Journal of Modern Mathematics Frontier Volume 3 Issue 3, September 2014

doi: 10.14355/jmmf.2014.0303.02

www.sjmmf.org

A Note of Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf Algebras

Yanhua Wang
School of Mathematics, Shanghai University of Finacce and Economics
Shanghai, 200433, China
yhw@mail.shufe.edu.cn
Abstract

in Theorem 4.

This note gives a property of cohomology of Yetter-Drinfeld

Hopf algebras.

In the following, k will be a field. All algebras and

coalgebras are over k. All unadorned are taken over
k. For modules, comodules and Hopf algebras see [9],
[10] and [11].

Keywords
Hopf Algebras; Yetter-Drinfeld Module; Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf
Algebras; Cohomology

Introduction
Yetter-Drinfeld modules were introduced by Yetter in
[1] under the name of "crossed bimodule". A YetterDrinfeld module over Hopf algebra H is a k-linear
space V which is a left H-module, a left H-comodule
and satisfies a certain compatibility condition. In
general, a Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebra is a Hopf
algebra in the category of Yetter-Drinfeld module over
H. In some sense, Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras are
generalizations of Hopf algebras.
Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebra plays an important role
in the classification of Hopf algebras. Radford proved
that pointed Hopf algebras can be decomposed into
two tensor factors, one factor of the two factors is no
longer a Hopf algebra, but a rather a Yetter-Drinfel'd
Hopf algebra over the other factors [2]. Subsequently,
Schauenburg proved that the category of YetterDrinfel'd module over H was equivalent to the
category of left module over Drinfel'd double, and also
to the category of Hopf module over H [3];
Sommerhauser studied Yetter-Drinfel'd Hopf algebra
over groups of prime order [4].
On the other hand, some conclusions of Hopf algebras
can be applied to Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras. For
example: Doi considered the Hopf module theory and
the trace of Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras in [5] and [6]
respectively; Scharfschwerdt proved the Nichols
Zoeller theorem for Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras in
[7], and Wang gave the freedom of Yetter-Drinfeld
Hopf algebras in [8], and so on.
In this note, we give a property about cohomology of
Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebra, i.e.,
n

HH Ae (A, M) Ext nA (k, G(M)), n 0,

Preliminaries
Let (A, m, u) be an algebra. The arrow denotes
left module action. Let (C, , ) be a coalgebra, the left
C-comodule map is denoted as

: V C V: v v-1 v0 .
Let ( H , m, u , , , S ) be a Hopf algebra with antipode S.
Recall the definition of Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf module
and Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras from [10].
Definition1. A left Yetter-Drinfel'd module over H is a
k-vector space V which is both a left H-module and
left H-comodule and satisfies the compatibility
condition
-1
0
-1
0
(h v) (h v) = h1 v Sh 3 h 2 v

for all h H, v V. The category of left Yetter-Drinfeld

module over H is denoted by

H
HYD

Definition2. We say A is a Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf

algebra or Hopf algebra in HHYD if A is an algebra and
coalgebra satisfying (1)(6)
(1) A is a left H-module algebra, i.e.,

h (ab)= (h1 a)(h 2 b), h 1= (h)1.

(2) A is a left H-comodule algebra, i.e.,

(ab)= (ab)-1 (ab)0 = a -1b-1 a 0 b0 ,

(1)=1 1.
(3) A is a left H-module coalgebra, i.e.,

(h a)= (h1 a1 ) (h 2 a 2 ),

(h a)= (h) (a).

(4) A is a left H-comodule coalgebra, i.e.,

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Journal of Modern Mathematics Frontier Volume 3 Issue 3, September 2014

that we have a morphism of left (A A) -module

-1
0
0
-1 -1
0
0
a (a )1 (a ) 2 = a1 a 2 a1 a 2 ,
-1
0
a (a )= (a)1H .

g: (A A) N I,
(a b)n (a b)f(n),

(5) , are algebra maps in HHYD i.e.,

a, b A, n N. Since I is an injective object in

M , there exists a morphism
(A A)

for

(ab)= a1 (a 2-1 b1 ) a 20 b 2
(1)=1 1, (ab)= (a) (b), (1)=1 1
(6) There exists a linear map S: A A in

H
HYD

that S(a1 )a2 =u (a )= a1S(a2 ) .

such that g j=g. Define

In general, Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras are not

ordinary Hopf algebras because the bialgebra axiom
asserts that they obey (a5). However, it may happen
that Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras are ordinary Hopf
algebras when the pre-braiding is trivial, for details
see [4].

Let A be a Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebra over Hopf H.

Then (A A) becomes an algebra with multiplication

(a b)(c d)= a(b-1 c) b0 d. It is easy to know that

(A A) is free over A, see [11].

(A A)

AM

f : N Res(I),
n g ((1 1) n ).
Now it is easy to check f i=f and this shows that
Res(I) is an injective object in A M . This complete the
poof.
Define a functor G to be

Main Results

Denote by

g : (A A) N I

such

(A A)

M A M.

Explicitly, let M be an A-bimodule, then G(M)=M as kspace and the left A-module structure is given by

am= a1 (a 2-1 m)S(a 20 ) , a A, m M.

the category of left A-module and

M the category of left (A A) -module. Note

that (A A) is considered as a braided algebra as

above. Since : A (A A) is an algebra map, there
is a restriction functor

Res:

G=Res F: A M A

(7)

The main theorem in this section is as follows:

Theorem4. Let (A, m, u, , , S) be a Yetter-Drinfeld
Hopf algebra and M be a A-bimodule. Then there
exists an isomorphism
n

(A A)

HH A (A, M) Ext nA (k, G(M)), n 0,

e

M A M.

More precisely, if M is a (A A) -module, then

Res(M)=M as space, and its left A-action is given by

am= (a1 a 2 )m , a A, m M.
We have the following conclusion.
Proposition 3. The functor Res:

where k is viewed as the trivial A-module via the

counit .
Proof: First we show that there exists a natural
isomorphism

Hom Ae (A, _) Hom A (k, G(_))

(A A)

M A M is

In fact, for each A-module M, we have

exact and it preserves injective objects.

Hom Ae (A, M)={m M| am=ma, for all a A}

and

Proof: The exactness of Res is obvious by the definition

of left A-module. Let I be an injective object in (A A) M .

Hom A (k, G(M))={m M| am= (a)m for all a A\}.

We

To show that Res(I) be an injective objective in A M ,

take any morphism i: N N and a morphism
f: N Res(I) in A M . We claim that there exists some
morphism f : N Res(I) such that f i=f , then we are

deduce Hom Ae (A, _) Hom A (k, G(_)) by (7). Thus,

for n 1 , we have

HH nA (A,_)=Ext nA (A,_)
e

=R Hom A (A,_)
e

done. In fact, (A A) is a free over A, then it is a left

=R n(Hom A (k,_) G)

A-module. So we have a monomorphism of left

(A A) -module:

=R n n(Hom A (k,_)) G

j=(A A) i: (A A) N (A A) N

=Ext nA (k, G(_)).

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Note

=Ext nA (k,_) G

Journal of Modern Mathematics Frontier Volume 3 Issue 3, September 2014

This complete the proof.

groups of prime order, Springer, L.N.M. 1789, (2002).

Sweedler M. E., Hopf algebras, Benjamin, New York, (1969).

REFERENCE

Wang Y.H., The freedom of Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras,

Dascalescu, S., Nastasescu, C., and Raianu, S., Hopf

algebras; An introduction, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New
York, (2001).
Algebra 28(4), 1881-1895(2000).

Y. Doi, Hopf module in Yetter-Drinfel'd categories, Comm.

CBMS Regional Conference Serice in Mathematics 82,

AMS. Providence, RI, (1993).
Radford D., The structure of Hopf algebras with a projection ,
Journal of Algebra 92, 322-347,(1985).
Scharfschwerdt B., The Nichols-Zoeller theorem for Hopf
algebras in the category of Yetter-Drinfeld modules,
Comm. Algebra, 29 (6), (2001).
Hopf

modules

Yetter D.N., Quantum groups and representation of

monoidal categories, Math. Proc. Cambridge Philos. Soc.

Montgomery S., Hopf algebras and their actions on rings,

P.,

Advances in Pure Mathematics, in press.

Algebra 26 (9), 3057-3070, (1998).

Doi Y., The trace formula for braided Hopf algebras, Comm.

Schauenburg

www.sjmmf.org

and

Yetter-Drinfel'd

modules, Journal of Algebra, 169, 874-890,(1994).

Sommerhauser Y., Yetter-Drinfeld Hopf algebras over

108, 261-290,(1990).
Yanhua Wang was born in Jilin Province, Dec. 1975. She
received the Ph.D degree in Pure mathematics from
University of Science and Technology of China , Hefei,
China, in 2004.
She is currently an associate Professor in the School of
Mathematics, Shanghai University of Finance and
Economics, Shanghai, China. She has been a visiting
research scholar in the Department of Mathematics,
University of Washington, USA from 2012 to 2013. Her
current research interests include Hopf algebras,
homological algebra and quantum group.

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