CE 14 Solid Mechanics (Lecture 2) PDF

11/27/2010
Lecture 2
LECTURE 2 TOPICS
I. Flexural Stresses Inelastic Action

Review on Stress-Strain Diagram

Flexural Members at Maximum Elastic State
Flexural Members at Elasto-Plastic State
Flexural Members at Plastic State
Derivations For a Rectangular Beam
Shape Factor
II. Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Open Sections

Shear Center

Definition of Shear Center

Derivation of Shearing Stress and Shear Flow Equations
11/27/2010
Lecture 2, Part 1
Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

REVIEW: Recall the stress versus strain diagram for a ductile material
like steel with a centric axial load,

P
P
Steel
Elastic Region stress is

proportional to strain (Hookes
Law governs = E).
Member goes back to its original
shape upon load removal.
Plastic Region stress is no
longer proportional to strain.
Member will have a permanent
deformation even after removal
of the load.
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For a rectangular beam as shown, we can divide it into several
horizontal fibers. Except the neutral surface, each fiber will be

subjected to either a tensile or compressive force due to moment M.
Top Fiber
Top Fiber
CN
C2C1
C4C3
TN
Bottom Fiber
T4
T3
T2
T1
Bottom Fiber

We know from ES 13 that the most stressed fiber could either be the top
or the bottom (whichever is the farthest from neutral axis) for a given
cross section and moment M within the elastic region. If we continue
to increase M, the farthest fiber will be the first to reach the yield
stress, y.
Top Fiber
Top Fiber
CN
C2C1
C4C3
TN
Bottom Fiber
M
Bottom Fiber
T4
T3
T2
T1
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Shown below are three states that could happen to an elasto-plastic
beam with a rectangular section if we continue to increase the moment

M even after yielding of the farthest fiber.
ELASTIC STATE
ELASTO-PLASTIC STATE
PLASTIC STATE
Where MY is the maximum

elastic moment when the
stress in the farthest fiber
reaches Y.
Where M is the elasto-plastic

moment in between MY and
MP.
Where MP is the plastic

moment when all fibers,
except the neutral surface,
reach Y.

WHY CONSIDER DESIGN W/ INELASTIC ACTION?
When the weight of the structure is important (e.g.
aircraft design) the limitation requiring stresses to

remain below the proportional limit of the material
results in uneconomical or inefficient designs.
Design using elastic action becomes non-optimum.
To maximize the strength of the material and have an
optimum design, the inelastic action can be considered.
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This involves analysis of stresses in which:
1) The proportional limit is exceeded.
2) The material does not exhibit a linear - relationship.
NOTE: In both cases, Hookes Law does not apply.
Assumption: A plane section before bending remains
plane after bending; therefore, a linear distribution of
strain exists.
vs y
vs
vs y
N.S.

Equilibrium Equations to consider
Resultant Force Equals Zero

Since creates a force on the area dA, we have:
FR = Fx;
dF = dA
dA
= 0
This equation provides a means of

obtaining the location of the neutral axis.
Resultant Moment
The resultant moment at the section
is equivalent to the moment caused
by the stress distribution about the
neutral axis:
(MR)z = Mz; dM = y ( dA)
M =
y ( dA )
A
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(ELASTIC STATE) Derivation for a Rectangular Cross Section
Location of Neutral Axis
Neutral Axis = Centroidal Axis
Maximum Elastic Moment, My
Mc
=
=
I
(M < MY )
MY =
MY
h
2
bh 3
12
bh 2 Y
6
(1)
Applied MY is just sufficient to produce yielding strains in the top and

bottom fibers.

(ELASTO-PLASTIC) Derivation for a Rectangular Cross Section
NOTE:
1) NA = CA is only true when the
section is symmetric and the
stress-strain diagram for tension
and compression are identical
(like rectangular sections).
2) In general, in members subjected
to inelastic action, the NA CA.
Applied Mep is greater than yielding Moment My but less than plastic
moment MP.
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Resultant Forces
1
y y yb
2
h
T2 = C 2 = y y y b
2
T1 = C 1 =
Elasto-Plastic Moment
2
M = T1 y Y + C 1 y Y
3
3
1h
+ T2 y Y + y Y
2
2
ElastoPlastic Moment
(MY < M < MP)
1h
+ C 2 y Y + y Y
22

1
2
M = 2 y Y Y b y Y
2
3
+ 2 y Y Y b
2
1 h
2 2 + y Y
ElastoPlastic Moment
(MY < M < MP)
M =
1
4 yY
bh 2 Y 1
4
3 h2
(2)
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Substituting equation (1) into (2):
MY =
M =
bh 2 Y
6
1
4 yY
bh 2 Y 1
4
3 h2
(1)
2
(2)
2
4 yY
(3)
M Y 1
3
3 h 2
MEP produces two zones of plastic yielding and an elastic core in the
member. The boundary between them is located at a distance + yY from
the neutral axis.
M EP =

(PLASTIC STATE) Derivation for a Rectangular Cross Section
(M = MP )

NOTE:
1) NA = CA is only true when the
section is symmetric and the stressstrain diagram for tension and
compression are identical (like
rectangular sections).
2) In general, in members subjected to
inelastic action, the NA CA.
As M increases in magnitude, yY approaches zero. This would render the

material entirely plastic and the stress distribution would then look like
the figure shown above.
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(PLASTIC STATE) Derivation for a Rectangular Cross Section
Plastic Moment, MP
Summing the moments about the
neutral axis:
MP =
1
bh 2 Y
4
(4)
Note: This value is unique only for

the rectangular section.
(M = MP )
Plastic Moment depends on the geometry of the cross section.

Beams used in steel buildings are sometimes designed
to resist a plastic moment. When this is the case, codes

usually list a design property for a beam called the shape
factor. The shape factor is defined as the ratio:
k =
MP
MY
(5)
Where MP is the plastic moment and MY is the maximum elastic

moment of the beam
11/27/2010

Q
uestion:
What will happen if you
increase the moment beyond
plastic moment?
Answer:
In a more general case, the
increase of loading can be
possible up to the point of
reaching Ultimate Moment ,MU
This calculation process is obviously very tedious, and fortunately it

does not occur very often in engineering practice.

4
Example 1
Given: Elastoplastic Beam

yp = 36 ksi
Determine:
A) The location of the neutral axis
when in the outer fiber of the
flange reaches the yield point.
B) The moment required to
produce the condition at A)
C) The shape factor.
8
1.5
10
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Example 1
vs y diagram
yp = - 36
Solution:
A) Determine Location of NA
when = yp at outer flange
Sketch the vs y diagram
a
a-2
NA
Compute f using similar
triangles
a
8
1.5
yp = 36
10 - 2a
f
36
=
a2 a
a 2
f = 36
yp = 36
STATE 2: ELASTOPLASTIC STATE

Example 1
vs y diagram
yp = - 36
Solution:
Sketch the vs y diagram
NA
Compute f using similar
a-2
triangles
a
8
1.5
yp = 36
10 - 2a
f
36
=
a2 a
a 2
f = 36
yp = 36
11
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Example 1
Solution:
a
-36
The stress distribution on the
F1
F2
cross section is shown on the

right with the location of NA,
a, still unknown.
F3
To solve for the location of NA,
F4
use:
dA = F
F5
=0
where Fi =
volume of
the each
prism as
shown
36 ksi
F1 F2 F3 + F4 + F5 = 0
Note that CA NA
STRESS PRISM on Cross Section


Example 1
vs y diagram
yp = - 36
Solution:
Using
dA = F
=0
NA
2
a-2
F2
F1
a
F3
F4
yp = 36 F
5
10 - 2a
1
a 2
0 = 36 36
(2)(4)
2
a
a 2
36
(2)(4) 1.5
a
1 a 2
36
(a 2)(1.5)
2 a
1
+ (36 )(a )(1.5) + 36(10 2a )(1.5)
2
yp = 36
12
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Example 1
vs y diagram
yp = - 36
Solution:
Simplifying gives
NA
F1
F2
F3
a-2
0 = 108a 2 + 360a + 180

a = 3.775"
F4
1.5
a 2
3.775 2
f = 36
= 36
3.775
f = 16.93 ksi
yp = 36 F
5
10 - 2a
Solving for f
yp = 36

Example 1
Solution:
vs y diagram
B) Moment required to produce the condition at A)

Compute Moment, MR about NA
2
NS
F2
F1
F3
NA
MR
1.775
F4
2.45
F5
3.775
1
1
M R = (36 16.93)(2)(4) 3.775 (2 )

3
2
+ [ (16.93)(2 )(4 )](2.775)

8
1
2
+ (16.93)(1.775)(1.5) (1.775)
2
3
1
2
+ (36)(3.775)(1.5) (3.775)
2
3
2.45
+ [(36)(2.45)(1.5)]
+ 3.775
2
3.775
M R = M NA
- 36
36
M R = 1,557.63 kip in
13
11/27/2010

Example 1
Solution:
C) The Shape Factor
Formula:
k=
top < 36 ksi
MP
MY
y
Compute for MY (Elastic State)
MY
Locate NA of T-Section
(Note: CA = NA)
Ay (4 )(2 )(9 ) + (8)(1.5)(4 )

y=
=
= 6"
AT
4(2) + 8(1.5)
NA = CA is 6 from bottom.
ytop = 4"
ybottom = 6" FARTHEST!
bottom = 36 ksi
STATE 1: ELASTIC STATE

Example 1
Solution:
C) The Shape Factor
top < 36 ksi

Compute INA
1
(4)(2)3 + (4)(2)(3)2
12
1
3
2
+ (1.5)(8) + (1.5)(8)(2 )
12
= 186.67 in 4
I NA =
I NA
Solve for MY
My = = M Y y far
=
far
y
I NA
I
MY
bottom = 36 ksi
14
11/27/2010

Example 1
Solution:
C) The Shape Factor
top < 36 ksi

Solve for MY
MY =
y I NA
y far
(36)(186.67 )
(6)
MY
M Y = 1120.02 kip in
bottom = 36 ksi

Example 1
Solution:
-36
C) The Shape Factor

Compute for MP (Plastic State)
F1
F2
Locate NA of T-Section (CA NA)
dA = F
=0
MP
0 = 36(2)(4) 36(a 2)(1.5)
F3
+ 36(10 a )(1.5)
0 = 108a + 360
a = 3.33"
36 ksi
STATE 3: PLASTIC STATE
15
11/27/2010

Example 1
Solution:
-36
C) The Shape Factor

Compute for MP (Plastic State)
F1
F2
Solving for MP
M P = M NA
M P = [ 36(2)(4)](2.33)
1.33
+ [ 36(1.33)(1.5)]
2
6.67
+ [ 36(6.67 )(1.5)]
2
M P = 1,920 kip in
MP
F3
36 ksi
STATE 3: PLASTIC STATE

Example 1
Solution:
C) The Shape Factor
Formula:
M
k= P
MY
=
1,920
1120
8
k = 1.714
1.5
16
11/27/2010

Example 1 - SUMMARY
top < 36 ksi
-36
-36
MR
MY
MP
36 ksi
bottom = 36 ksi
STATE 1: ELASTIC
NA from Top = 4
MY = 1,120 kip-in
36 ksi
36 ksi
STATE 2: ELASTOPLASTIC
NA from Top = 3.775
MR = 1,558 kip-in
STATE 3: PLASTIC
NA from Top = 3.33
MR = 1,920 kip-in
Lecture 2, Part 2
17
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Consider the beam shown below,
uestion:
What will happen to the beam
after a vertical downward load
P is applied at the vertical
centroidal axis as shown?
P
Answer:
The beam will bend downwards.
Shear Center
Now, lets change the orientation as shown,
uestion:
What will happen now to the
beam after a vertical
downward load P is applied at
the vertical centroidal axis as
shown?
Answer:
The beam will bend downwards.
The beam will also twist.
18
11/27/2010
Shear Center
This is proven by the experiment shown below.
e
A channel beam with load

passing thru the centroid that
bends and twists the beam.
The same beam that is loaded at a

distance away from the beam that
bends but does not twist the beam
Shear Center
OBJECTIVE: To determine the shear center of thin-
walled open sections.

DEFINITION:
C
O
e
Shear Center a point in the

plane of the cross section through
which the resultant of transverse
shearing stresses due to flexure will
pass for any orientation of
transverse load. Thus, if the loads
are applied on this point the beam
will NOT twist.
19
11/27/2010
Shear Center
OBJECTIVE: To determine the shear center of thin-
walled open sections.

IMPORTANT:
C
O
Axis of Symmetry
1. The shear center will always lie on

an axis of symmetry of the cross
section.
2. If a member has a cross section
that has two axes of symmetry, the
shear center will then coincide with
the intersection of these axes
(centroid).
Shear Center
Consider the beam shown below,
FBD of Element B
e
F1
s
b
a
b
B
na
VH
F2
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11/27/2010
Shear Center
Summing forces along the horizontal direction gives
FBD of Element B
F1
t
B
F2
VH
First Moment of Area, Qs
Shear Center
Then,
but
FBD of Element B
F1
t
B
VH
F2
By conjugate shear theory,

Unit: Force / Area MPa, Pa, ksi, psi, etc.
21
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Shear Center
Comparison
Shear Stress on Thin-Walled Open
Sections
Simple Elastic Shear Stress

Formula
tflange
ES 13
t = thickness /
width parallel to
n.a.
na
= assumed to be
perpendicular to
neutral axis.
tweb
CE 14
t1
t2
t = wall thickness
(need not be
parallel to n.a.)
= is parallel to
the wall of the
section
t3
Shear Center
The Shear Flow, q , is given by the formula:
Unit:
Force / Length
kN/m, N/m, kip/ft,
lbs/ft, etc.
Note: V is the resultant vertical force due to the shear flow q
22
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Steps in Locating the Shear Center
1. Get the shear flow function, q, of each segment of the given cross
sectional area. One needs to be able to setup the first moment of
area, Qs, of each segment prior to setting up q.
Recall:
q=
VQs
I
where V and I are constants.
2. Determine the forces Fi in each segment by using the equation

B
F = qds
A
3. Evaluate the moment of inertia of the cross section, I, by

summing forces along the vertical direction and equating to zero.
Alternatively, one can use the formulas in statics in evaluating I.
Fy = 0
Shear Center
Steps in Locating the Shear Center
4. Determine the shear center, e, by summing moments about a
point where e will be measured from.
M = 0
23
11/27/2010
Shear Center
b
Example 2
Given: Channel with dimensions
as shown on the right.
Determine the location of the
shear center.
Shear Center
Example 2
Problem: Locate Shear Center
b
B
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Qs and q
F1
F2
Step 2: Get F1, F2 and F3.
NA
Step 3: Determine INA by using Fy = 0

or simply by ES 11 approach
Step 4: Solve for the shear center, e, by
using M C = 0
A t
F3
D
24
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Example 2
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Qs
b
P
A t
s
(h/2)-(t/2)
Segment AB:
h t
Qs = Ay = (ts )
2 2
@ A (s = 0):
since t 2 0
@ B (s = b):
QsA = 0
h
Qs = Ay = (ts )
2
Qs =
NA
C
tbh
2
D
e
Shear Center
Example 2
b
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Qs
Segment BD:
h s
Qs = Ay = QsB + (st )
2 2
bht
h s
=
+ (st )
2
2 2
A t
(h/2)(s/2)
(h/2)-(t/2)
NA
@ C (s = h/2):
QsC =
bht h h h 2 bht h 2t
+ t
+
=
2 2 2 2
2
8
@ D (s = h):
QsD =
bht
2
25
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Example 2
b
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Qs
A t
Segment DE:
h t
Qs = Ay = (ts )
2 2
@ E (s = 0):
since t 2 0
@ D (s = b):
QsE = 0
h
Qs = Ay = (ts )
2
QsD =
NA
C
(h/2)-(t/2)
s
tbh
2
D
e
Shear Center
Example 2
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Qs
Summary
AB:
BD:
DE:
h
Qs = (ts )
2
bht
h s
Qs =
+ (st )
2
2 2
h
Qs = (ts )
2
Shear Flow
VQs V
h
= (ts )
I
I
2
VQs V bht
h s
=
=
+ (st )
I
I 2
2 2
VQ V
h
= s = (ts )
I
I
2
q AB =
qBD
qDE
26
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Example 2
b
Solution:
Step 2: Get F1, F2 and F3

F1
Force F1 :
B
F1 = A q AB ds
F2
NA
Vth s
V ht

s ds =
I 2
2I 2 0
V hb 2t
=
I 4
2
= 0
Force F2 :
A t
F3
D
e
h
F2 = B
V bhts s 2th s 3t
V bht sth s 2t
+

+
ds =
qBD ds = 0
I 2
4
6 0
I 2
2
2
h
Shear Center
Example 2
b
Solution:
Step 2: Get F1, F2 and F3

F1
Force F2 :
F2 =
V bh 2t h3t
+
I 2
12
F2
NA
Force F3 :
V hb2t
F3 = F1 =
I 4
A t
F3
D
by symmetry
27
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Example 2
b
Solution:
Step 3: Determine INA

F1
Summing forces along the vertical
Fy = 0
F2
A t
NA
F2 V = 0
V bh 2t h3t
+
V = 0
I 2
12
F3
D
V bh 2t h3t
+
=V
I 2
12
bh 2t h 3t
I = I NA =
+
2
12
Shear Center
Example 2
b
Solution:

F1
Alternative Solution using ES 11
I=
2
1
1 3
h
th + 2 bt 3 + bt
12
2
12
F2
bh 2t h3t
+
2
12
NA
since t 3 0
I = I NA =
A t
F3
D
28
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Example 2
b
Solution:
Step 4: Solve for Shear Center

F1
Summing moments about C
MC = 0
h
h
Ve F1 F3 = 0
2
2
but
I = I NA =
NA
V hb 2t h V hb 2t h
Ve

= 0
I 4 2 I 4 2
b 2 h 2t
e=
4I
F2
A t
bh t h t
+
2
12
e=
F3
D
b 2 h 2t
b2 h 2
=
h3
bh 2t h3t
2
4
+
2bh +
3
12
2
Shear Center
Example 3
Given: Semi-circular arc with
radius R and thickness t as
shown on the right.
Determine the location of the
shear center.
t
R
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Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Qs
t
R
Qs is a function of (instead of s)
Qs = f ()
NA
d
Derive formula for Qs at Point P!
Note:
1. Point P is located at an angle from yaxis.
2. Get the first moment of the highlighted
area about the NA (but how???)
P
y
Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Qs
t
R
Consider area dA located at an angle
from y-axis as shown.
NA
The first moment of its area about NA is
dQs = y dA but dA = ( Rd )t
y = R cos
dQs = (R cos )[(Rd )t ] = R 2t cos d
dA
Integrating from 0 to
2
Qs = 0 R 2t cos d = R t sin 0
Qs = R 2t sin
30
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Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Step 1: Set-up Qs
Shear Flow, q
q=
VQs VR 2t sin
=
I
I
NA
z
Shear Stress,
VR 2t sin
q
I
=
=
t
t
2
VR sin
=
I
y
e
Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Step 2: Set-up Fy
Shear Flow, q
q=
VQs VR 2t sin
=
I
I
NA
d
q
Differential Force, dF
dF = qds
dFz
dF
ds
dFz = (dF )cos

= (qds )cos
dFy = (dF )sin
= (qds )sin
dFy
dF = qds
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Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Step 2: Set-up Fy
Consider dFy
dFy = (qds )sin = q sin ds
NA
Fy = 0 q sin ds
dFy
but
VR t sin
I
ds = Rd
q=
dF
ds
VR 2t sin
Fy = 0
sin (Rd)
I
Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Step 2: Set-up Fy
Integrating Fy
2
VR t sin
Fy = 0
sin (Rd)
I
VR3t 2
=
sin d
I 3 0
VR t 1 cos 2
=
d
I 0
2
3
VR t sin 2
VR3t
=
Fy =

2I
I 2
4 0
NA
d
dFy
dF
ds
y
e
32
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Summing forces along the vertical
Fy = 0
NA
d
V Fy = 0
3
dFy
VR t
=0
2I
R 3t
I = I NA =
2
dF
ds
y
e
Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Consider dF, its moment about O is
dM = (dF )R
dF = qds
VR 2t sin
q=
I
ds = Rd
but
= (qds)R
= qR ds
dM =
NA
d
q
MO = 0
Ve 0 dM = 0
dF
ds
VR2t sin
VR4t sin
R (Rd) =
d
I
I
Summing moments about O
y
e
33
11/27/2010
Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Summing moments about O
MO = 0
Ve 0 dM = 0
NA
VR t sin
d = 0
I
VR 4t
sin d = 0
Ve
I 0
VR 4t
( cos ) 0 = 0
Ve
I
2 R 4t
VR 4t
e=
(2) = 0
Ve
I
I
Ve 0
dF
ds
y
e
Shear Center
Example 3
Solution:
Solving
2 R 4t
I
2 R 4t
e=
R 3t
e=
e=
4R
but
I=
R3t
2
NA
d
q
dF
ds
y
e
34
11/27/2010
35

CE 14 Solid Mechanics (Lecture 2) PDF

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11/27/2010

Review on Stress-Strain Diagram

II. Shearing Stresses in Thin-Walled Open Sections

Definition of Shear Center

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

like steel with a centric axial load,

Elastic Region stress is

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

horizontal fibers. Except the neutral surface, each fiber will be

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

beam with a rectangular section if we continue to increase the moment

Where MY is the maximum

Where M is the elasto-plastic

Where MP is the plastic

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

aircraft design) the limitation requiring stresses to

optimum design, the inelastic action can be considered.

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Resultant Force Equals Zero

This equation provides a means of

(MR)z = Mz; dM = y ( dA)

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Applied MY is just sufficient to produce yielding strains in the top and

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Neutral Axis = Centroidal Axis

As M increases in magnitude, yY approaches zero. This would render the

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Note: This value is unique only for

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

to resist a plastic moment. When this is the case, codes

Where MP is the plastic moment and MY is the maximum elastic

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

This calculation process is obviously very tedious, and fortunately it

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Given: Elastoplastic Beam

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Sketch the vs y diagram

Compute f using similar

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Sketch the vs y diagram

Compute f using similar

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

cross section is shown on the

To solve for the location of NA,

STRESS PRISM on Cross Section

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

0 = 108a 2 + 360a + 180

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

B) Moment required to produce the condition at A)

M R = (36 16.93)(2)(4) 3.775 (2 )

+ [ (16.93)(2 )(4 )](2.775)

Flexural Stresses - Inelastic Action

top < 36 ksi

Compute for MY (Elastic State)

Ay (4 )(2 )(9 ) + (8)(1.5)(4 )

STATE 1: ELASTIC STATE