History of the Internet

The history of the Internet begins with the development of electronic computers in the 1950s. Initial
concepts of packet networking originated in several computer science laboratories in the United
States, United Kingdom, and France. ARPANET (which would become the first network to use
the Internet Protocol). Packet switching developed using variety of communication. ARPANET
further led to the development of protocols for internetworking, in which multiple separate networks
could be joined into a network of networks.
Introduction of the internet
By definition the Internet is a worldwide, publicly accessible series of interconnected computer
networks that transmit data by packet switching using the standard Internet Protocol.
Creation
Internet origin comes from a military project. The Semiautomatic Ground Environment (SAGE)
program consisted of networked country-wide radar systems together for the first time. This was
created around 1958 as part of an attempt to regain the lead in technology from the Soviet Union who
had recently launched Sputnik.
Web 2.0
Web 2.0 describes World Wide Web sites that emphasize user-generated content, usability, and
interoperability. The term was popularized by Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty at the O'Reilly Media
Web 2.0 Conference in late 2004, though it was coined by Darcy DiNucci in 1999.[1][2][3][4] Web 2.0
does not refer to an update to any technical specification, but to changes in the way Web pages are
made and used.A Web 2.0 site may allow users to interact and collaborate with each other in a social
media dialogue as creators of user-generated content in a virtual community, in contrast to Web sites
where people are limited to the passive viewing of content. Examples of Web 2.0 include social
networking sites, blogs, wikis, folksonomies, video sharing sites, hosted services, Web applications,
and mash ups. Whether Web 2.0 is substantively different from prior Web technologies has been
challenged by World Wide Web inventor Sir Tim Berners-Lee, who describes the term as jargon.[5] His
original vision of the Web was "a collaborative medium, a place where we [could] all meet and read
and write".[6][7] On the other hand, the term Semantic Web (sometimes referred to as Web
3.0)[citation needed] was coined by Tim Berners-Lee for a web of data that can be processed by
machines.[8]
A precise definition of Web 3.0 is difficult to pin down, but most descriptions agree that a
fundamental characteristic of it is the ability to make connections and infer meaning essentially, the
Web is going to become more 'intelligent'. This has led to the coining of expressions such as
thesemantic Web, or the intelligent Web, in reference to Web 3.0.
Most references to Web 3.0 characterize it in relation to its forerunners. The inaugural Web,
sometimes referred to asWeb 1.0, was the version of the Web in existence between 1991 and 2003.
This was essentially a 'read-only' Web, somewhere we could go to access information on a kind of
'look but don't touch' basis. From 2004 onwards came the evolution of the 'read-write' Web, or Web

2.0, which, by contrast to the static nature of its predecessor, was all about interaction and
collaboration. In a wave of development characterized by wikis, blogs and social media, users were
now controlling the content of the Web rather than merely observing it. The logical progression of
this should therefore be the 'read-write-execute' Web, a version of the Web in which users can
create and execute their own tools and software to manipulate and extract information, rather than
using other people's software and websites. However, though this may indeed be one aspect of Web
3.0, use of the term seems at present to focus on the concept of enhancing the 'intelligence' of the
underlying architecture of the Internet the idea that information will be organized and identified in a
way that makes searches more effective because the platform 'understands' and makes connections
between pieces of data.

Background Web 3.0

The expression Web 3.0 is, of course, a logical progression from the term Web 2.0. Following the
pattern of Web 2.0, various spoken forms are possible, such as 'Web three point oh' and 'Web three
(point) zero'.
Though there is some evidence to suggest that Web 2.0 first appeared in the late 1990s, the
expression first rose to popularity in 2004, when US media company O'Reilly Media hosted a Web
2.0conference. Co-founders of the company Tim O'Reilly and Dale Dougherty are therefore closely
associated with original use of the term.
The use of 2.0, 3.0 etc in these expressions is based on the idea of labelling a product design
relative to whether it's the first attempt or a later modification. This kind of nomenclature is especially
common in the world of IT, where software tools are continually upgraded, and are therefore labelled
e.g. 'v. (=version) 1.2.1', or feature numbers as part of their names, like for instance Adobe Reader
9 or Internet Explorer 8. The interesting thing about 2.0 in particular however, is that it seems to
have taken on a life of its own as a productive suffix, now occurring in a wide variety of contexts
where Web-based innovation and interaction are having an impact. Recent examples
includeParliament 2.0, which relates to the idea of participatory media (e.g. social networking,
webcasts, etc) as a means of engaging public interest in parliamentary debate.
The dark web is the World Wide Web content that exists on darknets, overlay networks which use the
public Internet but which require specific software, configurations or authorization to access.[2][3] The
dark web forms a small part of the deep web, the part of the Web not indexed by search engines,
although sometimes the term "deep web" is confusingly used to refer specifically to the dark
web.[4][5][6][7][8]

The darknets which constitute the dark web include small, friend-to-friend peer-to-peer networks, as
well as large, popular networks like Freenet, I2P, and Tor, operated by public organizations and
individuals. Users of the dark web refer to the regular web as the Clearnet due to its unencrypted
nature.[9] The Tor dark web may be referred to as onionland,[10] a reference to the network's top level
domain suffix .onion and the traffic anonymization technique of onion routing.

5 Layers of the Internet

Computers on the Internet are connected by various networks. The complexity of networking is
addressed by dividing the Internet into many layers. The International Organization for Standardization
(ISO) developed a 7 layer network model (Application, Presentation, Session, Transport,Network, Data
Link and Physical layers) long before the Internet has gained popularity. The 7 layer model has been
revised to a 5 layer TCP/IP based Internet Model (Application, Transport, Internet, Network, and
Physical layers).Application Layer Application layer defines generic available network applications or
services the Internet can support. See the table below for widely used network applications and the
corresponding network protocols.
Application
Web

HTTP

Email

SMTP

File Transfer

Protocol

FTP

Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) Layer This layer concerns how data can be reliably transferred
over the network. UDP (User Datagram Protocol) is used when speed of data transmission is more
important than reliability.
Internet Protocol (IP) Layer This layer handles address and routing of the network.
Local Network Access Protocol (NAP) Layer This is the part of your system that is concerned with how
you communicate with your local network, whether is Ethernet or token ring.
Physical Layer This is the physical connection whether using a Network Interface Card (NIC) or with a
modem to connect to the local network.