Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants and fungi for food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal plants and

other products used to sustain and enhance human life. [1] Agriculture was the key development in the
rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticatedspecies created
food surpluses that nurtured the development of civilization. The study of agriculture is known
as agricultural science. Thehistory of agriculture dates back thousands of years, and its development
has been driven and defined by greatly different climates, cultures, and technologies. Industrial
agriculture based on large-scale monoculture farming has become the dominant agricultural
methodology.

What is Agriculture
In relation to crop farming and livestock farming, the term agriculture may be
defined as: the art and science of growing plants and other crops and the raising
of animals for food, other human needs, or economic gain .
agricultural science is a broad multidisciplinary field of biology that encompasses the parts of
exact, natural, economic and social sciences that are used in the practice and understanding
of agriculture.
Soil is a mixture of minerals, organic matter, gases, liquids, and countless organisms that together
support life on Earth. Soil is a natural body called the pedosphere which has four important
functions: it is a medium for plant growth; it is a means of water storage, supply and purification; it is
a modifier of Earth's atmosphere; it is a habitat for organisms; all of which, in turn, modify the soil.
Soil is called the "Skin of the Earth" and interfaces with its lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere,
and biosphere.[1] The term pedolith, used commonly to refer to the soil, literally translates 'level
stone'. Soil consists of a solid phase of minerals and organic matter, as well as a porous phase that
holds gases and water.[2][3][4] Accordingly, soils are often treated as a three-state system of solids,
liquids, and gases.
Animal Science (also Animal Bioscience) is described as "studying the biology of animals that are
under the control of humankind".[1] Historically, the degree was called animal husbandryand the
animals studied were livestock species, like cattle, sheep, pigs, poultry, and horses. Today, courses
available now look at a far broader area to include companion animals like dogsand cats, and many
exotic species. Degrees in Animal Science are offered at a number of colleges and universities. In
the United States, the universities offering such a program were Land Grant Universities and
include University of NebraskaLincoln, Cornell University, UC Davis, Michigan State
University, Purdue University, The Ohio State University, The Pennsylvania State University, Iowa
State University and the University of Minnesota. Typically, the Animal Science curriculum not only
provides a strong science background, but also hands-on experience working with animals on
campus-based farms.

Botany, also called plant science(s), plant biology or phytology, is the science of plant life and a
branch of biology. A botanist orplant scientist is a scientist who specializes in this field. The term
"botany" comes from the Ancient Greek word (botan) meaning "pasture", "grass", or
"fodder"; is in turn derived from (boskein), "to feed" or "to graze".[1][2][3] Traditionally,
botany has also included the study of fungi and algae by mycologists and phycologists respectively,
with the study of these three groups of organisms remaining within the sphere of interest of
the International Botanical Congress. Nowadays, botanists study approximately 400,000 species of
living organisms[4] of which some 260,000 species are vascular plants and about 248,000
are flowering plants.[5]

What is Botany?
Botany is the scientific study of plants. "Plants," to most people, means a wide range of living
organisms from the smallest bacteria to the largest living things - the giant sequoia trees. By this
definition plants include: algae, fungi, lichens, mosses, ferns, conifers and flowering plants. Today
scientists believe bacteria, algae and fungi are in their own distinct kingdoms, but most general
botany courses, and most Botany Departments at colleges and universities, still teach about these
groups.
Because the field is so broad, there are many kinds of plant biologists and many different
opportunities available. Botanists interested in ecology study interactions of plants with other
organisms and the environment. Other field botanists search to find new species or do experiments
to discover how plants grow under different conditions. Some botanists study the structure of plants.
They may work in the field, concentrating on the pattern of the whole plant. Others use microscopes
to study the most detailed fine structure of individual cells. Many botanists do experiments to
determine how plants convert simple chemical compounds into more complex chemicals. They may
even study how genetic information in DNA controls plant development. Botanists study processes
that occur on a time scale ranging from fractions of a second in individual cells to those that unfold
over eons of evolutionary time.
zoology (/zoldi/, zoh-OL-luh-jee) or animal biology is the branch of biology that relates to the
animal kingdom, including the structure, embryology, evolution, classification, habits, and distribution
of all animals, both living and extinct, and how they interact with their ecosystems. The term is
derived from Ancient Greek , zion, i.e. "animal" and , logos, i.e. "knowledge, study".[1]

Biology is a natural science concerned with the study of life and living organisms, including their
structure, function, growth, evolution, distribution, identification and taxonomy.[1] Modern biology is a
vast and eclectic field, composed of many branches and subdisciplines. However, despite the broad
scope of biology, there are certain general and unifying concepts within it that govern all study and
research, consolidating it into single, coherent field. In general, biology recognizes the cell as the
basic unit of life, genes as the basic unit of heredity, and evolution as the engine that propels the
synthesis and creation of new species. It is also understood today that all the organisms survive by
consuming and transforming energy and by regulating their internal environment to maintain a stable
and vital condition known ashomeostasis.
Sub-disciplines of biology are defined by the scale at which organisms are studied, the kinds of
organisms studied, and the methods used to study them: biochemistry examines the rudimentary
chemistry of life; molecular biology studies the complex interactions among
biologicalmolecules; botany studies the biology of plants; cellular biology examines the basic
building-block of all life, the cell; physiology examines the physical and chemical functions
of tissues, organs, and organ systems of an organism; evolutionary biology examines the processes
that produced the diversity of life; and ecology examines how organisms interact in
their environment.[2]