University of Southeastern Philippines

Apokon Road, Tagum City, Davao del Norte

College of Agriculture and Related Sciences
INTRODUCTION TO AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
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Internal Combustion Engine

Laboratory Exercise No.02
I.

Introduction:
An internal combustion engine is any engine that operates by burning its fuel inside
the engine. The most common internal combustion engine type is gasoline powered. Others
include those fueled by diesel, hydrogen, methane, propane, etc. Engines typically can only
run on one type of fuel and require adaptations to adjust the air/fuel ratio or mix to use other
fuels.
In a gasoline engine, a mixture of gasoline and air is sprayed into a cylinder. This is
compressed by a piston and at optimal point in the compression stroke; a spark plug creates
an electrical spark that ignites the fuel. The combustion of the fuel results in the generation of
heat, and the hot gases that are in the cylinder are then at a higher pressure than the fuel-air
mixture and so drive the piston back down. These combustion gases are vented and the fuelair mixture reintroduced to run a second stroke. The outward linear motion of the piston is
ordinarily harnessed by a crankshaft to produce circular motion. Valves control the intake of
air-fuel mixture and allow exhaust gasses to exit at the appropriate times.

II.

Objectives:
1. To study the construction and working of 2- stroke and 4- stroke engine.
2. To compare 2 stroke engine from 4 stroke engine.

III.

Instruments and Accessories:

IC demonstration model, Ruler, pencil

IV.

Procedure:
1. Observe the demonstration model of 2 stroke and 4 stroke engine.
2. Investigate the movements of pistons parts per revolution.
3. Identify the parts of each engine type.
4. Compare the two types of engine.

Components of 4 stroke Engine Piston (identify parts)

Components of 2 stroke Engine Piston (identify parts)

V.

Sketch:
Four Stroke Engine

(b) First Stroke

(a) Second Stroke

(c) Third Stroke

(d) Fourth Stroke

Two Stroke Engine

(f) First Stroke

VI.

Discussion:

VII.

Discussion:

(e) Second Stroke

VIII.

Questions and Application Problems:

1. The piston bore is 2.94cm and stroke is 70mm and clearance volume of 6.80cc was used
as prime mover for field operation. Determine the compression ratio of the engine.

2. Comparison

Characteristics
No. of power
events
Power Output
Valve
mechanism
Fuel
Consumption
Oil Consumption
Size of
crankcase
Carbon deposits
Weight per hp
Cost

4-stroke engine

2-stroke engine

Characteristics
Method of
ignition
Compression
Ratio
Thermal
efficiency
Fuel induction
Fuel used
Air-fuel ratio
Fuel consumption
Exhaust gas
temp
Weight per hp
Cost

Spark Ignition Engine

Compression Ignition
Engine