Beruflich Dokumente
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1 Introduction
Electrochemical capacitors (ECs) are currently
widely investigated due to their interesting
characteristics in terms of high power and energy
densities [13]. Nowadays, pseudocapacitance materials
such as metal oxides and conducting polymers are
the most practical materials for supercapacitor
electrode [46]. Conducting polymer, such as polyaniline
(PANI), is one of the most common polymeric materials
due to the advantages of easy synthesis, low cost and
good conductivity [7,8]. However, the poor stability
during the charge/discharge process restricts its practical
applications in supercapacitor. To overcome the
drawback of PANI, its composites formed with metal
oxides, such as SnO2, have been widely studied [9,10].
For example, it has been demonstrated that the
supercapacitor electrodes based on PANI/SnO2 have
high capacitance and good stability due to the
combination of the excellent conducting and mechanical
properties of SnO2, with high pseudocapacitance of
PANI.
Foundation item: Project (51172190) supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of Nation; Project (07JJ6015) supported by the Natural Science
Foundation of Hunan Province, China
Corresponding author: En-hui LIU; Tel: +86-731-58292229; E-mail: liuenhui99@sina.com.cn
DOI: 10.1016/S1003-6326(15)63889-4
2662
2 Experimental
2.1 Electrode material
SnO2 and PANI/SnO2 composites were synthesized
as previously described [12]. SnO2 was synthesized
based on the hydrothermal route. In a typical synthesis,
2 mmol oxalic acid and 2 mmol cetyltrimethyl
ammonium bromide were dissolved in 50 mL deionized
water, then, 2 mmol SnCl22H2O was added to this
solution under constant stirring to get a milky solution.
The pH value of the resulting solution was adjusted to 9
using dilute NH3H2O solution. Then, the mixed solution
was stirred for 2 h at room temperature. Finally, the
obtained milky solution was transferred into an 80 mL
Teflon-lined stainless steel autoclave. The autoclave was
maintained at 150 C for 10 h and then cooled to room
temperature. The final product was collected and washed
with distilled water and absolute ethanol for several
times, and then was dried in vacuum at 60 C for 12 h.
The PANI/SnO2 composites were prepared as
follows (the aniline was distilled under reduced pressure
before use). 5 mmol oxalic acid was dissolved in 50 mL
deionized water. Then, 0.5 mmol SnO2 and 5 mmol
aniline were dispersed in above solution and stirred for
30 min to facilitate aniline to adsorb on the SnO2. Upon
stirring, 5 mmol ammonium persulfate was separately
dissolved in 50 mL deionized water and finally added to
the above mixture, and the obtained mixture was cooled
to 05 C and then kept in a polymerization for 8 h. The
resulting powders were filtered and washed successively
with water until the filtrate was colourless, and then
dried at 50 C overnight under vacuum.
2.2 Electrolytes
All of the solutions were prepared using analytical
grade reagents and used immediately after their
preparation. Four different Fe3+/Fe2+ ion pair
concentration redox electrolytes in H2SO4 solution,
including n mol/L [Fe3+/Fe2+] + 1 mol/L H2SO4 (n=0.1,
0.3, 0.4, 0.5) were used, the molar ratio of Fe3+and Fe2+
was 1:1. For comparison, 1 mol/L solution of H2SO4 was
also studied. The different valence states of iron ion were
obtained from FeSO4 and Fe2(SO4)3.
2.3
2663
I t
V m
(1)
2664
Rs/
Rct/
0.1
3.28
3.36
942
0.3
1.54
0.55
1115
0.4
0.95
0.1
1172
0.5
2.28
1.58
963
4 Conclusions
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
References
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[13]
[14]
[15]
[16]
[17]
[18]
2665
Fe3+/Fe2+
/SnO2
411105
Fe3+/Fe2+/SnO2 Fe3+/Fe2+
1 mol/L H2SO4
Fe3+/Fe2+ 0.4 mol/L 1 A/g
1172 F/g/SnO2 2000
88%, Fe3+/Fe2+