con el fuego que sacaba de las cimas de los volcanes. Pero
como siempre iba bebido durante el viaje de retorno, las dejaba prendidas en los senderos de las montaas.
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El cielo multicolor se fue extinguiendo lentamente. Pasaron muchos soles y muchas lunas, hasta la llegada
de la primavera. Entonces nacieron los brotes, arribaron las golondrinas, los chorlos, los alegres chingolos,
las charlatanas cotorras. Volva la vida.

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K\okf(

K\okf)

Jfe\kfCOOO@
Ninguna ms, amor, dormir con mis sueos.
Irs, iremos juntos por las aguas del tiempo.
Ninguna viajar por la sombra conmigo,
solo t, siempreviva, siempre sol, siempre luna.
Neruda, P.

K\mXj
Solo por unos das, amada inolvidable,
me hizo feliz la vida tu noble compaa:
ya el hado nos separa fatal e inexorable,
ya tu barquilla hiende la inmensa lejana.
Vallejo, C.
Le`[X[-M\ijfjc`Yi\j

(+.

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Pgina 267

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Pginas 272 y 273

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Pginas 281 a 285

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Pginas 286 y 287

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Pginas 288 y 289

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Pginas 290 y 291

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Pginas 293 a 295

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Indicadores de evaluacin

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Pgina 36

<c\jhl\dX[\Xi^ld\ekXZ`e

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Pgina 37

K`gfj[\eXiiX[fi\j

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Pgina 38 y 39

@ek\ik\oklXc`[X[

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Pginas 40 a 42

<cYcf^p\c[`}cf^f\ecfjd\[`fj

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Pgina 43

CXZik`ZXp\cljf[\X[a\k`mfjpZfe\Zkfi\j

(%CXZfej`[\iXleXdXcXg\cZlcXple]iXZXjf\ejl`ek\ekf#[\Y`[fXcfjZXdY`Xek\j[\jlkfef`eZXgXq[\Xg\cXiXlegYc`Zf
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Pginas 44 y 45

<mXclXZ`eZfdgc\d\ekXi`X

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(-,

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Pgina 65

CXjfefi`[X[[\cfjgf\dXj

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Pgina 66

CXZie`ZX

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Pgina 67

K\okfj[\\jkilZkliXeXiiXk`mX

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Pginas 68 a 69

<mXclXZ`eZfdgc\d\ekXi`X

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Pgina 89

C`k\iXkliX[\k\iifi

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Pgina 90

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Pgina 91

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Pginas 112 a 114

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Pgina 115

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(-/

C\e^lXa\p:fdle`ZXZ`e@d\[`f

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Pgina 116

Gi\gXiXZ`egXiX\cdfekXa\k\XkiXc

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Pgina 117

CXdl\ik\Zfdfkg`Zf

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Pgina 118

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Pgina 137

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Pgina 138

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Pgina 139

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Pgina 161

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