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ar
y
r
cosecant : cosecq =
sine : sin q =
x
r
tangent : tan q =
Radian MeasuRe
The radian measure q of angle
ACB is defined to belength of
the circular arc AB of unit radius
circle, Since the circumference of
the circle is 2p and one complete
revolution of a circle is 360.
The relation between radians and degrees is given
by the following equation p radian = 180
Radian Measure and arc length :
There is a useful relationship
between the length of an arc
AB on a circle of radius r and
the radian measure q is the
angle that the arc subtends at
the circles centre C.
s
Here = q or s = r q
r
secant : sec q =
r
y
r
x
y
x
cotangent : cot q =
x
y
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ar
graphs : When we graph trigonometric functions in the coordinate plane, we usually denote the independent
variable by x instead of q, the variations in the values of the trigonometric ratios may be graphically
represented in the following manner.
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cot( A + B) =
cot A + cot B
cot A cot B + 1
1 + tan2 A
1 + cos2A = 2cos2 A, 1 cos2A = 2sin2 A
2 tan A
tan2A =
1 tan2 A
sin3A = 3sinA 4sin3A
= 4sin(60 A)sinA sin(60 + A)
cos3A = 4cos3A 3cosA
= 4cos(60 A)cosA cos(60 + A)
3 tan A tan3 A
tan 3A =
1 3tan2 A
= tan(60 A)tan A tan(60 + A)
cot B cot A
sin(A + B)sin(A B) = sin2A sin2B
= cos2B cos2 A
cos(A + B) cos(A B) = cos2A sin2B
= cos2B sin2A
tan ( A + B + C ) =
C+D
CD
sin
2
2
C+D
CD
cos
2
2
C+D
CD
sin
2
2
sin( A + B)
z tan A + tan B =
,
cos A cos B
sin( A B)
tan A tan B =
cos A cos B
MaxiMuM and MiniMuM VaLues
o f f(q) = a cosq + bsinq ,
Let a = rsina, b = rcosa so that
z
r = a2 + b2 , r R
Also, acosq + bsinq = r(cosq sina + sinq cosa)
= rsin(q + a)
Now the maximum and minimum values of
sin (q + a) are 1 & 1 respectively.
Hence, r sin(q + a) r
mathematics today | OCTOBER 15
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1 tan2 A
cot( A B) =
cot A cot B 1
tan A + tan B
,
1 tan A tan B
1 + tan A
tan(45 + A) =
1 tan A
tan A tan B
tan( A B) =
,
1 + tan A tan B
1 tan A
tan(45 A) =
1 + tan A
tan(A + B) =
ar
TRigonoMeTRic RaTios of
coMPound angLes
An angle made up of the algebraic sum of two or
more angles is called compound angle.
Some formulae and results regarding compound
angles:
z sin(A + B) = sinAcosB + cosAsinB
z sin(A B) = sinAcosB cosAsinB
z cos(A + B) = cosAcosB sinAsinB
z cos(A B) = cosAcosB + sinAsinB
33
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a2 + b2 a cos q + b sin q a2 + b2
and
minimum value is a2 + b2 .
2a + (n 1) b nb
cos
sin
2
2
+ cos{a + (n 1)b} =
b
sin
2
TRigonoMeTRic equaTions
An equation involving one or more trigonometrical
ratios of unknown angle is called trigonometric
equation e.g. cos2 x 4 sinx = 1. It is to be noted
that a trigonometrical identity is satisfied for every
value of the unknown angle whereas, trigonometric
equation is satisfied only for some values (finite
or infinite in number) of unknown angle. e.g.
sin2 x + cos2x = 1 is a trigonometrical identity as
it is satisfied for every value of x R.
soLuTion of a TRigonoMeTRic equaTion
A value of the unknown angle which satisfies the
given equation is called a solution of the equation
1
e.g. q = p/6 is a solution of sin q = .
2
geneRaL soLuTion
Since trigonometrical functions are periodic
functions, solutions of trigonometric equations can
be generalized with the help of the periodicity of the
trigonometrical functions. The solution consisting
of all possible solutions of a trigonometric equation
is called its general solution.
We use the following formulae for solving the
trigonometric equations:
If sinq = sina then q = np + ( 1) na, where
p p
a , , n I .
2 2
condiTionaL idenTiTies
When the angles A, B and C satisfy a given relation,
many interesting identities can be established
connecting the trigonometric functions of these
angles. In providing these identities, we require the
properties of complementary and supplementary
angles. For example, if A + B + C = p, then
z sin(B + C) = sinA, cosB = cos(C + A)
z cos(A + B) = cosC, sinC = sin(A + B)
z tan(C + A) = tanB, cotA = cot(B + C)
A+B
C
C
A+B
z cos
= sin , cos = sin
2
2
2
2
idenTiTies
A trigonometric equation is an identity if it is true
for all values of the angle or angles involved. A
given identity may be established by (i) reducing
either side to the other one, or (ii) reducing each
side to the same expression, or (iii) any convenient
modification of the methods given in (i) & (ii).
2a + (n 1)b nb
sin
sin
2
2
+ sin{a + (n 1)b} =
b
sin
2
cosa + cos(a + b) + cos(a + 2b) + ...
tan
C + A
B
A
B + C
= cos , sin = cos
2
2
2
2
sin
B + C
A
B
C + A
= cot , tan = cot
2
2
2
2
ar
34
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p y
p x
If tan + = tan3 + , then
4 2
4 2
2
3 + sin x
equals
sin x
2
1 + 3 sin x
(a) cosy
(b) siny
(c) sin2y (d) 0
1.
ProBlems
SECTION-I
Single Correct Answer Type
2
by substituting, sin2x cos2x = y.
Solving equations with the use of the Boundness
of the functions sinx and cosx. Consider the
equation;
x
ar
4
TRigonoMeTRic inequaTions
To solve trigonometric inequation of the type
f(x) a, or f(x) a where f(x) is some trigonometric
ratio, we take following steps.
(i) Draw the graph of f(x) in a interval length
equal to fundamental period of f(x).
(ii) Draw the line y = a.
(iii) Take the portion of the graph for which
inequation is satisfied.
(iv) To generalise add pn (n I) and take union
over set of integers, where p is fundamental
period of f(x).
7.
2
If 2 sin x 2 sin x +5
8.
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p
3
p
(c)
(d) none of these
4
3 + cot 80 cot 20
11. Value of
is equal to
cot 80 + cot 20
(a) cos50
(b) tan50
(a)
2
2
2
(c) sin50
1
3 cos q
1
1
3 cos q , then maximum
12. If D = sin q
1
1
sin q
value of D is
(a) 1
(b) 9
(d) none of these
(c) 16
(c)
3
2
3
2
(b)
(a)
(b) (3 2 )r
(d) (3 2 2 )r
(a) (2 2 )r
(c) (3 + 2 )r
(a) A.P.
(b) G.P.
ar
then
(a)
a+b
c
2
2
= 0,
cos B + sin B
is equal to
(b) 1
(c)
(d) 2 2
p
p
and ACE =
then the area
8
4
of triangle ABC is equal to
10
25
25
25
(b)
(c)
(d)
(a)
3
3
9
18
p
17. In a right angled triangle ABC with A = , a circle
2
is drawn touching the side AB, AC and incircle of the
triangle. Its radius is equal to
If AD = 5, DAC =
36
A
B 3c
+ a cos2 =
2
2 2
a+c
b+c
+
is equal to
then minimum value of
2c a 2c b
(a) 2
(b) 4
(c) 6
(d) 8
23. If in a triangle ABC,
b cos2
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33.
SECTION-II
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
( 3 sin x + cos x )
p
3
= 4 are,
(b)
6 1
1
sin x +
cos x
5 2
3
6
6
(c) cos x + sin x
(d) cos2 x + sin4 x
p
p
(a) np , np +
6
6
nI
3 sin 2 x cos 2 x +2
p
6
p
2p
(c)
(d)
3
3
34. Which of following functions have the maximum
value unity?
(a) sin2x cos2 x
(a)
3
3
, cos x cos y =
are
4
4
p p
x1 = + (2n + k ); n, k I
3 2
p p
y1 = + (k 2n); n, k I
6 2
p p
x2 = + (2n + k); n, k I
6 2
p p
y2 = + (k 2n); n, k I
3 2
Values of x (p, p) satisfying the equation
sin x sin y =
np + 2
nI
(c)
np 8 , np + 8
nI
np 4 , np + 4
nI
(d)
ar
(b)
p
30. For 0 < q < , the solution(s) of
2
6
(m 1)p
mp
cosec q +
= 4 2 is/are
4
4
5p
p
p
(b)
(c)
(d)
12
6
12
cosec q +
m=1
(a)
p
4
(b)
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S2
4
S2
(b)
S2
3 3
(d) A
SECTION-III
Comprehension Type
column ii
px
= x 2 2 3x + 4
(A) sin
2 3
(p)
(q)
p
(C) cos 2 x = |sin x |, x , p
2
(r)
Matrix-Match Type
SECTION-IV
9p
11p 13p
.sin
sin
=
14
14
14
1
1
1
1
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
64
64
8
8
p
p
p
p
42. cos 23 cos 24 cos 25 ...cos 210 =
10
10
10
10
1
(a) 1
(b)
256
128
(c)
ar
41. sin
1
p
sin
512 10
43. cos
(a)
(d)
5 1 3p
sin
512
10
p
2p
3p
11p
cos cos ...cos
=
11
11
11
11
1
32
(b)
1
512
(c)
1
1024
(d)
1
2048
A
B
C
6s
cot + 2 cot + 3 cot = .
2
2
2
7r
38
p/3
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SECTION-V
Integer Answer Type
p
. If
2
sin(2sinx) = cos(2cosx); then tanx + cotx can be
a
written as c
where a, b, c N. Then the value
p b
a +b + c
of
is
25
0<x<
2
x, y [0, 10] satisfying sin2 x sin x + 1 .2sec y 1
2
is 2K then K =
cos x sin x
ar
value of
sin(x + y ) sin( y + z )
sin x sin z
is
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