Bio 1, 2nd sem.

2012-2013

Lecture 1

Biology I (Part 2)
Lecturer: Jonas P. Quilang, PhD
Office: Pavilion 4, Room 4113
Email: jpquilang@gmail.com

Areas:
I.
II.
III.
IV.

Systematics
Evolution
Ecology
Other Current Topics

Biology I (Part 2)
Current Topics:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.

DNA Forensics
Stem Cells and Stem Cell Therapy
Cloning
Biofuels
Human Microbiome
Emerging Diseases and Biological
Warfare
VII. The Science of Addiction
VIII. Peopling of the Philippines and
Southeast Asia: Genetic Evidence

What is a species?

JP Quilang

Biology I (Part 2)
Lecture Topics:
I.
II.
III.
IV.
V.
VI.
VII.
VIII.

Species Concepts
Systematics
DNA Barcoding
Introduction to Evolution
Human Evolution
Ecology
Biodiversity
Biogeograpy

Biology I (Part 2)
Basis for grading:
I. Exam = 80%
II. Quizzes = 10%
III. Report = 10%
Class yahoogroup: bio1thu_2013

What is a species?

Bio 1, 2nd sem. 2012-2013

Lecture 1

Concept of a Species

What is a species?

Morphological Species Concept

physical appearance - to identify species
gaps in morphology to delimit species
used by Linnaeus when he developed the
binomial system of naming organisms
criterion can be extended to ecology, behavior
or genetics

Arius manillensis

Arius dispar

A. dispar &
A. manillensis

Intraspecific distance: A.
manillensis (0.52%), A.
dispar (0.51%)
Interspecific distance:
0.49%
hybridization/oversplitting

A. subrostratus
A. maculatus
A. arius
Santos BS, Quilang JP. 2012. Geometric Morphometric Analysis of Arius manillensis and
Arius dispar (Siluriformes: Ariidae) Populations in Laguna de Bay, Philippines. Philippine
Journal of Science 14(1): 1 11.

Concept of a Species
appearance alone does not always define a
species
Example: eastern and western meadowlarks

Santos BS, Quilang JP. 2011. DNA barcoding of Arius species (Siluriformes: Ariidae) in
Laguna de Bay, Philippines using the cytochrome oxidase c subunit I gene. Philippine
Agricultural Scientist 94: 42-47.

Concept of a Species
Biological Species Concept
defines a species as a population or group of
populations whose members can interbreed
and produce fertile offspring

not applicable to fossils or asexual organisms

Eastern meadowlark
(Sturnella magna)

JP Quilang

Western meadowlark
(Sturnella neglecta)

Bio 1, 2nd sem. 2012-2013

Lecture 1

Reproductive Barriers Between Species

Prezygotic barrier: habitat isolation

Prezygotic barriers

Populations live in different habitat and

do not meet

Postzygotic barriers

Water-dwelling Thamnophis
Terrestrial Thamnophis

Prezygotic barrier: temporal isolation

Prezygotic barrier: behavioral isolation

mating or flowering occurs at different

seasons or times of day

little or no sexual attraction between

males and females

Eastern spotted skunk

(Spilogale putorius)

Western spotted skunk

(Spilogale gracilis)
Courtship ritual of blue-footed boobies

Prezygotic barrier: mechanical isolation

Prezygotic barrier: gametic isolation

structural differences in genitalia or

flower prevent copulation or pollination

male and/or female gametes die before

uniting or fail to unite

Bradybaena with shells spiraling in opposite directions

JP Quilang

Sea urchins

Bio 1, 2nd sem. 2012-2013

Lecture 1

Postzygotic barrier: hybrid inviability

Postzygotic barrier: hybrid sterility

hybrid zygotes fail to develop or to reach

sexual maturity

hybrids fail to produce functional

gametes

Donkey
Horse

Ensatina hybrid

Postzygotic barrier: hybrid breakdown

offspring of hybrids are weak or infertile

Mule (sterile hybrid)

Concept of a Species
Evolutionary Species Concept
a species is a single lineage of ancestordescendant populations that maintains its
identity from other such lineages and that it has
its own evolutionary tendencies and historical
fate

Hybrid cultivated rice plants with

stunted offspring (center)

Concept of a Species

Concept of a Species

Cohesion Species Concept

Phylogenetic Species Concept

defines a species as the most inclusive

population of individuals having the potential
for phenotypic cohesion through intrinsic
cohesion mechanisms

defines a species as the smallest monophyletic

group on an evolutionary tree

cohesion mechanisms = gene flow, shared loss

of alleles through genetic drift, shared genetic
changes

JP Quilang

Bio 1, 2nd sem. 2012-2013

Lecture 1

Two Patterns of Speciation

Concept of a Species
Ecological Species Concept
defines a species by its ecological role
occupancy of an ecological niche

Anagenesis is the
accumulation of
changes associated
with the
transformation of one
species into another.
Cladogenesis,
branching
evolution, is the
budding of one or
more new species
from a parent
species.

Modes of Speciation

Modes of Speciation

Allopatric speciation
speciation among
populations living in two
different ranges or
territories;
geographic isolation
leads to reproductive
isolation

Sympatric speciation
species living in the same
or overlapping ranges
adapt to different
ecological niches

Modes of Speciation
Peripatric speciation
is a special version of the allopatric speciation
mode and happens when one of the isolated
populations has very few individuals

Image from http://scienceblogs.com/evolvingthoughts/2007/03/11/basic-concepts-allopatry-and-s/

JP Quilang

A. harrisi

A. leucurus

Allopatric speciation of antelope squirrels

(Ammospermophilus) on opposite rims of the Grand
Canyon

Modes of Speciation
Parapatric speciation
the population is continuous, but, the population
does not mate randomly
individuals are more likely to mate with their
geographic neighbors than with individuals in a
different part of the populations range

http://www.cactus-art.biz/note-book/Dictionary/Dictionary_P/dictionary_parapatric.htm

Bio 1, 2nd sem. 2012-2013

Lecture 1

Tempo of Speciation
gradualist model =
new species evolve
by the gradual
accumulation of
changes brought
about by natural
selection

punctuated
equilibrium model =
speciation occurs in
spurts

JP Quilang