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this sense does not fit in here. The subject-matter of this sutra is the
desire to know Brahman. It cannot be said that this desire is being
commenced, because it s only a person who already has this desire who
takes up this study. There is no need to create this desire. Moreover, the
subsequent sutras speak about Brahman and knowledge of Brahman
and not about desire to know Brahman.
Can we say that brahmajijnaasaa means enquiry about Brahman
(Brahmavichaara) and so it can be said that Brahmavichaara is being
commenced by this sutra? Such an interpretation may be theoretically
possible, but it does not serve any purpose and cannot make the sutra
purposeful. It will become purposeful only if we interpret it as indicating
the adhikaari or competent person for the study of this Saastra. Here
atha means after the acquisition of the four-fold requisites
(saadhanachatushtayam).
The word atha has also the meaning auspicious, but this meaning
cannot syntactically fit into this sentence.
According to Bhamati, the sound atha is no doubt auspicious, but the
word atha does not have the meaning auspicious. But according to the
bhashya the word has the meaning auspicious. This word has been
used in the sense of auspicious by Sriharsha in Naishadha. According
to Panini also the sound atha is auspicious and the word atha has the
meaning auspicious. Vivarana takes the same view as the bhashya.
When one proposition has been considered and rejected and an
alternative proposition is to be postulated, the word atha may be used to
introduce the new proposition. As for example, is sound eternal? Or
(atha), is it transitory? This sense is also not possible here, because no
other proposition has been stated earlier. What the author of the sutra
has in mind is saadhanachatushtayam- the four preliminary requisitesafter acquiring which alone the enquiry into Brahman is to be taken up.
For enquiry into dharma the study of the Vedas and knowledge of their
meaning are the essential qualification. For enquiry into Brahman also
these are necessary, but they are not by themselves sufficient. In
addition, acquiring purity of mind is also necessary.
Opponent: Purity of mind can be acquired by performing the rituals
laid down in the Vedas. For this enquiry into dharma is necessary
because only after that he will be able to perform the Vedic rituals.
Answer: This is not an invariable rule. For a person who has purity of
mind even on birth the performance of karma is not necessary. He may
have attained purity of mind by karma performed in past births.
Moreover, it cannot be said for certain that a person would come to
Vedanta after completing enquiry about dharma. On the contrary, study
of the sutras of Jaimini may have the opposite effect of turning a person
away from Vedanta because according to the Jaimini sutras the entire
Vedanta is arthavaada.
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In the case of sacrifices the Sruti lays down the order in which various
rites are to be performed. This has to be followed without question. An
order is laid down because the same Adhvaryu has to perform various
acts and he can do them only one after another. Instead of leaving it to
each Adhvaryu to do the acts in any order he pleases, the Sruti lays
down an order so that there will be uniformity. By following this order an
unseen benefit is acquired.
Enquiry into Brahman may be taken up by a person after enquiry into
dharma if he wishes to do so. But there is no requirement in the Sruti
that this alone should be done. The two do not have to be done by the
same person and so it is not necessary to lay down any order. There is
also no rule that only a person who has already done enquiry into
dharma is competent to take up enquiry into Brahman.
In respect of certain sacrifices there is a requirement that it can be
done only after doing another specified sacrifice, for example, Somayaga
should be performed only after Darsapurna. But there is no such
requirement regarding enquiry into dharma and Brahman.
The opponent says: According to one Smriti only after studying the
Vedas, begetting sons, and performing Vedic rituals according to his
capacity, a Brahmana should direct his mind towards liberation. Another
Smriti says that a Brahmana who desires liberation without studying the
Vedas, begetting sons, and performing sacrifices goes to hell.
The answer to this is that the purport of these Smritis is that only a
person who has attained detachment is entitled to enter the sannyasa
ashrama. Sannyasis have the primary competence (mukhya adhikaara)
to take up enquiry into Brahman. Householders are also entitled to do
Brahmavichaara, but their competence is secondary (gauna adhikaara).
Bhattabhaskara says that the Brahmasutras are a continuation of the
sutras of Jaimini. This is not accepted by Sri Sankara. He points out that
this is a separate Saastra because the competent person, subject-matter,
result and connection (anubandha-chatushtaya) are totally different. The
Sruti itself lays down the four preliminary requisites (saadhana
chatushtaya).
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The statement that the mind takes the form of the object is not to be
taken literally. Quality, action, etc., have no form, and yet they are also
cognized by the mind. What is called aakaara or form is only the
connection of the knowledge with the object. Knowledge itself has no
form according to Advaita.
The mental modification is insentient and so it is not by itself
knowledge. Pure consciousness is reflected in this mental modification
and the two appear to be non-different. So it is really consciousness that
is knowledge, but because of non-discrimination the mental modification
is also called knowledge. The origin and destruction of the mental
modification are superimposed on consciousness and so we say that this
knowledge has a beginning and an end.
In the Bhashya is it is said that the knowledge that culminates in the
direct realization of Brahman is the object of the desire indicated by the
word jijnaasaa-- Auaimrli l xlucrr CcNr Mq, TsuwriuScNr |
A desire arises in respect of something that either results in happiness
or eradicates sorrow. Realization of Brahman destroys nescience and
results in supreme bliss and the total eradication of sorrow and so there
can be a desire for this.
The pure consciousness that is the very nature of the Atma does not
itself destroy nescience, but only reveals it. Only when pure
consciousness is manifested through a vritti of the mind it destroys
nescience. This is illustrated by an example. Sunlight reveals grass but
does not burn it. But when the same sunlight is passed through a lens it
burns the grass.
For realization of Brahman the means is the knowledge arising from
the mahavakya.
Objection: Brahman is not known in the world. It is known only
through the sruti. If a person has known it through the sruti, there is
nothing more to be known. If he has not heard the sruti statement at all,
then no desire can arise to know it.
Answer: From the very derivation of the word Brahman the ideas of
eternality, purity, etc., become known. This word is derived from the root
brmh and it means very big without any limitation. From this
limitlessness, eternality, purity, etc., follow naturally. From this also
follow omniscience, omnipotence, etc-- ozoSxr W urimqlxr
lirziuSrj mirli, oWikiUjlaqi |
The existence of Brahman is well known from the fact of its being the
self of all. Every one knows that he exists; no one says that he does not
exist. So no one can have any doubt about the existence of Brahman
which is nothing but his own real nature-- xuxriqiu oxiiumx | xu
iqxiiu miri, l lWqxqi |
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