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Appliedkinesiology
FromWikipedia,thefreeencyclopedia

Appliedkinesiology(AK)isatechniqueinalternative
medicineclaimedtobeabletodiagnoseillnessorchoose

Appliedkinesiology

treatmentbytestingmusclesforstrengthandweakness.[1]
Appliedkinesiologistsareoftenchiropractors,buttheymay
alsobenaturopathicphysicians,physicians,nurses,physical
therapists,orveterinarians.Accordingtotheirguidelineson
allergydiagnostictesting,theAmericanCollegeofAllergy,
AsthmaandImmunologystatedthereisnoevidenceof
diagnosticvalidityofappliedkinesiology,[2]andanother
studyhasshownthatasanevaluativemethod,AK"isno
moreusefulthanrandomguessing",[3]andtheAmerican
CancerSocietyhassaidthat"scientificevidencedoesnot
supporttheclaimthatappliedkinesiologycandiagnoseor
treatcancerorotherillness".
Appliedkinesiology,asdescribedabove,shouldnotbe
confusedwithkinesiology,whichisthescientificstudyof
humanmovement.

Intervention

Aperson(right)practicingappliedkinesiology
MeSH

D018953

Contents
1 Historyandcurrentuse
2 Claims
3 Scientificresearch
4 Criticism
5 Positionstatements
5.1 Allergydiagnosis
5.2 AmericanChiropracticAssociation
5.3 DanishChiropracticAssociation
6 Seealso
7 References
8 Externallinks

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8 Externallinks
8.1 Promotionalsites
8.2 Skepticalevaluations

Historyandcurrentuse
GeorgeJ.Goodheart,achiropractor,originatedappliedkinesiologyin1964[4]andbeganteachingittoother
chiropractors.[5]AnorganizationofGoodheartStudyGroupLeadersbeganmeetingin1973,selectedthename
"TheInternationalCollegeofAppliedKinesiology"(ICAK)in1974,adoptedbylawsin1975,electedofficersin
1975,and"certified"itschartermembers,called"diplomates"in1976.[6]ICAKnowconsiders1976tobethedate
itwasfoundedand1973tobethedatethatitsfirstchairmantookoffice.[7]
Whilethispracticeisprimarilyusedbychiropractors,itisnowalsousedbyanumberofotherpractitioners.[8]In
2003itwasthe10thmostfrequentlyusedchiropractictechniqueintheUnitedStates,with37.6%ofchiropractors
employingthismethodand12.9%ofpatientsbeingtreatedwithit,[9]andhasalsobeenusedbynaturopaths,
physicians,dentists,nutritionists,physicaltherapists,massagetherapists,andnursepractitioners.SomebasicAK
basedtechniqueshavealsobeenused/misusedbynutritionalsupplementdistributors,includingmultilevel
distributors.[8][10]

Claims
Appliedkinesiologyispresentedasasystemthatevaluatesstructural,chemical,andmentalaspectsofhealthby
usingamethodreferredtoasmanualmuscletesting(MMT)alongsideconventionaldiagnosticmethods.The
essentialpremiseofappliedkinesiology,whichisnotsharedbymainstreammedicaltheory,isthateveryorgan
dysfunctionisaccompaniedbyaweaknessinaspecificcorrespondingmuscleinwhatistermedthe"viscerosomatic
relationship."[10][11]TreatmentmodalitiesrelieduponbyAKpractitionersincludejointmanipulationand
mobilization,myofascial,cranialandmeridiantherapies,clinicalnutrition,anddietarycounseling.[12]
AmanualmuscletestinAKisconductedbyhavingthepatientresistusingthetargetmuscleormusclegroupwhile
thepractitionerappliesaforce.Asmoothresponseissometimesreferredtoasa"strongmuscle"andaresponse
thatwasnotappropriateissometimescalleda"weakresponse".Thisisnotarawtestofstrength,butrathera
subjectiveevaluationoftensioninthemuscleandsmoothnessofresponse,takentobeindicativeofadifferencein
spindlecellresponseduringcontraction.Thesedifferencesinmuscleresponseareclaimedtobeindicativeof
variousstressesandimbalancesinthebody.[13]Aweakmuscletestisequatedtodysfunctionandchemicalor
structuralimbalanceormentalstress,indicativeofsuboptimalfunctioning.[14]Itmaybesuboptimalfunctioningof
thetestedtargetmuscle,oranormallyoptimallyfunctioningmusclecanbeusedasanindicatormuscleforother
physiologicaltesting.Acommonlyknownandverybasictestisthearmpulldowntest,or"Deltatest,"wherethe
patientresistsasthepractitionerexertsadownwardforceonanextendedarm.[15]Properpositioningisparamount
toensurethatthemuscleinquestionisisolatedorpositionedastheprimemover,minimizinginterferencefrom
adjacentmusclegroups.[11]
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"Nutrienttesting"isusedtoexaminetheresponseofvariousofapatient'smusclestoassortedchemicals.Gustatory
andolfactorystimulationaresaidtoaltertheoutcomeofamanualmuscletest,withpreviouslyweakmusclesbeing
strengthenedbyapplicationofthecorrectnutritionalsupplement,andpreviouslystrongmusclesbeingweakenedby
exposuretoharmfulorimbalancingsubstancesorallergens.[11][13][16]Thoughitsuseisdeprecatedbythe
ICAK,[17]stimulationtotestmuscleresponsetoacertainchemicalisalsodonebycontactorproximity(for
instance,testingwhilethepatientholdsabottleofpills).
"Therapylocalization"isanotherdiagnostictechniqueusingmanualmuscletestingwhichisuniquetoapplied
kinesiology.Thepatientplacesahandwhichisnotbeingtestedontheskinoveranareasuspectedtobeinneedof
therapeuticattention.Thisfingertipcontactmayleadtoachangeinmuscleresponsefromstrongtoweakorvice
versawhentherapeuticinterventionisindicated.Iftheareatouchedisnotassociatedwithaneedforsuch
intervention,themuscleresponseisunaffected.[14]

Scientificresearch
In2015theAustralianGovernment'sDepartmentofHealthpublishedtheresultsofareviewofalternativetherapies
thatsoughttodetermineifanyweresuitableforbeingcoveredbyhealthinsuranceappliedkinesiologywasoneof
17therapiesevaluatedforwhichnoclearevidenceofeffectivenesswasfound.[18]AccordingtotheAmerican
CancerSociety,"availablescientificevidencedoesnotsupporttheclaimthatappliedkinesiologycandiagnoseor
treatcancerorotherillness".[10]
AreviewofseveralscientificstudiesofAKspecificproceduresanddiagnostictestsconcludedthat"WhenAKis
disentangledfromstandardorthopedicmuscletesting,thefewstudiesevaluatinguniqueAKprocedureseither
refuteorcannotsupportthevalidityofAKproceduresasdiagnostictests.Theevidencetodatedoesnotsupport
theuseofmanualmuscletestingforthediagnosisoforganicdiseaseorpre/subclinicalconditions."[19]Another
concludedthat"Thereislittleornoscientificrationaleforthesemethods.Resultsarenotreproduciblewhensubject
torigoroustestinganddonotcorrelatewithclinicalevidenceofallergy."[20]Adoubleblindstudywasconducted
bytheALTAFoundationforSportsMedicineResearchinSantaMonica,CaliforniaandpublishedintheJune
1988JournaloftheAmericanDieteticAssociation.Thestudyused3experiencedAKpractitionersandconcluded
that,"TheresultsofthisstudyindicatedthattheuseofAppliedKinesiologytoevaluatenutrientstatusisnomore
usefulthanrandomguessing."[3]
Despitemorethanfourdecadesofreview,RCT(randomized,controlledtrials)andotherevaluativemethods,even
investedresearchersdeliveredthefollowingopinion
OneshortcomingisthelackofRCTstosubstantiate(orrefute)theclinicalutility(efficacy,
effectiveness)ofchiropracticinterventionsbasedonMMTfindings.Also,becausetheetiologyofa
muscleweaknessmaybemultifactorial,anyRCTthatemploysonlyonemodeoftherapytoonlyone
areaofthebodymayproduceoutcomesthatarepoorduetotheselimitations.[21]

Criticism

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NearlyallAKtestsaresubjective,relyingsolelyonpractitionerassessmentofmuscleresponse.Specifically,some
studieshaveshowntestretestreliability,intertesterreliability,andaccuracytohavenobetterthanchance
correlations.[10][22][23]Someskepticshavearguedthatthereisnoscientificunderstandingoftheproposed
underlyingtheoryofaviscerosomaticrelationship,andtheefficacyofthemodalityisunestablishedinsomecases
anddoubtfulinothers.[10][16]SkepticshavealsodismissedAKas"quackery,""magicalthinking,"anda
misinterpretationoftheideomotoreffect.[24][25]Ithasalsobeencriticizedontheoreticalandempiricalgrounds,[24]
andcharacterizedaspseudoscience.[26]Withonlyanecdotalaccountsclaimingtoprovidepositiveevidenceforthe
efficacyofthepractice,areviewofpeerreviewedstudiesconcludedthatthe"evidencetodatedoesnotsupport
theuseof[AK]forthediagnosisoforganicdiseaseorpre/subclinicalconditions."[19]
In2014,arandomized,doubleblindtrialwasconductedtoevaluateappliedkinesiologyresults.Theoutputofthat
studyequatedsuccessfulidentificationofamaterialviaappliedkinesiologytechniquesasstatisticallynobetterthan
chance.Thesummationoftheworkconcludedthat"TheresearchpublishedbytheAppliedKinesiologyfielditself
isnottobereliedupon,andintheexperimentalstudiesthatdomeetacceptedstandardsofscience,Applied
Kinesiologyhasnotdemonstratedthatitisausefulorreliablediagnostictooluponwhichhealthdecisionscanbe
based."[27]

Positionstatements
Allergydiagnosis
IntheUS,theAmericanAcademyofAllergy,AsthmaandImmunology[28]andtheNationalInstituteofAllergyand
InfectiousDiseases[29]havebothadvisedthatappliedkinesiologyshouldnotbeusedinthediagnosisofallergies.
TheEuropeanAcademyofAllergologyandClinicalImmunology,[30]theNationalInstituteforClinical
Excellence[31][32]oftheUK,theAustralasianSocietyofClinicalImmunologyandAllergy[33]andtheAllergy
SocietyofSouthAfrica[34]hasalsoadvisedsimilarly.TheWorldAllergyOrganizationdoesnothaveaformal
positiononappliedkinesiology,butineducationalmaterialsfromitsGlobalResourcesInAllergyprogramitlists
appliedkinesiologyasanunproventestanddescribesitasuseless.[35]In1998,asmallpilotstudypublishedinthe
InternationalJournalofNeuroscienceshowedacorrelationbetweenappliedkinesiologymuscletestingsandserum
immunoglobulinlevelsforfoodallergies.19of21(90.5%)suspectedfoodallergiesdiagnosedbyapplied
kinesiologywereconfirmedbyserumimmunoglobulintests.[36]Afollowupreviewpublishedin2005intheCurrent
OpinionofAllergyandClinicalImmunologyconcludedappliedkinesiologyhadnoprovenbasisfordiagnosis.[37]

AmericanChiropracticAssociation
AccordingtotheAmericanChiropracticAssociation,in2003Appliedkinesiologywasthe10thmostfrequently
usedchiropractictechniqueintheUnitedStates,with37.6%ofchiropractorsemployingthismethodand12.9%of
patientsbeingtreatedwithit.[9]
Thisisanapproachtochiropractictreatmentinwhichseveralspecificproceduresmaybecombined.
Diversified/manipulativeadjustingtechniquesmaybeusedwithnutritionalinterventions,togetherwith
lightmassageofvariouspointsreferredtoasneurolymphaticandneurovascularpoints.Clinical
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decisionmakingisoftenbasedontestingandevaluatingmusclestrength.[5]

DanishChiropracticAssociation
AccordingtoaMarch26,1998letterfromtheDKF(DanskKiropraktorForeningDanishChiropractic
Association),followingpubliccomplaintsfrompatientsreceivinghomeopathiccareand/orAKinsteadofstandard
(DKFdefined)chiropracticcare,theDKFhasdeterminedthatappliedkinesiologyisnotaformofchiropractic
careandmustnotbepresentedtothepublicassuch.AKandhomeopathycancontinuetobepracticedby
chiropractorsaslongasitisnotedtobealternativeandadjunctivetochiropracticcareandisnotperformedina
chiropracticclinic.ChiropractorsmaynotinferorimplythattheDanishchiropracticprofessionendorsesAKtobe
legitimateoreffective,normaytheword/titlechiropractic/chiropractorbeusedorassociatedwiththepracticeof
AK.[38]

Seealso
Ideomotoreffect
Listofineffectivecancertreatments
Listoftopicscharacterizedaspseudoscience
NambudripadAllergyEliminationTechnique
Observerexpectancyeffect

References
1. LdtkeR,KunzB,SeeberN,RingJ(2001)."TestretestreliabilityandvalidityoftheKinesiologymuscletest.".
ComplementTherMed9(3):1415.doi:10.1054/ctim.2001.0455.PMID11926427.
2. BernsteinIL,LiJT,BernsteinDI,HamiltonR,SpectorSL,TanR,etal.(2008)."Allergydiagnostictesting:an
updatedpracticeparameter.".AnnAllergyAsthmaImmunol100(3Suppl3):S1148.doi:10.1016/S1081
1206(10)603055.PMID18431959.
3. KenneyJJ,ClemensR,ForsytheKD(June1988)."Appliedkinesiologyunreliableforassessingnutrientstatus".J
AmDietAssoc88(6):698704.PMID3372923.
4. "InnovatorsGeorgeGoodheart".Web.archive.org.20110113.ArchivedfromtheoriginalonJanuary13,2011.
Retrieved20151217.
5. ChiropracticTechniques.(http://www.amerchiro.org/pdf/PDR/HChiropractic%20Techniques.pdf)American
ChiropracticAssociation.Archived(https://web.archive.org/web/20060728105451/http://www.amerchiro.org/pd
f/PDR/HChiropractic%20Techniques.pdf)July28,2006,attheWaybackMachine.
6. JohnThie,D.C.1973to1976(http://www.icak.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=51:johnt
hiedc1973to1976&catid=35:history&Itemid=72)
7. WhatistheInternationalCollegeofAppliedKinesiology(ICAK)?(http://www.icak.com/index.php?option=com_co
ntent&view=article&id=53&Itemid=64)
8. AppliedKinesiology:PhonyMuscleTestingfor"Allergies"and"NutrientDeficiencies"(http://www.quackwatch.or
g/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Tests/ak.html),byStephenBarrett,MD
9. JobAnalysisofChiropractic(PDF).NationalBoardofChiropracticExaminers.2005.p.135.ISBN1884457053.
Archivedfromtheoriginal(PDF)onDecember17,2008.
10. "AppliedKinesiology".AmericanCancerSociety.November2008.RetrievedAugust2013.
11. "AppliedKinesiologyStatusStatement".InternationalCollegeofAppliedKinesiologyUSA.Archivedfromthe
originalon20080322.Retrieved20080213.

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12. "WhatisAppliedKinesiology?".ICAKUSA.Archivedfromtheoriginalon30November2007.Retrieved
5December2007.
13. Sims,Judith."AppliedKinesiology".GaleEncyclopediaofAlternativeMedicine.Retrieved20080213.
14. "AppliedKinesiology:InRetrospect".InternationalCollegeofAppliedKinesiologyUSA.Retrieved20080213.
15. Frost,Robert,AppliedKinesiology:ATrainingManualandReferenceBookofBasicPrinciplesandPractices',p.
4,NorthAtlanticBooks,2002.availableonline(https://books.google.com/books?id=Bl0BQvU6EfQC&printsec=f
rontcover#PPA3,M1)
16. "AppliedKinesiology".InteliHealth.Retrieved20080213.
17. "InternationalCollegeofAppliedKinesiologyFAQ".InternationalCollegeofAppliedKinesiologyUSA.Archived
fromtheoriginalon20070829.Retrieved20080213.
18. BaggoleyC(2015)."ReviewoftheAustralianGovernmentRebateonNaturalTherapiesforPrivateHealth
Insurance"(PDF).AustralianGovernmentDepartmentofHealth.LaysummaryGavura,S.Australianreview
findsnobenefitto17naturaltherapies.ScienceBasedMedicine.(19November2015).
19. Haas,MitchellRobertCoopersteinDavidPeterson(August2007)."Disentanglingmanualmuscletestingand
AppliedKinesiology:critiqueandreinterpretationofaliteraturereview".Chiropractic&Osteopathy15(1):11.
doi:10.1186/174613401511.PMC2000870.PMID17716373.Archivedfromtheoriginalon16October2007.
Retrieved20071130.
20. Wurlich,B.(2005)."Unproventechniquesinallergydiagnosis".Journalofinvestigationalallergologyandclinical
immunology15(2):8690.PMID16047707.
21. Cuthbert,SCGoodheart,GJ(March2007)."Onthereliabilityandvalidityofmanualmuscletesting:aliterature
review".Chiropractic&Osteopathy200715(1):4.doi:10.1186/17461340154.PMC1847521.
PMID17341308.
22. LdtkeR,KunzB,SeeberN,RingJ(September2001)."TestretestreliabilityandvalidityoftheKinesiology
muscletest".ComplementTherMed9(3):1415.doi:10.1054/ctim.2001.0455.PMID11926427.
23. Hyman,Ray(1999)."Psychologyand'AlternativeMedicine':themischiefmakingofideomotoraction".Scientific
ReviewofAlternativeMedicine3(2).Archivedfromtheoriginalon10February2008.Retrieved20080225.
24. Carroll,RobertTodd"Theseareempiricalclaimsandhavebeentestedandshowntobefalse"."Applied
Kinesiology".TheSkepticsDictionary.Archivedfromtheoriginalon10August2007.Retrieved20070726.
25. MagicalThinking.(http://skepdic.com/magicalthinking.html)Skeptic'sDictionary
26. AtwoodKC(2004)."Naturopathy,Pseudoscience,andMedicine:MythsandFallaciesvsTruth".MedGenMed6
(1):33.PMC1140750.PMID15208545.
27. SchwartzSA,UttsJ,SpottiswoodeSJ,ShadeCW,TullyL,MorrisWF,NachmanG."Adoubleblind,randomized
studytoassessthevalidityofappliedkinesiology(AK)asadiagnostictoolandasanonlocalproximityeffect".
Explore(NY)10:99108.doi:10.1016/j.explore.2013.12.002.PMID24607076.
28. Bernstein,ILetal.(March2008)."Allergydiagnostictesting:anupdatedpracticeparameter"(PDF).Annalsof
Allergy,Asthma&Immunology100(3,Supplement3):S1148.doi:10.1016/S10811206(10)603055.
PMID18431959.
29. Boyce,JAAssa'adABurksAWetal.(December2010)."Guidelinesforthediagnosisandmanagementoffood
allergyintheUnitedStates:reportoftheNIAIDsponsoredexpertpanel."(PDF).TheJournalofAllergyand
ClinicalImmunology126(6Suppl.):S1S58.doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2010.10.007.PMID21134576.
30. OrtolaniCBruijnzeelKoomenCBengtssonUetal.(January1999)."Controversialaspectsofadversereactions
tofood.EuropeanAcademyofAllergologyandClinicalImmunology(EAACI)ReactionstoFoodSubcommittee.".
Allergy54(1):2745.doi:10.1034/j.13989995.1999.00913.x.PMID10195356.
31. CentreforClinicalPracticeatNICE(February2011)."FoodAllergyinChildrenandYoungPeople:Diagnosisand
AssessmentofFoodAllergyinChildrenandYoungPeopleinPrimaryCareandCommunitySettings".NICE
ClinicalGuidelines116.PMID22259824.
32. NICEconsultsondraftguidelineonfoodallergiesinchildren(http://www.nice.org.uk/newsroom/pressreleases/Dr
aftGuidelineOnFoodAllergiesInChildren.jsp)
33. "Unorthodoxtechniquesforthediagnosisandtreatmentofallergy,asthmaandimmunedisorders".Australasian
SocietyofClinicalImmunologyandAllergy.November2007.Retrieved7February2012.
34. Motala,CHawarden,D(July2009)."Guideline:Diagnostictestinginallergy"(PDF).SouthAfricanMedical
Journal99(7):531535.
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35. "GlobalResourcesinAllergy(GLORIA)Module6:FoodAllergy".WorldAllergyOrganization.Retrieved
29February2012.
36. "Correlationofappliedkinesiologymuscletestingfindingswithserumimmunoglobulinlevelsforfoodallergies".
Int.J.Neurosci.96(34):23744.December1998.doi:10.3109/00207459808986471.PMID10069623.
37. "Foodallergydiagnostics:scientificandunprovenprocedures(PUBMED)".CurrOpinAllergyClinicalImmun2005
Jun5(3):2616.Retrieved4September2014.
38. DanishChiropracticAssociationposition(http://web.archive.org/web/20071016185610/http://chiro.org/chirolist/n
ewsfile/aktest.txt)

Externallinks
Promotionalsites
InternationalCollegeofAppliedKinesiology(http://www.icak.com/)
TheInternationalJournalofAppliedKinesiologyandKinesiologicMedicine(http://www.kinmed.com/)

Skepticalevaluations
AppliedKinesiology:MuscleTestingfor"Allergies"and"NutrientDeficiencies"(http://www.quackwa
tch.org/01QuackeryRelatedTopics/Tests/ak.html)byStephenBarrett,Quackwatch
AppliedKinesiology(http://www.ncahf.org/articles/ab/ak.html)byWilliamT.Jarvis,TheNationalCouncil
AgainstHealthFraud
Appliedkinesiology(http://www.randi.org/encyclopedia/applied%20kinesiology.html)JamesRandi
EducationalFoundation,AnEncyclopediaofClaims,Frauds,andHoaxesoftheOccultand
Supernatural
TheMischiefMakingofIdeomotorAction(http://www.sram.org/0302/ideomotor.html)byRayHyman,
TheScientificReviewofAlternativeMedicine
AppliedFoolishness(http://www.ntskeptics.org/2003/2003february/february2003.htm#foolishness)by
JohnBlanton,TheNorthTexasSkeptics
InteliHealthappliedkinesiologyarticlematerial(http://www.intelihealth.com/IH/ihtIH/WSIHW000/8513/349
68/358738.html?d=dmtContent)wasreviewedbytheFacultyoftheHarvardMedicalSchoolwithfinal
editingapprovedbyNaturalStandard.
MuscleTesting(http://www.ankerberg.org/Articles/_PDFArchives/newage/NA4W0300.pdf)byJohn
AnkerbergandJohnWeldon,TheEncyclopediaofNewAgeBeliefs
Walker,James(1992),"TestingMuscleTesting:AppliedKinesiology",TheWatchmanExpositor
(WatchmanFellowshipministry)9(7)
AppliedKinesiologyandNutritionalMuscleResponseTesting:AChristianPerspective(http://web.arc
hive.org/web/20030402064527/www.hcrc.org/contrib/lyons/kinesiol.html)byJaniceLyons
AppliedKinesiology(http://altmed.creighton.edu/apk/)ByNicholasBrewer,2006
AppliedKinesiology(http://users.adam.com.au/bstett/SkepticsKinesiology68.htm)byHarryEdwards,A
SkepticsGuidetotheNewAge
Retrievedfrom"https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Applied_kinesiology&oldid=728338408"
Categories: Alternativemedicaldiagnosticmethods Chiropractictreatmenttechniques Pseudoscience
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