T-test

One-way ANOVA
A one-way ANOVA is used when we
have 1 IV with more than 2 levels. It
estimates whether the population
means under the different levels of the
IV are different.

A t-test is used when we have 1 IV

with 2 levels. It estimates whether the
population means under the 2 levels
of the IV are different.

The estimate is based on the

difference between the measured
sample means. There are two types
of t-test.

An independent one-way ANOVA is

used when there are different
participants for each level of the IV (i.e.
between participants).

Independent t-test: between

participants/ independent groups.

Paired t-test: within participants/

repeated measures.

If the same participants are used for

each level of the IV a one-way repeated
measures (i.e. within subjects) ANOVA
should be used.

Regression
While correlation assesses the
relationship between x and y,
regression allows us to predict y
from x. For example, how much
does y change as a result of a
change in x?

Linear regression allows us to

assess if the score on x influenced
the score on y.

Multiple regression allows us to

assess the effect that several
predictor variables (e.g. x1, x2, x3
etc.) have on the outcome variable
(y).

Mann-Whitney U
Mann-Whitney U is a nonparametric alternative to an
independent t-test.

Spearman's rho
Spearman's rho is a nonparametric correlational analyses
(an alternative to Pearsons r).
This test is used to determine if
there is a correlation between
sets of ranked data (ordinal data)
or interval and ratio data that
have been changed to ranks
(ordinal data).

Wilcoxon T
Wilcoxon T is a non-parametric alternative to a paired ttest.

Differences between scores in the two IV levels are

calculated for each participant and then ranked .

The test evaluates whether there is a significant

1 IV, 2 levels: Betweenparticipant design.

The test evaluates whether

there is a significant difference
in the ranks assigned to the two
IV levels.

difference in the ranks assigned to the two IV levels.

Factorial ANOVAs
Factorial ANOVAs are used to test for
differences when we have more than
one independet variable (IV).

Including more than one IV, we can

explore the effects of interactions
between IVs.

The terms IV and factor are

interchangeable. ANOVAs with more
than one IV are called Factorial
ANOVAs.

There are three broad Factorial ANOVA

designs:
all IVs are between-participants Participants take part in only one
condition (i.e. independent measures).

Correlation
Correlation means association - more precisely it
is a measure of the extent to which two variables
are related.
When working with continuous variables, the
correlation coefficient to use is Pearsons r. This is
a numerical score showing the strength of a
correlation.
Once weve determined the relationship
(Pearson's r) in our sample, inferential analyses
allow us to determine the probability of measuring
a relationship of that magnitude if the null
hypothesis is true?
Bivariate linear correlation involves measuring the
linear relationship between two sample variables.
Partial correlation allows us to examine the
relationship between two variables, while
removing the influence of a third variable.

all IVs are within-participants Participants take part in all conditions

(repeated measures).
a mixture of between-participant and
within-participant IVs - Participants
take part in more than one, but not all
conditions .

Chi-square
Also known as Goodness-of-Fit test.

Deals with a single categorical

variable - i.e. nominal level data.

One-Variable Chi-square calculates

the difference between expected
and obtained frequencies.

2x2 Chi-Square (Test for

Friedmans ANOVA
Friedmans ANOVA is a non-parametric
alternative to a repeated measures one-way
ANOVA. .

Tells you whether there is a significant

difference, but not which IV levels are
different.

Conduct post-hoc tests (Wilcoxon T),

corrected for multiple comparisons.

Independence) measures the

association between two categorical
variables.