Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Energy
Resources
Preambles
Biomass - plant matter & animal waste (any organic matter &
Biomass/
Organic matter
Biomass
energy resources
Secondary
energy
Biomass generation
Photon
energy
CO2
H2O
Other living
organisms
Plants
Biomass
Trees
Agricultural crops
Algae
Minerals
O2
photosysthesis
Faster growth
& higher
energy content
[Biomass + O2]
[Biomass energy]
Primary energy
Biomass resource
Renewable resource - easily grown or collected, utilized and
replaced fairly quickly (reasonable period) without permanently depleting
the Earths natural resources
More even distribution globally than fossil sources
Opportunity for energy self-sufficiency alternative fuel (or reduced
dependence on fossil fuels)
Existence of commercial and state-of-art technologies for energy
production (less capital intensive for some cases)
Environment friendly
Socio-economic benefits
Scope of application micro, industrial to large scale generation
Present contribution 4-18% of the total PER (20-25% for the
future)
Environmental impacts
Biomass energy
Renewable energy supply
(heat, electricity, fuels, biogas)
(kW MW)
Biomass energy
resources
Development
(socio-economic aspects)
Environmental balance
(biomass carbon cycle)
traditional
Biomass Energy
Current/new trend
Types of biomass
Two categories
Cultivated biomass
-Crops (e.g sugarcane,
corn)
-Carbohydrate containing
crops (cereals, potatoes)
-Forests (e.g eucalyptus)
-Energy crops higher
energy density crops (e.g
sweet sorghum)
-Aquatic crops (e.g algae,
seaweeds)
Waste biomass
-municipal solid waste &
landfill gas
-agricultural residues (e.g
CTL & trash)
-forest waste
-animal waste
-process waste (e.g fish
processing industry)
Combustion/
cogeneration
Raw
biomass
Heat/steam &
electricity
Simultaneous
usage (secondary
energy
Biogas &
biochemicals
Transportable & of
higher energy
density
(intermediate &
secondary energy)
Biothermal
conversion
Biochemicals
Biomass conversion
processes
Research &
development
Direct
combustion/
incineration
Thermochemical
conversion
Biochemical
conversion
Combustion/incineration
Most common process in energy and biomass conversion technologies
Applicable to solid, liquid and gaseous fuels, but generally applied to solid
fuels (e.g sugarcane biomass or MSW)
It is the process of burning rapid oxidation accompanied by heat and light
Incineration is the process of burning the fuel completely to ash
Generally convenient and economical to burn the solids semi dried or at
lower moisture content (higher amount of energy is derived)
Usually results in the generation of heat/steam and electricity for
simultaneous usage
Wide range of energy generation (kW to MW) & simultaneous production
(apart from the initial time required for start-up and heating up)
Common heat of combustion of biomass
Wood (dry)
10-11 MJ/kg
MSW
5-8
MJ/kg
Sugarcane bagasse (@ 50% H2O
7-9 MJ/kg
http://www.taftan.com/thermodynamics/RANKINE.HTM
Thermochemical conversion
Temperature
Biomass
Pressure
Thermochemical
conversion
Gasification
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Converts carbon containing material into a synthesis gas composed
primarily of CO & H2 (~ 85%) and the residual gas being CO2 and CH4
Used as fuel for steam/electricity generation or used as a basic chemical
building block for a large number of uses in the petrochemical and refining
industries
Adds value to low or negative value feedstock
Application low quality coal, petroleum based materials, gases & other
waste materials
Gasification technique
Heating at high temperature and high pressure in the presence of steam & O2
(limited air/controlled O2) to produce syngas (primarily H2 & CO)
IGCC power generation configuration (high efficiency)
Source: http://www.gasification.org/Technology.htm
Shredder
Gas
Water
Oil
Dryer
Air classifier
Distillation
Pyrolysis reactor
Benefits of pyrolysis
Produce a high calorific value fuel (22-30 MJ/m3) from difficult waste
can be used in gas engines to produce electricity
Lower calorific value is usually associated from biomass waste and the
higher value to other waste such as sludge
Production of hydrogen as a by-product which is seen as an increasingly
valuable fuel
Biochemical conversion
anaerobe/enzyme
Biomass
pressure/temperature
Biochemical
conversion
Anaerobic digestion
Fermentation
Anaerobic digestion
Microbial digestion of biomass
Done by anaerobe (a microscopic organism that can live and grow without
external O2 or air) which extract O2 by decomposing the biomass at low
temperature (up to 65C) in the presence of moisture (80%)
Generates mostly CH4 and CO2 with small amount of impurities such as
H2S
The output can be directly burnt or upgraded to superior fuel gas (methane
only removal of CO2)
Rural development
Two major
steps
Acid formation
Methanation
Acid formation
Complex polymeric organic substances - such as proteins, carbohydrates &
fats are fermented and hydrolysed by non-methanogenic bacteria into
essentially non-methanogenic substrates like acids, volatile liquids and solids of
simpler organic nature
Methane formation
The organic acids and chemicals formed in the acidification stage are
decomposed by acetogenic bacteria to release methane and CO2
Biochemical conversion
Residue obtained may be protein-rich sludge & liquid effluent used as
animal feed or for soil treatment (may require some processing)
Potential feedstock MSW, agricultural biomass/residue, forest biomass,
aquatic biomass, human & animal waste
Yield
traces
Absence of O2 / presence of H2O
[Organic material]
1 tonne dry
organic material
36 m3 of CH4/biogas
(30-70 m3 depending
on the feedstock used
Eh = 50 MJ/kg
Biochemical conversion
Process is however very slow and may take time (several days/weeks) to
complete digestion of a batch of biomass
Depends on many parameters (technology used, raw material, influent solids
content, loading, pH, C/N ratio, stiring, retention time)
Plant size vary from 0.5-2000 m3/day
Biogas plants from waste very common in India & China (conventional
plants low technology)
Biogas plants from MSW very common in Europe & US (modern plants
high technology)
Low cost for micro applications (< 1000 USD or 500 USD depending on the
technology used temperature range)
Mauritian context one biodigester at ISCKON (Nouvelle France) which
operate on cow dung - biogas being used as a cooking fuel and sludge as soil
stabiliser. An additional two biodigesters at St Martin.
H2O
2 C6H12O6
Water
Glucose
OR
C6H10O5 +
H2O
Starch
Water
2 C6H12O6
Glucose
Fermentation
C6H12O6
Glucose
2 C2H5OH + 2 CO2 +
Heat
Ethyl alcohol
5% others
Two methods for cellulosic conversion to ethanol
Chemical hydrolysis
Enzymatic hydrolysis
[Lignocellulosic biomass]
Pretreatment (hydrolysis)
[Pentose - C5 sugars]
0.5% acid/200C
[Glucose]
hydrolysis
2% acid/240C
[Lignocellulosic biomass]
[Sugars]
Ambient temperature
Enzymatic hydrolysis
Use of modified yeast capable of converting glucose as well as xylose to
ethanol
Hydrolysis and fermentation occuring in the same vessel
Waste-to-energy
Two alternatives
Main advantages
51%
20%
10%
9%
4%
2%
2%
2%
Mauritius
Yard waste
Kitchen waste
Paper
Plastics
Textiles
Glass
Metals
Miscellaneous
45%
25%
10%
9%
4%
3%
2%
2%
kJ/kg
58
79
14 15
29 30
10 11
26 30
46 47
45 46
51 52
29 - 30
@ ~ 60% H2O
@ ~ 50% H2O
bituminous
WTE technologies
Technology used
Mass burning (worldwide practice dominant technology)
RDF incinerator
Fluidised bed
Pyrolysis
Gasification
Application
Production of heat/steam, electricity, fuel gas
Around 600 WTE facilities worldwide (mostly in EU & US)
Around 130 million tonnes of MSW incinerated
Energy route
Chemical
energy in
waste
Thermal energy
of steam
Mechanical
energy
Electrical
energy in
generator
WTE process
Waste
biomass
Steam
Segregation
(optional)
Noncombustibles
Shredder
Air
classifier
Furnace
Flue gas
Superheater
Boiler
ESP &
filter
Steam
turbine
Generator
Electricity
Scrubber
Emission
to the
atmosphere
Stack
Fan
WTE process
Source: http://www.wasteresearch.co.uk/ade/efw/mswcombustion.htm
Filter
Gas
compressor
End use
Fine
filter
Chiller
Flare
stack
Biodiesel
Alternative fuel for diesel engines
Definition chemically, biodiesel molecules are mono-alkyl esters
produced usually from triglyceride esters derived from vegetable oil (used oil) &
animal fats
Fatty Acid
Alcohol
Glycerin
Biodiesel
Vegetable Oil
Process - transesterification
CH2OOR1
catalyst
CH2OH
|
|
CHOOR2 + 3CH3OH 3 CH3OORx + CHOH
|
|
CH2OOR3
CH2OH
Triglyceride Methanols
Biodiesel
Glycerin
R1, R2, and R3 are fatty acid alkyl groups which could be different or the
same depending on the type of oil. The fatty acids involved determine the
final properties of the biodiesel
Electric
Diesel Hybrid
B20
Ethanol 85%
Diesel
LPG
CNG
Gasoline
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
Diesel
B20
CO2
Sulfates
**NOx
Particulate Matter
CO
Total Unburned HCs
0
20
40
60
Percent
80
100
120
Challenges
Feedstock availability
Engine and emissions optimisation
Cold weather operation (increased viscosity may require additives)
Replacement of synthetic parts (e.g nylon)
Probable slow degradation of natural rubber, fittings, seals & composite
materials in the fuel system
Biodegradable and hence susceptible to microbial degradation (may require
biocides)
Production cost is on the higher side
Sensible food versus fuel discussion.
WATER
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
BIODIESEL
(3.6T/HA)
SOLAR
ENERGY
CRACKING
FRESH FRUIT
BUNCHES
(20T/HA)
EXTRACTION
FERTILISATION
COMPOST
MANURE
(12.8 T/HA)
ELECTRICITY
(EST 1000
KWh/HA)
FERMENTATION
BIOGAS ~ CH4
(3.2T/HA)