Beruflich Dokumente
Kultur Dokumente
2015
Overview
DIGITAL ECONOMY
FINANCIAL KPIS
Telecommunication infrastructure 17
Revenue 30
Machine-to-Machine communication 18
EBIT 31
ICT-related patents 19
R&D expenses 32
Devices online 20
Fostering start-ups development 21
ERT Members 34
FOREWORD
Europe at a glance
December 2015
EU COMPETITIVENESS
Economic growth
While the EU has been recovering from the 2012 slowdown, it is far from the levels of growth
observed and forecasted in India, China or even the US.
Gross domestic product, volume (percentage change on preceding year) - 2010 | 2012 | 2014
12
10.6
10.3
10
7.8
7.6
5.1
6
4.7
4.5
3.4
2.5
7.3
7.3
2.0
2.1
2.2
1.5
0.9
2.4
1.8
0.6
0.1
0
-0.8
1.7
-0.1
-0.4
-2
%
Euro Area
2015
(Forecast)
1.5%
EU-28
Russia
US
Brazil
Japan
China
India
1.9%
-3.8%
2.6%
-3.0%
0.6%
6.8%
7.3%
SOURCE: IMF
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 4
EU COMPETITIVENESS
China has now overtaken the EU in terms of R&D spending (as % of GDP). Only Finland, Sweden,
Denmark and Austria have reached the EU2020 target (3%).
Gross domestic spending on R&D as a % of GDP 2010 | 2013 (top third countries and EU average)
5
Finland : 3.3%
Sweden : 3.3%
Denmark : 3.1%
1
EU2020 R&D TARGET:
3% of GDP to be invested
in R&D by 2020
0
%
Israel
Korea
Japan
US
China
EU-28
SOURCE: OECD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 5
EU COMPETITIVENESS
EU-28 (2014):
GDP/capita: $36,317
GDP/hour worked: $50
US (2014):
GDP/capita: $54,630
GDP/hour worked: $67
EU COMPETITIVENESS
Addressing Europes internal competitiveness gap is instrumental for increasing growth and jobs.
Global Positions
29
1-10
11-20
21-40
41-70
>70
10
Switzerland
Singapore
United States
Japan
Hong Kong
11
Norway
13 Canada
51
14 Qatar
15 Taiwan
16 New Zealand
SOURCE: WEF
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 7
EU COMPETITIVENESS
Patent filings
The ambitious R&D policies of China, Japan and Korea have led to
bigger global shares of patent filings worldwide (PCT + EPO)*.
Patent filings
in 2012:
325,905
30
(PCT+EPO)*
25
20
15
10
5
0
%
Switzerland
Netherlands
Italy
UK
South
Korea
France
China
Germany
Japan
US
EU-28
EU COMPETITIVENESS
Between 2004 and 2014, unit labour costs in the EU have in average increased
faster than labour productivity.
-1
%
Euro Area
EU-28
Japan
Korea
US
EU COMPETITIVENESS
Industry production
EU industry contributes to a quarter of wealth production and also plays an important role in terms of
jobs and innovation. Wide differences throughout Europe can be observed, e.g. in Eastern Europe, the
share of industry is still around a third of GDP. Nonetheless, in general it has faced a continuous decline
(as measured below by manufacturing). Such trend can also be observed in other developed economies.
20%
16.8%
2000
2014
13.7%
-3.2%
-6.3%
13.9%
2014
42.6%
23.7%
2014
2013
20.5%
EU COMPETITIVENESS
Non financial firms have been hit by the financial crisis in terms of access to capital. Total lending
provided has not yet recovered from their 2007 levels. By contrast, loans to governments have
followed a steady increase.
4.5
200
180
160
4.0
2
140
3.5
1
3.0
0
2.5
120
100
80
60
-1
2.0
40
-2
2014 Q1
2013 Q1
2012 Q1
2011 Q1
2010 Q1
2009 Q1
2008 Q1
2007 Q1
2006 Q1
2005 Q1
2004 Q1
2003 Q1
-3
1.5
1.0
20
0
JAN 2005 = 100
JUL 2015
EU COMPETITIVENESS
EU governments debt
In 2014, government debt in the EU reached an average of 86.8% of GDP, i.e. 26.8% above the
Maastricht criteria. Cyprus, Portugal and Spain also presented severe budget deficits (i.e. at least
twice the 3% Maastricht target) while others (Germany and Estonia) managed to generate a surplus.
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
%
NL
MT
DE
HU
SI
AT
HR
EU-28
UK Euro Area
FR
ES
BE
CY
IE
PT
IT
GR
SOURCE: EUROSTAT
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 12
Energy prices
In general, industrial consumers in Europe pay higher electricity and gas prices than in other
regions of the world. Individual policy decisions have become an important driver of price gaps
within the EU thus also contributing to an increasing price differential with other economies.
Average retail electricity and gas prices for industrial consumers 2012
Electricity
100+ /MWh
75-100 /MWh
50-75 /MWh
25-50 /MWh
Gas
40-60 /MWh
20-40 /MWh
0-20 /MWh
SOURCE: EC
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 13
Facilitating innovation and technology development remains essential, as well as ensuring that
the value chain for providing low carbon solutions
remains in Europe. The EU should also focus on
sustainable domestic energy production, while
diversifying supply sources and developing
required energy infrastructure.
In 2014, the world was still predominantly relying on oil and coal in terms of
primary energy consumption and will do so for the next decades.
3,066 (24%)
3,882 (30%)
879 (7%)
317
(2%)
574 (4%)
China
18%
6%
66%
1%
8%
2%
23%
US
36%
30%
20%
8%
3%
3%
18%
EU-28
37%
22%
17%
12%
5%
7%
12%
Russia
22%
54%
12%
6%
6%
0%
5%
India
28%
7%
56%
1%
5%
2%
5%
Japan
43%
22%
28%
0%
4%
3%
4%
Canada
31%
28%
6%
7%
26%
1%
3%
Brazil
48%
12%
5%
1%
28%
5%
2%
Australia
37%
21%
36%
0%
3%
3%
1%
World
33%
24%
30%
4%
7%
2%
SOURCE: BP
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 14
Russia and China consume more energy per GDP than the US and the EU. In addition,
although their energy intensity is lowering, total CO2 emissions continue to grow, contrary to
the US and the EU.
0.35
10
0.25
8
Billions of Tonnes
0.30
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
Russia
China
US
EU-28
China
US
EU-28
Russia
Different concepts of carbon pricing systems are developing worldwide. The existing prices
vary significantly from less than 1 to 130 USD/tCO2e. However, 85% of emissions are priced at
less than 10 USD/tCO2e.
Alberta Manitoba
British
Columbia
Washington
Oregon
Sweden
Finland
Iceland
EU
Denmark
Kazakhstan
Qubec
Ontario
California
Ukraine
Japan
China
RGGI
Ireland
Turkey
Estonia
Latvia
Poland
UK
France
Portugal
Mexico
Slovenia
Switzerland
Thailand
Brazil
Chile
Rep.
Korea
Rio de Janeiro
So Paulo
Beijing
Tianjin
South Africa
New Zealand
ETS implemented or scheduled for implementation
Hubei
Chong-Qing
Kyoto
Saitama
Tokyo
Shanghai
Guangdong
Shenzhen
DIGITAL ECONOMY
Telecommunication infrastructure
250
$276
US$ per capita
200
150
$162
100
$146
$131
$131
$113
50
$104
$71
00
US
OECD average
France
UK
Italy
Spain
Germany
Poland
SOURCE: OECD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 17
DIGITAL ECONOMY
Machine-to-Machine communication
The Internet of Things as measured by the number of M2M SIM cards in use, is quickly expanding.
Scandinavian countries are particularly well positioned (per capita). However, with more than 30
million units used, the US takes the lions share.
30
25
20
15
10
05
00
US
Japan
France
Italy
Sweden
Germany
Korea
Netherlands
Norway
Belgium
SOURCE: OECD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 18
DIGITAL ECONOMY
ICT-related patents
ICT-related patents reflect the important role of ICT innovation in the digital economy.
As reflected by other patent-related indicators, most EU countries are lagging behind other
economies, including in the ICT sector. This reflects the lower portion of R&D investment in this
area (e.g. compared to the US and Japan).
ICT-related patents under PCT* (Top OECD countries and EU) 2010-2012
30
25
217,042
20
15
10
05
0
%
EU-28
US
Japan
China
Korea
Germany
France
UK
Sweden
Canada
Netherlands
SOURCE: OECD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 19
DIGITAL ECONOMY
Devices online
With the digitisation of the economy, the number of devices connected to the internet (i.e. with an
individual IP address) is increasing. However, some countries like Korea, Denmark or Switzerland are
much more connected than others. Important differences can also be observed within Europe.
40
35
30
UK
13.0
Italy
10.2
Japan
8.2
Poland
6.3
China
6.2
25
20
15
10
Korea
Denmark
Switzerland
US
Netherlands
Germany
Sweden
Spain
France
Portugal
SOURCE: OECD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 20
DIGITAL ECONOMY
Although the cost of starting a business (fees and capital) is particularly low in some EU Member States
(UK, Ireland, Lithuania) and comparable to the US, on average such cost remains much higher in the EU
than in other key economies.
5.1
Lowest cost:
UK
11.0
China
6.0
US
5.0
Israel
8.0
Japan
3.0
Korea
4.9
EU-28
%
02
04
06
08
10
Highest cost:
UK
Hungary
Ireland
Slovenia
Lithuania
Germany
12
14
16
DIGITAL ECONOMY
With the exception of Israel and the US where venture capital markets are well developed, in other
countries only a very tiny proportion of GDP is used to support entrepreneurship.
0.45
France
0.40
0.03
Germany 0.02
0.35
Spain
0.0 1
Italy
0.00
0.30
0.25
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
0.00
%
Israel
US
Canada
Sweden
Korea
Finland
South
Africa
Ireland
Japan
UK
SOURCE: OECD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 22
Europes unemployment
On average, almost a quarter of the economically active population in the EU younger than
24 was without a job in 2014.
Youth Unemployment
Total Unemployment
60
58.3
55.5
50
40
38.1
40.0
33.6
30
26.6
20
15.5
10
7.8
9.7
11.0
17.9
19.0
20.0
21.1
21.6
23.5
23.6
23.7
27.3
29.6
23.9
15.5
13.1
16.2
9.2
DE
AT
NL
DK
LU
EE
CZ
FI
UK
SI EU-28 SE
BE
FR
HU
PL
IE
SK
PT
IT
ES
GR
NO
US OECD
5.0
5.6
7.4
6.6
5.9
7.4
6.1
8.7
6.1
9.7
10.2
8.5
10.3
7.7
9.0
11.3
13.2
13.9
12.7
24.4
26.5
3.5
6.2
8.0
7.3
SOURCE: OECD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 23
Jobs total
9,000,000
8,809,000
8,800,000
8,600,000
Gap: 825,000
8,400,000
8,200,000
8,000,000
7,594,000
7,800,000
7,984,000
7,600,000
7,400,000
7,200,000
7,325,000
7,000,000
2013
2014
2015
2016
2017
2018
2019
2020
Education performance
The top 5 performers in mathematics, reading and science (average score at the PISA test)
are all situated in Asia.
610
590
570
550
530
510
490
470
450
Shanghai
China
Singapore
HongKong
China
Chinese
Taipei
Korea
OECD
average
Germany
France
Mathematics
UK
Italy
Reading
Spain
Science
SOURCE: OECD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 25
The EU trade balance is strong thanks to a large surplus in manufactured goods and in commercial
services (2014). However, Europe is also increasingly relying on energy imports. By contrast, the US,
(our main commercial partner), although remaining a heavy importing economy, has reduced their
energy imports (partly due to the shale gas reserves).
2005
-617.4Bn
2014
-547.8Bn
2005
-59.3Bn
2014
-800
-600
-400
+101.5Bn
-200
Trade Balance
200
Energy
Manufacturing
400
Services
600
Agricultural
The EU remains the main trading power. However, over the last decade, its share of global trade has
decreased (like the US and other advanced economies), while China has become a significant actor.
13.7 Trillion
2004
2 01 4
28.4 Trillion
17.5
13.8
13
7.6
7.6
EU-28
SOURCE: Eurostat
US
China
*Estimates
23
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 27
FDI inflows
FDI outflows
1,400
1,200
1,000
800
600
400
200
0
Bn
EU-28
US
SOURCE: UNCTAD
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 28
Our modern economies make use of a wide spectrum of technology metals, including rare earth
elements. They have gained an increasing strategic importance for the ICT and defence industries and
for the green economy.
1995
China 60.1%
US 27.8%
India - 3.4%
Brazil - 0.5%
Malaysia - 0.6%
FSU* - 7.5%
Others - 0.2%
2012
China 86.8%
US - 6.4%
India - 2.6%
Australia - 3.7%
Others - 0.6%
FINANCIAL KPIS
Revenue
Europe
25
20
15
10
-5
-10
%
2011
2012
2013
2014
1,693 Bn
1,823 Bn
1,710 Bn
1,654 Bn
*calculated for 38 ERT companies representing a total of 77% of total revenue of ERT companies
SOURCE: ERT
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 30
FINANCIAL KPIS
EBIT
208Bn
202Bn
212Bn
191Bn
200
150
100
50
EBIT as % of
total revenue
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
10.7%
11.0%
8.7%
9.6%
8.9%
SOURCE: ERT
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 31
FINANCIAL KPIS
R&D expenses
53Bn
54Bn
55Bn
49Bn
50
40Bn
40
30
20
10
R&D expenses
as % of total
revenue
2010
2011
2012
2013
2014
2.1%
2.2%
2.3%
2.5%
2.6%
SOURCE: ERT
ERT BENCHMARKING REPORT 2015 | 32
DIGITAL ECONOMY
OTHER COUNTRIES
Belgium
BE
Greece
GR
Lithuania
LT
Portugal
PT
Japan
Bulgaria
BG
Spain
ES
Luxembourg
LU
Romania
RO
Norway NO
JP
Czech Rep.
CZ
France
FR
Hungary
HU
Slovenia
SI
US
Denmark
DK
Croatia
HR
Malta
MT
Slovakia
SK
Germany
DE
Italy
IT
Netherlands
NL
Finland
FI
Estonia
EE
Cyprus
CY
Austria
AT
Sweden
SE
Ireland
IE
Latvia
LV
Poland
PL
UK
UK
US
ERT Members
CHAIRMAN
Benot Potier - Air Liquide
VICE-CHAIRMEN
Nils S. Andersen - A.P. Mller-Maersk
Vittorio Colao - Vodafone Group
Jean-Paul Agon
LOral
Claudio Descalzi
Eni
Grard Mestrallet
ENGIE
Telefnica
Henrik Ehrnooth
KONE
Lakshmi N. Mittal
ArcelorMittal
Paulo Azevedo
SONAE
John Elkann
FCA
Dimitri Papalexopoulos
Titan Cement
Christoph Franz
F. Hoffmann-La Roche
Jan du Plessis
Rio Tinto
Kurt Bock
BASF
Ignacio S. Galn
Iberdrola
Zsolt Herndi
MOL
Norbert Reithofer
BMW Group
Carlo Bozotti
STMicroelectronics
Heinrich Hiesinger
ThyssenKrupp
Norsk Hydro
Timotheus Httges
Deutsche Telekom
Kasper Rorsted
Henkel
Antonio Brufau
Repsol
Royal Philips
Gler Sabanci
Sabanci Holding
Ton Bchner
AkzoNobel
Pablo Isla
Inditex
Risto Siilasmaa
Nokia
Paul Bulcke
Nestl
Leif Johansson
Ericsson
Tony Smurfit
Jean-Pierre Clamadieu
Solvay
Joe Kaeser
Siemens
Ulrich Spiesshofer
ABB
Iain Conn
Centrica
Jacek Krawiec
PKN Orlen
Carl-Henric Svanberg BP
Ian Davis
Rolls-Royce
Bruno Lafont
LafargeHolcim
Johannes Teyssen
E.ON
Rodolfo De Benedetti
CIR
Thomas Leysen
Umicore
Jacob Wallenberg
Investor AB
Bill McDermott
SAP
Nancy McKinstry
Wolters Kluwer
Bayer
SECRETARY GENERAL
Brian Ager
stephenson design.eu