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Teori Network
Doing Business
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Business Network
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Teori Network
Doing Business
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Case Study
MNC
Brooke, M.Z. and Remmers H.L. (1977) di dalam Bridget C Kenny (2009)
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
of
relations linking a defined set of
persons, objects and events
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Integration/
Supply
Chain ?
Vertical
Horizontal
Diagonal
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
The Early Starter firm possesses a low degree of internationalisation, with its network
sharing this characteristic
The Late Starter has a low degree of internationalisation, but is positioned in a highly
internationalised market.
Although the Lonely International firm resides in an internationally inexperienced
network, its greater degree of commitment to the internationalisation process, as
reflected by its relatively high degree of internationalisation
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
Internationalization process and the role of business networks and learning in it (Meyer, Skak
2002) di dalam Marge Seppo (2007), The Role of Business Networks in The
Internationalization
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Pengukuran
Variabel?
Foreign Sales as
Percentage of Total Sales
Foreign Employees as
Percentage of Total Employees
The number of countries
in which the firm operates.
Foreign Owners as Percentage
of Total Ownership
The number of listings in
foreign stock exchanges
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
INDONESIA
Source: www.doingbusiness.org
2012 The World Bank
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Source: www.doingbusiness.org
2012 The World Bank
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
Starting a business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Dealing with
construction permits
What are the time, cost and
number of procedures to comply
with formalities to build a
warehouse?
Registering property
What are the time, cost
and number of
procedures required to
transfer property
between 2 local
companies?
Where is it easy to
register propertyand
where not?
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
2012?
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
Vertical
Integration/
Supply
Chain ?
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Cultural Grouping
and Management
Style
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
National Cultural Differences and Multinational Business. Pankaj Ghemawat and Sebastian Reiche
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
7
Dependencies
Uncertainty of resources
Strategic behaviour
East European Business Networks: A Review of Dependencies and Strategies and Their Influence on
Company Success. Emanuela Todeva, Research Papers in International Business
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
New Established
Business Networks
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Chinese Business
Network in Southeast
Asian Markets
The Nordic and Chinese business network models contrasted
Facing The Chinese Business Network In Southeast Asian Markets Overcoming The Duality Between Nordic And Chinese Business Networks. Hans Jansson and Joachim Ramstrm
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
Multinational Corporation
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Company B
We are multinational firm. Only 1% of the personnel in our affiliate companies are nonnationals. Most of these are US executives on temporary assignments. In all major market,
the affiliates managing director is of the local nationality.
Company C
We are multinational firm. Our product division executives have worldwide profit
responsibility. As our organizational chart shows, the United States is just one region on a
par with Europe, Latin America, Africa, etc. in each product division.
Company D (non-american)
We are multinational firm. We have at least 18 nationalities represented at our
headquarters. Most senior executive speak at least two languages. About 30% of our staff
at headquarters are foreigners.
Dikutip dari Howard V. Perlmutter (2001)
The Tortuous Evolution of The Multinational Corporation, Columbia Journal of World Business
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
MNC?
An enterprise operating in several countries but managed from one
(home) country
www.businessdictionary.com
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
the mother firm cannot exercise any managerial control over the licensee (it is
independent)
The licensee may transfer industrial secrets to another independent firm, thereby
creating a rival.
Direct Investment requires the decision of top management because it is a critical step.
it is risky (lack of information); plants are established in several countries; licensing is
switched from independent producers to its subsidiaries; export continues
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
3. Multinational Stage
The company becomes a multinational enterprise when it begins to plan,
organize and coordinate production, marketing, R&D, financing, and
staffing. For each of these operations, the firm must find the best
location.
Rule of Thumb
A company whose foreign sales are 25% or more of total sales. This ratio is high
for small countries, but low for large countries, e.g. Nestle (98%: Dutch), Phillips
(94%: Swiss).
Examples: Manufacturing MNCs
24 of top fifty firms are located in the U.S.
9 in Japan
6 in Germany.
Petroleum companies: 6/10 located in the U.S.
Food/Restaurant Chains. 10/10 in the U.S.
US Multinational Corporations Exxon, GM, Ford, etc.
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Ethnocentric
Polycentric
Geocentric
Complexity of
organization
Authority; decision
making
High in headquarters
Relatively low in
headquarters
Evaluation and
control
Determined locally
Reward and
punishments;
incentives
Communication;
Information flow
Identification
Nationality of owner
Perpetuation
(recruiting, staffing,
development)
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Environmental
Intra-Organizational
Environmental
1. Management inexperience in
overseas market
2. International customers
5. Lack of international
monetary system
8. Regional supranational
economic & political
communities
Intra-Organizational
9. Centralization tendencies in
headquarters
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Sumber: Janet Morrison (2009). International Business: Challenges in a Changing World. Lecturer Manual
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Sumber: Janet Morrison (2009). International Business: Challenges in a Changing World. Lecturer Manual
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
The jobs-for-life guarantee Japans large companies have prided themselves on their
employment system which guaranteed a job for life to permanent, full-time employees.
This was an important element in Japanese corporate culture, giving employees a strong
sense of identity with the company, along with high levels of loyalty. Following decades of
rapid economic development, Japan went into a period of economic downturn in the
1990s, and in the same decade, Japans companies came under competitive pressures
from other East Asian economies which were catching up in terms of economic
development. Although Japanese companies needed to restructure and abandon the
jobs-for-life policy, they were reluctant to take drastic steps to slim down workforces.
Core technology and innovation capacities Japans large companies were famous for
their innovations, but in embarking on joint ventures with companies in the rising
economies of East Asia, lost control of some of their key innovations. Rethinking their
innovation strategies, involving decisions on what to keep in-house and where to seek
cooperative strategies, was part of the strategy to regain competitiveness.
Sumber: Janet Morrison (2009). International Business: Challenges in a Changing World. Lecturer Manual
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Globalization and
Business Network
http://cambridgeforecast.files.wordpress.com/2008/06/globalcorp.gif
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
Indonesia
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
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Doing Business
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146
39
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
http://www.absolutewealth.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/globalization.gif
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
International Business:
Operations and Influences
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Licensing
Franchising
Management contracts
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Physical networks:
Business networks:
Manufacturing, services, distribution, technology,
social networks (trust and information sharing)
Professor Daniel F. Spulber
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Partner Networks
Achieve global scale
Members focus on their region
Reduce competition by avoiding duplication of
facilities and operations
Avoid government restrictions on ownership
and market dominance
Technology standard setting
Complements in production
Complements in demand (game players and games)
Professor Daniel F. Spulber
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Partner Networks
British Airways / American Airlines
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Franchise Networks
Advantages
Disadvantages
Search cost of finding franchise
owners overseas
Costs of monitoring performance
across borders
Transaction costs of forming franchise
contracts in other country remains
Professor Daniel F. Spulber
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Global Intermediary
Strategy
Matchmaker
Brings buyers and sellers together across
international borders
Market maker
Creates and operates markets that cross
international borders
Agent
Provide representation in other countries
Professor Daniel F. Spulber
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Matchmaker
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Matchmaker
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Mitsui
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Market Maker
The global market maker aggregates demand
across countries and aggregates supply
across countries
Cemex
Mittal
Cargill
BP Amoco
eBay
Professor Daniel F. Spulber
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Ingram Micro
The leading international wholesaler of
technology products and services
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Market maker
Creates and operates international markets
Chooses prices, conveys information
Adjusts sourcing and serving to clear markets avoids
efficiency losses from market imbalances
Provides immediacy: ready to buy and sell
Allocates goods and services across countries
Gathers and aggregates information about customers and
suppliers on an international level, inventories, orders, and
production
Applies IT to international coordination
Earns returns from international risk pooling
Professor Daniel F. Spulber
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Agents
Export Marketing Company (EMC) represents sellers,
can be broker or dealer, bears risks, arranges resale,
transportation, credit
Export Trading Company (ETC) represents buyers,
handles imports, usually takes title to goods
Act as international agent: provide expertise in negotiation,
market knowledge
Provide trust to buyers and sellers
Allows principal to delegate authority for distant
transactions
Provides market expertise, often to smaller firms
Professor Daniel F. Spulber
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Ethics in
International Business
http://forum.belmont.edu/business/category/business-ethics/
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
ethical systems
mostly derived from different religions
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Ethical Issues in
International Business
Many ethical issues and dilemmas are rooted in
differences in political systems, law, economic
development, and culture
Some key ethical issues in international business
Employment Practices
When work conditions in a host nation are clearly inferior
to those in a multinationals home nation,
what standards should be applied?
How much divergence is acceptable?
Prof. Robert Chapman Wood, San Jose State University,
www.cob.sjsu.edu/wood_r/
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Human Rights
Basic rights are not respected in many nations
- freedom of speech
- freedom of association
- freedom of assembly
- freedom from political repression
Environmental Pollution
Environmental regulations (or enforcement) in host
nations may be inferior to those at home
Multinationals can produce more pollution than at home
The tragedy of the commons occurs - The water in Mekong River
Prof. Robert Chapman Wood, San Jose State University,
www.cob.sjsu.edu/wood_r/
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC
Corruption
International businesses can, and have, gained economic advantages by making payments
to government officials
US passed the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) adopted the Convention
on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials in International Business Transactions
Social responsibility
Multinational firms have power, wealth from control over
resources and ability to move production
Moral philosophers argue that with power comes the
responsibility to give something back to the societies that
enable them to prosper
Advocates argue that businesses need to recognize their noblesse oblige
(benevolent behavior that is the responsibility of successful people and
enterprises)
Prof. Robert Chapman Wood, San Jose State University,
www.cob.sjsu.edu/wood_r/
Teori Network
Doing Business
FDI
Case Study
MNC