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OntheObservationofSlowWaveProcesses
inDeformingRockSample
LevB.Zuev*1,SvetlanaA.Barannikova2,VadimV.Gorbatenko3,MikhailV.Nadezhkin4
InstituteofStrengthPhysicsandMaterialsScience,SBRAS,Russia
2/4,AkademicheskiiAve.,Tomsk,634055,Russia
*1
lbz@ispms.tsc.ru;2bsa@ispms.tsc.ru;3gvv@ispms.tsc.ru;4Nadjozhkin@ispms.tsc.ru
Abstract
Themaingoalofthisinvestigationistheattempttousethe
earlier developed autowave theory of plasticity to describe
therockdeformation,i.e.silvinite,marbleandsandstone.To
visualize the localization patterns observed by mechanical
testingatechniqueofdoubleexposurespecklephotography
has been used. The development of localized plastic
deformation has an autowave character. The autowaves
resulting fromthe compressing process of the rock samples
havepropagationrates~105104m/sclosetotherespective
values obtained for slow Swaves, which propagate in the
earths crust after earthquakes or mine shocks (0.33.0 k
peryear).
Keywords
Plastic Deformation;
Autowaves;Rock
Localization;
Speckle
Photography;
Introduction
The experimental studies of plastic flow in solids,
carried out during last decades1, allow one to throw
lightupontheplasticityphenomenonandtodetectthe
mostimportantexperimentalfactthattheplasticflow
wouldexhibitalocalizationbehaviorfromyieldpoint
to failure. Recently strong experimental evidences for
theabovepointofviewwerepresentedindependently
by the authors in2. To visualize the localization
patternsobservedbymechanicaltestingatechniqueof
doubleexposurespecklephotographywasused.Asit
is known, autowave theory is very perspective to
explain the deformation phenomena in rocks. Many
authorities in the field of mathematical and physical
theory of plasticity acknowledge that plastic flow
localizationisoneofthemostpuzzlingphenomenain
themodernsystemofviewsonthenatureofstrength
andplasticity.Theplasticflowdevelopmentinmetals
and alloys has been investigated thoroughly; and the
resultsobtainedarepresentedinthepaper2.Itisfound
thattheplasticdeformationispronetolocalizationat
all the flow stages, which is manifested in the
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FIG.1THEEXPERIMENTALSETUP:
2w
I 2
,(1)
2
T I I 2
(A)ABLOCKDIAGRAMOFTHEEXPERIMENTALSETUP;
(B)ACOMPUTERIZEDCOMPLEXALMECTV
reflectedlightand 2 I 2 I 2 .Itisfollowedfrom
the above that the rate of the point is inversely
proportional to the meansquare dispersion of
brightness and is directly proportional to mean
brightnesssquaredforthemeasuredpointinthetime
period.Ananalysisofthespecklepatternsobserved
experimentallyfor a diffuse scattering object suggests
that the rate measured for a point on the sample
surface is directly proportional to brightness
dispersioninthetimeintervalT.
32
ij r x, y = xx xy z .(2)
yx yy
Experimental Results
Thetestsampleswithdimensions251210mmhave
beentestedincompressioninthedirectionoflongaxis
x on a testing machine Instron1185; and the mobile
clampofthetestingmachinehasmotionvelocity Vmach
0.11.0 m/min. The stressstrain diagrams
obtainedforthetestedrocksamplesaredemonstrated
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orderofmagnitudeasslowmotionrates.Thisleadsto
thecoclusionthatslowmotionsarelocalizedplasticity
waveswhichoriginatefromrocksduetoearthquakes
ormineshocks.
UsingspecklephotographydevelopedattheInstitute
ofStrengthPhysicsandMaterialsScienceSBRASand
digital speckle photography technique, the strain
distributions in the sample volume are examined in
detail 15. Macroscale localized deformation zones are
foundtooccuratalltheflowstagesinthecompressive
rock samples, with the rest of material volumes
remaining practically undeformed. The localization
fronts occurring in the deforming sample volume
wouldmoveinanintricatemanner.
one order. The ratio Vaw 20Vmach obtained for the test
FIG.2DEFORMATIONCURVESOFROCKSAMPLES:
()SANDSTONETESTEDATCOMPRESSIVELOADINGRATES
OF0.1MM/MIN(1);0.5MM/MIN(2);1.0MM/MIN(3)AND10.0
MM/MIN(4);
(B)MARBLETESTEDATDIFFERENTMOTIONRATESOFA
MOBILECLAMP:0.1MM/MIN(1);0.5MM/MIN(2);1.0MM/MIN
(3)AND10.0MM/MIN(4);
(C)SILVINITESAMPLESTESTEDATACOMPRESSIVE
LOADINGRATEOF0.1MM/MIN.
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satisfactoryrelativetothatofmetals1.Nonetheless,the
ratios Vaw d Vt listedintheTableIarecloseto(4).
where istheseparationbetweenmobileflownuclei
(wavelength); Vaw is the nucleis motion rate; d is the
interplanar distance, which corresponds to the Xray
reflexintensity16,and Vt istherateofelastictransverse
wavespropagatinginasolid17.
Let us see if relation (3) holds good for the
investigated rocks. For the sake of convenience, it is
possibletoberewrited(3)as
Vaw
d Vt
1 .(4)
2
FIG.4DEFORMATIONLOCALIZATIONINSILVINITE;
DISTRIBUTIONSOFCOMPONENT ( x, y ) ASWAVE
xx
PATTERNSFORTHETOTALDEFORMATION
AND tot
tot
0.5 % (A)
PLOTTEDALONGTHEMIDDLEPORTIONOFTHESILVINITE
SAMPLEAGAINSTTHETIMEOFCOMPRESSIVELOADING(C)
TABLE1DATAFORCALCULATIONUSINGEQ.(4)
RockType
Characteristic
Silvinite
,mm
FIG.3MOTIONOFLOCALIZEDDEFORMATIONZONES;
(A)MARBLESAMPLE:TOTALDEFORMATION tot 1.7 % ;
COMPRESSIVELOADINGRATEVMACH=0.5MM/MIN;
(B)SANDSTONESAMPLE:TOTALDEFORMATION tot 1.7 % ;
Theestimatesweremadeusingthevalueslistedinthe
which Table experimental data on and Vaw as well
2.8105
d,nm15
0.3
0.386
0.41
Vt ,m/s
1905
1860
Vaw d Vt
4.2105
0.220.28
3.0105
0.150.19
34
Sandstone
Vaw ,m/s
16
COMPRESSIVELOADINGRATEVMACH=0.1MM/MIN.
10
Marble
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Whenaspecimenistestedintensionataconstantrate
of crosshead motion, the plastic deformation evolves
nonuniformly with time and localizes in space. In
accordancewithHaken19,thisphenomenonshouldbe
regarded as a process of selforganization. The latter
conceptisbeingwidelyusedinthemodernphysicsof
plasticity. At the beginning of the discussion of the
wave phenomena related to the plastic deformation,
we have to recollect that according to Haken19 self
organization is the acquisition by a system of spatial,
temporal or functional inhomogeneity without any
specific action from the outside. Evidently, this
definition is completely applicable to the waves of
localizedplasticdeformationdiscussedhere.Certainly,
thephysicalcauseoftheseselforganizationprocesses
canbeverycomplicated;andprobablytheonlywayto
success is the use of analogy between autowaves and
macroscopic spatialtime structures observed, for
example,insomechemicalsystems20.
is
the
nabla
operator.
For a
D D x, y , z
onedimensionalcase,(6)yields
D D f , D ,(7)
where f , D is the nonlinear function of
strain and stress. The point should be made that the
application of similar relations to the plastic flow
descriptionhasbeendevelopedbyAifantisasgradient
theoryofplasticity22.
Y Y DY ,(5)
whereYisacertainvariablecharacterizingthekinetics
oftheprocessesoccurringinthesystem, Y ,andthe
socalled point kinetics, i.e. nonlinear function
describing the rate of Y variation in a local
microvolume and a transport coefficient, D, has,
apparently,dimensionalityofthediffusioncoefficient.
Itisofimportancethatthe(5)containsfirstderivative
intime,whichmakesitappropriateforthedescription
ofirreversibleprocesses.
variationinthepropagationrateofelasticwaveinthe
course of the deformation by the wellknown
relationship
v VS .(8)
Here 2 is the Laplacian; and trivial
transformationof(8)yields
v VS VS VSVS .(9)
As reported by Zuev and Semukhin23, the sound
velocity (elastic waves), VS , depends linearly on
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acting
stresses
VS V **
V ** const
deformingmedium(i)relaxationactswhicharedueto
the jumpwise motion of individual dislocations or
dislocationensemblesorduetothepropagationoflo
calized plastic flow autowaves and (ii) acoustic
emission pulses which in point of fact are elastic
waves generated by each relaxation event. A
conventional approach to plasticity description is
based on the use of acoustic emission signals for
studying the kinetics of shears and for structural
integrity monitoring. As a matter of fact, the above
effectsaretraditionallyexaminedindependentlysince
theretroactionofacousticemissionpulsesonmaterial
plasticityisgenerallytakentobenegligible.
b dVd
is
Thus,oneoftheassumptionsoftheproposedmodelis
that the leading role in the development of localized
plasticflowisassignedtoacousticemissionimpulses.
The implications of this for the effectuality of the
model underlie what follows. The wellknown
Wallner effect, i.e. the appearance of lines on the
surface of brittle cleavage, has been examined. It was
found that the lines would appear due to the
propagating crack trajectories curving under the
impact of acoustic impulses which are generated, in
turn,bythegrowingcracks.Assumingthattheenergy
is only spent for increasing the area of the cleavage
surface, S , the lower limit of energy required for
that
of dislocations
V
0
overcoming the local barriers24, i.e. d
, with the
motion rate of dislocations being controlled by the
interaction with the phonon and electron gases25
whose state would affect both the micro and the
macroscaleplasticflowdynamics.
In the proposed model, however, the phonon
subsystem plays a more significant role in the
developmentoflocalizedplasticflowinsolids.Indeed,
the plastic deformation involves two kinds of
interrelated events occurring concurrently in the
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(i)Thelocalizationphenomenaoccurspontaneouslyat
a constant velocity of sample tension and do not
requireaspecialactionfortheirappearance.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
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Lev B. Zuev was born in 1940 (Russia).
Career of activities: graduate and post
graduate student of Siberian Metallurgical
Institute (Novokuznetsk, Russia); later on
headofPhysicsChairatthesameinstitute
(19691984). At present: head of Strength
Physics Laboratory and deputy director at
Institute of Strength Physicsand Materials
Science (ISPMS), Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of
Sciences (Tomsk, Russia); doctorate in condensedstate
physics (1987); professor of physics at Tomsk State
University;SorosFoundationgrantee(1995).
obtainedfromsinglecrystalsdata.InPhysicalAcoustics.
PrinciplesandMethods,editedby.W.P.Mason,Vol.3B,
4395.NewYork:AcademicPress,1965.
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