Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
Crystal Properties
BITS Pilani
Hyderabad Campus
Learning Outcomes
1. Understanding the relationship between atomic structure and physical properties
of semiconductors.
2. Interpreting electronic band structure using quantum mechanics.
3. Identifying the semiconductor properties that determine the performance of
electronic devices.
4. Calculating the carrier concentrations and conductivity of a semiconductor using
given doping concentrations.
5. Understanding the basic physics of charge carriers in solids and carrier transport in
semiconductors.
6. Deriving equations of charge transport in semiconductors under normal operating
conditions.
7. Applying the charge diffusion equation to electronic devices and deriving their I-V
characteristics.
8. Utilizing defect densities and carrier recombination processes to calculate
generation and recombination rates in semiconductor devices.
9. Understanding the physics of optoelectronic devices.
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Course Plan
Lecture
No.
1
2-4
5-8
Topic
Introduction to the subject
and course details
Crystal Structure
Review of semiconductor
fundamentals.
9-11
Charge carriers in
semiconductors,
12-14
15-19
20-27
Junctions
28-32
33-38
39-42
Optoelectronic devices
Learning Objectives
Reference to text
1.2.1 1.2.3
3.1.3, 3.1.4, 3.2
3.3
4.1 4.4
3.4-3.5
6.2,6.3.1,6.3.3,
6.4.1-6.4.5, 6.5.16.5.4, 6.5.6,6.5.8
2.2.1, 8.18.4
Classification of Solids
Crystal
Ideal Crystal: Infinite repetition of identical
structural units in space.
Structural Unit: Single atom such as in
copper, gold, etc. It many comprise many
atoms or molecules.
Lattice
Structure of all crystals defined in terms of lattice
with a group of atoms attached at every lattice
point (basis); repeated in space to form crystal
structure.
A lattice is a regular periodic array of points in
space.
Bravais Lattice
Summarizes only the geometry of the underlying periodic
structure, regardless of what the actual units may be.
(a)
T = n1a1 + n2a2
SC Primitive vectors
2
y
3
Unit Cell
Unit Cell
Crystallographic Points,
Planes and Directions
How to define points, directions, planes?
Point Coordinates
To define a point within a unit cell.
Express the coordinates uvw as fractions of unit cell vectors a, b, and c
pt. coord.
pt.
b
origin
x (a)
y (b)
z (c)
1/2
1/2
Crystallographic Directions
z
ex: 1, 0,
-1, 1, 1
=> 2, 0, 1
=>
[ 111 ]
[uvw]
=> [ 201 ]
Symmetry Equivalent
Directions
Note: for some crystal structures, different
directions can be equivalent.
e.g. For cubic crystals, the directions are all
equivalent by symmetry:
[1 0 0], [ 1 0 0], [0 1 0], [0 1 0], [0 0 1], [0 0 1 ]
[010]
Rotate
90o
about z-axis
y
[100]
x
z
Rotate 90o about y-axis
[001]
Crystallographic Planes
Miller Indices: Reciprocals of the (three) axial intercepts for a
plane, cleared of fractions & common multiples. All parallel
planes have same Miller indices.
Algorithm
27
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Crystalographic Planes
example
1. Intercepts
2. Reciprocals
3.
Reduction
4.
Miller Indices
a
1
1/1
1
1
b
1
1/1
1
1
1/
0
0
(110)
y
b
a
x
z
example
1. Intercepts
2. Reciprocals
3.
Reduction
4.
Miller Indices
a
1/2
1/
2
2
1/
0
0
1/
0
0
y
a
(200)
x
28
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Crystallographic Planes
z
example
1.
Intercepts
1/2
3/4
2.
Reciprocals
1/
1/1
1/
2
3.
Reduction
4.
Miller Indices
4/3
(634)
(010),
(001),
(100),
(010),
(001)
29
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Crystallographic Planes
30
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
FCC (100)
z
y
Distance between (100) planes
d100 a
d200
a
2
FCC (110)
d110
a 2
2
BITS Pilani, Hyderabad Campus
Diamond Lattice
Diamond Structure
Diamond