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TIPTIGWeldingisalwaysbetterqualitythanTIG
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TIGMIGFCAW.

Ed's Process
Control Training
Materials
MIG Welding
Steels > 4mm

writtenbyEdCraigwww.welreality.com.

MIG Welding
Steels < 4mm
Pulsed MIG Welding
MIG Welding Gases
MIG Welders And
Equipment
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Management
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WeldingForum
Ed's Bio / Contact
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WeldingBooks

WeldingandsteelsinfoonASTMA36TOA391.
CarbonLowAlloySteels,Bar,Plate,ChainTubesPipe.

Aschangesarefrequent,pleaseensureyourefreshbefore
reading.
AManagement&
EngineersGuidetoMIG
WeldQuality,Productivity
andCosts

ALLPROCESSCONSUMABLESRECOMMENDATIONSMADE
ATTHISSITEREQUIRE
WELDQUALIFICATIONBEFORETHEWELDSAREAPPROVED.
Note:Whenyouseehightensileweldelectrodesrequired,thisis
usuallyanindicationthatpreheat,interpassandpostheat
treatmentisrequiredforthewelds.

IFYOUAREWELDINGTUBESORPIPESMAKE
SUREYOUVISITTHEASTMPIPEWELDINGSECTION

ManualandRobotic(MIG)
GasMetalArcWelding
Book

FluxCoredandMIGweld
processcontrols

Ifweldingacarbonorlowalloysteelsandyoudon't
knowwhatthecompositionisorwhattheweld
consumableshouldbe,giveconsiderationtothe
following.
Ifthemetalisthickerthan1/46mm,preheatto
150F.
UseeitheranE7018stickelectrode,an0.035or0.045
E70S36MIGwire,orforallpositionweldsanE71T1electrodewire.
ForMIGweldinguseanargon10to20%CO2mix.
Forgasshieldedfluxcoreduseagasmixwith20to25%CO2.
Ensuremillscaleinweldareaisremovedandtheplateisalwaysata
temperature>60F.
Keepsinglepassfilletwelds<1/4<6mm.
Usestringer,donotweaveunlessnecessary.
Formultipasswelds.useinterpasstempcontrol.Ensuretheinter
passtempdoesnotexceed300F.
Ifpossibledodestructivetestofaweldsample.
Ifpossiblehavethehardnessandgrainsizecheckedafterwelding.
IfcracksoccurintheHAZdoublethepreheat.

ManualMIGWelding
ProcessControl

SMAWandGMAWMechanicalStrength
E6010MinimumYield50,000psiMinimumTensile62,000psi.
E6011MinimumYield50,000psiMinimumTensile62,000psi.
E7010MinimumYield60,000psiMinimumTensile72,000psi.
E7018MinimumYield60,000psiMinimumTensile72,000psi.

(AlsoinSpanish)

"ProcesodeSoldadur
MIGManual"

MIGE70S36MinimumYield60,000psiMinimumTensile72,000
psi.

WeldingCD's

RobotMIGwelding.Best
WeldPracticesand
ProcessControls

Whenweldinglowandmediumcarbonsteels,the70XX
electrodesandE70S36MIGwiresandE7XTXfluxcored
electrodescanbeused.Whenweldinglowalloy11/4Cr
1/2Moand21/4Cr1Mowithupto0.05%maxcarbon,
typically8018B2L/9018B3L(L=lowcarbon)canbe
used.Whenweldinghigherstrengthalloysorwhen
temperingandquenchingarerequiredtoattainthehigher
strengthsthehighercarbon8018B2and9018B3
electrodesareutilized.

The"yieldstrength",thestressthatcanbeappliedtoabase
metalorweldwithoutpermanentdeformationofthemetal.
ManualMIGWelding.
BestWeldPracticesand
ProcessControls

FluxCoredBestWeld
PracticesandProcess
Controls

The"tensilestrength","theultimatetensilestrength"isthe
maximumtensilestrengththatthemetalorweldcanwithstand
beforefailureoccurs.

Finegrainedsteelsarepronetocoldcrackingduetohydrogen
absorption.Theyshouldbepreheatedslightlyandweldedwitha
relativelylowspecificenergy,toreducetheheataffectedzone.
Preheating:infunctionofsteel,generally100C(max.200C)
Postweldtreatment:usuallynotnecessary
Austeniticmanganesesteelswithamanganesecontentof14%
(Hadfieldsteels)haveatendencytoformbrittleprecipitatesin

theformofcarbides.
Itisessentialtoweldthemwithoutpreheating,evenwith
additionalcooling,andtokeepthespecificheatinputlow.
Preheating:none(coolingmaybeusedifneeded
Unalloyedsteelsarepronetocoldcracking.Inmanycases
preheatingisrequiredtoensuregoodweldability.Preheating:<
0.2C%:withoutpreheating(upto30mmthickness)or100C
againsthumidity

DVDFilm"MIGProcess
ControlsMadeSimple"

C:0.2to0.5%:preheatingtemperature100to300C

Order these MIG Welding

or Flux Cored Training
Materials Now

C>0.5%:preheatingtemperature300to350C.Possiblepost
weldtreatments,stressrelieving,normalising
Lowalloysteelsarepronetocoldcracking.Inmanycases
preheatingisrequiredtolowerhydrogenpotentialandensure
goodweldability.

MechanicalStrengthofGasShieldedFluxCoredElectrodesfromtheANSI/AWS
A5.29.1198SpecificationLowAlloySteelElectrodesforFluxCoredArcWelding

Tensileksi

Tensile
MPa

Yieldksi

E6XTXXXM

6080

410550

50

340

E7XTXXXM

7090

480620

58

400

E8XTXXXM

80100

550690

68

470

E9XTXXXM

90110

620760

78

540

SEESPEC

88

610

AllDCEP

E71T1
Second
number
1=all
position

E70T1
Second
number
0=flatand
horizontal

AWSClassification

E10XTXK9K9M

(M)meansanargon
mixreq,75to80
argonbalanceCO2

YieldMpa

Brittleness:Theeaseatwhichtheweldor
metalwillbreakorcrackwithout
appreciabledeformation.Theeaseat
whichtheweldormetalwillbreakorcrack
withoutappreciabledeformation.Theease
atwhichtheweldormetalwillbreakor
crackwithoutappreciabledeformation.
Whenametalgetsharderitbecomesmorebrittle.Preheat,
interpasstempcontrolsandpostheatallaredesignedto
reducethepotentialforbrittleness.

Hardnesstest.Thehardnesstesterforcesasmallsphere(Brinell,
HB),adiamondpyramid(Vickers,HV)oracone(RockwellC,
HRC)intothesurfaceofametallicmaterialataspecificload.
Theresultingindentationisthenmeasured.

Irresespectiveofwhatthe
specificationsstipulate,many
manufacturesofpartsandequipment
containingASTMsteelsdonotusethe
recommendedpreorpostheat
treatments,especiallywhenmultipass
weldsarerequired
Therequirementsforweldheat
treatmentisgreatlyinfluencedbymany
factors,theapplication,thegoverningspecificationsorcodes,the
platecondition,theplatethickness,theweldconsumablestheweld
procedures,theweldsizesandamountofweldsrequired.
InmanycasesthemanufacturerthatusesASTMsteelswillfindthatit's
notnecessaryfortheweldtomatchthemechanicalpropertiesofthe
steel,andwillthereforetypicallyutilizelowhydrogen,highlyductile
E7018/E70S36/E71T1electrodes.
Whenusingthelowhydrogenelectrodes,thepreandpostheat
treatmentrecommendationsarefrequentlyeliminated,howeverfroma
weldqualityperspectivealwaysensurethattheweldlocationsaredry,
themetalisover60F,andthatrustandmillscaleisremovedfromthe
weldarea.Alsoevenwhenheattreatmentisnotuseditsfrequently
beneficialtonotallowthemultipassinterpassweldtemperaturesto
exceed200F

Ifyouignoretheheattreatrequirementsasrecommendedbythemetal
specificationsensureyouuselowhydrogenelectrodesthen,
(a)Establishtheweldingprocedure.
(b)QualifytheweldandHAZproperties.EnsuretheafterweldandHAZ
propertiesarecompatiblewiththesteelspecifications,refgrainsize,
hardnessandstrength.
PREHEATINTHEFOLLOWINGCHARTSALSOAPPLIES
TOMINIMUMINTERPASSTEMPERATURE.

Alloysteelsalwaysrequireweldconsideration.Comparethelow
alloysteelschemistryandmechanicalswithastandardA36steel.
Rememberthisisonlyaguide,weldresponsibilitystartswiththe
welddecisionmakerverifyingtheconsumablesandheattreatand
testrecommendations.

STRESSRELIEVING(SR)BASICGUIDELINES:
STRESSRELIEFCONTROLLEDHEATING&COOLINGTOREDUCE
STRESS.
STRESSRELIEFMACHINEDPARTSFORDIMENSIONALSTABILITY.
STRESSRELIEFSLOWHEATINGANDCOOLINGREQUIRED
CONFIRMWITHCODESPECIFICAIONSFORSTRESSRELIEF
REQUIREMENTS.

TYPICALSTRESSRELIEFSOAK
TIME
ONEHOURPERINCHOF
THICKNESS

SRHEAT&COOLRATE
PERHOUR400oF204oC
DIVIDETHICKERPART

PARTSOFDIFFERENT
THICKNESSES
SRMAXTEMPDIFFERENCE75oF
24oC

STRESSRELIEFCARBON
STEELS1100oF593oC
TO1250oF677oC

STRESSRELIEFCARBON0.5%Mo
1100oF593oCTO1250oF677oC

SR1%CHROME0.5%Mo
1150oF621oCTO1325oF
718oC

SR1.25%CHROME0.5%Mo
1150oF621oCTO1325oF718oC

SR2%CHROME0.5%Mo
1150oF621oCTO1325oF
718oC

SR2.25%CHROME1%Mo
1200oF649oCTO1375oF746oC

SR5%CHROME0.5%Mo
1200oF649oCTO1375oF
746oC

SR7%CHROME0.5%Mo
1300oF704oCTO1400oF760oC

SR9%CHROME1%Mo
1300oF704oCTO1400oF
760oC

SR12%CHROME410STEEL
1550oF843oCTO1600oF871oC

SR16%CHROME430
STEEL
1400oF760oCTO1500oF
815oC

SR9%NICKEL
1025oF552oCTO1085oF585oC

FOR300SERIES
STAINLESSSRWILL
RESULTINCARBIDE

PRECIPITATION
WITHLOWCARBON300SERIES
MAXSR1050oF566oC

SR400SERIESCLAD
STAINLESS
1100oF593oCTO1350oF
732oC

SRCLADMONELINCONELCu
NICKEL
1150oF621oCTO1200oF649oC

STRESSRELIEF
MAGNESIUMAZ31B0
500oF260oC15MIN
HK31AH24550oF288oC30
MIN

STRESSRELIEFMAGNESIUMAZ31B HM21AT8T81700oF371oC
H24300oF149oC60MIN
30MIN

MAGNESIUMCAST
MAGNESIUMWITHMORETHAN1.5%
ALLOYSAM100A
ALUMINUMSTRESSRELIEF
500oF260oC60MIN
AZ63A81A91C&92A
500oF260oC60MIN

MetricConversion1000psi=ksix6.894=MPa

Steels

Yield
ksi
MPa

Tensile
ksi
MPa

Description

Preheat
Postheat

UNS

ASTMA3

carbonstl

ASTMA27

carbonstl

5880
400/551

<0.25carb
>25mm
Commonlow
100F.
carbonstructural >50mm
steel
200F
CSAgradesin >0.26carb
compliance260W 1325mm
260WT300W
50F.
>25mm
175F

ASTM
A36

>36
>248

Chemistry
welddata

migS3
S6
migS3
S6

Carb
0.25/0.29
Mn0.6/1.2
Si
K02600 0.15/0.4
E60XX
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1

ASTM
A53

PIPE

WELD
MIGS3
S6

A82

Reinforcement
wire

WELD
MIGS3
S6

ASTM
A105
ASTM
A108

ASTM
109

Hightempfittings

Correspondsto
AISIspecs

Carbonstlstrip

E70XX
E70SX
E71T1

E60XX
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1

WELD
MIGS3
S6
E60XX

ASTM
A113

A128

Railwaystock

Casting
AustMn

E70XX
E70SX
E71T1

Carb
0.16/0.26
Mn0.7/1.5
Si0.1/0.5

Grade
a/b/cs
d/ds/e
>34
Grade
ah32/
dh32
eh32
>46
Grade
ah36/
dh36
eh36
>51

Grade
a/b/cs
d/ds/e
5871
Grade
ah32/
dh32
eh32
>6885
Grade
ah36/
dh36
eh36
>7190

ASTM
134

Carbonstlpipe

WELD
MIG
S3S6

ASTM
135

Carbonstlpipe

WELD
MIG
S3S6

ASTM
139

Carbonstlpipe

WELD
MIG
S3S6

ASTM
A131
Grades
ABCS
DDSE
AH32
DH32
EH32
AH36
DH36
EH36

ASTM
A148
Grades
40/50/60
/80/85/90
95/105
120

AH/DH/EH
Preheat
Ni0.4
CS/D/E
Cr0.25
>25mm
Mo0.8
Structuralsteelfor
100F
Cu0.35
shipsCanadian
Preheat
CSAG40.21
K02300
ah/eh/dh
Gradesa
GradeA=33G
3236
e
GradeB=33W
>13mm50F
E70XX
>25mm
E70SX
100F
E71T1
Grades
ah/dh/eh
3236
E8018B2
E80T5B2

Structural
castings

Manysteeltypesandtheirgradesgobackfor30to50years.
Todaymanygradesareobsolete.Itshelpfultoincludethese
gradesasmanyrebuildsandrepairsdealwiththeoldergrades.
Bythewayifyoudon'tseeachemistryrangeyouaretypically
seeingthemaximumalloycontent.

Fatigue:Theabilityofametalorweld
towithstandrepeatedloads.Fatigue
failuresoccuratstresslevelslessthan
themetalorweldyieldstrength.Some
thingsthatcaninfluencefatigue
failure:

Excessweldprofiles.

Grades
40/50/80
E8018C3
Grades
60/90
E8018B2
Grades
85/95/10/
120
E11018M

Weldswhichcauseundercut.
FCAWorSMAWslaginclusions.
Lackofweldpenetration.
Excessweldheat,typicallyfrommultipassweldswithoutinterpass
tempcontrols.
Itemstoapartthataddsrestraintwhilewelding.
Itemsaddedtoapartthatcanconcentratestressesinaspecific
location.
Incorrectselectionoffillermetal,weldtooweakorweldtoostrong.

Yield Tensile
ksi
ksi
Description
MPa MPa

Preheat
Postheat

UNS

Chemistry
welddata

ASTM
A161

Carbonstltubes

WELD
MIGS3S6

ASTM
A167

AUSTENITIC
STAINLESS

A176

STAINLESS
STAINLESS

A177

A178

Carbonstltubes

70S36

A179

Carbonstltubes

70s36

Steels

ASTM
A181
Grades
12

ASTM
A182
Grades

F1/F2/
F11/F12
F22/F22A

Forgings

Preheat
>25MM100f
>50mm200F

Preheatall
grades
exceptF1at
>25mm100F
50mm200F

HighTemp
fittings

GradeF1

<13mm100F
<25mm200F
>25mm300F
Postheatreq
1250F

308308L

Carb0.35
Mn0.9
Si0.35
Grade12
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1
F2Carb0.21
Mn0.3/0.8
Si0.1/0.6
Cu0.5/0.8
Grade
F1
E70XX
E70SX
E71T1
GRADEF2
F11/F12
E8018B2
grade
F22/F22A
E9018B3

ASTM
184

Reinforcementbar

carbonstl
lowalloy

E8018GW
100200F

ASTM
185

Reinforcementbar

lowalloy

E8018GW
100200F

ASTM
192

Tubes

carbonstl

E70S36
100200F

ASTM
193

Bolting

4or300
series
200400F

ASTM
199

Tubes

Cr/Moly

9018B3
300400F

ASTM
200

Tubes

Cr/Moly

200600F

ASTM
202

Pressurevessel

lowalloy

8018G
9018M
100300F
(A)
Carb0.17/0.23
Mn0.7/0.8
Si0.15/0.4
Ni2.1/2.5

grades
ABE
<13mm
200F

(A)
>37
255

(A)
6585
586

(B)
>40
275

(B)
7090
620

ASTM
A203
Gradesa (D)
bde
>37
206
(E)
>40
275

(D)
6585
586

grades
ABE
<25mm
300F
>25mm
400F

Pressurevesselplates
forcryogenicuse.
Nickelalloysteels

(E)
7090
620

grades
D
<13mm
100F
<25mm
200F
>25mm
300F

(B)
Carb0.21/0.25
Mn0.7/0.8
Si0.15/0.4
Ni2.1/2.5
(A)
K21703
(B)
K22103
(D)
K31718
(E)
K32018

Postheatif
carb>0.15
>13mm
1200F

ASTM
A204
Gradesa
bc

Grade
A
>37
255

Grade
A
6585
448

grade
B
>40
275

grade
B
7090
620

grade
C
>43
296

grade
C
7595
655

NickelAlloyPressure
vesselsteels

Preheat
0.210.25
carb13to
25mm100F
>25mm
250F
Preheat
0.260.28
carb<13
100F
>25mm
300F

(E)
Carb0.2/0.23
Mn0.7/0.8
Si0.15/0.4
Ni3.25/3.75
GradesAB
E8018C1
E80T5Ni2
E80SNi2

Postheatif
carb<0.15
>25mm
1200F

Preheatto
0.2carb25
to50mm
100F
>50mm
200F

(D)
Carb0.17/0.20
Mn0.7/0.8
Si0.15/0.4
Ni3.25/3.75

GradesDEF
E8018C2
E80T5Ni3
E80SNi3
GradeA
carb0.25
Mn0.9
Si0.3
Ni0.6
Mo0.6
GradeB
carb0.27
Mn0.9
gradeA Si0.3
K11820 Ni0.6
Mo0.6
gradeB
K12020 GradeC
carb0.28
gradeC Mn0.9
K12320 Si0.3
Mo0.45/0.6
GradesAB
E7018A1
E70T5A1
E8XTA1
E70S6

postheatreq
1250F

GradeC
E8018C2

ASTM
209
ASTM

Tubes

E70S36
50200F

210

Tubes

Carbonstl

E70S36

ASTM
211

Pipe

Carbonstl

E70S36

ASTM
213

Tubes

Chrome
Molyand
stainless

preheat
200600F
ASTM
214

ASTM
A216
WCA
WCB
WCC

Tubes

Carbon
stls

8010
9018
308

E70S36
WCA
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3

Hightemcastfittings

WCBWCC
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
E10018M

postheat
req1250F
preheat
WC1<50mm
150F
>50mm
250F
preheat
WC4WC5
<13mm
200F
>13mm
350F
ASTM
A217
WC1WC4
WC5WC6
WC9
WC11

preheat
WC9500F
Steelcastings
preheat
WC6
WC11<15%
carb<25mm
150F
>25mm
250F
>13mm
350F
preheat
WC6
WC11to
21%carb
<25mm
300F
>25mm
400F

WC1
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3

WC4WC5
E8018B2
WC9
E9018B3
WC6WC11
E8018B2

LamellarTearing:Whenwelding,theweld
shrinkagestressesimposetensilestrains
inthesteelplateoroninclusions
paralleledtotheplatesurface.Thetensile
strainscanseparatetheinclusions
causingcracks.Excessivestrainscan
furtherelongatethecracks.Carbon,
manganeseandlowalloysteelsmadeat
themillwithinadequatedeoxidizationare
sensitivetolamellartearing.Thepotential
forlamellartearingincreaseswiththeamountofinclusionsin
theplatesbeingwelded.Ofspecialconcerniswhenthe
inclusionsareparalleltotheplatesurface.MoredatainASTM
A770/A770MStandardSpecforthroughthicknesstension
testingofsteelplates.

WeldQuestion:Whenyouseeanelectrode
recommendationsuchasE8018C1,whoisthebest
referencesourcetoconvertthatstickelectrodetoa
fluxcoredorMIGwire?

Answer:IbelieveAlloyrods,(ESAB)KobelcoandTriMark,
fluxcoredmanufacturershavegoodreferencedataforthis
subject.

Steels

Yield
ksi
MPa

Tensile
ksi
MPa

Description

Preheat
Postheat

UNS

Chemistry
welddata
GradeA
carb0.18
Mn1.45
Si0.10.3
V0.09/0.14

(C)
>70
482

ASTM
A225
ABCD

(D)
<75mm
>60
(D)
>75mm
>55

preheat
to0.15
carb
>50mm
100F

(C)
105135
930
(D)
<75mm
80115
792
(D)
>75mm
75100
689

GradeB
carb0.2
Mn1.45
Si0.10.3
V0.09/0.14

Pressure
vesselplate
barshapes
MnVanadium
Nialloysteels

preheat
to0.15/0.2
carb
>50mm
100F
>50mm
200F
preheat
>0.21carb
<13mm
100F
>13mm
150F
postheat
treat1150F

gradeA
K11803
gradeB
K12003
gradeC
K12524

GradeC
carb0.25
Mn1.6
Si0.10.3
Ni0.4/0.7
V0.1/0.2
GradeD
carb0.2
Mn1.7
Si0.10.5
Ni0.4/0.7
V0.18
gradeAB
8018C3
E80SNi
E80T1B2
gradeC
E11018M

E100S1
E110T5K3
gradeD
E10018M
E100S1

ASTM
226

ASTM
A234
WPA
WPB
WPC
WP1
WP11

Tubes
carbonstl

E70S36
grades
wpawpb
wpc
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3

Wrought
weldfittings

grades
wp1
E70XXA1
E7XT1
E70S3
grades
wp11
E8018B2

ASTM
A235
ACC1
EFF1G

grades
AC
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3

Industrial
forgings

grades
C1EFF1
E8018C3
grades
G
E8018B2
gradesAB
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3

ASTM
A236
ABCD
EFGH

Railroad
forgings

grades
CDE
E8018C3
grades
FG
E8018B2
E8018C3
gradeH
E11018M
gradesAB
E8018C3

ASTM
A237
ABCD
EC1

Industrial
forgings

grades
CD
E8018B2
grades
C1E
E11018M
gradesA
E8018C3

ASTM
A238
ABC

Railroad
forgings

grades
BC
E8018B2

DE

ASTM
240

grades
CDE
E11018M

Pressure
Vessels

austenitic

stainless
Canadian
CSA
G40.21
50ROften
callCor
tenA

ASTM
A242
12

4250
344

6370
482

Highstength
lowalloy
structuralsteel
to100mm
Inhotrolled
state

preheat
2550mm
50F
>50mm
150F

Type1
K11510
Type2
K12010

Type1
Carb0.15
Mn1.0
Type2
Carb0.2
Mn1.35
E7018
E7XT1
E70S3
Unpainted
weathering
steel
E8018W
E80T1W

ASTM
A243
ACC1
EFF1G
HIJK

Grades
ACC1
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S3

Ringanddisc
forgings

Grades
EFH1
E8018C3
Grades
F1GJK
E8018B2

ASTM
A245

Structural
sheets

E60XX
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S3

Toughness:Theabilityofthemetalorweldsampleata
predeterminedtemperaturetowithstandashock.
Thetestfortoughnessmeasurestheimpactofapendulum
onanotchedspecimen.Youmayseethattherequired
impactpropertiesforthemetalorweldare20ftlbf@20F
(27j@29C)

WeldQuestion:Ed.Whichshouldbethegreater
concern
rustormillscale.

Answer:Millscalecausesmuchmoreweldissuesthanrust.
Millscalewilleffect
[1]theweldfusionpotential,
[2]theweldtravelratesattained,
[3]theweldappearance,
[4]theweldmode,
[5]thearcstability,
[6]weldpororisity
[7]weldspatterformation.

Ductility:Theamountthatametalorweldwill
deformwithoutbreaking.Ductilityismeasured
onweldsbythe%ofelongationin2inch(51
mm)testpiece.AnE71T1fluxcoredelectrode
shouldresultinaminimumof20%elongation.
AnE70S6MIGweldshouldproduce22%
elongation.

Steels

Yield Tensile
ksi
ksi
MPa MPa

Description

Preheat
Postheat

UNS

Chemistry
welddata

ASTM
249

Tubes
stainless

austenitic

ASTM
250

TubesC/Mo

100200F
7018A1

ASTM
A252

AISI
specifications

E70XX
E7XT1
E70S3

ASTM
A266
123

Drumforgings

grades
12
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S3
grade3
8018C3

ASTM
268

Tubes
stainless

410409
300400F

ASTM
269

Tubes
stainless

300series

ASTM
270

Tubes
stainless

308

ASTM
271

Tubes
stainless

308316
347

ASTM
A276
Type410

Stainlesssee
stainless

ASTM

grade
A
grade
>24
A
165
4555
379
grade
B
grade
27
B
186
5060
4136

Lowto
intermediate

preheat
carb
0.25/0.3
>25mm
100F
E70XX

A283
ABCD

grade
C
grade
3O
C
206 5565
448
grade
D
grade
>33
D
227 6072
496

tensilesteel
preheat
plate.Canadian carb
G40.2133G
0.31/0.35
>13mm
100F
>25mm
200F

E7XT1
E70S36

grade
A
gradeA
>25
>50
172
344

ASTM
A284
ABCD

grade
B
gradeB
>27
>55
189
379
grade
C
gradeC
>30
>60
206
413
grade gradeD
D
>60
>33
413
227

preheat
carb
0.2/0.25
>50mm
100F
preheat
carb
0.26/0.3
25/50mm
100F
>50mm
Lowtomedium
200F
tensilecarbon
steelplates
preheat
carb>0.3
>13mm
100F
>25mm
250F

gradeA
K1804
gradeB
K02001
gradeC
K02401
gradeD
K02702

ASTM
A285
ABC

gradeC
carb0.36
Mn0.9
gradeD
carb0.35
Mn0.9

Ifcarbover
0.31
>25mm
postheat
1200F
gradeA
carb0.17
Mn0.9
Cu0.2/0.35

grade
A
>24
GradeA
165
4565
448
grade
B
>27
186
gradeB
5070
grade 482
C
>30
206
gradeC

gradeAB
carb0.24
Mn0.9

gradeA
K01700
Preheat
Lowtomedium
carb>0.26
tensilepressure
>25mm
vesselplateto
100F
50mm

gradeB
K02200
gradeC
K02801

gradeB
carb0.22
Mn0.9
Cu0.2/0.35
gradeC
carb0.28
Mn0.9
Cu0.2/0.35
E70XX
E70S63
E7XT1

5075
517

ASTM
288

Forging
carbonstland
lowalloystl

7018
9018
11018.

ASTM
289

Forgingalloy
stl

chrome
mang

ASTM
297

Castings

308310
330

carbto0.2
preheat
>25mm
150F
Carb

carb

0.2/0.25
preheat
>13/25mm
100F
>25mm
150F

ASTM
A299
ABC

4042
7595
275
517655
289

Carb
0.26/0.3
CarbonMnSi
Pressurevessel preheat
<13mm
plates
100F
<25mm
200F
>25mm
300F

0.28/0.3
Mn0.9/1.15
Si0.15/0.4

K02803

E70XX
E7XT1
E70S36

For
improved
impacts
E8018C3
E80T1Ni1

Carb<0.2
to13mm
postheat
notreq
Carb>0.2
postheat
req1150F

WeldQuestion:Ed.IhaveweldedpartsatCaterpillar
plants.TheyweldmanyoftheASTMsteelslisted
here.Theyrarelyusepreheatevenontheverythick
steels.WhydotheynotcomplywiththeASTMspecs
heattreatrequirements?
Answer:"Aspecisonlyaspec"
Nocodeorspecificationbodytakesresponsibilityforwhatis
writtenintheircodesorspecifications.Specificationsaresetof
guidelines.InthecaseoftheASTMspecstheheattreat
recommendationsaretomaketheweldpropertiesconformwith
thebasemetalpropertiesyetmanytimesitsnotpracticalor
logicaltodothis.Ifanorganizationproducesmultipasswelds,
themultipassheatinputactthesameasapostheattreatment
andtheextrapasseswillhaveanextensiveinfluenceonthe
mechanicalpropertiesoftheweldsandthebasemetals.
QualificationofthemultipassweldsandHAZwiththespecific
weldproceduresutilizedalwayswillhavefarmorerelevance
thanaspecificationwhichwastypicallywrittenforasinglepass
weld.

Steels

ASTM
A300
12

Yield Tensile
ksi
ksi
MPa MPa

Description

Lowtemp
pressurevessel

Preheat
Postheat

UNS

Chemistry
welddata
grade1
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S36
grade2
E8018C1

ASTM
A302
AB

ASTM
A306
455055
606570
7580

pressurevessel
steel

Carbonsteel
bars

E8018B2

grades
455055
606570
E70XX
E7XT1
E70S36
grades
7580
E8018C1
grades1018
1117
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36

ASTM
A311

correspondsto
AISISAEsteels
1137
CheckoutAISI
weldandheat
treatdata

grades
10351045
1050
E10018M
E100T1K3
grades
1137to1144
E11O18M
E110T5K2

ASTM
312

300series
stainlesspipe

ASTM
A321

5075
344
517

85110
586758

correspondsto
AISISAEsteels

highcarb
0.55max
Mn0.6/0.9
Si0.15/0.35
E9018M
E90T1K2
E80SD2

ASTM
A328

steelsheet
pilings

E7018
E7XT1
E70S36

correspondsto
AISISAEsteel
bars
A322over70
AISI
designations

ASTM
A322

ASTM
A328

steelsheet
pilings

ASTM
A331

correspondsto
AISISAEsteel
bars
A322over80
AISI
designations

ASTM
A333
A334

carbonsteeland
lowalloypipe

carb
0.32/0.39
Mn0.7/0.9
Cu0.2

carb
0.3TO0.4
>13mm
100F

E8018

E7018
E7XT1
E70S36

Hardness.Theresistanceofthemetalorthe
weldtopenetration.Theresistanceofthe
metalortheweldtopenetration.Hardnessis
relatedtothestrengthofthemetal.Agood
waytotestaweldaftertheweldandheat
treatmentarecompleteistotestthehardness
ofweldandthebasemetalsurroundingthe
weld.

Steels

Yield Tensile
ksi
ksi
MPa MPa

Description

Preheat
Postheat

UNS

Chemistry
welddata

ASTM
A335

CrMoPipe

gradeF1
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36

ASTM
A336
F1F12

Alloydrum
forgings

gradeF12
E8018B2

ASTM
A350
LF1LF12

ASTM
351

Stainless
castings

LF1LF2
preheat
<25mm100F
>25mm200F
LF3LF5
preheat
<25mm100F
>25mm200F

E8018C1
E8018C3
E80T1Ni1

308
310
316

preheatgrades
LCALCB
LCC
<0.25carb
>25mm50F
>50mm100F

ASTM
A352
LCALCB
LCCLC1
LC2

GradesLCA
LCB
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36

preheatLCB
0.26/0.3carb
<25mm50F
>25mm100F

lowtempsteel
castings

preheatLC1
<25mm100F
>50mm300F
preheatLC234
carbmax0.15
<25mm100F
>25mm250F
preheatLC234
carbmax0.25
<13mm150F
>13mm250F
>25mm325F

GradesLC1
E7018A1
GradesLC2
3
E8018C1
E8XT1Ni2
Postheat
desirable
1150F
Carb0.13
Mn0.9
Si0.15/0.4
Ni8.5/9.5

ASTM
A353

>75
517

100120
689827

9%Nickel
pressurevessel
steelplate

preheat
<25mm50F K81340
>25mm150F

ENiCrFe3
INCO182
ENiCrFe2
INCOA
ERNiCr3
INCO82
orERNiCrFe
6
INCO92
E309/E310
oftenused
grade1
E7018
E7XT1
E70S36

ASTM
A356
1256
910

Steamturbine
castings

grade2
E7018A1
E8018C3

grade5
E8018B2
E90T1D3
grade6910
E8018B2
E80T1B2

A358

Austenitic

Stainlesspipe

ASTM
A361

Galvanized
sheet

E60XX
E70XX
E70S3

WeldQuestions.Doyouhavetheinstantanswers?
Whatdoyouthinktheoptimumwirefeedandweld
voltagerangeisforweldingwithanE70T11/16062
fluxcoredwireweldingacommon6mm1/4fillet
weld.Theanswersareinmybooks.

Steels

Yield
ksi
MPa

Tensile
ksi
MPa

Description

Preheat
Postheat

UNS

Chemistry
welddata

ASTM
A366

Carbonsteel
sheets

E60XX
E70XX
E70S/36

ASTM
369

Carbonstl
andCrMo
Pipe

seepipe
Grade1
E7018
E70S36
E7XT1

ASTM

grade2

A372
1234

Pressure
vesselforgings

E8018C3
grade3
E8018B2
grade4
E11018M

ASTM
A374
A375

Lowalloysteel
strip

E7018
E70S3/6
E7XT1

ASTM
376

Austenitic
Stainless
pipe

seepipe

ASTM
381

carbonstl
pipe

7018
E70S6

grade2
K121143

grade2
>33
Annealed

grade2
5580
Annealed

ASTM
A387
2579
grade2
111221 grade2
7090
2122
>45
normalized
normalized

grade2
PREHEAT
toO0.15
carb
<25mm
200F
pressure
vesselplate
CrMoavailable
inannealed
normalized
state

grade5
K415445
grade7
S50300

grade2
PREHEAT
>O0.16
carb
<25mm
300F
>25mm
400F

grade9
S50400

grade2
postheat
1200F

grade21
K31545

grade11
K11789
grade12
K11757

grade2
carb0.2
Mn0.55/0.8
Si0.4
Cr0.5/0.8
Mo0.45/0.6
grade212
E8018B2
E80T1B2
grade2122
E9018b3
E90t1b3

grade22
K21590
ASTM
A389
C23
A391
Grade80

hightem
castings

E8018B2

Alloy

higherstrength
thanA413
chainscanbe
usedfor
overheadlifts

EdinThailandmanagingaTextronproject.Themissionfixa
276,000psitensilesteelarmorplate,multmilliondollar
weldingproblem:


ThisUSATextrontankwasmadeoutof275.000ksitensile,armorsteel.Due
tolackofweldmanufacturingmanagement,somepartswereweldedinthe
wronglocationbetweenthetanktracks.Theseweldedpartsweresubjectto
abnormalstressesfromthetracksandresultedinnumerouscrackswhenthe
tankswerefieldtestedinThailand.
Ifyoutriedtorepairthearmorplatecrackedweldswhichhadextensive
martensiticformationintheirHAZ,morecrackswouldinstantlyoccurfrom
theweldrepairheatinput.Whatwouldyourecommendtoresolvethismulti
milliondollarissue.Thiswasmyfirstconsultingjobanditwasareal
weldingchallenge.

Ifyouareteachingyourself,orprovidingweld
processcontroltrainingforothers,thefollowing
resourcesarethekeytoattainingMIGandflux
coredweldprocessoptimization.
Item.1.TheBook:"AManagement&Engineers
GuideToMIGWeldQuality,Productivity&Costs"
Item2.AuniquerobotMIGtrainingorself
teachingresource.
"OptimumRobotMIGWeldsfromWeldProcess
Controls".
Item3.AuniqueMIGtrainingorselfteaching
resource.
"ManualMIGWeldProcessOptimizationfrom
WeldProcessControls".
Item.4.Auniquefluxcoredtrainingorself
teachingresource.
"OptimumManualandAutomatedFluxCored
PlateandPipewelds.
Item5a."ProcesodeSoldaduraMIGManual"(MIG
MadeSimple.SelfteachinginSpanish)
Item6a.TheSelfTeachingMIGBook/Video.(MIG
MadeSimpleinEnglish).
Note:Items234arethemostcomprehensive
processcontrol,selfteachingandtraining
programseverdeveloped..
VisitEd'sMIG/fluxcoredprocesscontrolbooks

andCDtrainingresources.

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